verification

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Verification

On the other hand, if the recording conditions of the database are too controlled (i.e. not realistic), a classi er might be unable to deal with \noisy" data as encountered in an application. The tests will therefore overestimate the system performance.
2 Test Results are Biased by the Dataset
In this section, it will be argued that an inappropriate size or complexity of a dataset can lead to both, an over- or underestimation of the performance of a given algorithm.
and other tasks, databases play an important role. Despite this fact, there exists no measure whether a given database is su cient to train and/or to test a given algorithm. This paper proposes a method to \grade" the complexity of a database, respectively to validate whether a database is appropriate for the simulation of a given application. Experiments support the argumentation that the complexity of a data set is not equivalent to its size. The \ rst nearest neighbor" method applied to image vectors is shown to perform reasonably well for person identication, respectively the mean square distance for person veri cation. This suggests to use them as a minimal performance measure for other algorithms.

Validation、Verification、Qualification的区别

Validation、Verification、Qualification的区别制药都离不开GMP，而GMP总是少不了确认和验证。

那么确认和验证到底有什么区别？要搞清楚这个问题，就必须要理解三个词Validation，Qualification 和Verification的英语原意。

不过在讲解这三个词之前，请想象一下如果一个正在学中文的外国朋友问你：“街”、“道”和“路”有什么区别您如何回答呢？我们理解“Verification”、“Qualification”和“Validation”可能就像外国人理解“街”,“道”和“路”的区别，可能永远达不到那种“只可意会不可言传”的境界。

Verification这个词来自于英语的Verify。

意思是“to find out a fact or statements…etc. is true去核实一个事实或说法是真实的”，也就是查验（check）的意思。

其隐含的意义是“已经有某个事实或说法存在”，而这个动作就是找出这个事实或说法是真实的。

举个例子，我们可以说：“请verify张三是不是一个GMP审核员”。

这个动作的隐含前提是已经有“张三是GMP审核员”的说法存在了。

制药界对这个词的翻译重要性尚没有共同认可。

目前最贴切的翻译是“确证”。

Qualification这个词制药界的朋友都非常熟识，来自于Qualify，一直被公认翻译为"确认"。

可是估计很少有人真正理解Qualify是什么意思。

其原意是指"to pass an exam or meet the standards of something", 即"达到了一定的标准，从而能够做某种事情"。

设备的Qualification是其原意的延伸，即某个设备达到了一定的标准，可以被用来做某个预定的生产步骤。

Qualification的过程一定要有"预定的标准"。

Verification

Hardware-accelerated 6M~64M gates simulation Prototyping 1M~16M gates
Formal verification
Unlimited
Testbench a = 1; #20 b = 1; $display (“status is = %d”,c); ... Some part of the design is tested repeatedly. DUV Other parts are not even tested.
10
Cycle-Based Simulation
Simulation time
12
Software Simulation
• Pros
– The design size is limited only by the computing resource. – Simulation can be started as soon as the RTL description is finished. – Set-up cost is minimal.
• Cons
– Not flexible for design change – (Every new prototype requires a new board architecture. / Even a small change requires a new PCB.)
17
A Prototyping Example
5
Bug Fixing Cost in Time
• Cost of fixing a bug/problem increases as design progresses.

15 (对Qualification, Validation, Verification三个术语混淆分析及理解的一些建议 20150114)

对Qualification, Validation, Verification三个术语混淆分析及理解的一些建议宋启国 20150114引言即使到了今天，在制药行业，依然对以上三个词混淆的人估计不在少数。

今天，我们来做一个简单的探讨，看看混淆是如何形成，文章还对消除混淆给出了建议。

看完此文，希望能帮助你理解这三个词的真正内涵，不再混淆。

正文一切混淆起源于从英文将其翻译成中文时由于中英文语言差异，那我们先看看下表，从表中可见，我们制药行业并未采用其他行业通用的术语翻译，而是自成一套，经过这些年的生根发芽，制药行业这种自成一体的术语翻译已经根深蒂固，深入人心，于是也就愈发混淆了。

注意：为了避免混淆，本文在涉及到这三个文字时一律使用英文。

对于这三个词，在制药行业，其实简单区分为Validation用于系统、软件和方法（程序）；Qualification用于设备、仪器、及杂质（是否处在安全水平，具体见ICH Q3A）；Verification用于药典方法的使用（欧盟Validation and Verification附录又增加了Verification的使用，见后文介绍）。

