最新高二英语作文：How to Write A Summary

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如何写总结（Howtowriteasummary）_高考英语作文

如何写总结(How to write a summary)1、the author tells us the importance of self-learning for children. not only should the teacher help the students to correct their mistakes, but also they should depend themselves to correct their own mistakes.2、this passage discusses the importance of self-learning for children. students should have the chance to correct their own mistakes, learn-by-doing and learn from each other, not just the teacher.3、the article gives the view that teachers should let students correct their mistakes by themselves. students are able to correct their own mistakes and teachers’ frequent correction will make children unable to judge their own work.4、some people think stud ents’ mistakes should be corrected by themselves and it is wrong for the teachers to do it for them too often in school. it will make the children dependent on the teachers.the author (the passage) discussed the benefit of extracurricular activities including being a way to improve students’ health, widen their social circle and introduce them to new ideas and people.reviews the most important points of the text. it should be brief (short). furthermore, the summary should be written as much as possible in your own words. it contains only the main ideas and what the author talks about the topic but not include much explanation or examples.。

英语作文 How to write a summary

Let’s share opinions on summary writing: 1.May we mainly use the sentences in the original passage? 2.May we mainly use our own words? 3.May we write it in the first person or the third person?
Example 2 Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and get up early, we would be energetic the whole day. So, getting up early is of great importance to us all. In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions. 1Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than any other time of the day. 2If we do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning, we can build our bodies and become much healthier. 3Also we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early. However, if we get up late, we will probably have to do everything in a great hurry. Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early every day, we will certainly benefit a lot from it. Key points: Main idea: __________________________________________ Supporting ideas: 1. Conclusion: 2. 3.

How to Write a Summary 1

_______________
Step 1 - The subject…
How does the story begin? The joy of wearing a Muu-muu is mentioned in the first paragraph.
How does the middle support and move the idea along? How other clothing is binding, opposite the comfort of the Muu-muu, AND moves the story along.
4 – Next, list the main points you’ve highlighted in order to show the flow of the plot or article topic and purpose.
5 – You’re almost to the bottom of the list of points in how to write a summary. Now write what you believe the story or article is about.
Well, I even go shopping in a Muu-muu if the idea strikes me. I’m a Kama`aina to these Islands, a transplant, and have yet to fully adopt some of the more relaxed local customs.
Pay no attention to trivial information.

英文作文如何写summary

英文作文如何写summary英文：Writing a summary in English involves condensing the main points and ideas of a text while maintaining clarity and coherence. To begin with, it's essential to read the text thoroughly to grasp its central theme and supporting details. Here's a step-by-step guide on how to write an effective summary:1. Understand the Text: Before summarizing, make sure you understand the text's purpose, main idea, and key arguments or events.2. Identify Key Points: Highlight or jot down the main points, arguments, or events in the text. These are the elements you'll focus on in your summary.3. Paraphrase Succinctly: Express the main points of each section or paragraph in your own words. Aim forclarity and brevity, avoiding unnecessary details or examples.4. Maintain Structure: Organize your summary in a logical order, reflecting the structure of the original text. Start with an introduction that briefly describes the text and its context, followed by the main points in sequential order, and end with a concluding statement.5. Avoid Personal Opinions: A summary should be objective and focused solely on the content of the text. Avoid inserting your own opinions or interpretations.6. Check for Accuracy: Ensure that your summary accurately represents the main ideas and arguments of the original text. Double-check any facts or figures to avoid misinterpretation.7. Revise and Edit: Once you've drafted your summary, revise it for clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Remove any redundant or unclear phrases to streamline the summary.Now, let's proceed to the Chinese version.中文：写英文摘要涉及将一篇文章的主要观点和思想浓缩起来，同时保持清晰和连贯。

英语作文-(summary)1

a 60-word summary use your own words in the third person with a brief sentence connection between sentences(句子衔接)
03
Skills of Summary Writing
Skill1: Omit (省略) the details,只保留主要观点。
Skill 2 Use general (概括性)words instead of specific(具体的) words
EX: In the following six hours, I caught over 10 fish. I caught some fish. 1). He likes swimming, running, playing football, basketball and so on. He likes sports. 2). She bought a few copies of China Daily, English Weekly and People Daily. She bought some newspapers.
Skill2: Omit the examples阅读材料本身是由几个 Skill3: Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words Skill4: Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech (间接引语，第三人称) Skill5：Use the shortest possible transitions (but, then, thus, yet, for)
Mary is a beautiful girl who always smiles to

