Deficiency action codes

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Naglazyme（galsulfase）（抗生物）商品说明书

Naglazyme® (galsulfase)(Intravenous)Document Number: MH-0084 Last Review Date: 02/01/2022Date of Origin: 11/28/2011Dates Reviewed: 12/2011, 02/2013, 02/2014, 12/2014, 10/2015, 10/2016, 10/2017, 10/2018, 02/2019,02/2020, 02/2021, 02/2022I.Length of AuthorizationCoverage will be provided for 12 months and may be renewed.II.Dosing LimitsA.Quantity Limit (max daily dose) [NDC Unit]:•Naglazyme 5 mg vial: 23 vials per 7 daysB.Max Units (per dose and over time) [HCPCS Unit]:•115 billable units every 7 daysIII.Initial Approval Criteria 1Coverage is provided in the following conditions:•Patient is at least 5 years of age; AND•Documented baseline 12-minute walk test (12-MWT), 3-minute stair climb test (3-MSCT), and/or pulmonary function tests (e.g., FEV1, etc.); AND•Documented baseline value for urinary glycosaminoglycan (uGAG); ANDMucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome) † Ф1,4,5•Patient has a definitive diagnosis of MPS VI as confirmed by the following:o Detection of pathogenic mutations in the ARSB gene by molecular genetic testing; ORo Arylsulfatase B (ASB) enzyme activity of <10% of the lower limit of normal in cultured fibroblasts or isolated leukocytes; AND▪Patient has normal enzyme activity of a different sulfatase (excluding patients with Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency [MSD]); AND▪Patient has an elevated urinary glycosaminoglycan (uGAG) level (i.e. dermatan sulfate or chondroitin sulfate) defined as being above the upper limit of normal bythe reference laboratory†FDA-approved indication(s); ‡Compendia recommended indication(s); ФOrphan DrugIV.Renewal Criteria 1,4,5Coverage can be renewed based on the following criteria:•Patient continues to meet indication-specific relevant criteria such as concomitant therapy requirements (not including prerequisite therapy), performance status, etc. identified insection III; AND•Absence of unacceptable toxicity from the drug. Examples of unacceptable toxicity include: anaphylaxis and hypersensitivity reactions, immune-mediated reactions, acute respiratorycomplications associated with administration, acute cardiorespiratory failure, severeinfusion reactions, spinal or cervical cord compression, etc.; AND•Disease response with treatment as defined by improvement or stability from pre-treatment baseline by the following:o Reduction in uGAG levels; AND▪Improvement in or stability of 12-minute walk test compared (12-MWT); OR▪Improvement in or stability of 3-minute stair climb test (3-MSCT); OR▪Improvement in or stability of pulmonary function testing (e.g., FEV1, etc.)V.Dosage/Administration 1Indication DoseMucopolysaccharidosis VI(MPS VI, Maroteaux-Lamy Syndrome) 1 mg/kg administered as an intravenous (IV) infusion oncea weekVI.Billing Code/Availability InformationHCPCS Code:•J1458 – Injection, galsulfase, 1 mg; 1 billable unit = 1 mgNDC:•Naglazyme 5 mg per 5 mL solution; single-use vial: 68135-0020-xxVII.References1.Naglazyme [package insert]. Novato, CA; BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc.; December 2019.Accessed January 2022.2.Giugliani R, Harmatz P, Wraith JE. Management guidelines for mucopolysaccharidosis VI.Pediatrics. 2007 Aug;120(2):405-18.3.Giugliani R, Federhen A, Rojas MV, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis I, II, and VI: Brief reviewand guidelines for treatment. Genet Mol Biol. 2010 Oct;33(4):589-604. Epub 2010 Dec 1.4.Vairo F, Federhen A, Baldo G, et al. Diagnostic and treatment strategies inmucopolysaccharidosis VI. Appl Clin Genet. 2015 Oct 30;8:245-55.5.Valaannopoulos V, Nicely H, Harmatz P, et al. Mucopolysaccharidosis VI. Orphanet J RareDis. 2010; 5: 5.6.Harmatz P, Giugliani R, Schwartz I, et al. Enzyme replacement therapy formucopolysaccharidosis VI: a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,multinational study of recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase(recombinant human arylsulfatase B or rhASB) and follow-on, open-label extension study. JPediatr. 2006 Apr;148(4):533-539.Appendix 1 – Covered Diagnosis CodesICD-10 ICD-10 DescriptionE76.29 Other mucopolysaccharidosesAppendix 2 – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)Medicare coverage for outpatient (Part B) drugs is outlined in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual (Pub. 100-2), Chapter 15, §50 Drugs and Biologicals. In addition, National CoverageDetermination (NCD), Local Coverage Determinations (LCDs), and Local Coverage Articles (LCAs) may exist and compliance with these policies is required where applicable. They can be found at: https:///medicare-coverage-database/search.aspx. Additional indications may be covered at the discretion of the health plan.Medicare Part B Covered Diagnosis Codes (applicable to existing NCD/LCD/LCA): N/AMedicare Part B Administrative Contractor (MAC) JurisdictionsJurisdiction Applicable State/US Territory ContractorE (1) CA, HI, NV, AS, GU, CNMI Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLCF (2 & 3) AK, WA, OR, ID, ND, SD, MT, WY, UT, AZ Noridian Healthcare Solutions, LLC5 KS, NE, IA, MO Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS)6 MN, WI, IL National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)H (4 & 7) LA, AR, MS, TX, OK, CO, NM Novitas Solutions, Inc.8 MI, IN Wisconsin Physicians Service Insurance Corp (WPS) N (9) FL, PR, VI First Coast Service Options, Inc.J (10) TN, GA, AL Palmetto GBA, LLCM (11) NC, SC, WV, VA (excluding below) Palmetto GBA, LLCNovitas Solutions, Inc.L (12) DE, MD, PA, NJ, DC (includes Arlington &Fairfax counties and the city of Alexandria in VA)K (13 & 14) NY, CT, MA, RI, VT, ME, NH National Government Services, Inc. (NGS)15 KY, OH CGS Administrators, LLC。

美国PSC检查报告Form B样本_2011

In accordance with IMO Port State Control Procedures [Resolution A.787(19), as amended by Resolution A.882(21)] and the International Ship & Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code) 3. IMO Number: 5. Place of Inspection:
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY U.S. COAST GUARD CG-5437B Rev. (1/11)
U.S. COAST GUARD PORT STATE CONTROL REPORT OF INSPECTION - FORM B
(CG-5437B)
INSTRUCTIONS
2
Copy provided to:
(printed name of Master/Vessel representative) (Signature)
Name of PSCO:
(printed name of duly authorized PSCO of reporting authority) (Signature)
U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security, USCG, CG-5437B (Rev. 1/11)
Reset
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SE1/11)
Port State Control Report of Inspection- Form B
Deficiency Assigned a Code 20, 25 or 30: The report must clearly articulate the reasons for detaining, expelling from port, or denying entry to port a substandard vessel for maritime security, safety and environmental compliance deficiencies. To accomplish this, the report must outline a deficiency description that shows substandard conditions and list appropriate authority under the international conventions for each deficiency to support the action taken. Since this form aligns with international standards, IMO convention cites shall have first priority on Form B. ILO and CFR cites should not be used in lieu of IMO convention cites and when necessary, they should be used sparingly. If a vessel violates applicable domestic regulations, COTP authority/ procedures should be used as appropriate (restrict cargo ops, detain, deny entry or expel from port, etc.) and a NOV or civil penalty should be processed. Note: A vessel with multiple safety related deficiencies, none of which merit detention or other major control action, but collectively make the vessel substandard with respect to the international conventions may warrant a detention. To help determine if a detention is warranted, an ISM expanded exam should be completed as multiple deficiencies indicate the safety management system (SMS) may not be effectively implemented, or that other deficiencies exist with the SMS not meeting the requirements of the ISM code.

PSC缺陷代码表(新)