Qualification是针对东西是否合格的，属于合格与否的资格性认可，可以是competence（人），也可是capability（系统/仪器/设备），可进一步细分为（D/I/O/PQ，4Q）。

通常，Qualification又是validation的一个初始阶段的工作，而Validation是在qualification的基础上（人和仪器设备具备资格后），针对整个系统的确认，故有时广义上用它来代替整个确认。

这个很好理解。

我们做任何事情都需要先有合格的人和仪器设备（Qualification），然后再加上有效地方法或程序（Validation）这三个要素，这就构成了我们制药行业的Validation （合格的人+合格的机器+有效的方法/程序）。

verification

VerificationIntroductionVerification is the process of confirming the accuracy and validity of a system or component. It involves checking if a system or component meets the specified requirements and performs as intended. In software development, verification aims to ensure that the software meets the desired quality standards and satisfies the functionality specified in the requirements.The Importance of VerificationVerification is a critical step in the software development life cycle (SDLC). It helps to identify bugs, errors, and inconsistencies early in the development process. By verifying the software, developers can catch and fix issues before they become major problems. This saves time, effort, and resources that would otherwise be wasted on detecting and fixing errors later in the development cycle or during actual usage.Types of VerificationThere are several types of verification methods used in software development. These methods include:1. Code ReviewsCode reviews involve having other developers examine the source code to identify potential issues, bugs, or vulnerabilities. This helps to ensure that the code is of high quality, follows best practices, and is maintainable.2. Unit TestingUnit testing involves writing and executing tests on individual units of code, such as functions or methods. It verifies if the units meet the specified requirements and behave as expected. Unit testing can be automated, making it easier to run tests repeatedly during development.3. Integration TestingIntegration testing ensures that individual units of code work together correctly when combined. It verifies if the interactions between different code modules are functioning as intended. Integration testing identifies interface issues and helps to ensure the correct integration of components.4. System TestingSystem testing involves testing the entire system as a whole. It verifies if the system meets the requirements and behaves as expected in different scenarios. System testing is typically performed in an environment that closely resembles the production environment.5. User Acceptance Testing (UAT)User acceptance testing involves testing the software from the end-user’s perspective. It verifies if the software meets the user’s needs and expectatio ns. UAT is usually conducted by actual end-users or representatives who simulate real-life scenarios to validate the software’s usability.Verification ProcessThe verification process typically follows these steps:1.Planning: Define the verification objectives, including the specificverification methods to be used, and create a verification plan.2.Preparation: Identify the necessary resources, such as testenvironments, test data, and testing tools. Prepare the test cases, test scripts, or test scenarios to be used during the verification process.3.Execution: Execute the verification activities according to theverification plan. This may involve conducting code reviews, running unit tests, performing integration tests, system testing, and user acceptance testing.4.Analysis: Analyze the results obtained from the verification activities.Identify and document any deviations, defects, or discrepancies.5.Resolution: Address and resolve the identified issues. This mayinvolve fixing bugs, modifying code, or enhancing the software to meet thedesired quality standards.6.Reporting: Document the verification process, including the results,findings, and any actions taken. This helps in maintaining a record for future reference.Challenges in VerificationAlthough verification is essential, it can present some challenges:1. Time and Resource ConstraintsVerification requires time and resources. It can be challenging to allocate sufficient time and resources for the different verification activities, especially when facing tight deadlines or limited budgets.2. Requirement ChangesRequirements can change during the development process. These changes can impact the verification process, making it necessary to reassess and update the verification plan and test cases.3. ComplexitySome systems or components may be complex, making verification a challenging task. It requires a deep understanding of the system architecture, dependencies, and interactions to design effective verification strategies.4. Lack of Proper Tools and InfrastructureThe availability of suitable tools and infrastructure is essential for efficient verification. Lack of proper tools and infrastructure can hinder the verification process and make it more time-consuming.ConclusionVerification is a crucial step in software development to ensure that the software meets the desired quality standards and performs as expected. It involves various methods, such as code reviews, unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing. By following a systematic verification process, developers can identify and resolve issues early, saving time and resources. Despite the challenges involved, proper planning, preparation, and execution of verification activities can greatly enhance the quality and reliability of software products.。