如何快速写结论英文作文

如何快速写结论英文作文英文：When it comes to writing conclusions for English essays, there are a few key tips to keep in mind. First and foremost, it's important to restate your thesis statementin a clear and concise manner. This helps to remind your reader of the main point you were trying to make throughout your essay. Additionally, you may want to summarize some of your key supporting arguments or evidence, highlightingtheir importance in supporting your thesis.Another effective strategy for writing conclusions isto offer some sort of call to action or final thought. This could involve encouraging your reader to take action based on the information you've presented, or simply leaving them with a thought-provoking idea to ponder. Finally, it's always a good idea to end your essay on a strong note, whether that means using a memorable quote, a striking image, or a powerful statement that ties everythingtogether.中文：谈到如何快速写结论英文作文，有几个关键要点需要注意。

高考英语how-to-write-a-summary

When and what—What and why—What to do—Possible effect
A Possible Version:
According to the passage, on April 20, 1990 NASA launched the Hubble telescope into space, but there was trouble with the Hubble, because its main mirror was faulty. After the
What to do: Endeavour will take four astronauts to make the necessary repairs. What’ the possible effect: The Hubble will send us clearest pictures.
Outline
1. Yesterday I met an old friend in the supermarket.
I met an old friend. 2. I’m glad to say, this unjust separation of people on the basis of skin color was challenged on Sunday. The unjust separation was challenged.
1.The Hubble telescope was launched into space by NASA on April 20, 1990 at a cost of over a billion dollars.
When and what 2.Right from the start there was trouble with the Hubble. 3.The pictures it sent us were very disappointing because its main mirr更让人猜想。这巨怪有着活似鲜笋般的腿和紫葡萄色火苗般的爪子……细长的天蓝色兔子样的八条尾巴极为怪异，亮灰色猪肺般的鹅掌晶玲肚子有种野蛮的霸气。绿宝石色短棍模样的脚趾甲更为绝奇。这个巨怪喘息时有种紫罗兰色门帘样的气味，乱叫时会发出青古磁色机舱造型的声音。这个巨怪头上蓝宝石色高粱模样的犄角真的十分罕见，脖子上仿佛灵芝模样的铃铛瘦小的脑袋真的有些秀雅却又透着一丝典雅！月光妹妹笑道：“就这点本事也想混过去！我让你们见识一下什么是雪峰！什么是女孩！什么是雪峰女孩！”月光妹妹一边说着一边和壮扭公主组成了一个巨大的滚珠梦魂圣！这个巨大的滚珠梦魂圣，身长四百多米，体重一百多万吨。最奇的是这个怪物长着十分粗鲁的梦魂！这巨圣有着暗白色水牛造型的身躯和雪白色细小豆荚一样的皮毛，头上是纯灰色粉条形态的鬃毛，长着金橙色古树造型的标签秋影额头，前半身是深白色棕绳造型的怪鳞，后半身是新奇的生活常识 http://www. / 生活常识羽毛。这巨圣长着暗黑色古树一般的脑袋和水红色玩具造型的脖子，有着亮黑色粉条模样的脸和浓黑色菱角一般的眉毛，配着鲜红色草根形态的鼻子。有着墨灰色鸟网模样的眼睛，和暗橙色旗杆造型的耳朵，一张墨灰色梨核造型的嘴唇，怪叫时露出纯红色牛怪一般的牙齿，变态的深白色扫帚一样的舌头很是恐怖，雪白色柳叶一样的下巴非常离奇。这巨圣有着活似面条一般的肩胛和美如钉子形态的翅膀，这巨圣不大的亮白色海参一样的胸脯闪着冷光，酷似海蜇形态的屁股更让人猜想。这巨圣有着如同扫帚造型的腿和淡红色榴莲一般的爪子……平常的纯灰色怪藤一样的五条尾巴极为怪异，浅橙色土堆一般的舢板圣牛肚子有种野蛮的霸气。亮白色长笛形态的脚趾甲更为绝奇。这个巨圣喘息时有种鲜红色驴怪一样的气味，乱叫时会发出墨黑色虎尾模样的声音。这个巨圣头上墨绿色猪肺形态的犄角真的十分罕见，脖子上极似灯柱形态的铃铛雪白色水母造型的脑袋真的有些刺激却又透着一丝风流……这时那伙校精组成的巨大巨龟玉耳怪忽然怪吼一声！只见巨龟玉耳怪晃动紧缩的白杏仁色菱角般的耳朵，整个身体一边旋转一边像巨大的怪物一样膨胀起来……突然，整个怪物像巨大的灰蓝色种子一样裂开……五十五条水白色泡菜模样的炽热巨根急速从里面伸出然后很快钻进泥土中……接着，一棵水绿色彩蛋模样的残废巨大怪芽疯速膨胀起来……一簇簇水绿色蜜桃模样的丑陋巨大枝叶疯速向外扩张……突然！一朵金红色啤酒模样的吝啬巨蕾恐怖地钻了出来……随着深紫色磨石模样的残疾巨花狂速盛开，无数淡红色奖章模样的炽热