List of Tokyo MOU Deficiency Codes1Note:The deficiency codes below are harmonized with the Paris MOU and Tokyo MOU will implement them from January/February 2012.itemCode Defective01 - Certificate & Documentation011 - Certificate & Documentation - Ship Certificates01101 Cargo Ship Safety Equipment (including exemption)01102 Cargo Ship Safety Construction (including exempt.)01103 Passenger Ship Safety (including exemption)01104 Cargo Ship Safety Radio (including exemption)01105 Cargo Ship Safety (including exemption)01106 Document of Compliance (DoC/ ISM)01107 Safety Management Certificate (SMC/ ISM)01108 Load Lines (including Exemption)01109 Decision-Support System for Masters on Pass. Ships01110 Authorization for grain carriage01111 Liquefied Gases in Bulk (CoF/GC Code)01112 Liquefied Gases in Bulk (CoF/IGC Code)01113 Minimum Safe Manning Document01114 Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (CoF/BCH Code)01115 Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (CoF/IBC Code)01116 Operational Limitations for Passenger ships01117 Prevention of Pollution by Oil (IOPP)01118 Pollution Prevention by Noxious Liquid Sub in Bulk01119 International Sewage Pollution Prevention Cert.01120 Statement of Compliance CAS01121 Interim Statement of Compliance CAS01122 International ship security certificate01123 Continuous synopsis record01124 International Air Pollution Cert.01125 Engine International Air Pollution Prev. Cert.01126 Document of Compliance Dangerous Goods1Tokyo MOU assumes no liability or responsibility for any errors or omissions.Code Defectiveitem01127 Special Purpose Ship Safety01128 High Speed Craft Safety and Permit to Operate01129 Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit Safety01130 INF certificate of fitness01131 International Anti-fouling-System Certificate01132 Tonnage certificate01134 Other (certificates)01135 Documents for carriage of dangerous goods012 - Certificate & Documentation - Crew Certificates01201 Certificates for master and officers01202 Certificate for rating for watchkeeping01203 Certificates for radio personnel01204 Certificate for personnel on tankers01205 Certificate for personnel on fast rescue boats01206 Certificate for advanced fire-fighting01207 Doc evidence for personnel on passenger ships01208 Doc evidence for personnel on ro-ro passenger ship01209 Manning specified by the minimum safe manning doc01210 Certificate for medical first aid01211 Cert for personnel on survival craft & rescue boat01212 Certificate for medical care01213 Evidence of Basic Training01214 Endorsement by flag State01215 Application for Endorsement by flag State01217 Ship Security Officer Certificate013 - Certificate & Documentation - Documents01301 Cargo Gear Record Book01302 SAR Co-operation plan for pass. ships trade on fixed route01303 Unattended Machinery Spaces (UMS) Evidence01304 Declaration of AFS compliance01305 Log-books/compulsory entriesCode Defectiveitem01306 Schedules for watchkeeping personnel01307 Tables of working hours01308 Records of rest01309 Fire control plan - all01310 Signs, indications01311 Survey report file01312 Thickness measurement report01313 Booklet for bulk cargo loading/unloading/stowage01314 SOPEP01315 Oil record book01316 Cargo information01317 Cargo record book01318 P&A manual01319 Shipboard mar.poll.emergency plan for NLS01320 Garbage record book01322 Conformance Test Report01323 Fire safety operational booklet01324 Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS)01325 ACM statement of compliance (including exemption) 02 - Structural Conditions02101 Closing devices/watertight doors02102 Damage control plan02103 Stability/strength/loading information and instruments02104 Information on the A/A-max Ratio (Roro/pass.only)02105 Steering gear02106 Hull damage impairing seaworthiness02107 Ballast, fuel and other tanks02108 Electrical installations in general02109 Permanent means of access02110 Beams, frames, floors-op.damage02111 Beams, frames, floors-corrosion02112 Hull - corrosionCode Defectiveitem02113 Hull - cracking02114 Bulkhead -corrosion02115 Bulkheads - operational damage02116 Bulkheads - cracking02117 Decks - corrosion02118 Decks - cracking02119 Enhanced survey programme (ESP)02120 Marking of IMO number02121 Cargo area segregation02122 Openings to cargo area, doors, ... scuttles02123 Wheelhouse -door -window02124 Cargo pumproom02125 Spaces in cargo areas02126 Cargo tank vent system02127 Safe access to tanker bows02128 Bulk carriers Add.safety measures02129 Bulkhead strength02130 Triangle mark02131 Other (Bulk carriers)02132 Water level detectors on single hold cargo ships02133 Asbestos containing materials03 - Water/Weathertight conditions03101 Overloading03102 Freeboard marks03103 Railing, gangway, walkway and means for safe passage03104 Cargo & other hatchways03105 Covers (hatchway-, portable-, tarpaulins, etc.)03106 Windows, sidescuttles and deadlights03107 Doors03108 Ventilators, air pipes, casings03109 Machinery space openings03110 Manholes/flush scuttlesCode Defectiveitem03111 Cargo ports and other similar openings03112 Scuppers, inlets and discharges03113 Bulwarks and freeing ports03114 Stowage incl.uprights, lashing,etc. (timber)03115 Other (load lines)04 - Emergency Systems04101 Public address system04102 Emergency fire pump and its pipes04103 Emergency, lighting, batteries and switches04104 Low level lighting in corridors04105 Location of emergency installations04106 Emergency steering position com./ compass reading04107 Emergency towing arrangements and procedures04108 Muster list04109 Fire drills04110 Abandon ship drills04111 Damage control plan04112 Shipboard Marine Pollution emergency operations04113 Water level indicator04114 Emergency source of power - Emergency generator 05 - Radio Communications05101 Distress messages: obligations and procedures05102 Functional requirements05103 Main installation05104 MF Radio installation05105 MF/HF Radio installation05106 INMARSAT ship earth station05107 Maintenance/duplication of equipment05108 Performance standards for radio equipment05109 VHF radio installation05110 Facilities for reception of marine safety inform.Code Defectiveitem05111 Satellite EPIRB 406MHz/1.6GHz05112 VHF EPIRB05113 SART/AIS-SART05114 Reserve source of energy05115 Radio log (diary)05116 Operation/maintenance05117 Other (radiocommunication)05118 Operation of GMDSS equipment06 - Cargo operations including equipment06101 Cargo Securing Manual06102 Grain06103 Other cargo/timber/deck/construction06104 Lashing material06105 Other (cargo)06106 Cargo transfer - Tankers06107 Cargo operation06108 Cargo density declaration07 - Fire safety07101 Fire prevention structural integrity07102 Inert gas system07103 Division - decks,bulkheads and penetrations07104 Main Vertical zone07105 Fire doors/openings in fire-resisting divisions07106 Fire detection and alarm system07107 Fire patrol07108 Ready availability of fire fighting equipment07109 Fixed fire extinguishing installation07110 Fire fighting equipment and appliances07111 Personal equipment for fire safety07112 Emergency Escape Breathing Device and disposition07113 Fire pumps and its pipesCode Defectiveitem07114 Remote Means of control (opening, pumps, ventilation, etc.) Machinery spaces07115 Fire-dampers07116 Ventilation07117 Jacketed high pressure lines07118 International shore-connection07119 Other (fire safety)07120 Means of escape07121 Crew alarm07122 Fire control plan07123 Operation of Fire protection systems07124 Maintenance of Fire protection systems07125 Evaluation of crew performance (fire drills)08 - Alarms08101 General alarm08102 Emergency signal08103 Fire alarm08104 Steering gear alarm08105 Engineers' alarm08106 Inert gas alarm08107 Machinery controls alarm08108 UMS - alarms08109 Boiler alarm08110 Closing water-tight doors alarm08111 Other (alarms)09 - Working and Living Conditions091 - Working and Living Conditions - Living Conditions09101 Minimum age09102 Dirty, parasites09103 Ventilation (Accommodation)09104 Heating09105 NoiseCode Defectiveitem09106 Sanitary Facilities09107 Drainage09108 Lighting (Accommodation)09109 Pipes, wires (insulation)09110 Electrical devices09111 Sickbay09112 Medical Equipment09113 Access/structure09114 Sleeping room09115 No direct openings into sleeping rooms cargo/mach. 09116 Furnishings09117 Berth dimensions, etc.09118 Clear head09119 Messroom (location)09120 Clothes locker09121 Laundry09122 Record of inspection (Accommodation)09123 Other (crew and accommodation)09124 Galley, handling room (maintenance)09127 Cleanliness09128 Provisions quantity09129 Provisions quality09130 Water, pipes, tanks09131 Cold room09132 Cold room temperature09133 Cold room cleanliness09134 Food personal hygiene09135 Food temperature09136 Food segregation09137 Record of inspection09138 Other (food)Code Defectiveitem092 - Working and Living Conditions - Working Conditions 09201 Ventilation (Working spaces)09202 Heating09203 Lighting (Working spaces)09204 Safe means of access09205 Safe means of access Shore - Ship09206 Safe means of access Deck - hold/tank, etc.09207 Obstruction/slipping, etc.09208 Protection machinery09209 Electrical09210 Machinery09211 Steam pipes and pressure pipes09212 Danger areas09213 Gas instruments09214 Emergency cleaning devices09215 Other (working space ILO)09216 Personal equipment09217 Warning notices09218 Protection machines/parts09219 Pipes, wires (insulation)09220 Structural features (ship)09221 Entry dangerous spaces09222 Other (accident prevention)09223 Gangway, accommodation-ladder09224 Stowage of cargo09225 Loading and unloading equipment09226 Holds and tanks safety09227 Ropes and wires09228 Anchoring devices09229 Winches & capstans09230 Adequate lighting - mooring arrangements09231 Other (mooring)09232 Cleanliness of engine roomCode Defectiveitem09233 Guards - fencing around dangerous machinery parts09234 Night Working for seafarer under the age of 1809235 Fitness for duty - work and rest hours09236 Legal documentation on work and rest hours10 - Safety of Navigation10101 Pilot ladders and hoist/pilot transfer arrangements10102 Type approval equipment10103 Radar10104 Gyro compass10105 Magnetic compass10106 Compass correction log10107 Automatic radar plotting aid (ARPA)10109 Lights, shapes, sound-signals10110 Signalling lamp10111 Charts10112 Electronic charts (ECDIS)10113 Automatic Identification System (AIS)10114 Voyage data recorder (VDR)/Simplified Voyage data recorder(S-VDR) 10115 GNSS receiver/terrestrial radio navigation system10116 Nautical publications10117 Echo sounder10118 Speed and distance indicator10119 Rudder angle indicator10120 Revolution counter10121 Variable pitch indicator10122 Rate-of-turn indicator10123 International code of signals-SOLAS10124 Life-saving signals10125 Use of the automatic pilot10126 Record of drills and test steering gear10127 Voyage or passage plan10128 Navigation bridge visibilityCode Defectiveitem10129 Navigation records10130 Other (navigation)10132 Communication-SOLAS Chapter V10133 Bridge operation10134 HSC operation10135 Monitoring of voyage or passage plan10136 Establishment of working language onboard10137 Long-range identification and tracking system (LRIT) 11 - Life saving appliances11101 Lifeboats11102 Lifeboat inventory11103 Stowage and provision of Lifeboats11104 Rescue boats11105 Rescue boat inventory11106 Fast Rescue Boats11107 Stowage of rescue boats11108 Inflatable liferafts11109 Rigid liferafts11110 Stowage and provision of liferafts11111 Marine Evacuation System11112 Launching arrangements for survival craft11113 Launching arrangements for rescue boats11114 Helicopter landing and pick-up area11115 Means of rescue11116 Distress flares11117 Lifebuoys incl. provision and disposition11118 Lifejackets incl. provision and disposition11119 Immersion suits11120 Anti-exposure suits11121 Thermal Protective Aids11122 Radio life-saving appliances11123 Emergency equipment for 2-way comm.Code Defectiveitem11124 Embarkation arrangement survival craft11125 Embarkation arrangements rescue boats11126 Means of recovery of life saving appliances11127 Buoyant apparatus11128 Line-throwing appliance11129 Operational readiness of lifesaving appliances11130 Evaluation, testing and approval11131 On board training and instructions11132 Maintenance and inspections11133 Other (life saving)11134 Operation of Life Saving Appliances11135 Maintenance of Life Saving Appliances12 - Dangerous goods12101 Stowage/segregation/packaging dangerous goods12102 Dangerous liquid chemicals in bulk12103 Liquefied gases in bulk12104 Dangerous Goods Code12105 Temperature control12106 Instrumentation12107 Fire protection cargo deck area12108 Personal protection12109 Special requirement12110 Tank entry12111 Other (tankers)12112 Dangerous goods / harmful substances in pack. form 13 - Propulsion and auxiliary machinery13101 Propulsion main engine13102 Auxiliary engine13103 Gauges, thermometers, etc13104 Bilge pumping arrangements13105 UMS - ShipCode Defectiveitem13106 Insulation wetted through (oil)13107 Other (machinery)13108 Operation of machinery14 - Pollution prevention141 - Pollution prevention - MARPOL Annex I14101 Control of discharge14102 Retention of oil on board14103 Segregation of oil and water ballast14104 Oil filtering equipment14105 Pumping, piping and discharge arrangements14106 Pump room bottom Protection14107 Oil discharge Monitoring and control system14108 15 PPM Alarm arrangements.14109 Oil/water interface detector14110 Standard discharge connection14111 SBT, CBT, COW14112 Cow operations and equipment manual14113 Double hull construction14114 Hydrostatically balanced loading14115 Condition assessment scheme14116 Pollution report-MARPOL Annex I14117 Ship type designation14118 Other (MARPOL Annex I)14119 Oil and oily mixtures from machinery spaces14120 Load, unload & clean proc. for cargo sp.(tankers)14121 Suspected of discharge violation142 - Pollution prevention - MARPOL Annex II14201 Efficient stripping14202 Residue discharge systems14203 Tank washing equipment14204 Prohibited discharge of NLS slopsCode Defectiveitem14205 Cargo heating systems - cat Y substances14206 Vent. Procedures/equipment14207 Pollution report-MARPOL Annex II14208 Ship type designation14209 Other MARPOL Annex II143 - Pollution prevention - MARPOL Annex III14301 Packaging14302 Marking and labelling14303 Documentation (MARPOL Annex III)14304 Stowage14305 Other MARPOL Annex III144 - Pollution prevention - MARPOL Annex IV14402 Sewage treatment plant14403 Sewage comminuting and disinfecting system14404 Sewage discharge connection14405 Other (MARPOL Annex IV)145 - Pollution prevention - MARPOL Annex V14501 Garbage14502 Placards14503 Garbage management plan14504 Other MARPOL Annex V146 - Pollution prevention - MARPOL Annex VI14601 Technical files and if applicable, monitoring manual14602 Record book of engine parameters14603 Approval for exhaust gas cleaning system14604 Bunker delivery notes14605 Type approval certificate of incinerator14606 Diesel engine relating to air pollution control14607 Quality of fuel oilCode Defectiveitem14608 Incinerator incl. operations and operating manual14609 Volatile organic compounds in tankers14610 Operational procedures for engines or equipment14611 Ozone-depleting substances14612 Other MARPOL Annex VI14613 Approved method14614 Sulphur oxides147 - Pollution prevention - Anti Fouling14701 AFS supporting documentation14702 Logbook entries referring AFS14703 Paint condition14704 Other AFS15 - ISM15101 Safety and environment policy15102 Company responsibility and authority15103 Designated person(s)15104 Masters responsibility and authority15105 Resources and personnel15106 Shipboard operations15107 Emergency preparedness15108 Reports of non-conf., accidents & hazardous occur.15109 Maintenance of the ship and equipment15110 Documentation-ISM15111 Company verification, review and evaluation15112 Certification, verification and control15113 Other (ISM)16 - ISPS16101 Security related defects16102 Ship security alert system16103 Ship security planCode Defectiveitem16104 Ship security officer16105 Access control to ship16106 Security drills16107 Other (maritime security)17 - Other17101 Other safety in general17102 Other (SOLAS operational)17103 Other (MARPOL operational)。