Verification、Validation到底有啥区别？

今天谈谈几个容易被搞混的测试领域的概念。

1.定义说到测试，很多搞开发的人都会觉得：测试就是按照预先设计好的测试用例来执行，从而发现问题的活动。

实际上，中文的测试一词是含义很丰富的。

至少涵盖了下面几个英文词汇的活动或者意义。

a.Testb.Experimentc.measurementd.Validatione.Verification以前曾经说过，现代科技起源于西方，所以很多专业词汇也是西方人创造出来的，中文里面很难找到完全对应的词汇，所以很多时候，还是使用英语能准确的表达。

下面逐个解释一下。

Test 检验；考验a situation or anevent that shows how good,strong, etc. sb/sth is目的是考察某人、某事究竟有多好或多坏。

输出一个评价。

比如：期末考试、体检等，都可以使用 Test这个词。

Experiment 实验；试验a scientific test that is done in order to study whathappens and to gain newknowledge做实验的目的是为了观察、总结各种现象，从而获得新的知识。

没有明确的标准。

在科学研究领域使用的比较多。

measurement 测量A measurement is aresult, usually expressed in numbers, that you obtain by measuring something.测量一定是要使用仪器的，为了获得具体的量化的数据。

不做直接的评判。

比如说测量电压、长度等等。

验证(Verification) 与确认(Validation )这两个词比较难以区别， 90%以上的人都会混淆他们的含义的。

下面是几种说法，供大家参考。

Verification ：If you verify something, you check thatit is true by careful examination or investigation.Validation ： Tovalidate something such as a claim or statement means to prove or confirm thatit is trueor correct.2.观点前面引入了测试相关的英文单词概念，并做了定义解释，看起来有点浅显，下面我又收集了四种常见的观点，并尝试从这四种说法中找出相应的规律。

verification 搭配的动词

在本文中，我将重点讨论"verification"这个主题，并围绕这个词的搭配动词展开深入探讨。

让我们了解一下"verification"的含义。

Verification一词源自于拉丁语"verificare"，意为"证实"、"证明"或"核实"。

它在各个领域都有着广泛的应用，从科学研究到商业交易，无处不在。

1. Conducting Verification（进行验证）我们可以讨论关于"verification"的动词搭配之一，即"conducting verification"。

在科学研究领域，研究人员经常需要进行实验证实来验证他们的假设或理论。

在生物学研究中，科学家们会对实验结果进行验证，以确保它们的可靠性和准确性。

在商业交易中，公司也经常会进行验证以确保交易的合法性和真实性。

"conducting verification"是一个非常重要的动作，它直接影响到事情最终的结果。

2. Providing Verification（提供验证）另一个常见的搭配动词是"providing verification"。

在日常生活中，我们经常需要提供证明来证实自己的身份、资格或拥有权。

申请护照时需要提供唯一识别信息明，申请工作时需要提供学历证明。

这些都是提供验证的过程，它们可以帮助确认一个人或物品的真实性和合法性。

"providing verification"对于个人和组织来说同样至关重要。

3. Seeking Verification（寻求验证）除了进行验证和提供验证之外，"seeking verification"也是一个常见的动词搭配。

无论是在学术研究领域还是在日常生活中，人们经常需要寻求他人的验证来确认自己的观点或行为。

验证Verification与确认Validation的差别

验证(Verification)与确认（Validation）的差别说法一：（2）“验证(Verification)”的涵义通过提供客观证据对规定要求已得到满足的认定。

（2）“确认（Validation）”的涵义通过提供客观证据对特定的预期用途或应用要求已得到满足的认定。

（3）“验证”和“确认”之差别“验证”和“确认”都是认定。

可是，“验证”表明的是满足规定要求，而“确认”表明的是满足预期用途或应用要求，说简单点，“确认”就是检查终于产品是否达到顾客使用要求。

（4）“设计和开发”中“设计验证”和“设计确认”之差别在于：设计验证的目的是检查设计输出是否满足设计输入的规定要求。

设计确认的目的是检查设计形成的终于产品是否达到顾客的使用要求。

说法二：1.“确认”是要证明所提供的（或将要提供的）产品适合其估计的用途，而“验证”则是要查明工作产品是否恰当地反映了规定的要求。

换句话说，验证要保证“做得正确”，而确认则要保证“做的东西正确”。

2.验证注重“过程”，确认注重“结果”3.(Verification) －－－Are we producing the product right?(Validation) －－－Are we producing the right product?说法三：1.什么是验证？验证就是要用数据证明我们是不是在正确的制造产品。