HOWTOWRITEASUMMARY怎样写一个英语总结

The article compares the disadvantages/ benefits of A and B. A…while B…
The passage discusses the impact(影响)of sth. On the positive side…, but it may also….
We should encourage children. We should not scold them.
We should encourage children_i_n_st_e_a_d__o_f _ scolding them.
HOWTOWRITEASUMMARY怎样写一个英语总结
(6) Change the order of the words. 词序改变法
通常抓住首段和尾段抓住首段或各段首句
HOWTOWRITEASUMe the styles of 3 given passages and find out the key sentences or key words of each passage.
with a_n__o_ld__m__a_n_who t_a_u_g_h_t_h__im__a__le_s_s_o_n_. (2) 词序变化法
Patience was the secret of success.
HOWTOWRITEASUMMARY怎样写一个英语总结
The writer had a fishing experience with
还有句子结构的，最多得3分；
5. 结构、用词、词性变化比较好的得4至5
分。
HOWTOWRITEASUMMARY怎样写一个英语总结
Task 3：
Rewrite the sentences according to the skills.

How to write a summary

IntroductionA summary is a piece of writing in which original material is reduced to its main points and key supporting details. It is a condensed version of someone else’s writing in your own words.A written summary starts with a lead, including title, author, text type, and the main idea of the text. It has a clearly arranged structure and is paraphrased with new words without quotations from the text. Unlike a retelling, a summary has no dramatic structure and is written in present tense or historic present. In summaries only indirect speech is used and depictions are avoided. Summaries of books or dissertations present the major facts in common scientific language.1.Quickly read through the text to find out what the text is about; underline orhighlight the main points.2.Reread the text, making a note of the main points.3.Begin your summary in your own words (i.e. paraphrase).4.Begin your summary by stating the main idea at the beginning and combineother ideas into a paragraph. Use sentence markers to make your summary coherent and concise.5.Read you summary to check that you have included all the importantinformation clearly and expressed it as concisely as possible.How to Write a Summary in 8 Easy StepsWriting a good summary demonstrates that you clearly understand a text...and that you can communicate that understanding to your readers. A summary can be tricky to write at first because it’s tempting to include too much or too little information. But by following our easy 8-step method, you will be able to summarize texts quickly and successfully for any class or subject.1) Divide…and conquer. First off, skim the text you are going to summarize and divide it into sections. Focus on any headings and subheadings. Also look at anybold-faced terms and make sure you understand them before you read.2) Read.Now that you’ve prepared, go ahead and read the selection. Read straight through. At this point, you don’t need to stop to look up anything that gives y ou trouble—just get a feel for the author’s tone, style, and main idea.3) Reread. Rereading should be active reading. Underline topic sentences and key facts. Label areas that you want to refer to as you write your summary. Also label areas that should be avoided because the details—though they may be interesting—are too specific. Identify areas that you do not understand and try to clarify those points.4) One sentence at a time. You should now have a firm grasp on the text you will be summarizing. In steps 1–3, you divided the piece into sections and located the author’s main ideas and points. Now write down the main idea of each section in one well-developed sentence. Make sure that what you include in your sentences are key points, not minor details.5) Write a thesis statement. This is the key to any well-written summary. Review the sentences you wrote in step 4. From them, you should be able to create a thesis statement that clearly communicates what the entire text was trying to achieve. If you find that you are not able to do this step, then you should go back and make sure your sentences actually addressed key points.6) Ready to write. At this point, your first draft is virtually done. You can use the thesis statement as the introductory sentence of your summary, and your other sentences can make up the body. Make sure that they are in order. Add some transition words (then, however, also, moreover) that help with the overall structure and flow of the summary. And once you are actually putting pen to paper (or fingers to keys!), remember these tips:∙Write in the present tense.∙Make sure to include the author and title of the work.∙Be concise: a summary should not be equal in length to the original text.∙If you must use the words of the author, cite them.∙Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary. The purpose of writing a summary is to accurately represent what the authorwanted to say, not to provide a critique.7) Check for accuracy. Reread your summary and make certain that you have accurately represented the author’s ideas and key points. Make sure that you have correctly cited anything directly quoted from the text. Also check to make sure that your text does not contain your own commentary on the piece.8) Revise. Once you are certain that your summary is accurate, you should (as with any piece of writing) revise it for style, grammar, and punctuation. If you have time, give your summary to someone else to read. This person should be able to understand the main text based on your summary alone. If he or she does not, you may have focused too much on one area of the piece and not enough on the author’s main idea. In the summary, you should include only the information your readers need.1.State the main point first.e a lower level of technicality than the authors of the original article use. Donot write a summary your readers cannot understand.3.Make the summary clear and understandable to someone who has not read theoriginal article. Your summary should stand on its own.4.Write a summary rather than a table of contents.Wrong: This article covers point X. Then the article covers point Y.Right: Glacial advances have been rapid as shown by x, y, and z.5.Add no new data and none of your own ideas.e a simple organization:m ain pointm ain results: give the main resultsc onclusions/recommendations7.Unless the examples in the article are essential, do not include the examples inyour summary. If you include them, remember to explain them.Here is an easy way to begin a summary: In "[name of article]" [author] states . . . . [State the main point of the article first.] For example: In "Computer Chess"* Hans Berliner states that the CYBER 170 series computer can perform well in a chess tournament.Summary Samples:1. Weak (the author describes the article rather than summarizes):1) Chepesiuk, R. (2005, January). Decibel hell. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113. A35-A41.This article focuses on the growing problem and cause of noise pollution. It explores the effects of population growth, urban sprawl, and the increase of traffic and aircraft prevalence on noise levels. This article offers specific information regarding decibel measurements and risks of prolonged exposure. The author provides specific decibel levels for a variety of machines and situations.Better: (the author summarizes by providing key details):2) Chepesiuk, R. (2005, January). Decibel hell. Environmental Health Perspectives, 113. A35-A41.This article provides information on the growing problem and causes of noise pollution. Population growth, urban sprawl, and increases in traffic and aircraft transportation are having a marked effect on noise levels. Escalating decibel levels and prolonged exposure increase the risks to hearing and health. In the United States,30 million employees are vulnerable to the possibility of hearing loss because of hazardous noise levels on the job. Children and animals are also at risk to the physical effects of noise, such as stress, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. Various decibel measuring machines are available for various situations. In conclusion, the article show that health and hearing risks due to combined decibel levels and extended exposures occur in everyday life.2. WeakThis article covers the topic of measuring the extent of global deforestation. The article discusses reasons for concern, the technique, the results, and the project’s current goal.BetterAccording to the author of ―Seeing the Forest,‖ the extent of global deforestation was difficult to measure until satellite remote sensing techniques were applied. Measuring the extent of global deforestation is important because of concerns about global warming and species extinctions. The technique compares old infrared LANDSA T images with new images. The authors conclude the method is accurate and cost effective.。