美国联合保健公司产品说明书：测试生成产品

UnitedHealthcare PharmacyClinical Pharmacy ProgramsProgram Number 2023 P 2018-16Program Prior Authorization/Medical Necessity – TestosteroneMedication Androderm, Androgel*, Fortesta*, Jatenzo*, Natesto*, Kyzatrex*,Testim, testosterone topical solution (generic Axiron)*, testosteronetransdermal gel (generic Testim)*, Tlando*, Vogelxo*, Xyosted*P&T Approval Date 2/2014, 4/2014, 5/2014, 7/2014, 10/2014, 10/2015, 5/2016, 6/2017,6/2018, 2/2019, 6/2019, 7/2020, 8/2021, 9/2022, 1/2023Effective Date 4/1/2023;Oxford only: 4/1/20231.Background:Testosterone products are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for testosterone replacement therapy in males with primary hypogonadism (congenital or acquired) orhypogonadotropic hypogonadism (congenital or acquired). Primary hypogonadism originatesfrom a deficiency or disorder in the testicles. Secondary hypogonadism indicates a problem in the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland. Testosterone use has been strongly linked to improvements in muscle mass, bone density, and libido.The purpose of this program is to provide coverage for androgens and anabolic steroid therapy for the treatment of conditions for which they have shown to be effective and are within the scope of the plan’s pharmacy benefit. Coverage for the enhancement of athletic performance or bodybuilding will not be provided.a3.Additional Clinical Rules:•Notwithstanding Coverage Criteria, UnitedHealthcare may approve initial and re-authorization based solely on previous claim/medication history, diagnosis codes (ICD-10)and/or claim logic. Use of automated approval and re-approval processes varies by programand/or therapeutic class.•Supply limits may be in place.•* May be excluded from coverage•+ Coverage for patient population may be dependent upon benefit design4.References:1.AACE Hypogonadism Task Force. American Association of Clinical EndocrinologistsMedical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Evaluation and Treatment ofHypogonadism in Adult Male Patients – 2002 Update. Endocr Pract. 2002; 8(No. 6): 439-456.2.The World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH), Standards of Carefor the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People, 7thVersion.3.Cook, David M, et al. "American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medicalguidelines for clinical practice for growth hormone use in growth hormone-deficient adultsand transition patients - 2009 update: executive summary of recommendations." Endocrinepractice 15.6 (2009):580-586.4.Gibney, James, et al. "Growth hormone and testosterone interact positively to enhanceprotein and energy metabolism in hypopituitary men." American journal of physiology:endocrinology and metabolism 289.2 (2005):E266-E2715.Bhasin, S, et al. "Testosterone replacement and resistance exercise in HIV-infected menwith weight loss and low testosterone levels." JAMA. 2000. 283.(6) 763-770.6.Isidori, Andrea M, et al. Effects of testosterone on sexual function in men: results of ameta-analysis. Clinical endocrinology. 2005 63(4):381-394.7.Kenny, A M, et al. Effects of transdermal testosterone on bone and muscle in older menwith low bioavailable testosterone levels. The journals of gerontology. 2001. 56(5) M266-M272.8.Tracz, Michal J, et al. Testosterone use in men and its effects on bone health. A systematicreview and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. The Journal of clinicalendocrinology and metabolism. 2006. 91(6):2011-2016.9.Bolona, Enrique R, et al. Testosterone use in men with sexual dysfunction: a systematicreview and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Mayo Clinicproceedings.2007. 82(1):20-28.10.Androderm [package insert]. Madison, NJ: Allergan, Inc; May 2020.11.Androgel [package insert]. North Chicago, IL: AbbVie Inc; May 2020.12.Fortesta [package insert]. Malvern, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc; January 2022.13.Testim [package insert]. Malvern, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc; August 2021.14.Natesto [package insert]. Mississauga, ON: Acerus Pharmaceuticals Corporation;December 2021.15.Vogelxo [package insert]. Maple Grove, MN: Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC; April2020.16.Hembree WC, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Gooren L, et al. Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 102:3869.17.The Endocrine Society. Testosterone therapy in Adult Men with Androgen DeficiencySyndromes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, May 2018, 103(5):1–30.18.Mulhall JP, et al. Evaluation and Management of Testosterone Deficiency: AUA Guideline.American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc 2018.19.Xyosted [package insert]. Ewing, NJ: Antares Pharma, Inc; November 2019.20.Jatenzo [package insert]. Northbrook, IL: Clarus Therapeutics, Inc; March 2019.21.Tlando [package insert]. Ewing, NJ: Antares Pharma, Inc; March 2022.22.Kyzatrex [package insert]. Raleigh, NC: Marius Pharmaceuticals LLC; September 2022.Program Prior Authorization/Medical Necessity - TestosteroneChange ControlDate Change2/2014 Create Prior Authorization Criteria4/2014 Revised Reauthorization Criteria; formatting corrections, referencesupdated.5/2014 Revised the initial authorization criteria to include subsections for themale population and the female to male transsexual population, updatedto include language from the gender identity disorder/ gender dysphoriatreatment medical coverage determination guideline, referencesupdated7/2014 Added Natesto and Vogelxo to criteria. Changed coverage criteria fromspecific product names to topical testosterone products.10/2014 Modified criteria for total testosterone to consider reference range of thelaboratory. Added criteria for when Free Testosterone level may beutilized. Added criteria for conditions that do not require testosteronelevels. Extended initial authorization period for patients already ontherapy.12/2014 Testosterone free level units corrected.10/2015 Clarified initial authorization periods. Clarified that levels forreauthorization should be within the past 6 months for patients new totestosterone and within the past 12 months for continuing users.Updated references.5/2016 Removed age requirement from female to male transsexual coveragerequirements. Updated gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria.6/2017 Updated criteria for Gender Dysphoria. Updated reauthorizationcriteria to clarify that new to therapy refers to use of less than one yearand continuing therapy refers to use of one year or longer.6/2018 Updated required testosterone level to less than 300 ng/dL based on2018 American Urological Society treatment guidelines.2/2019 Program name change from Topical Androgens to Testosterone.Xyosted added to program.6/2019 Jatenzo added to program.7/2020 Updated initial authorization to 6 months for both new and existingusers. Added state mandate language. Updated references.8/2021 Annual review. Updated references. Removed Striant as it is no longeron the market.9/2022 Tlando added to program. Removed brand Axiron from program sinceit is no longer available. Updated to note generic Testim is typicallyexcluded. Updated references.1/2023 Kyzatrex added to program. Increased initial authorization to 12months and changed reauthorization to require a lab value within thepast 12 months.。