注意这里强调的是过程的正确性2.什么是确认？确认就是要用数据证明我们是不是制造了正确的产品。

注意这里强调的是结果的正确性。

3.验证和确认是一个广泛的概念，感兴趣的读者能够參考IEEE Std 1012-1998 。

验证：验证检查某样东西是否符合之前已定好的标准，如：文档评审，要检查的东西是文档，检查标准就是文档的评审标准，又如：測试软件，要检查的东西就是软件，检查的标准就是软件的规格说明，包含功能说明，性能要求等。

确认：检查软件在终于的执行环境上是否达到预期的目标。

qualification和verification

qualification和verification Qualification and verification are two fundamental processes used to assess the credibility, competence, and authenticity of individuals or entities. In this article, we will explore the importance of qualification and verification, the steps involved in each process, and their practical applications in various fields.Qualification refers to the process of determining whether an individual or entity possesses the necessary skills, knowledge, experience, or credentials to perform a specific task or fulfill a particular role. It helps to establish the competence and suitability of a person or organization before granting them access to certain privileges, rights, or responsibilities.Verification, on the other hand, entails confirming the authenticity, accuracy, or validity of claims, documents, information, or identities. It ensures that the provided information or documents are true and reliable, and helps to prevent fraud, deception, or misrepresentation.Importance of Qualification and VerificationQualification and verification play a vital role in various aspects of our personal and professional lives. Employers rely on qualification processes to assess the skills, knowledge, and experience of job applicants. This helps in hiring competent individuals who can contribute effectively to the organization's goals and objectives.Qualification is also significant in educational institutions, where students undergo assessments and examinations to prove their understanding and competency in specific subjects or fields. Similarly, professional certifications or licenses act as a qualification mechanism, ensuring that individuals possess the necessary skills and meet the industry's standards or regulatory requirements.Verification is crucial in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of important documents, such as identification cards, passports, academic degrees, or professional certifications. It helps to prevent identity theft, forgery, or the use of counterfeit documents. Furthermore, in the digital age, verification processes are essential for validating the identities and credentials of users in online transactions, financial services, or social media platforms.Steps in QualificationThe qualification process typically involves several steps to determine an individual or entity's suitability for a particular role or privilege. These steps may vary depending on the context or industry, but generally include the following:1. Defining the Requirements: Identify the specific skills, knowledge, experience, or credentials required to perform the task or fulfill the role.2. Screening: Conduct initial screenings, such as reviewing resumes, application forms, or conducting interviews, to shortlist candidates who potentially meet the criteria.3. Assessment: Administer tests, practical exercises, or interviews to assess the candidates' abilities, technical skills, or problem-solving capabilities. This step helps to evaluate their competence and suitability.4. Verification: Validate the provided information, such as educational degrees, work experience, or references. This may involve contacting educational institutions, previous employers, orprofessional organizations to verify the authenticity and accuracy of the claims.5. Decision-making: Based on the assessment and verification results, make a final decision on whether the individual or entity meets the qualification requirements or standards.Steps in VerificationVerification processes are designed to ascertain the authenticity, accuracy, or validity of documents, information, or identities. The steps involved in verification may vary depending on the purpose or context, but generally include the following:1. Collecting Documentation: Gather the necessary documents or information to be verified, such as identification cards, passports, bank statements, academic certificates, or professional licenses.2. Verification Methods: Determine the appropriate methods or channels to verify the provided documents or claims. This may include contacting issuing authorities, educational institutions, professional licensing boards, or conducting online searches.3. Cross-Checking: Use multiple sources or references tocross-check the information provided. Compare the documents or claims with databases, records, or other reliable sources to ensure consistency and accuracy.4. Expert Opinion: Seek expert opinions or consultation, especially in complex cases or technical domains. Experts can help assess the authenticity and validity of specialized documents or qualifications.5. Reporting and Decision-making: Compile the verification findings into a report and make informed decisions based on the results. This may include accepting or rejecting the documents, taking legal actions, or initiating further investigations if any discrepancies or doubts arise.Practical ApplicationsThe qualification and verification processes find applications across various fields and industries. For example:- Employment: Employers use qualification processes to screen andselect job applicants, ensuring that the candidates possess the necessary skills and qualifications.- Education: Educational institutions use qualification assessments to evaluate students' knowledge and competence before granting degrees, diplomas, or certifications.- Licensing and Certification: Professions and industries require individuals to obtain licenses or certifications as qualifications to ensure the quality and standard of services provided.- Financial Institutions: Banks and financial institutions verify customers' identities and financial information to prevent fraud, money laundering, or illegal activities.- Immigration and Border Control: Governments verify the authenticity of passports, visas, or other travel documents to control illegal migration or entry.ConclusionQualification and verification are critical processes that ensure thecredibility, competence, and authenticity of individuals or entities. They help in making informed decisions, preventing fraud, maintaining the quality of services, and upholding standards. By following the steps in each process, organizations and individuals can establish their qualifications and authenticate their claims, ultimately contributing to trustworthy and reliable systems in various fields.。