how to write a summary

第一步：阅读A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。

如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。

阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。

B．给摘要起一个标题。

用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。

也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。

主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。

一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。

C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。

对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。

D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。

第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。

因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。

摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。

不要引用原文的句子。

C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。

这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。

D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。

E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。

只保留主要观点。

2) 选择一至两个例子。

原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。

3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。

如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。

4) 避免重复。

在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。

但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。

应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。

如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He w as hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。

英语作文写作之Summary概括

"Avoiding using words or phrases that could give the reader a sense of your personal perspective or bias, such as" I think, "" I believe, "or" in my opinion. ""
Use simple and clear language to communicate the information Avoid using complex or technical language that may fuse the reader
Expressing oneself in one's own words
01
What is a summary summary
Definition
A summary is a condensed version of a text, which briefly retells the main points and ideas of the original text
03
Summary techniques for summarizing
Ensure that your summary is grammatically correct and free of spelling and punctuation errors
Use your own words to retell the main points and ideas of the original text Avoid directly copying or paraphrasing the original text

高二英语任务型写作指导 ---- How to Write a Summary

高二英语任务型写作指导---- How to Write a Summary （1）命题：谢荣婵Tips for writing a summary1. Read the passage for overall content and underline the key words.2. Group the reading into sections according to the au thor’s topic divisions.3. Write a one-sentence summary of each section, focusing on the main point. Do not include examples and minor details.4. Do not use your own opinion, but be sure to use your own words. Write it in the third person(第三人称).5. In your final draft, insert transitional words and phrases where necessary, combine sentences for a smooth, logical flow of ideas.各种文体分析记叙文：who，what，result(结果)，why(条件或原因)，meaning(不一定要有，视文章内容而定)说明文：phenomenon/problem，feature(特点)，process(过程)，function(功能)，tendency(发展趋势)议论文：theme(论题)，opinion(作者的观点)，supporting sentences（论据），conclusion（结论）新闻报道: the first sentence / paragraph; contents (examples or figures); conclusion / prediction (the last sentence)书信类：可参照记叙文的做法(特别注意题目要求的写作格式)常用模版According to the passage, we know…This passage tells us about + 宾语/宾语从句, + 定语从句This passage tells us + 从句This article is mainly about + 宾语/宾语从句The writer argues … by presenting the example of…It can be easily concluded from the passage that…The author states/narrates/explains/illustrates/describes/discusses/compares + 宾语/宾语从句参考范例记叙文On arriving home early in the morning, the writer failed to wake up his wife by ringing the door bell. He tried to climb towards the bedroom windows with a ladder, but was found / spotted by a policeman. Fortunately his shouting woke up his wife.议论文Some people think / consider the spirit of Lei Feng no longer suitable in our commodity society. However, others value the importance of the spirit, which has influenced many people on their sense of value and way of life.说明文The passage illustrates the reason for water pollution and its effect on wildlife. People pollute water on the earth for better life. Consequently, this is very bad for wildlife and many of them die from dirty water.概括部分评分标准满分5分1. 完全不理解，照抄原文（0分）2. 死板机械地抄，不改变原文顺序（1分）3. 改变主语或宾语的抄为主（2分）（灵活地抄）4. 稍作改动总体的抄（3分）5. 改变句子、用词，重新排列组织（4—5分）Example阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。