WTO术语英文解释

WTO术语英文解释GeneralGATT — General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which has been superseded as an international organization by the WTO. An updated General Agreement is now one of the WTO’s agreements.GATT 1947 — The old (pre-1994) version of the GATT.GATT 1994 — The new version of the General Agreem ent, incorporated into the WTO, which governs trade in goods.Mem bers — WTO governments (first letter capitalized, in WTO style).MFN — Most-favoured-nation treatm ent (GATT Article I, GATS Article II and TRIPS Article 4), the principle of not discriminating between one’s trading partners.national treat m ent — The principle of giving others the sam e treat m ent as one’s own nationals. GATT Article I II requires that imports be treated no less favourably than the sam e or similar domestically-produced goods once they have passed custom s. GATS Article XVII and T RIPS Article 3 also deal with national treatm ent for services and intellectual property protec tion.TPRB, TPRM — The Trade Policy Review Body is General Council operating under special procedures for m eetings to review trade policies and practices of individual WTO m embers under the TradePolicy Review Mechanism.transparency — Degree to which trade policies and practices, and the process by which they are established, are open and predictable.Uruguay Round —Multilateral trade negotiations launched at Punta del Este, Uruguay in September 1986 and concluded in Geneva in Decem ber 1993. Signed by Ministers in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994.Tariffsbinding, bound —see ―tariff binding‖electronic commerce —The production, advertising, sale and distribution of products via telecommunications networks.free-rider — A casual term used to infer that a country which does not m ake any trade concessions, profits, nonetheless, from tariff cuts and concessions m ade by other countries in negotiations under the m ost-favoured-nation principle. Harmonized System—An international nomenclature developed by t he World Custom s Organization, which is arranged in six digit codes allowing all participating countries to classify traded goods on a common basis. Beyond the six digit level,countries are free to introduce national distinctions for tariffs and many othe r purposes.ITA — Information Technology Agreement, or form ally the Ministerial-Declaration on Trade in Information Technology Products, under which participants will remove tariffs on IT products by the year 2000.ITA II — Negotiations aimed at expanding ITA’s product coverage.nuisance tariff — Tariff so low that it costs the government m ore to collect it than the revenue it generates.schedule of concessions — List of bound tariff rates.tariff binding — Commit ment not to increase a rate of duty beyond a n agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it m ay not be raised without com pensating the affected parties.tariff escalation — Higher import duties on semi-processed products than on raw materials, and higher still on finished products. This practiceprotects dom estic processing industries and discourages the development of processing activity in the countries where raw m aterials originate.tariff peaks —Relatively high tariffs, usually on ―sensitive‖ products, am idst generally low tariff levels. For industrialized countries, tariffs of 15% and above are generally recognized as ―tariff peaks‖.tariffs — Custom s duties on merchandise imports. Levied either on an ad valorem basis (percentage of value) or on a specific basis (e.g. $7 per 100 kgs.). Tariffs give price advantage to similar locally-produced goods and raise revenues for the government.WCO —World Custom s Organization, a multilateral body located in Brussels through which participating countries seek to simplify and rationalize custom s procedures.Non-tariff m easuresanti-dum ping duties —Article VI of the GATT 1994 permits the imposition of anti-dum ping duties against dumped goods, equal to the difference between their export price and their normal value, if dumping causes injury to producers of com peting products in the im porting country.circum vention —Measures taken by exporters to evade anti-dumping or countervailing duties.countervailing measures — Action taken by the importing country, usually in the form of increased duties to offset subsidies given to producers or exporters in the exporting country.dumping — Occurs when goods are exported at a price less than their normal value, generally meaning they are exported for less than they are sold in the domestic market or third-country m arkets, or at less than production cost.NTMs —Non-tariff m easures such as quotas, im port licensing system s, sanitary regulations, prohibitions, etc.price undertaking — Undertaking by an exporter to raise the export price of the product to avoid the possibility of an anti-dumping duty.PSI —Preshipment inspection —the practice of employing specialized private com panies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas —i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.QRs — Quantitative restrictions — specific limits on the quantity or value of goods that can be im ported (or exported) during a specific tim e period. rules of origin —Laws, regulations and administrative procedures which determine a product’s country of origin. A decision by a custom s authority on origin can determine whether a shipm ent falls within a quota limitation, qualifies for a tariff preference or is affected by an anti-dum ping duty. These rules can vary from country to country. safeguard measures —Action taken to protect a specifi c industry from an unexpected build-up of im ports — governed by Article XIX of the GATT 1994. subsidy — There are two general types of subsidies: export and dom estic. An export subsidy is a benefit conferred on a firm by the government that is contingent on exports. A dom estic subsidy is a benefit not directly linked to exports.tariffication —Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access provision in which all non-tariff m easures are converted into tariffs.trade facilitation — Removing obstacles to the m ovement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of custom s procedures).VRA, VER, OMA —Voluntary restraint arrangement, voluntary export restraint, orderly marketing arrangement. Bilateral arrangements whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to m ake use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.Textiles and clothingATC — The WTO Agreem ent on Textiles and Clothing which integrates trade in this sector back to GATT rules within a ten-year period.carry forward —When an exporting country uses part of the following year’s quota during the current year.carry over —When an exporting country utilizes the previous year’s unutilized quota. circum vention — Avoiding quotas and other restrictions by altering the country of origin of a product.CTG — Council for Trade in Goods — oversees WTO agreements on goods, including the ATC.integration programme — The phasing out of MFA restrictions in four stages starting on 1 January1995 and ending on 1 January 2005.ITCB — International Textiles and Clothing Bureau — Geneva-based group of som e 20 developing country exporters of textiles and clothing.MFA — Multifibre Arrangement (1974-94) under which countries whose m arkets are disrupted by increased imports of textiles and clothing from another country wereable to negotiate quota restrictions.swing — When an exporting country transfers part of a quota from one product to another restrained product.TMB — The Textiles Monitoring Body, consisting of a chairman plus ten m embers acting in a personal capacity, oversees the im plementation of ATC commit ments. transitional safeguard mechanism — Allows members to im pose restrictions against individual exporting countries if the im porting country can show that both overall imports of a product and im ports from the individual countries are entering the country in such increased quantities as to cause — or threaten — serious damage to the relevant dom estic industry.Agriculture/SPSAgenda 2000 —EC’s financial reform plans for 2000–06 aimed at strengthening the union with a view to receiving new m embers. Includes reform of the CAP (see below).border protection — Any m easure which acts to restrain imports at point of entry. BSE — Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, or ―mad cow disease‖.box —Category of dom estic support. —Green box: supports considered not to distort trade and therefore permitted with no limits. — Blue box: permitted supports linked to production, but subject to production limits and therefore minimally trade-distorting. — Amber box: supports considered to distort trade and therefore subject to reduction commit ments.Cairns Group —Group of agricultural exporting nations lobbying for agricultural trade liberalization. It was form ed in 1986 in Cairns, Australia just before the beginning of the Uruguay Round. Current m embership: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatem ala, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Uruguay.CAP — Common Agricultural Policy —The EU’s com prehensive system of production targets and m arketing mechanisms designed to m anage agricultural trade within the EU and with the rest of the world.Codex Alimentarius —FAO/WHO commission that deals with international standards on foodsafety.distortion — When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market.deficiency payment — Paid by governments to producers of certain commodities and based on the difference between a target price and the domestic market price or loan rate, whichever is the less.EEP — Export enhancement programme — programme of US export subsidies given generally to compete with subsidized agricultural exports from the EU on certain export markets.food security —Concept which discourages opening the domestic market to foreign agricultural products on the principle that a country must be as self-sufficient as possible for its basic dietary needs.internal support — Encompasses any measure which acts to maintain producer prices at levels above those prevailing in international trade; direct payments to producers, including deficiency payments, and input and marketing cost reduction measures available only for agricultural production.International Office of Epizootics —Deals with international standards concerning animal health.multifunctionality —Idea that agriculture has many functions in addition to producing food and fibre, e.g. environmental protection, landscape preservation, rural employment, etc. See non-trade concerns.non-trade concerns —Similar to multifunctionality. The preamble of the Agriculture Agreement specifies food security and environmental protection as examples. Also cited by members are rural development and employment, and poverty alleviation.peace clause —Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.reform process/program — The Uruguay Round Agriculture Agreement starts a reform process. It sets out a first step, in the process, i.e. a program for reducing subsidies and protection and other reforms. Current negotiations launched under Article 20 are for continuing the reform process.SPS regulations —Sanitary and Phytosanitary regulations —government standards to protect human, animal and plant life and health, to help ensure that food is safe for consumption.variable levy — Customs duty rate which varies in response to domestic price criterion.Intellectual propertyBerne Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of the rights of authors in their literary and artistic works.CBD — Convention on Biological Diversity.compulsory licensing — For patents: when the authorities license companies or individuals other than the patent owner to use the rights of the patent — to make, use, sell or import a product under patent (i.e. a patented product or a product made by a patented process) — without the permission of the patent owner. Allowed under the TRIPS Agreement provided certain procedures and conditions are fulfilled. See also government use.counterfeit — Unauthorized representation of a registered trademark carried on goods identical or similar to goods for which the trademark is registered, with a view to deceiving the purchaser into believing that he/she is buying the original goods.exhaustion — The principle that once a product has been sold on a market, the intellectual property owner no longer has any rights over it. (A debate among WTO member governments is whether this applies to products put on themarket under compulsory licences.) Countries’ laws vary as to whether the right continues to be exhausted if the product is imported from one market into another, which affects the owner’s rights over trade in the protected product. See also parallel imports.geographical indications — Place names (or words associated with a place) used to identify products (for example, ―Champagne‖, ―Tequila‖ or ―Roquefort‖) which have a particular quality, reputation or other characteristic because they come from that placegovernment use — For patents: when the government itself uses or authorizes other persons to use the rights over a patented product or process, for government purposes, without the permission of the patent owner. See also compulsory licensing.intellectual property rights — Ownership of ideas, including literary and artistic works (protected by copyright), inventions (protected by patents), signs for distinguishing goods of an enterprise (protected by trademarks) and other elements of industrial property.IPRs — Intellectual property rights.Lisbon Agreement —Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of geographical indications and their international registration.Madrid Agreement — Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the repression of false or deceptive indications of source on goods.mailbox — Refers to the requirement of the TRIPS Agreement applying to WTO members which do not yet provide product patent protection for pharmaceuticals and for agricultural chemicals. Since 1 January 1995, when the WTO agreements entered into force, these countries have to establish a means by which applications of patents for these products can be filed. (An additional requirement says they must also put in place a system for granting ―exclusive marketing rights‖ for the products whose patent applications have been filed.) parallel imports — When a product made legally (i.e. not pirated) abroad is imported without the permission of the intellectual property right-holder (e.g. the trademark or patent owner). Some countries allow this, others do not. Paris Convention —Treaty, administered by WIPO, for the protection of industrial intellectual property, i.e. patents, utility models, industrial designs, etc.piracy — Unauthorized copying of materials protected by intellectual property rights (such as copyright, trademarks, patents, geographical indications, etc) for commercial purposes and unauthorized commercial dealing in copied materials.Rome Convention — Treaty, administered by WIPO, UNESCO and ILO, for the protection of the works of performers, broadcasting organizations and producers of phonograms.TRIPS — Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights.UPOV — International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants Washington Treaty — Treaty for the protection of intellectual property in respectof lay-out designs of integrated circuits.WIPO — World Intellectual Property Organization.Investmentexport-performance measure —Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported.FDI — Foreign direct investment.local-content measure —Requirement that the investor purchase a certain amount of local materials for incorporation in the investor’s product.product-mandating — Requirement that the investor export to certain countries or region.trade-balancing measure — Requirement that the investor use earnings from exports to pay for imports.TRIMS — Trade-related investment measures.Dispute settlementAppellate Body — An independent seven-person body that, upon request by one or more parties to the dispute, reviews findings in panel reports. automaticity —The ―automatic‖ chronological progression for settling trade disputes in regard to panel establishment, terms of reference, composition and adoption procedures.DSB — Dispute Settlement Body — when the WTO General Council meets to settle trade disputes.DSU — The Uruguay Round Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes.nullification and impairment —Damage to a country’s benefits and expectations from its WTO membership through another country’s change in its tr ade regime or failure to carry out its WTOobligations.panel — Consisting of three experts, this independent body is established by the DSB to examine and issue recommendations on a particular dispute in the light of WTO provisions.Servicesaccounting rate —In telecoms, the charge made by one country’s telephone network operator for calls originating in another country.commercial presence —Having an office, branch, or subsidiary in a foreign country.GATS —The WTO’s General Agreement on Trade in Se rvices.general obligations — Obligations which should be applied to all services sector at the entry into force of the agreement.Initial commitments —Trade liberalizing commitments in services which members are prepared to make early on.modes of delivery —How international trade in services is supplied andconsumed. Mode 1: cross border supply; mode 2: consumption abroad; mode 3: foreign commercial presence; and mode 4: movement of natural persons. multi-modal —Transportation using more than one mode. In the GATS negotiations, essentially door-to-door services that include international shipping.national schedules — The equivalent of tariff schedules in GATT, laying down the commitments accepted —voluntarily or through negotiation —by WTO members.natural persons — People, as distinct from juridical persons such as companies and organizations.offer —A country’s proposal for further liberalization.protocols — Additional agreements attached to the GATS. The Second Protocol deals with the 1995 commit ments on financial services. The Third Protocol deals with movement of natural persons.prudence, prudential —In financial services, terms used to describe an objective of market regulation by authorities to protect investors and depositors, to avoid instability or crises.schedule —―Schedule of Specific Commitments‖ —A WTO member’s list of commitments regarding market access and bindings regarding national treatment.specific commitments —See ―schedule‖.Regionalism/trade and developmentACP —African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. Group of 71 countries with preferential trading relation with the EU under the former Lom? Treaty now called the Cotonou Agreement.Andean Community — Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.APEC — Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.ASEAN — Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The seven ASEAN members of the WTO — Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand — often speak in the WTO as one group on general issues. The other ASEAN members are Laos and Vietnam.Caricom —The Caribbean Community and Common Market comprises 15 countries.CTD — The WTO Committee on Trade and DevelopmentCustoms union — Members apply a common external tariff (e.g. the EC).EC — European Communities (official name of the European Union in the WTO). EFTA — European Free Trade Association.free trade area —Trade within the group is duty free but members set own tariffs on imports from non-members (e.g. NAFTA).G15 — Group of 15 developing countries acting as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement.G77 —Group of developing countries set up in 1964 at the end of the firstUNCTAD (originally 77, but now more than 130 countries).G7 — Group of seven leading industrial countries: Canada, Fr ance, Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, United States.GRULAC — Informal group of Latin-American members of the WTO.GSP —Generalized System of Preferences —programmes by developed countries granting preferential tariffs to imports from developing countries. HLM — WTO High-Level Meeting for LDCs, held in October 1997 in Geneva. ITC — The International Trade Centre, originally established by the old GATT and is now operated jointly by the WTO and the UN, the latter acting through UNCTAD. Focal point for technical cooperation on trade promotion of developing countries.LDCs — Least-developed countries.MERCOSUR — Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.NAFTA — North American Free Trade Agreement of Canada, Mexico and the US. Quad — Canada, EC, Japan and the United States.SACU —Southern African Customs Union comprising Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.S&D —―Special and differential treatment‖ provisions for developing countries. Contained in several WTO agreements.UNCITRAL — United Nations Centre for International Trade Law, drafts model laws such as the one on government procurement.UNCTAD — The UN Conference on Trade and Development.Trade and environmentAgenda 21 — The Agenda for the 21st Century — a declaration from the 1992 Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro.Article XX —GATT Article listing allowed ―exceptions‖ to the trade rules.Basel Convention — An MEA dealing with hazardous waste.BTA — Border tax adjustmentCITES — Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. An MEA. CTE — The WTO Committee on Trade and Environment.EST — Environmentally-sound technology.EST&— EST and products.ex ante, ex post — Before and after a measure is applied.LCA — Life cycle analysis — a method of assessing whether a good or service is environmentally friendly.MEA — Multilateral environmental agreement.Montreal Protocol —An MEA dealing with the depletion of the earth’s ozone layer. PPM — Process and production method.TBT — The WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade.waiver — Permission granted by WTO members allowing a WTO member not to comply with normal commitments. Waivers have time limits and extensionshave to be justified.。

电子信息工程专业英语词汇(精华整理版)

