综合英语六 Lesson One

Lesson OneTEXTSexism in School（学校中的性别歧视）-Boys still get more attention than girls doBy Myra and David SadkerIf a boy calls out in class, he gets the teacher’s attention. If a girl calls out in class, she is told to raise her hand before speaking.如果一个男孩在课堂上喊出来，他会得到老师的关注，如果一个女孩在课堂上喊出来，她会被告之先举手再发言。

Teachers praise boys more than girls, give boys more academic help and are more likely to accept boys’ comments during classroom discussions. These are only a few examples of how teachers favor boys. Through this advantage boys increase their chances for better education and possibly higher pay and quicker promotions. Although many believe that classroom sexism disappeared in the early 70s, it hasn’t.老师表扬男孩比女孩多，会给男孩更多的学业帮助，老师更能接受男孩在课堂讨论中评论。

这只是一些老师怎样偏爱男孩的例子。

通过这样的优势，男生就能增加更好的教育机会，可能得到高工资或者晋级快。

虽然许多人认为课堂歧视在70年代早就消失了，但它并没有消失。

Education is not a spectator sport. Numerous researchers, most recently John Goodlad, former dean of education at the University of California at Los Angeles and author of “A Place Called School,” have shown that when students participate in classroom discussion they hold more positive attitudes toward school, and that positive attitudes enhance learning. It is no coincidence that girls are more passive in the classroom and score lower than boys on SATs.教育不是一种供认观看的体育运动。

许多研究者，最近的有加州大学洛杉矶分校前教育系系主任John Goodlad，也是“一个被称为学校的地方”的作者，他们表明，当学生参与课程讨论时，他们对学校持有更积极的态度，这种积极的态度能增进学习。

女生在课堂上比较被动，在高考中比男生得分低，这决不是一种巧合。

Most teachers claim that girls participate and are called on in class as often as boys. But a three-year study we recently completed found that this is not true; vocally, boys clearly dominate the classroom. When we showed teachers, and administrators a film of a classroom discussion and asked who was talking more, the teachers overwhelmingly said the girls were. But in reality, the boys in the film were out-talking the girls at a ratio of three to one.大多数老师称，女生参加课堂讨论和男生一样，也经常被提问。

但刚刚完成的长达三年的研究发现，不是这样的，男生显然会控制整个课堂氛围，当我们给老师、行政人员看了课堂讨论视频，问谁说的多时，老师们异口同声说女生说得多。

但事实上，视频中，男生比女生说得多的比例是3:1Field researchers in our study observed students in more than 100 fourth-, sixth- and eighth-grade classes in four states and the District of Columbia. The teachers and students were male and female, black and white, from urban, suburban and rural communities. Half of the classroom covered language arts and English-subjects in which girls traditionally have excelled; the other half covered math and science- traditionally male domains.在我们的研究中，实地研究者对四个州的小学4年级，6年级，初中2年级以及哥伦比亚特区等100多个班级的学生进行了观察。

老师和学生有男的，女的，黑人，白人，来自城市的，郊区的，农村社区的。

一半的课程是语言艺术和英语，这些课程传统上是女生占优势；另一半课程是数学和科学，这些传统上是男生的领域。

We found that at all grade levels, in all communities and in all subject areas, boys dominated classroom communication. They participated in more interactions than girls did, and their participation became greater as the year went on.我们发现所有的年级，所有的社区，所有的学科中，都是男生控制住了课堂交流，他们比女生参与课堂互动多，随着时间的推移，他们参与的越来越多。

Our research contradicted the traditional assumption that girls dominate classroom discussion in reading, while boys are dominant in math. We found that whether the subject was language arts and English or math and science, boys got more than their fair share of teacher attention.我们的研究否定了传统的假设，，女生在阅读课上统治课堂讨论，而男生则是在数学课上。

我们发现不管是在语言艺术，英语还是数学，科学这些科目中，往往是男生得到老师的关注要比女生多。

Some critics claim that if teachers talk more to male students, it is simply because boys are more assertive in grabbing their attention- a classic case of the squeaky wheel getting the educational oil. In fact, our research shows that boys are more assertive in the classroom. While girls sit patiently with their hands raised, boys literally grab teacher attention. They are eight times more likely than girls to call out answers. However, male assertiveness is not the whole answer.有些批评家声称，如果老师对男生说得多，这仅仅是因为男生在吸引老师，注意力上更加自信，这是个经典的例子，吱嘎响的轮子就能被上油。

事实上，我们的研究表明，在课堂上，男生确实比女生更加自信，当女生举着手耐心地坐着时，男生就已把老师的注意力吸引了，男生积极地说出答案是女生的8倍，然而，整个答案并不是男生的自信。

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The message is subtle but powerful: Boys should be academically assertive and grab teacher attention; girls should act like ladies and keep quiet~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Teachers behave differently depending on whether boys or girls call out answers during discussions. When boys call out comments without raising their hands, teachers accept their answers. However, when girls call out, teachers reprimand this ”inappropriate” behavior with messages such as, “In this class we don’t shout out answers, we raise our hands.” The message is subtle but powerful: Boys should be academically assertive and grab teacher attention; girls should act like ladies and keep quiet.在课堂讨论中，对答案是由男生还是女生说出，老师会有不同的行为。