How to Write a Summary

How to SummarizeSummarizing is a critical study skill and fortunately one which is easily learned. It involves condensing an original piece of writing so that it contains only the most important information. The thesis should be very clearly indicated, but examples are in most cases inappropriate.If your instructor does not tell you how long your summary should be, try to make it about one-fifth to one-quarter the length of the original.Remember that you need to put everything in your own words and sentence structure. If you use even one or two distinctive words of the original, you must place quotation marks around them. Plagiarism ['pleɪdʒə,rɪzəm] is unacceptable at any time, and this is especially true while summarizing. The proper use of quotation marks, and proper acknowledgement of other people's words and ideas, is often difficult for the freshman student to keep in mind, but its importance cannot be overemphasized.Following the steps outlined below will help you write an acceptable summary:1.Read the original carefully. This may mean that you mustread it two, three or even four times in order tounderstand it completely and accurately.2.Next, group the original writing into related paragraphsor sections.3.Then write a one or two sentence summary for each groupof related paragraphs. These sentences should reflect the main idea of each section accurately.4.Write one sentence which gives the main idea or thesisof the entire writing. Typically, you should lookcarefully at the first and last paragraphs of the original to find the thesis.5.In writing the first draft of the summary, be sure to bereader-friendly and start with a summary introduction, which includes the name of the article or book, the author and if appropriate the date and name of the journal, magazine or newspaper in which the article appeared.Include in your summary introduction your statement of the overall thesis of the original. Follow this with the sentence you wrote for each group of related paragraphs, keeping them in the order of the original.6.In your final draft, eliminate repetitions and generallymake your summary coherent. This means that you may need to use appropriate transitional words or phrases to show the connection of the ideas of the original. Your final product must read smoothly and reflect the information in the original accurately.Remember that if your instructor needs to read the original in order to understand your summary, you have failed in your task and should try again.8. Your first sentence should approximately follow this model:“In his article …March on Washington‟(Newsweek, April 8, 1991) Osborn Elliot (discusses, states, argues, describes)...”9.At a later point in your summary remind us one more time that youare summarizing another person‟s work: e.g. “Mr. Elliot (or …the author‟) also (states, believes, argues, etc.)...”Summary Samples:Weak (the author describes the article rather thansummarizes):1) Chepesiuk, R. (2005, January). Decibel desəbəl分贝hell.Environmental Health Perspectives, 113. A35-A41.This article focuses on the growing problem and cause of noise pollution. It explores the effects of population growth, urban sprawl, and the increase of traffic and aircraft prevalence on noise levels. This article offers specific information regarding decibel measurements and risks of prolonged exposure. The author provides specific decibel levels for a variety of machines and situations.I plan to use this information in the final report section dealingwith health risks caused by high noise levels. <evaluationBetter: (the author summarizes by providing keydetails):2) Chepesiuk, R. (2005, January). Decibel hell. EnvironmentalHealth Perspectives, 113. A35-A41.（文章总结）This article provides information on the growing problem and causes of noise pollution. （噪声产生的原因）Population growth, urban sprawl(城市扩张), and increases in traffic and aircraft transportation are having a marked effect on noise levels. （噪声的影响）Escalating decibel levels and prolonged exposure increase the risks to hearing and health. （细节）In the United States, 30 million employeesare vulnerable to the possibility of hearing loss because of hazardous noise levels on the job. Children and animals are also at risk to the physical effects of noise, such as stress, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. （不同的噪声仪器有不同的影响）Various decibel measuring machines are available for various situations. （结论）In conclusion, the article shows that health and hearing risks due to combined decibel levels and extended exposures occur in everyday life.。