verification test analysis的区别

verification test analysis的区别（原创实用版）目录1.概述2.Verification test 的含义3.Analysis 的含义4.Verification test analysis 的区别5.结论正文1.概述本文将探讨 Verification test analysis 的区别。

在软件开发和测试领域，Verification test 和 Analysis 是两个常用的概念，但它们之间存在一些差异。

2.Verification test 的含义Verification test，即验证测试，是在软件开发过程中的一种测试方法，主要用于验证软件的功能和性能是否符合预期，确保软件的可靠性和正确性。

验证测试通常是在软件开发周期的早期阶段进行，通过一系列的测试用例来检查软件的功能。

3.Analysis 的含义Analysis，即分析，是一种更广泛的概念，通常涉及对数据、信息或系统进行深入研究，以了解其内在的规律、特性或问题。

在软件开发中，分析通常包括对软件需求、设计、代码和测试等方面的深入研究，以识别潜在的问题和改进机会。

4.Verification test analysis 的区别尽管 Verification test 和 Analysis 在某种程度上都与软件测试相关，但它们之间存在明显的区别：a) 目的：Verification test 旨在验证软件的功能和性能是否符合预期，而 Analysis 旨在深入研究软件的各个方面，以发现潜在的问题和改进机会。

b) 范围：Verification test 主要关注软件的功能和性能，而Analysis 涵盖了软件开发的更多方面，如需求分析、设计分析、代码分析等。

c) 方法：Verification test 通常采用预定义的测试用例和标准，以检查软件的实际表现是否符合预期。

而 Analysis 通常采用更灵活、更定制化的方法，根据具体情况选择合适的分析工具和技术。

verification知识论

verification知识论Verification Epistemology: Understanding the Limits of Knowledge.Verification epistemology is a branch of philosophythat focuses on the nature and limits of knowledge. It explores the ways in which we can verify the truth of our beliefs and the extent to which we can be certain about the things we claim to know. This area of study is crucial for understanding the foundations of knowledge and the methods by which we can distinguish between justified beliefs and mere opinion.At the heart of verification epistemology is the concept of verification itself. Verification refers to the process of establishing the truth or falsity of a statement or belief. In the context of knowledge, verification is essential for determining the reliability and validity of our beliefs. This process involves the use of evidence, reasoning, and empirical observation to support or refuteour claims about the world.One of the key questions in verification epistemologyis how we can be sure that our beliefs are justified and reliable. This question leads to a deeper exploration of the methods and standards of verification. Philosophers have debated whether there are universal criteria for verifying knowledge or if verification is inherently subjective and context-dependent. Some argue that knowledge can only be verified through direct sensory experience, while others contend that rational and logical reasoning are equally important for verifying our beliefs.Another important aspect of verification epistemologyis the recognition of the limits of knowledge. It acknowledges that there are inherent uncertainties and limitations in our ability to verify all beliefs. This recognition challenges the notion of absolute certainty and emphasizes the fallibility of human knowledge. As a result, verification epistemology encourages a critical and cautious approach to knowledge, urging us to be aware of the potential for error and the need for ongoing scrutinyof our beliefs.The implications of verification epistemology extend to various areas of human inquiry, including science, ethics, and everyday reasoning. In the scientific realm,verification epistemology underscores the importance of empirical evidence and the rigorous testing of hypotheses. It also raises questions about the reliability ofscientific knowledge and the potential for revision inlight of new evidence.In ethical and moral reasoning, verification epistemology prompts us to critically examine the justifications for our ethical beliefs and values. It challenges us to consider the basis for moral claims and the ways in which they can be verified or supported. This approach encourages a more reflective and evidence-based approach to ethical decision-making.In everyday reasoning, verification epistemology reminds us to be mindful of the sources and reliability of our beliefs. It encourages us to seek out evidence andconsider alternative perspectives before forming judgments. By applying the principles of verification epistemology to our everyday thinking, we can cultivate a more informed and rational approach to understanding the world around us.In conclusion, verification epistemology is a vital area of philosophical inquiry that sheds light on the nature and limitations of human knowledge. By examining the processes of verification and the challenges of certainty, this branch of philosophy deepens our understanding of the foundations of knowledge and encourages a critical and reflective approach to belief formation. Ultimately, verification epistemology prompts us to be more discerning in our pursuit of knowledge and to recognize the complexities and uncertainties inherent in our quest for understanding.。

abaqus verification 的目标 -回复

abaqus verification 的目标-回复目标: Abaqus Verification 的目标是验证软件分析和模拟的准确性和可靠性，确保其结果符合实际问题的物理行为和数学模型。