transistor n 晶体管diode n 二极管semiconductor n 半导体resistor n 电阻器capacitor n 电容器alternating adj 交互的amplifier n 扩音器，放大器integrated circuit 集成电路linear time invariant systems 线性时不变系统voltage n 电压，伏特数Condenser=capacitor n 电容器dielectric n 绝缘体；电解质electromagnetic adj 电磁的adj 非传导性的deflection n偏斜；偏转；偏差linear device 线性器件the insulation resistance 绝缘电阻anode n 阳极，正极cathode n 阴极breakdown n 故障；崩溃terminal n 终点站；终端，接线端emitter n 发射器collect v 收集，集聚，集中insulator n 绝缘体，绝热器oscilloscope n 示波镜；示波器gain n 增益，放大倍数forward biased 正向偏置reverse biased 反向偏置P-N junction PN结MOS（metal-oxide semiconductor）金属氧化物半导体enhancement and exhausted 增强型和耗尽型integrated circuits 集成电路analog n 模拟digital adj 数字的，数位的horizontal adj, 水平的，地平线的vertical adj 垂直的，顶点的amplitude n 振幅，广阔，丰富multimeter n 万用表frequency n 频率，周率the cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管dual-trace oscilloscope 双踪示波器signal generating device 信号发生器peak-to-peak output voltage 输出电压峰峰值sine wave 正弦波triangle wave 三角波square wave 方波amplifier 放大器，扩音器oscillator n 振荡器feedback n 反馈，回应phase n 相，阶段，状态filter n 滤波器，过滤器rectifier n整流器；纠正者band-stop filter 带阻滤波器band-pass filter 带通滤波器decimal adj 十进制的，小数的hexadecimal adj/n十六进制的binary adj 二进制的；二元的octal adj 八进制的domain n 域；领域code n代码，密码，编码v编码the Fourier transform 傅里叶变换Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换microcontroller n 微处理器；微控制器assembly language instrucions n 汇编语言指令chip n 芯片，碎片modular adj 模块化的；模数的sensor n 传感器plug vt堵，塞，插上n塞子，插头，插销coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的fiber n 光纤relay contact 继电接触器Artificial Intelligence 人工智能Perceptive Systems 感知系统neural network 神经网络fuzzy logic 模糊逻辑intelligent agent 智能代理electromagnetic adj 电磁的coaxial adj 同轴的，共轴的microwave n 微波charge v充电，使充电insulator n 绝缘体，绝缘物nonconductive adj非导体的，绝缘的simulation n 仿真；模拟prototype n 原型array n 排队，编队vector n 向量，矢量inverse adj倒转的，反转的n反面；相反v倒转high-performance 高精确性，高性能two-dimensional 二维的；缺乏深度的three-dimensional 三维的；立体的；真实的object-oriented programming面向对象的程序设计spectral adj 光谱的distortion n 失真，扭曲，变形wavelength n 波长refractive adj 折射的ivision Multiplexing单工传输simplex transmission半双工传输half-duplex transmission全双工传输full-duplex transmission电路交换circuit switching数字传输技术Digital transmission technology灰度图像Grey scale images灰度级Grey scale level幅度谱Magnitude spectrum相位谱Phase spectrum频谱frequency spectrum相干解调coherent demodulation coherent相干的数字图像压缩digital image compression图像编码image encoding量化quantization人机交互man machine interface交互式会话Conversational interaction路由算法Routing Algorithm目标识别Object recognition话音变换Voice transform中继线trunk line传输时延transmission delay远程监控remote monitoring光链路optical linkhalf-duplex transmission 半双工传输accompaniment 伴随物，附属物reservation 保留，预定quotation 报价单，行情报告，引语memorandum 备忘录redundancy 备用be viewed as 被看作…be regards as 被认为是as such 本身；照此；以这种资格textual 本文的，正文的variation 变化，变量conversion 变化，转化identity 标识；标志criterion 标准，准则in parallel on 并联到，合并到juxtapose 并置，并列dialing pulse 拨号脉冲wave-guide 波导wavelength division multiplexed 波分复用baud rate 波特率playback 播放（录音带，唱片）no greater than 不大于update 不断改进，使…适合新的要求，更新asymmetric 不对称的irrespective 不考虑的，不顾的inevitably 不可避免的inevitable 不可避免的，不可逃避的，必定的segment 部分abrasion 擦伤，磨损deploy 采用，利用，推广应用take the form of 采用…的形式parameter 参数，参量layer 层dope 掺杂FET(field effect transistors) 场效应管audio recording 唱片ultra-high-frequency(UHF) 超高频in excess of 超过in excess of 超过hypertext 超文本ingredient 成分，因素ingredient 成分，组成部分，要素metropolitan-area network(WAN) 城域网metropolitan area network(WAN) 城域网，城市网络congestion 充满，拥挤，阻塞collision 冲突extractive 抽出；释放出extract 抽取，取出，分离lease 出租，租约，租界期限，租界物pass on 传递，切换transmission 传输facsimile 传真innovative=innovatory 创新的，富有革新精神的track 磁道impetus 促进，激励cluster 簇stored-program control(SPC) 存储程序控制a large number of 大量的peal 大声响，发出supersede 代替supplant 代替，取代out-of-band signaling 带外信号simplex transmission 单工传输monochromatic 单色的，单色光的，黑白的ballistic 弹道的，射击的，冲击的conductor 导体hierarchy 等级制度，层次infrastructure 底层结构，基础结构geographic 地理的，地区的geographically 地理上GIS(ground instrumentation system) 地面测量系统ground station 地面站earth orbit 地球轨道extraterrestrial 地球外的，地球大气圈外的Land-sat 地球资源卫星rug 地毯，毯子ignite 点火，点燃，使兴奋electromagnetic 电磁的inductive 电感arc 电弧telephony 电话（学），通话dielectric 电介质，绝缘材料；电解质的，绝缘的capacitor 电容telecommunication 电信，无线电通讯scenario 电影剧本，方案modem pool 调制解调器（存储）池superimposing 叠加，重叠pin 钉住，扣住，抓住customize 定做，定制monolithic 独立的，完全统一的aluminize 镀铝strategic 对全局有重要意义的，战略的substantial 多的，大的，实际上的multi-path fading 多径衰落multi-path 多路，多途径；多路的，多途径的multi-access 多路存取，多路进入multiplex 多路复用multiplex 多路复用的degradation 恶化，降级dioxide 二氧化碳LED(light-emitting-diode) 发光二极管evolution 发展，展开，渐进feedback 反馈，回授dimension 范围，方向，维，元scenario 方案scenario 方案，电影剧本amplifer 放大器noninvasive 非侵略的，非侵害的tariff 费率，关税率；对…征税distributed functional plane(DFP) 分布功能平面DQDB(distributed queue dual bus) 分布式队列双总线hierarchy 分层，层次partition 分成segmentation 分割interface 分界面，接口asunder 分开地，分离地detached 分离的，分开的，孤立的dispense 分配allocate 分配，配给；配给物centigrade 分为百度的，百分度的，摄氏温度的fractal 分形molecule 分子，微小，些微cellular 蜂窝状的cellular 蜂窝状的，格形的，多孔的auxiliary storage(also called secondary storage)辅助存储器decay 腐烂，衰减，衰退negative 负电vicinity 附近，邻近vicinity 附近地区，近处sophisticated 复杂的，高级的，现代化的high-frequency(HF) 高频high definition television 高清晰度电视chromium 铬annotate 给…作注解in terms of 根据，按照disclosure 公布，企业决算公开public network 公用网functionality 功能，功能度mercury 汞resonator 共鸣器resonance 共振whimsical 古怪的，反复无常的administration 管理，经营cursor 光标（显示器），游标，指针optical computer 光计算机photoconductor 光敏电阻optical disks 光盘optically 光学地，光地wide-area networks 广域网specification 规范，说明书silicon 硅the international telecommunication union(ITU)国际电信联盟excess 过剩obsolete 过时的，废弃的maritime 海事的synthetic 合成的，人造的，综合的synthetic 合成的，综合性的rational 合乎理性的rationalization 合理化streamline 合理化，理顺infrared 红外线的，红外线skepticism 怀疑论ring network 环形网hybrid 混合物counterpart 伙伴，副本，对应物electromechanical 机电的，电动机械的Robot 机器人Robotics 机器人技术，机器人学accumulation 积累infrastructure 基础，基础结构substrate 基质，底质upheaval 激变，剧变compact disc 激光磁盘（CD）concentrator 集中器，集线器centrex system 集中式用户交换功能系统converge on 集中于，聚集在…上lumped element 集总元件CAI(computer-aided instruction) 计算机辅助教学computer-integrated manufacturing(CIM) 计算机集成制造computer mediated communication(CMC) 计算机中介通信record 记录register 记录器，寄存器expedite 加快，促进weight 加权accelerate 加速，加快，促进categorize 加以类别，分类in addition 加之，又，另外hypothetical 假设的rigidly 坚硬的，僵硬的compatibility 兼容性，相容性surveillance 监视surveillance 监视retrieval 检索，（可）补救verification 检验simplicity 简单，简明film 胶片，薄膜take over 接管，接任ruggedness 结实threshold 界限，临界值with the aid of 借助于，用，通过wire line 金属线路，有线线路coherent 紧凑的，表达清楚的，粘附的，相干的compact 紧密的approximation 近似undertake 进行，从事transistor 晶体管elaborate 精心制作的，细心完成的，周密安排的vigilant 警戒的，警惕的alcohol 酒精，酒local area networks(LANs) 局域网local-area networks(LANs) 局域网drama 剧本，戏剧，戏剧的演出focus on 聚集在，集中于，注视insulator 绝缘root mean square 均方根uniform 均匀的open-system-interconnection(OSI) 开放系统互连expire 开始无效，满期，终止immunity 抗扰，免除，免疫性take…into account 考虑，重视…programmable industrial automation 可编程工业自动化demountable 可拆卸的tunable 可调的reliable 可靠be likely to 可能，大约，像要videotex video 可视图文电视negligible 可以忽略的aerial 空气的，空中的，无形的，虚幻的；天线broadband 宽（频）带pervasive 扩大的，渗透的tensile 拉力的，张力的romanticism 浪漫精神，浪漫主义discrete 离散，不连续ion 离子force 力量；力stereophonic 立体声的continuum 连续统一体，连续统，闭联集smart 灵巧的；精明的；洒脱的token 令牌on the other hand 另一方面hexagonal 六边形的，六角形的hexagon 六角形，六边形monopoly 垄断，专利video-clip 录像剪辑aluminum 铝pebble 卵石，水晶透镜forum 论坛，讨论会logical relationships 逻辑关系code book 码本pulse code modulation(PCM) 脉冲编码调制roam 漫步，漫游bps(bits per second) 每秒钟传输的比特ZIP codes 美国邮区划分的五位编码susceptible(to) 敏感的，易受…的analog 模拟，模拟量pattern recognition模式识别bibliographic 目录的，文献的neodymium 钕the european telecommunicationstandardization institute(ETSI) 欧洲电信标准局coordinate 配合的，协调的；使配合，调整ratify 批准，认可bias 偏差；偏置deviate 偏离，与…不同spectrum 频谱come into play 其作用entrepreneurial 企业的heuristic methods 启发式方法play a …role(part) 起…作用stem from 起源于；由…发生organic 器官的，有机的，组织的hypothesis 前提front-end 前置，前级potential 潜势的，潜力的intensity 强度coincidence 巧合，吻合，一致scalpel 轻便小刀，解剖刀inventory 清单，报表spherical 球的，球形的distinguish 区别，辨别succumb 屈服，屈从，死global functional plane(GFP) 全局功能平面full-duplex transmission 全双工传输hologram 全息照相，全息图deficiency 缺乏thermonuclear 热核的artifact 人工制品AI(artificial intelligence) 人工智能fusion 熔解，熔化diskettes(also called floppy disk) 软盘sector 扇区entropy 熵uplink 上行链路arsenic 砷neural network 