How+to+Write+a+Summary

How to Write a SummaryWhat is a Summary?A summary is a brief restatement--in your own words--of the content of a piece of writing.A summary - or précis - is a shorter version of a longer piece of writing. The summary captures all the most important parts of the original, but expresses them in a [much] shorter space.When you write a summary, remember your purpose. You are demonstrating that you fully understand a passage that you have read. A good summary is brief, complete, and objective. Find the author's main idea and subordinating ideas and show your clear understanding of the structure.A summary is a short version of the text with only its most important pieces of information. It provides the reader with a clear idea of what the original text – no matter whether it is fictional or non-fictional – is all about.In a fictional text a summary deals with the development of the action.In a non-fictional text a summary outlines the main line of argument.Why Write a Summary?To help you understand the text and see its strengths and weaknesses.To teach you how to take notes while doing research papers.To help you find key points/ideas so that you can more easily answer essay questions on tests.To help you condense and present long stretches of information from a textbook or lecture.How to Write a Summary?•1. Read the passage carefully. Determine its structure. Identify the author's purpose in writing. (This will help you to distinguish between more important and less important information.) Skim the text, noting in your mind the subheadings. If there are no subheadings, try to divide the text into sections. Consider why you have been assigned the text. Try to determine what type of text you are dealing with. This can help you identify important information.•2. Reread, label, and underline. This time divide the passage into sections, either single paragraphs or groups of paragraphs that focus on the same topic. Label, on the passage itself, each section’s main point. Underline key ideas and terms.•3. Write one or two sentence summaries, on a separate sheet of paper, of each section. These summaries should state the main idea of each section. Eliminate specific examples, facts, illustrations, and other supporting evidence. The summary should be expressed - as far as possible - in your own words. It's not enough to merely copy out parts of the original.•4. Write a thesis--a one-sentence summary of the entire passage. The thesis should express the central idea of the passage, as you have determined it from the preceding steps. You may find it useful to keep in mind the information contained in the lead sentence or paragraph of most newspaper stories--the what, who, why, where, when, and how of the matter. For persuasive passages, summarize in a sentence the author's conclusion. For descriptive passages, indicate the subject of the description and its key features.•Note: In some cases a suitable thesis may already be in the original passage. If so, you may want to quote it directly in your summary.•5. Write the first draft of your summary by starting with your thesis and combining it with your list of sentence summaries. At this stage, you should include any significant details from the passage. Be sure to eliminate repetition and eliminate less important information. Disregard minor details, or generalize them. Use as few words as possible to convey the main ideas. Write a one or two-sentence account of each section you identify. Focus your attention on the main point. Leave out any illustrative examples.•6. Check your summary against the original passage, and make whatever adjustments are necessary for accuracy and completeness. Make sure the summary captures the main idea of the entire text in your own words.•7. Revise your summary, inserting transitional words and phrases where necessary to ensure coherence. Check for style. Avoid series of short, choppy sentences. Combine sentences for a smooth, logical flow of ideas. Check for grammatical correctness, punctuation, and spelling.Requirements:•Use 3rd person and Write in the present tense (he shows, we work, they allow)•Be concise and brief.•The summary should cover the original as a whole.•The material should be presented in a neutral fashion.•The summary should be significantly shorter than the original (a good length for an article of 1000 words might be 200- 250 words).•Present the author's point of view; Do not include your own opinion in the summary •Follow the order of the original text.•Do not include statistics, dates, examples, quotations, stylistic means, any details from the text, or your own opinion or interpretation. Also do not include anything that does not appear in the original. (Do not include your own comments or evaluation.)•Do not rely on quotations from the original passage, and be careful if you paraphrase so that you do not plagiarize (do not follow the author's sentence structure and do not claim his/her ideas or language as your own).•Introduce the author and title of the work in the opening sentence of your summary. •Refer to authors in subsequent sentences by their last names only.•Remember that it must be in your own words. By writing in this way, you help to re-create the meaning of the original in a way which makes sense for you.•Before you even start, make a note of your source(s). If this is a book, an article, or a journal, write the following information at the head of your notes: Author, title, publisher, publication date, and edition of book.Original Article: BatsIn the distant past, many people thought bats had magical powers, but times have changed. Today, many people believe that bats are rodents, that they cannot see, and that they are more likely than other animals to carry rabies. All of these beliefs are mistaken. Bats are not rodents, are not blind, and are no more likely than dogs and cats to transmit rabies. Bats, in fact, are among the least understood and least appreciated of animals. Bats are not rodents with wings, contrary to popular belief. Like all rodents, bats are mammals, but they have a skeleton similar to the human skeleton. The bones in bat wings are much like those in arms and the human hand, with a thumb and four fingers. In bats, the bones of the arms and the four fingers of the hands are very long. This bone structure helps support the web of skin that stretches from the body to the ends of the fingers to form wings.Although bats cannot see colors, they have good vision in both dim and bright light. Since most bats stay in darkness during the day and do their feeding at night, they do not use their vision to maneuver in the dark but use a process called echolocation. This process enables bats to emit sounds from their mouths that bounce off objects and allow them to avoid the objects when flying. They use this system to locate flying insects to feed