英语语言学第1-3章课后练习题答案

精心整理《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版第1-3章练习题参考答案
Chapter1Introduction
P13
1.Howdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage？
答：Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheo ryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,thelinguistshas tocollectandobservelanguagefactsfirst,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremade
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radi
4.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?
答：Inmodemlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoveradiachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedt hatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficultt odescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.
5.Forwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgiveprioritytospeechratherthantowriting?
答：Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlang uageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageforsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewofling
uisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylangu ageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorec ordspeechwhentheneedarises.Evenintoday'sworldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnotw ritten.Thenineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformatio nconveyed.Andalso,speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingi slearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Formodernlinguists,spokenlanguagerevealsmanytruefeatureso fhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspe ech.Thustheirdataforinvestigationanda nalysisaremostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic.
6.HowisSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetencea ndperformance?
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8.
种：4）移位性：移位性指人类可以使用语言来谈论过去的事情，现在的事情或将来的事情；语言也可以用来谈论我们客观世界中的事情，或假想世界中的事情。

总之，语言的使用可以脱离交际的
直接情景语境，从而不受语言时空距离的影响。

5）文化传递性：文化的传递性是指，虽然人类习得语言的能力有遗传因素的原因，但是语言体系具体内容的习得不是通过遗传来传递的，而是要通过后天的学习来获得。

答：Themainfeaturesofhumanlanguagearetermeddesignfeatures.Theyinclude:
1)Arbitrariness
Languageisarbitrary.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexample isthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.
2)Productivity Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsu sers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencesthey haveneverheardbefore.
3)Duality
Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,w hicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberof unitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.
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2.Whatisvoicingandhowisitcaused?
答：VoicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsandafeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibr ationofthevocalcords.
3.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?
答：Thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscription.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindi ctionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.Thelatter,i.e.thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogethe rwiththediacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.Thisisthetranscriptionneededandusedbythephoneticiansinth
eirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacriticstheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitis necessaryfortheirpurpose.
Inbroadtranscription,thesymbol[l]isusedforthesounds[l]inthefourwords leaf[li:f],feel[fi:l],build[bild],and healt h[helθ].As amatteroffact,thesound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly.The[l]in[li:f],occurringbe foreavowel,iscalledadear[l],andnodiacriticisneededtoindicateit;the[1]in[fi:l]and[bild],occurringattheendofawo rdorbeforeanotherconsonant,ispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“leaf”.Itiscalleddark[?]andinnarr owtranscriptionthediacritic[?]isusedtoindicateit.Theninthesoundcombination[helθ],thesound[l]isfollowedbyt heEnglishd entalsound[θ],itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalled adental[l],andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistranscribedas[helθ]. Anotherexampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowords pit and spit.Inthe
aseof
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6)voicelessbilabialstop
B.Givethephoneticfeaturesofeachofthefollowingsounds:
1)[t]2)[l]3)[?]4)[w]5)[?]6)[?]
答：A.(1)[?](2)[f](3)[d](4)[?](5)[?:](6)[p]
B.(1)voicelessalveolarstop(2)voicedalveolarliquid
(3)voicelesspalatalaffricate(4)voicedbilabialglide
(5)back,close,short(6)front,open
7.Howdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthediffere ncebetween,say,[l]and[?],[p h]and[p],aphoneticianoraphonologist?Why?
答：(1)Bothphonologyandphoneticsareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage––thespeechsounds.Butwhileb otharerelatedtothestudyofsounds,,theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinter estedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,w hatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonology,ontheotherhand,aimstodiscoverho wspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommun ication.
(2)Aphonologistwillbemoreinterestedinit.Becauseoneofthetasksofthephonologistsistofindoutrulethatgoverns thedistributionof[l]and[?],[p h]and[p].
8.Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?
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–
in
stop.Sowecanseethatwhilepronouncingthesound[n],weare“copying”afeatureoftheconsonantthatfollowsit.
Deletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Wehavenoticed thatinthepronunciationofsuchwordsas sign,design,and paradigm,thereisno[g]soundalthoughitisrepresentedi nspellingbytheletterg.Butintheircorrespondingforms signature,designation,and paradigmatic,the[g]represent edbythelettergispronounced.Therulecanbestatedas:Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.Give ntherule,thephonemicrepresentationofthestemsin sign–signature,resign–resignation,phlegm–phlegmatic, paradigm–paradigmatic willincludethephoneme/g/,whichwillbedeletedaccordingtotheregularruleifnosuffixi sadded.
10.Whataresupra-segmentalfeatures?Howdothemajorsupra-segmentalfeaturesofEnglishfunctioninconveyin
gmeaning?
答：Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsupra-segmentalfeatures.Themainsupr a-segmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonation,andtone.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.T herearetwokindsofstress:wordstressandsentencestress.Forexample,ashiftofstressmaychangethepartofspeec hofawordfromanoun,toaverbalthoughitsspellingremainsunchanged.Tonesarepitchvariationswhichcandistin guishmeaningjustlikephonemes. Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelik eEnglish.Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.
meaning:functional
stemtype:addedtoadjectives
examples:freely.“adverbialformof‘free’”
quickly,“adverbialformof'quick'”.
(3)suffix:-ee
meaning:thepersonreceivingtheaction
stemtype:addedtoverbs
examples:employee,“onewhoworksinacompany”
interviewee,“onewhoisinterviewed”
3.Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatle asttwoexamplesofeach.
Model:a-
prefix:a-
meaning:“without;not”
stemtype:addedtoadjectives
examples:asymmetric,“lackingsymmetry”asexual,“withoutsexorsexorgans”
答：(1)prefix:dis-
meaning:showinganopposite
stemtype:addedtoverbsornouns
Sue
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b)discover,discovery,discoverer,discoverable,discoverability
c)inventor,inventor’s,inventors,inventors’
d)democracy,democrat,democratic,democratize
答：(略)
6.Thefollowingsentencescontainbothderivationalandinflectionalaffixes.Underlineallofthederivationalaffixesa
ndcircletheinflectionalaffixes.
a)Thefarmer’scowsescaped.
b)Itwasraining.
c)Thosesocksareinexpensive.
d)Jimneedsthenewercopy.
e)Thestrongestrowercontinued.
f)Shequicklyclosedthebook.
g)Thealphabetizationwentwell. 答：(略)。