神经网络very-high-frequency(VHF) 甚高频upgrade 升级distortion 失真，畸变identification 识别，鉴定，验明pragmatic 实际的implementation 实施，实现，执行，敷设entity 实体，存在vector quantification 矢量量化mislead 使…误解，给…错误印象，引错vex 使烦恼，使恼火defy 使落空facilitate 使容易，促进retina 视网膜compatible 适合的，兼容的transceiver 收发两用机authorize 授权，委托，允许data security 数据安全性data independence 数据独立data management 数据管理database 数据库database management system(DBMS) 数据库管理信息系统database transaction 数据库事务data integrity 数据完整性，数据一致性attenuation 衰减fading 衰落，衰减，消失dual 双的，二重的transient 瞬时的deterministic 宿命的，确定的algorithm 算法dissipation 损耗carbon 碳diabetes 糖尿病cumbersome 讨厌的，麻烦的，笨重的razor 剃刀，剃go by the name of 通称，普通叫做commucation session 通信会话traffic 通信业务（量）synchronous transmission 同步传输concurrent 同时发生的，共存的simultaneous 同时发生的，同时做的simultaneous 同时发生的，一齐的coaxial 同轴的copper 铜statistical 统计的，统计学的dominate 统治，支配invest in 投资perspective 透视，角度，远景graphics 图示，图解pictorial 图像的coating 涂层，层deduce 推理reasoning strategies 推理策略inference engine 推理机topology 拓扑结构heterodyne 外差法的peripheral 外界的，外部的，周围的gateway 网关hazardous 危险的microwave 微波（的）microprocessor 微处理机，微处理器microelectronic 微电子nuance 微小的差别（色彩等）encompass 围绕，包围，造成，设法做到maintenance 维护；保持；维修satellite communication 卫星通信satellite network 卫星网络transceiver 无线电收发信机radio-relay transmission 无线电中继传输without any doubt 无疑passive satellite 无源卫星sparse 稀少的，稀疏的downlink 下行链路precursor 先驱，前任visualization 显像feasibility 现实性，可行性linearity 线性度constrain 限制，约束，制约considerable 相当的，重要的geo-stationary 相对地面静止by contrast 相反，而，对比起来coorelation 相关性mutual 相互的mutually 相互的，共同的interconnect 相互连接，互连one after the other 相继，依次minicomputer 小型计算机protocol 协议，草案protocol 协议，规约，规程psycho-acoustic 心理（精神）听觉的；传音的channelization 信道化，通信信道选择run length encoding 行程编码groom 修饰，准备virtual ISDN 虚拟ISDNmultitude 许多，大批，大量whirl 旋转preference 选择，喜欢avalanche 雪崩pursue 寻求，从事interrogation 询问dumb 哑的，不说话的，无声的subcategory 亚类，子种类，子范畴orbital 眼眶；轨道oxygen 氧气，氧元素service switching and control points(SSCPs) 业务交换控制点service control points(SCPs) 业务控制点service control function(SCF) 业务控制功能in concert 一致，一齐handover 移交，越区切换at a rate of 以……的速率in the form of 以…的形式base on…以…为基础yttrium 钇（稀有金属，符号Y）asynchronous transmission 异步传输asynchronous 异步的exceptional 异常的，特殊的voice-grade 音频级indium 铟give rise to 引起，使产生cryptic 隐义的，秘密的hard disk 硬盘hard automation 硬自动化by means of 用，依靠equip with 用…装备subscriber 用户telex 用户电报PBX(private branch exchange) 用户小交换机或专用交换机be called upon to 用来…，（被）要求…superiority 优势predominance 优势，显著active satellite 有源卫星in comparison with 与…比较comparable to 与…可比preliminary 预备的，初步的premonition 预感，预兆nucleus 原子核valence 原子价circumference 圆周，周围teleprocessing 远程信息处理，遥控处理perspective 远景，前途constrain 约束，强迫mobile 运动的，流动的，机动的，装在车上的convey 运输，传递，转换impurity 杂质impurity 杂质，混杂物，不洁，不纯regenerative 再生的improve over 在……基础上改善play important role in 在…中起重要作用in close proximity 在附近，在很近underlying 在下的，基础的in this respect 在这方面germanium 锗positive 正电quadrature 正交orthogonal 正交的quadrature amplitude modulation(QAM) 正交幅度调制on the right track 正在轨道上sustain 支撑，撑住，维持，持续outgrowh 支派；长出；副产品dominate 支配，统治knowledge representation 知识表示knowledge engineering 知识工程knowledge base 知识库in diameter 直径helicopter 直升飞机acronym 只取首字母的缩写词as long as 只要，如果tutorial 指导教师的，指导的coin 制造（新字符），杜撰fabrication 制造，装配；捏造事实proton 质子intelligence 智能，智力，信息intelligent network 智能网intermediate 中间的nucleus(pl.nuclei) 中心，核心neutrons 中子terminal 终端，终端设备overlay 重叠，覆盖，涂覆highlight 重要的部分，焦点charge 主管，看管；承载dominant 主要的，控制的，最有力的cylinder 柱面expert system 专家系统private network 专用网络transition 转变，转换，跃迁relay 转播relay 转播，中继repeater 转发器，中继器pursue 追赶，追踪，追求，继续desktop publish 桌面出版ultraviolet 紫外线的，紫外的；紫外线辐射field 字段vendor 自动售货机，厂商naturally 自然的；天生具备的synthesize 综合，合成integrate 综合，使完全ISDN(intergrated services digital network) 综合业务数字网as a whole 总体上bus network 总线形网crossbar 纵横，交叉impedance 阻抗initial 最初的，开始的optimum 最佳条件appear as 作为…出现A Analog 模拟A/D Analog to Digital 模-数转换AAC Advanced Audio Coding 高级音频编码ABB Automatic Black Balance 自动黑平衡ABC American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司Automatic Bass Compensation 自动低音补偿Automatic Brightness Control 自动亮度控制ABL Automatic Black Level 自动黑电平ABLC Automatic Brightness LimiterCircuit 自动亮度限制电路ABU Asian Broadcasting Union 亚洲广播联盟(亚广联ABS American Bureau of Standard 美国标准局AC Access Conditions 接入条件Audio Center 音频中心ACA Adjacent Channel Attenuation 邻频道衰减ACC Automatic Centering Control 自动中心控制Automatic Chroma Control 自动色度(增益ACK Automatic Chroma Killer 自动消色器ACP Additive Colour Process 加色法ACS Access Control System 接入控制系统Advanced Communication Service 高级通信业务Area Communication System 区域通信系统ADC Analog to Digital Converter 模-数转换器Automatic Degaussirng Circuit 自动消磁电路ADL Acoustic Delay Line 声延迟线ADS Audio Distribution System 音频分配系统AE Audio Erasing 音频（声音AEF Automatic Editing Function 自动编辑功能AES Audio Engineering Society 音频工程协会AF Audio Frequency 音频AFA Audio Frequency Amplifier 音频放大器AFC Automatic Frequency Coder 音频编码器Automatic Frequency Control 自动频率控制AFT Automatic Fine Tuning 自动微调Automatic Frequency Track 自动频率跟踪Automatic Frequency Trim 自动额率微调AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AI Artificial Intelligence 人工智能ALM Audio-Level Meter 音频电平表AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMS Automatic Music Sensor 自动音乐传感装置ANC Automatic Noise Canceller 自动噪声消除器ANT ANTenna 天线AO Analog Output 模拟输出APS Automatic Program Search 自动节目搜索APPS Automatic Program Pause System 自动节目暂停系统APSS Automatic Program Search System 自动节目搜索系统AR Audio Response 音频响应ARC Automatic Remote Control 自动遥控ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准AST Automatic Scanning Tracking 自动扫描跟踪ATC Automatic Timing Control 自动定时控制Automatic Tone Correction 自动音频校正ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输模式ATF Automatic Track Finding 自动寻迹ATS Automatic Test System 自动测试系统ATSC Advanced Television Systems Committee （美国高级电视制式委员会）***C Automatic Volume Control 自动音量控制***R Automatic Voltage Regulator 自动稳压器AWB Automatic White Balance 自动白平衡AZC Automatic Zooming Control 自动变焦控制AZS Automatic Zero Setting 自动调零BA Branch Amplifier 分支放大器Buffer Amplifier 缓冲放大器BAC Binary-Analog Conversion 二进制模拟转换BB Black Burst 黑场信号BBC British Broadcasting Corporation 英国广播公司BBI Beijing Broadcasting Institute 北京广播学院BC Binary Code 二进制码Balanced Current 平衡电流Broadcast Control 广播控制BCT Bandwidth Compression Technique带宽压缩技术BDB Bi-directional Data Bus 双向数据总线BER Basic Encoding Rules 基本编码规则Bit Error Rate 比特误码率BF Burst Flag 色同步旗脉冲BFA Bare Fiber Adapter 裸光纤适配器Brillouin Fiber Amplifier 布里渊光纤放大器BGM Background Music 背景音乐BIOS Basic Input／Output System 基本输入输出系统B-ISDN Broadband-ISDN 宽带综合业务数据网BIU Basic Information Unit 基本信息单元Bus Interface Unit 总线接口单元BM Bi-phase Modulation 双相调制BML Business Management Layer 商务管理层BN Backbone Network 主干网BNT Broadband Network Termination 宽带网络终端设备BO Bus Out 总线输出BPG Basic Pulse Generator 基准脉冲发生器BPS Band Pitch Shift 分频段变调节器BSI British Standard Institute 英国标准学会BSS Broadcast Satellite Service 广播卫星业务BT Block Terminal 分线盒、分组终端British Telecom 英国电信BTA Broadband Terminal Adapter 宽带终端适配器Broadcasting Technology Association (日本BTL Balanced Transformer-Less 桥式推挽放大电路BTS Broadcast Technical Standard 广播技术标准BTU Basic Transmission Unit 基本传输单元BVU Broadcasting Video Unit 广播视频型(一种3/4英寸带录像机记录格式BW BandWidth 带宽BWTV Black and White Television 黑白电视CA Conditional Access 条件接收CAC Conditional Access Control 条件接收控制CAL Continuity Accept Limit 连续性接受极限CAS Conditional Access System 条件接收系统Conditional Access Sub-system 条件接收子系统CATV Cable Television 有线电视，电缆电视Community Antenna Television 共用天线电视C*** Constant Angular Velocity 恒角速度CBC Canadian Broadcasting Corporation加拿大广播公司CBS Columbia Broadcasting System （美国哥伦比亚广播公司CC Concentric Cable 同轴电缆CCG Chinese Character Generator 中文字幕发生器CCIR International Radio ConsultativeCommittee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT International Telegraph andTelephone ConsultativeCommittee 国际电话电报咨询委员会CCR Central Control Room 中心控制室CCTV China Central Television 中国中央电视台Close-Circuit Television 闭路电视CCS Center Central System 中心控制系统CCU Camera Control Unit 摄像机控制器CCW Counter Clock-Wise 反时针方向CD Compact Disc 激光唱片CDA Current Dumping Amplifier 电流放大器CD-E Compact Disc Erasable 可抹式激光唱片CDFM Compact Disc File Manager 光盘文件管理(程序CDPG Compact-Disc Plus Graphic 带有静止图像的CD唱盘CD-ROM Compact Disc-Read