on as well. Typically, insect-eating bats emerge at dusk and fly to streams or ponds where they feed. They catch the insects on their wingtip or tail membrane and fling them into their mouths while flying.There are about 1,000 species of bat, ranging in size from the bumblebee bat, which is about an inch long, to the flying fox, which is sixteen inches long and has a wingspan of five feet. Each type of bat has a specialized diet. For seventy percent of bats, the diet is insects. Other types of bats feed on flowers, pollen, nectar, and fruit or on small animals such as birds, mice, lizards, and frogs.One species of bat feeds on the blood of large mammals. This is the common vampire bat, which lives only in Latin America and is probably best known for feeding on the blood of cattle. Unfortunately, in an attempt to control vampire bat populations, farmers have unintentionally killed thousands of beneficial fruit-and insect-eating bats as well.Bats, in fact, perform a number of valuable functions. Their greatest economic value is in eliminating insect pests. Insect- eating bats can catch six hundred mosquitoes in an hour and eat half their body weight in insects every night. In many tropical rain forests, fruit eating bats are the main means of spreading the seeds of tropical fruits. Nectar-feeding bats pollinate a number of tropical plants. If it were not for bats, we might not have peaches, bananas, mangoes, guavas, figs, or dates.Today, the survival of many bat species is uncertain. Sixty percent of bats do not survive past infancy. Some are killed by predators such as owls, hawks, snakes and other meat-eating creatures, but most are victims of pesticides and other human intrusions. In Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, where there were once eight million bats, there are now a quarter million. At Eagle Creek, Arizona, the bat population dropped from thirty million to thirty thousand in six years.Bats often have been burdened with a bad reputation, perhaps because they are not the warm, cuddly sort of animal we love tolove. However, their unusual physical features should not lead us to overestimate their harm or to underestimate their value.SummaryBatsIn the article “Bats,” by Debbie Dean, it has shown that in contrast to some mistaken beliefs, bats are not blind rodents that usually have rabies. They have sight, are mammals, and are not especially likely to carry rabies. Bats are relatively misunderstood and unappreciated.Bats have some interesting physical features. They have similar bone structure and skeletons to that of humans, so they are not winged rodents. They are color blind, so they use echolocation if there is not sufficient light. Otherwise, their sight is enough.Species of bats total about a thousand. The species come in a variety of sizes and have unique diets. Most eat insects, but some eat plant products and small animals. However, vampire bats drink blood, which can be harmful to livestock. Farmers have accidentally killed many innocent bats while trying to rid themselves of vampire bats.Bats can actually be helpful to humans. An important trait of bats is their ability to destroy many unwanted bugs. They also spread fruit seeds and pollinate plants. However, the survival of bats is not known because many are killed by human disruptions and predators. The bat population has dropped steadily and may continue to drop.Hopefully, we will realize that although bats look different than our favorite animals, we can learn to accept and admire their value and uniqueness.Original Article:A patent is an exclusive right to use an invention for a certain period of time, which is given to an inventor as compensation for disclosure of an invention. Although it would be beneficial for the world economy to have uniform patent laws, each country has its own laws designed to protect domestic inventions and safeguard technology. Despite widespread variation, patent laws generally fall under one of two principles: the first-to-file and first-to invent. The first-to-file principle awards a patent to the person or institution that applies for a patent first, while the first-to invent principle grants the patent to the person or institution that was first to invent –and can prove it. Most countries have adopted the first-to-file system. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent system, despite obvious shortcomings. A result of countries employing different patent law principles is inconsistency of patent ownership.Patent ownership is not recognized globally. On the contrary, ownership may change depending on the country. It is not uncommon for an invention to have two patent owners – one in the United States and one in the rest of the world. This unclear ownership often has economic consequences. If a company is interested in using a patented invention, it may be unable to receive permission from both patent owners, which in turn may prevent manufacture of a particular product. Even if permission is received from both owners, pay royalties to both may be quite costly. In this case, if the invention is useful enough, a company may proceed and pass on the added cost to consumers.International economic tension has also been increasing as a result of differing policies. Many foreign individuals and companies believe that they are at a serious disadvantage in the United States with regard to patent ownership because of the logistical difficulties in establishing first-to invent status. Further, failure of the United States to recognize patent ownership in other countries is in violation of the Paris Conventions on Industrial Properties, which requires all member nations to treat all patents equally. The conflict surrounding patents has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to lobby for universality in patent laws. WIPO maintains that the first necessary step involves compelling the United States to reexamine its patent principle, taking into account the reality of a global economy. This push may indeed result in more global economic cooperation.SummaryIn his pap er “Global Implications of Patent Law Variation,” Koji Suzuki (1991) states that lack of consistency in the world’s patent laws is a serious problem. In most of the world, patent ownership is given to the inventor that is first to file for a patent. However, the United States maintains a first-to-invent policy. In view of this, patent ownership can change depending on the country. Multiple patent ownership can result in economic problems; however, most striking is the international tension it causes. The fact that the United States does not recognize patent ownership in other countries, in violation of the Paris Convention on Industrial Properties, has prompted the World Intellectual Properties Organization (WIPO) to push the United States to review its existing patent law principles.。