Abaqus Verification是为了测试和确认Abaqus软件的性能和功能。

在工程和科学领域，模拟和分析是重要的工具，可以预测和优化设计的性能和行为。

为了确保准确性和可靠性，软件需要经过验证过程。

在Abaqus Verification中，验证使用理论解析或实验数据来与Abaqus软件结果进行比较，以保证其准确性。

验证的目标是获得与已知解析解或实验结果的高度一致性，以证明Abaqus可以准确地模拟和分析实际问题。

通过验证，用户可以对Abaqus 软件的性能和功能有一个清晰的认识，并且可以对结果的准确性有更高的信心。

验证过程通常包括以下几个步骤：1. 选择验证案例：选择合适的验证案例是非常重要的，这些案例应具有已知的解析解或实验数据。

案例应该具有代表性，能够评估Abaqus在不同问题和条件下的性能和准确性。

2. 建立模型：建立符合验证案例的几何模型和材料性质。

模型的准确性和质量对于验证的结果至关重要。

在建模过程中，需要考虑边界条件和加载情况，以确保模型能够模拟实际问题的行为。

3. 定义参数和计算：在验证过程中，需要选择适当的参数和计算设置。

这些参数包括网格密度、收敛标准、时间步长等，对结果的准确性有很大的影响。

4. 运行模拟：使用Abaqus软件运行验证模拟，并获得结果。

5. 对比与分析：将Abaqus软件结果与已知的解析解或实验数据进行对比和分析。

这可以通过比较位移、应力、应变等关键结果来进行。

如果Abaqus 与已知结果高度一致，可以认为验证成功。

6. 结果解释：解释验证结果的差异，分析造成差异的原因。

这可以涉及到模型简化、材料性质的准确性等因素。

7. 结论和总结：根据验证结果，得出关于Abaqus软件性能和功能的结论。

CMMI之过程域验证(Ver)与确认(Var)的比较

CMMI之过程域验证(Ver)与确认(Var)的比较CMMI全称是Capability Maturity Model Integration，即软件能力成熟度模型集成，这里华迪教育就CMMI中的过程域验证(Ver)与确认(Var)进行一番比较。

1、概念识别验证verification：通过提供客观证据对规定要求已得到满足的认定;确认validation：通过提供客观证据对特定的预期用途或应用要求已得到满足的认定。

2、相近之处CMMI不同的两个PA，均用于表示相应的认定状态。

确认与验证活动经常同时执行，且可能使用部分相同的环境。

3、认定的准则不同验证重点强调的是，验证的准则是规定的要求。

规定要求的表现的工作产品很多，如单元测试验证产品每一模块是否符合详细设计说明书要求;集成测试验证接口是否符合概要设计说明书要求;系统测试验证产品是否符合需求规格说明书要求;验证这个PA其目的是希望软件企业在软件开发整个过程中，做好相应的检查工作，把尽量问题发现前面，保证了项目的可控性，降低开发的成本。

确认重点强调的是，确认的准则是预期用途或应用要求。

确认考虑的是产品或系统最终的用途或应用要求是否可以实现，确认过程所使用的条件(如环境条件)要是实际的或是模拟的，如汽车要求预期用途是在高温的沙漠里行驶，确认过程可以实际或模拟高温和沙尘的环境，把新开发的汽车放在次环境中路试;开发环境与真实环境是不可避免存在差异的，为了有效地避免在开发环境中没有问题，但一到真实环境就出现问题的情况，确认的工作是非常重要的。

通常，确认活动包含了最终使用者及其它相关干系人。

一般来说，实际环境或客户环境中调试、试用、验收测试等都是确认的工作。

4、认定的方法验证认定的办法一般是同行评审、软件测试、试验、演示等。

确认认定的方法：可以是分析、评审、模拟、原型、示范、试验、测试等。