OnlyMemory 只读式紧凑光盘CETV China Educational Television 中国教育电视台CF Color Framing 彩色成帧CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示卡CI Common Interface 通用接口CGA Color Graphics Adapter 彩色图形(显示卡CI Common Interface 通用接口CIE Chinese Institute of Electronics 中国电子学会CII China Information Infrastructure 中国信息基础设施CIF Common Intermediate Format 通用中间格式CIS Chinese Industrial Standard 中国工业标准CLV Constant Linear Velocity 恒定线速度CM Colour Monitor 彩色监视器CMTS Cable Modem Termination System线缆调制解调器终端系统CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 载噪比CON Console 操纵台Controller 控制器CPB Corporation of Public Broadcasting（美国公共广播公司CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余校验CRCC CRI Cyclic Redundancy Check Code循环冗余校验码CROM China Radio International 中国国际广播电台CRT Control Read Only Memory 控制只读存储器CS Cathode-Ray Tube 阴极射线管CSC Communication Satellite 通信卫星CSS Color Sub-carrier 彩色副载波Center Storage Server 中央存储服务器Content Scrambling System 内容加扰系统CSU Channel Service Unit 信道业务单元CT Color Temperature 色温CTC Cassette Tape Controller 盒式磁带控制器Channel Traffic Control 通道通信量控制Counter Timer Circuit 计数器定时器电路Counter Timer Control 计数器定时器控制CTE Cable Termination Equipment 线缆终端设备Customer Terminal Equipment 用户终端设备CTV Color Television 彩色电视CVD China Video Disc 中国数字视盘CW Carrie Wave 载波DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting 数字音频广播DASH Digital Audio Stationary Head 数字音频静止磁头DAT Digital Audio Tape 数字音频磁带DBMS Data Base Management System 数据库管理系统DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星DCC Digital Compact Cassette 数字小型盒带Dynamic Contrast Control 动态对比度控制DCT Digital Component Technology 数字分量技术Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换DCTV Digital Color Television 数字彩色电视DD Direct Drive 直接驱动DDC Direct Digital Control 直接数字控制DDE Dynamic Data Exchange 动态数据交换DDM Data Display Monitor 数据显示监视器DES Data Elementary Stream 数据基本码流Data Encryption Standard 美国数据加密标准DF Dispersion Flattened 色散平坦光纤DG Differential Gain 微分增益DI Digital Interface 数字接口DITEC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机DL Delay Line 延时线DLD Dynamic Linear Drive 动态线性驱动DM Delta Modulation 增量调制Digital Modulation 数字调制DMB Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 数字多媒体广播DMC Dynamic Motion Control 动态控制DME Digital Multiple Effect 数字多功能特技DMS Digital Mastering System 数字主系统DN Data Network 数据网络DNG Digital News Gathering 数字新闻采集DNR Digital Noise Reducer 数字式降噪器DOB Data Output Bus 数据输出总线DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications 有线数据传输业务接口规范DOC Drop Out Compensation 失落补偿DOS Disc Operating System 磁盘操作系统DP Differential Phase 微分相位Data Pulse 数据脉冲DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation 差值脉冲编码调制DPL Dolby Pro Logic 杜比定向逻辑DSB Digital Satellite Broadcasting 数字卫星广播DSC Digital Studio Control 数字演播室控制DSD Dolby Surround Digital 杜比数字环绕声DSE Digital Special Effect 数字特技DSK Down-Stream Key 下游键DSP Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理Digital Sound Processor 数字声音处理器DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统DT Digital Technique 数字技术Digital Television 数字电视Data Terminal 数据终端Data Transmission 数据传输DTB Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting 数字地面广播DTBC Digital Time-Base Corrector 数字时基校正器DTC Digital Television Camera 数字电视摄像机DTS Digital Theater System 数字影院系统Digital Tuning System 数字调谐系统Digital Television Standard 数字电视标准DVB Digital Video Broadcasting 数字视频广播DVC Digital Video Compression 数字视频压缩DVE Digital Video Effect 数字视频特技DVS Desktop Video Studio 桌上视频演播DVTR Digital Video Tape Recorder 数字磁带录像机EA Extension Amplifier 延长放大器EB Electron Beam 电子束EBS Emergency Broadcasting System 紧急广播系统EBU European Broadcasting Union 欧洲广播联盟EC Error Correction 误差校正ECN Emergency Communications Network应急通信网络ECS European Communication Satellite 欧洲通信卫星EDC Error Detection Code 错误检测码EDE Electronic Data Exchange 电子数据交换EDF Erbium-Doped Fiber 掺饵光纤EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺饵光纤放大器EDL Edit Decision List 编辑点清单EDTV Extended Definition Television 扩展清晰度电视EE Error Excepted 允许误差EFM Eight to Fourteen Modulation 8-14调制EFP Electronic Field Production 电子现场节目制作EH Ethernet Hosts 以太网主机EIN Equivalent Input Noise 等效输入噪声EIS Electronic Information System 电子信息系统EISA Extended Industrial StandardArchitecture 扩展工业标准总线EL Electro-Luminescent 场致发光EM Error Monitoring 误码监测EN End Node 末端节点ENG Electronic News Gathering 电子新闻采集EOT End of Tape 带尾EP Edit Point 编辑点Error Protocol 错误协议EPG Electronic Program Guides 电子节目指南EPS Emergency Power Supply 应急电源ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效辐射功率ES Elementary Stream 基本码流End System 终端系统ESA European Space Agency 欧洲空间局ETV Education Television 教育电视FA Enhanced Television 增强电视FABM FAS Facial Animation 面部动画FC Fiber Amplifier Booster Module 光纤放大器增强模块Fiber Access System 光纤接入系统Frequency Changer 变频器FCC Fiber Channel 光纤通道FD Film Composer 电影编辑系统Federal Communications Commission 美国联邦通信委员会FDCT Frequency Divider 分频器FDDI FDM Fiber Duct 光纤管道FDP Forward Discrete Cosine Transform离散余弦正变换FE Fiber Distributed Data Interface 分布式光纤数据接口Frequency-Division Multiplexing 频分复用FF Fiber Distribution Point 光纤分配点FG Front End 前端FH Framing Error 成帧误差FIT Fast Forward 快进FN Frequency Generator 频率发生器FOA Frequency Hopping 跳频FOC Frame-Interline Transfer 帧一行间转移Fiber Node 光纤节点Fiber Optic Amplifier 光纤放大器FOM Fiber Optic Cable 光缆FON Fiber Optic Communications 光纤通信FOS Fiber Optic Coupler 光纤耦合器FOTC Fiber Optic Modem 光纤调制解调器FS Fiber Optic Net 光纤网Factor of Safety 安全系数Fiber Optic Trunk Cable 光缆干线FT Frame Scan 帧扫描FTP Frame Store 帧存储器FTTB Frame Synchro 帧同步机FTTC France Telecom 法国电信Absorber Circuit 吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter 交交变频电路AC power control交流电力控制AC Power Controller交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-- BJT双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper升压斩波电路Boost Converter升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper降压斩波电路Buck Converter降压变换器Commutation换流Conduction Angle导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency --CVCF恒压恒频Continuous Conduction--CCM（电流）连续模式Control Circuit 控制电路Cuk Circuit CUK 斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI 电流（源）型逆变电路Cyclo convertor周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter直交直电路DC Chopping直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter直流－直流变换器Device Commutation器件换流Direct Current Control直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode （电流）断续模式displacement factor 位移因数distortion power 畸变功率double end converter 双端电路driving circuit 驱动电路electrical isolation 电气隔离fast acting fuse 快速熔断器fast recovery diode快恢复二极管fast revcovery epitaxial diodes 快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor场控晶闸管flyback converter 反激电流forced commutation 强迫换流forward converter 正激电路frequency converter 变频器full bridge converter全桥电路full bridge rectifier 全桥整流电路full wave rectifier 全波整流电路fundamental factor基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO 可关断晶闸管general purpose diode 普通二极管giant transistor——GTR 电力晶体管half bridge converter 半桥电路hard switching 硬开关high voltage IC 高压集成电路hysteresis comparison 带环比较方式indirect current control间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor---IGBT绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power module---IPM智能功率模块integrated gate-commutated thyristor---IGCT 集成门极换流晶闸管inversion 逆变latching effect 擎住效应leakage inductance 漏感light triggered thyristor---LTT光控晶闸管line commutation 电网换流load commutation 负载换流loop current 环流1 backplane 背板2 Band gap voltage reference 带隙电压参考3 bench top supply 工作台电源4 Block Diagram 方块图5 Bode Plot 波特图6 Bootstrap 自举7 Bottom FET Bottom FET8 bucket capacitor 桶形电容9 chassis 机架11 constant current source 恒流源12 Core Saturation 铁芯饱和13 crossover frequency 交叉频率14 current ripple 纹波电流15 Cycle by Cycle 逐周期16 cycle skipping 周期跳步17 Dead Time 死区时间18 DIE Temperature 核心温度19 Disable 非使能，无效，禁用，关断20 dominant pole 主极点21 Enable 使能，有效，启用22 ESD Rating ESD额定值23 Evaluation Board 评估板24 Exceeding the specifications below may result in permanent damage to the device, or device malfunction. Operation outside of the parameters specified in the Electrical Characteristics section is not implied. 超过下面的规格使用可能引起永久的设备损害或设备故障。