02 How_to_Write_a_Summary

How to Write a SummaryWhat is a summary?It is a fairly brief restatement--IN YOUR OWN WORDS--of the contents of a passage.Strictly speaking, you simply report back what the other writer has said.It is not your job to make value judgments about the "rightness" or "wrongness" of what (s)he says.That would be a different kind of paper--a summary-response, a critique, or a position paper.While it is hard to give concrete guidelines for length, many good summaries are about 1/4 to 1/3 the length of the original.What are the steps in writing a summary?I.Read through the whole piece--carefully.Annotate (underline, highlight, asterisk, star, flag things; comment in the margins) as you read.II.When you finish, look back for the 1-2 sentences that state the author's main point.Write it/them down or place some special annotation in the margin of your book.This is the article's thesis statement. While it may appear early in the essay--the first paragraph or two (as you are taught to locate yours), it may not, in fact, be stated until the end of the piece (almost as if it were a conclusion).III.Reread the selection, dividing it intothought. Each section may be one paragraph, but, more likely, each section will incorporate several paragraphs.IV.Write a sentence or two summarizing each section of thought. If you have trouble doing this, you might try writing a summary sentence for each paragraph and then revising where you see yourself repeating ideas.V. Write a first draft of your summary, including the following items:A. In the first sentence or two--1. the author's name.2. the article's or chapter's name (perhapseven the magazine's or book's name inwhich the article or chapter appeared).3. the author's thesis statement.***Here's an example: "In our excerpt from The Idea of a University, John Henry Newman argues that the real purpose of a university education is to help students become wise, enable each one to understand as much as possible of the world in which (s)he lives and to see clearly how each piece of knowledge relates to each other piece of knowledge."B. Next, your summary sentences for eachparagraph or section. Put them in the same orderthat the author presents the essay, because you are,after all, simply reporting back what (s)he says.C. You should make every effort to put theauthor's ideas into your own words--to avoidplagiarism. However, you may occasionally wantto quote a point directly from the author. That'sokay; just be sure to place quotation marks aroundwhat you have borrowed and cite your pagenumber.D. Occasional supporting details, if and only ifthey are the most significant ones.V.Check your draft against the original piece for accuracy.VII.Revise the summary to "smooth out" its choppiness.In other words, link your section summary sentencestogether with good transitional words or phrases (like in addition, moreover, on the other hand, however, finally).VIII.Proofread and spellcheck.。

Howtowriteasummary如何写文章概要

ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
2. Writing
• A summary should usually be about one-third to one-fourth as long as the original passage, but for a summary of a novel or a play, onehundredth or even one-thousandth of the length of the original book.
• Give a title to your summary. • You should now be in a position to decide
what parts of the passage are essential and what parts are comparatively unimportant and can be omitted without much loss. • Write down in brief notes the main points: the subject, the title, and the essential or important details.
• The summary should be all in your own words. • You should follow the logical order of the
original passage, if possible.
• Summary writing is an exercise in compression.
How to Write a Summary
Sept. 6, 2017
Definition of Summary

高考英语how-to-write-a-summary

the repairs, the Hubble will sen.
Tips for writing a summary 1.Read the passage for overall content and underline the key words. 2.Group the reading into sections according to the author’s topic divisions. 3.Write a one-sentence summary of each section, focusing on the main point. Do not include examples and minor details. 4.Do not use your own opinion, but be sure to use your own words. 5.In your final draft, insert transitional words and phrases where necessary, combine sentences for a smooth, logical flow of ideas.
1.The Hubble telescope was launched into space by NASA on April 20, 1990 at a cost of over a billion dollars. When and what 2.Right from the start there was trouble with the Hubble. 3.The pictures it sent us were very disappointing because its main mirror was faulty! What and why