港口国监控与船舶安全检查

PSC检查英语

第一章定义和常用缩略语一、定义1. Clear grounds: evidence that the ship, its equipment, or its crew does not correspond substantially with the requirements of the relevant conventions or that the master or crewmembers are not familiar with essential shipboard procedures relating to the safety of ships or the prevention of pollution.明显依据：船舶及其设备或其船员实质上不符合有关公约的要求的证据，或船长或船员不熟悉有关船舶安全或防止污染的船上基本程序的证据。

2. Deficiency: A condition found not to be in compliance with the requirements of the relevant convention.缺陷：发现的不符合有关公约要求的一种状况3. Detention: Intervention action taken by the port State when the condition of the ship or its crew does not correspond substantially with the applicable conventions to ensure that the ship will not sail until it can proceed to sea without presenting a danger to the ship or persons on board, or without presenting an unreasonable threat of harm to the marine environment.滞留：当船舶或船员实质上不符合适用公约要求时，港口国为保证该船舶只有在不会对船舶或船上人员构成危险或不会对海上环境造成损害威胁时方可开航所采取的干涉行动。

欧盟药监局(EMA)-药品检查工作组-年度报告-2010

7 Westferry Circus ● Canary Wharf ● London E14 4HB ● United Kingdom Telephone +44 (0)20 7418 8400 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7418 8595 20 June 2012EMA/INS/GCP/711391/2010 Compliance and InspectionAnnual report of the Good Clinical Practice Inspectors Working Group 2010Adopted by the GCP IWG on 20 June 2012The publication of this report has been delayed due to the migration of inspection data to our new database and the creation of our reporting tool to retrieve the statistics included in this report.1. Introduction (3)2. Meetings (3)3. Inspections conducted in support of the centralised procedure and under national programmes (3)3.1. CHMP requested inspections (3)3.1.1. General overview (3)3.1.2. Categorization of findings (5)3.2. GCP inspections performed under national programmes (7)4. Harmonisation topics (9)4.1. Procedures and guidance documents (9)4.2. Inspection cooperation (9)4.3. GCP training and development (9)5. Topics of interest (10)6. Collaboration with European Commission (11)6.1. Implementation of Directive 2001/20/EC and of Directive 2005/28/EC and related guidance documents (11)6.2. EudraCT database (11)6.3. EU enlargement (11)6.4. Regulation on advanced therapies (11)7. Liaison with other groups (11)7.1. GMDP (11)7.2. PhV IWG (11)7.3. CTFG (11)7.4. CMD(h) (11)7.5. Heads of Medicines Agencies (12)7.6. Other regulatory agencies (12)7.7. Joint meeting with interested parties (12)1. IntroductionThis document is the third annual report of the GCP IWG1. This group was established in 1997 under the scope of Article 57(1)(i) of Regulation (EC) No. 726/2004.The GCP IWG focuses on harmonisation and co-ordination of GCP related activities at Community level. The group's role and activities are described in more detail in its Mandate and Workplan and also in Volume 10, Chapter IV, of the Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union. The group supports the co-ordination of the provision of GCP advice and maintains a dialogue with other groups such as CHMP2, CVMP3, PhV WP4, CMD5, GMDP6 IWG and other groups, as needed, on areas of common interest.This annual report is set out in line with the format and objectives of the 2010 Workplan.2. MeetingsThe plenary GCP IWG took place on: 24 – 25 Feb 2010, 09 – 10 June 2010, 08 – 09 Sep 2010 and 01 – 03 Dec 2010. During 2010, the following GCP inspectors’ subgroups were involved in the discussion of specific topics and drafting documents:•GCP/CMD(h) (refer to section 7.4)•GCP Computer Systems (refer to section 5, 1st bullet point)•CTFG GCP Risk Based Quality Management (refer to section 7.3)A joint meeting with CHMP clinical assessors took place on 2 December (refer to section 4.2a). Delegates from this group are also involved in the Agency’s multidisciplinary working group on 3rd country clinical trials (refer to section 7.6). A workshop with all stakeholders took place on 6-7 September 2010.3. Inspections conducted in support of the centralised procedure and under national programmes3.1. CHMP requested inspections3.1.1. General overviewThe CHMP requested 63 inspections in 2010 and 69 inspections were carried out by the inspectorates of the EU member states in the same year. The number of CHMP requested and conducted inspections is not consistent due to the fact that several inspections requested in the last 3 months of the year 2009 have been conducted in 2010 and some inspections requested in the last 3 months of 2010 will be carried out in 2011. The data in this report relates to inspections carried out..In figure 1, the number of inspections carried out in 2010 is shown by region and type of inspection. Most inspections were carried out in the EU/EEA10 (48%) followed by inspections in the USA (16%) and The Middle East/Asia/Pacific (10%).Figure 1: Inspections conducted per region and type of inspection.1Good Clinical Practice Inspectors Working Group2Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use3Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use4Pharmacovigilance Working Party5Co-ordination Group for Mutual Recognition and Decentralised Procedures6Good Manufacturing Distribution Practice Inspectors Working Group10European Union/European Economic Area/European Free Trade AssociationTable 1. Number of Inspections conducted per region and type of inspection.Non-Routine Routine Total EU/EEA/EFTA 25 8 33 USA 6 5 11 Middle4 3 7 East/Asia/PacificSouth/Central5 16 AmericaCanada 3 2 5 Africa 2 1 3 Australasia/NZ 2 2 CIS 1 1 Eastern Europe (non-1 1 EU)Figure 2: Inspections conducted per type of site and type of inspection.Figure 2 represents the number of inspections conducted per type of site. Most inspections were conducted at clinical investigator sites (71%).3.1.2. Categorization of findingsA total of 1069 deficiencies, comprising 66 critical (6%), 465 major (43%) and 538 minor (50%) were recorded for the 69 inspections conducted in 2010.The main findings observed in the 2010 inspections are detailed below in accordance with the GCP categorization of findings agreed by the GCP IWG.Figure 3. Number of findings with regard to the main categories graded by critical, major and minor.Table 2. Number of findings per sub-category of the top 3 main categories (general, investigational site and trial management) graded by critical, major and minor.# Inspected Deficiencies # InspectedDeficienciesTotal DeficiencyCategory NameDeficiency Sub Category Name Critical Major MinorGeneral Contracts/Agreements 9 10 19 Direct Access to Data 2 2Essential Documents 2 36 82 120Facilities and Equipment 2 2 4Organisation and Personnel 13 33 46Qualification/Training 1 19 32 52Randomization/Blinding/CodesIMP3 6 3 12SOPs 2 25 35 62Source Documentation 4 24 40 68 General Total 14 134 237 385Investigational Site Protocol Compliance (Assessmentof Efficacy)8 16 7 31 Protocol Compliance (Others) 3 11 14 28Protocol Compliance (SafetyReporting)8 13 21Protocol Compliance (SelectionCriteria)7 42 12 61 Reporting in CRF/Diary 2 38 51 91InvestigationalSite Total20 115 97 232Trial Management (Sponsor) Audit 5 1 6 CSR 4 12 11 27 Data Management 4 50 23 77 Document Control 1 6 17 24 Monitoring 6 34 27 67 Protocol/CRF/Diary/Questionnaires 1 5 12 18designStatistical Analysis 2 1 2 5 Trial18 113 93 224 Management(Sponsor)Total3.2. GCP inspections performed under national programmesThe CHMP GCP inspections are just a small part of the total number of inspections performed by the EU/EEA inspectors as there are many others performed as part of their national programmes in the following contexts:Oversight of the conduct of clinical trials in Europe.Marketing Authorization Applications (MRP, DCP or national procedures).The following statistics are based on information obtained from EudraCT.Table 3. Inspections conducted per Region.EU/EEA 563North America 14Rest of the World 45Figure 4. Number of inspections per type of site.Figure 5. Trial specific vs non-trial specific conducted inspectionsTable 4. Trial specific vs non-trial specific conducted inspectionsNumber of Inspections conducted in 2011 Trial Specific 265Non trial specific 217Not answered 140Figure 6. Percentage of inspection in relation to the number of critical and major of findings.4. Harmonisation topics4.1. Procedures and guidance documentsThe GCP Inspection procedures and/or guidance for GCP inspections conducted in the context of the Centralised Procedure have not been revised this year.The following guidance on GCP Inspection required in accordance with article 29 of Directive 2005/28/EC and prepared by the GCP IWG is now publicly available in Chapter IV of Volume 10 of the Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union:•Record keeping and archiving of documents obtained or resulting from the Good Clinical Practice inspection.The following guidance document required by the same article mentioned above is still pending and will be included in the Workplan for 2011:•Actions taken after completion of Good Clinical Practice inspection.4.2. Inspection cooperation•Cooperation between the Member States:−In 2010 all the inspections requested by the CHMP were joint inspections involving inspectors from at least two Member States,− A joint meeting GCP IWG and CHMP assessors took place on 2 December 2010 with practical presentations from the inspectors’ and assessors’ perspective on the experience with some GCP inspections carried out for the centralized procedure. The issues discussed included the interpretation/understanding of findings, communication between inspectors and assessors during the procedure, difference in views, expectations and suggestions for process improvement.•Cooperation with 3rd countries (see also section 7.6)−Observers from countries outside the EU have always been invited to observe the EU GCP inspections performed in those countries in the context of the centralized procedure. In 2010, at least 6 inspections were observed by FDA inspectors and 7 joint inspections were performed together with the FDA. In addition, 2 inspections were observed by TGA (Therapeutic Goods Administration, the Australian regulatory agency), 1 inspection was observed by FDA-Thailand, and 1 inspection was observed by Health Canada.4.3. GCP training and developmentThe following activities have taken place during this year:The 8th GCP IWG Training Course in London (EMA) on 03 – 05 Nov 2010. Participants included inspectors from EEA (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK) and from countries outside the EEA (Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Switzerland, Turkey, Canada, Ghana, Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, Republic of Korea, Nigeria, South Africa, United Republic of Tanzania, USA). The agenda of the course covered the following points:•Data management and Data Safety Monitoring Boards,•Computer systems and validation (eCRFs, e-patient diaries, e-medical records, e-TMF etc.),•Inspections of technical facilities: IVRS system inspections, Clinical Laboratory and Clinical trials pharmacy inspections,•Topic of Interest I:−Follow-up on inspections Inspection of emergency trials,−Adaptive design,−Inspection of clinical trials on advanced therapies,−Inspection of paediatric trials.•Plenary session on case studies – special topics/experiences to be volunteered: −Misconduct at the Investigator’s site: how to approach it,−Academic Trial Inspection,−Fraud and misconduct: how to manage detected cases?•Break-out sessions every day with discussion points on the different topics covered in the agenda. •During the GCP Inspector meetings held in 2010, the following topics have been addressed: −Develop peer review of case studies,−Develop and monitor opportunities for joint inspections.5. Topics of interestThe GCP IWG has published the following documents focused on topics of interest:•Reflection paper on expectations for electronic source data and data transcribed to electronic data collection tools in clinical trials(final version)•Reflection paper on guidance for laboratories that perform the analysis or evaluation of clinical trial samples (for consultation until 28/02/11)Members of the GCP IWG are also supporting the Pharmacokinetics Working Party in the review of the comments of the public consultation of the guideline on validation of bio-analytical method released for public consultation until 31 May 2010.The GCP IWG has under preparation (UP) or pending preparation (PP) the following documents focused on topics of interest which will be included in the 2011 Workplan:•Reflection paper on quality risk management in clinical trials (UP),•Document with specific triggers for assessors in the context of the ethical conduct of clinical trials in countries outside the EU (PP),•Revision of the document on triggers for GCP inspection (PP),•Document for assessors in the context of the assessment of acceptability of clinical trials from 3rd countries (PP).6. Collaboration with European Commission6.1. Implementation of Directive 2001/20/EC and of Directive 2005/28/EC and related guidance documentsSee section 4.1.6.2. EudraCT databaseThe GCP IWG has agreed on the format of reports with information from EudraCT to assist in the prioritization of GCP inspections.6.3. EU enlargement•Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey have been invited and in most of the cases attended, the GCP IWG meetings held in 2010 as observers.•Delegates from these countries have also attended the 8th GCP IWG training workshop in London (see section 4.3).6.4. Regulation on advanced therapiesThe GCP IWG continues with the monitoring of the implementation of GCP guidelines on ATIMPs in clinical trials of advanced therapies.7. Liaison with other groups7.1. GMDPThe GMPD and GCP IWG, through the GCP/GMDP, contributed in 2009 to the revision of Annex 13 (Investigational Medicinal products) which the Commission has published this year in the EudraLex Volume 4 of the Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union.7.2. PhV IWGThe GCP IWG maintains a dialogue with the Pharmacovigilance Inspectors Working Group on areas of common interest and in particular concerning pharmacovigilance issues observed in relation to GCP inspections.7.3. CTFGMembers of the CTFG are involved with members of the GCP IWG in the preparation of the Reflection paper on quality risk management in clinical trials which work is still ongoing.7.4. CMD(h)The GCP IWG and the CMD(h), mainly through the GCP/CMD(h) subgroup has contributed to:•The preparation of a pilot 2010 risk based programme of routine GCP inspections of the Contract Research Organizations most often used in the conduct of the bioequivalence trials included in marketing authorization application in the mutual recognition and Decentralised procedure.•The finalization of a document for assessors on triggers for inspections of Bioequivalence Trials.•The discussion of processes for:−Exchange of information on BE trials/CRO inspections,−Communication of inspections findings,−Improve the exchange of information between inspectors and assessors,−Selection of trial/sites for inspection.7.5. Heads of Medicines AgenciesSee section 7.3.7.6. Other regulatory agencies•EMA FDA GCP initiative:− A Q&A document has been published this year in the EMA external web site to address some questions from the public about this initiative− A report of the outcome of the pilot phase of the EMA FDA GCP initiative with details on the exchanges of information and collaborative inspections is being prepared and will be published in 2011 in the EMA external website•Delegates from the GCP IWG have contributed to the preparation of the “Draft reflection paper on ethical and GCP aspects of clinical trials of medicinal products for human use conducted in countries outside EU and submitted in marketing-authorisation applications to the EMA” and have participated in the International workshop organized by EMA as part of the public consultation of this document on 6-7 September 2010•An International Workshop involving the EU GCP IWG and inspectors from countries outside the EU took place on 8th September 2010. Delegates from Canada, China, Chinese Taipei, Ghana, Singapore, Thailand, US FDA, WHO, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Russian Federation, Serbia, Singapore, Switzerland. The agenda of this workshop covered the following points:−Sharing of information on GCP activities−Overview of international cooperation initiatives−Joint Inspections•Training Activities/ How to contribute to capacity building:−Communication network for inspection sharing.7.7. Joint meeting with interested partiesA joint meeting of GCP IWG and interested parties did not take place as initially foreseen in the 2009 Workplan, but is scheduled for 2011.For the details of the activities of the GCP IWG for next year see the Workplan for 2011.。

《港口国监督程序》PPT课件

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感谢下载
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可产生特别危险的船舶；
⑩
船舶第一次到达，或经12个月及以上时间后再次抵达东京备忘录组织
成员当局的港口；
•
在备忘录年报中公布的超过平均滞留率3年的船期国的船舶；
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一般性检查
• 1.检查内容：船舶、设备状况和船舶证书文件，若证书均有效且目测船况良好；
• 2.登船：船舶外观 • 3.证书和文件（齐全）
15
• 一般采用目标系数法（以PARIS MOU代表）
16
17
优先检查的船舶
（1）P－MOU的优先检查的船舶 ① 被港口国通报的船舶； ② 被下列人员或组织举报的船舶：船长、船员、其他与船舶安全、防污染和船上生活
工作条件有关的人员和组织； ③ 根据引航员或港口当局的报告存在可能危害航行安全的缺陷的船舶； ④ 装载危险或污染货物时，未按要求进行报告。 ⑤ 被滞留后，擅自开航。
30——detainable deficiency 禁止离港（滞留）；
35——ship allowed to sail after detention
（detention suspended）扣船解除。
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3）滞留（Detention）
• 定义：当船舶和船员实质上不符合适用公约的要求时，港口国为保证该船开航后不会对船舶或船上人员构成危险并且不会对海洋环境造成不合理威胁所采取的干涉行动。
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• 内容包括：
（1）缺少公约要求的主要设备或装置；（2）证书明显失效的证据；（3）航海日志、手册或其他要求的文件不在船上、
未予保持或系虚假保持的证据；（4）根据PSC检查官的总体印象和观察，发现船体
或结构严重恶化或存在重大缺陷，可能危害船舶的结构、水密或风雨密的完整性；

关于成为一个合格检验工作者的英语作文

关于成为一个合格检验工作者的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Being a Qualified Inspector: My Big DreamHi there! My name is Tommy and I'm 10 years old. I've been thinking a lot about what I want to be when I grow up. At first, I thought about being a firefighter or a police officer like many other kids. Those jobs seem really exciting and heroic! But then I learned about something that really sparked my interest - being an inspector.My dad's friend Bob is an inspector and he told me all about his job. Inspectors get to examine things very closely to make sure they are working properly and meet important standards. They use special tools and equipment to carefully check machines, structures, materials and many other things. The idea of being a detective for quality and safety sounded fascinating to me!There are inspectors for so many different fields too. Some look at construction sites to verify buildings are built correctly and safely. Others inspect aircraft and vehicles meticulouslybefore they can be used. There are food inspectors that make sure restaurants are clean and the food is handled properly. Inspectors even examine games and rides at theme parks to keep the fun safe for everyone! No matter what they inspect, their main goal is to protect people by ensuring quality standards are met.Becoming an inspector isn't easy though. You have to go through a lot of training and get certified in your specialty area first. Inspectors have to learn all the codes, regulations and protocols for their field inside and out. They have to be able to read complex instruction manuals and blueprints too. The training teaches you what to look for, how to properly test things and what tools to use for different inspections.The most important skills for inspectors are being incredibly detail-oriented and having excellent observational abilities. You have to have great focus because even the tiniest missed defect could lead to huge problems later on. Inspectors also need to be able to make objective decisions based strictly on the codes and not let anyone unfairly influence their judgement. Having strong ethics and integrity is a must.Communicating inspection findings clearly and accurately through reports and documentation is key too. Inspectors haveto be able to describe every deficiency they find in a way that leaves no room for confusion. Their reports are used to determine if repairs need to be made before something can be approved and put into operation. Sloppy paperwork could have serious consequences!It's a big responsibility being an inspector, but I think I have what it takes. I'm already a pretty observant kid who pays close attention to the little details. I won't let anything get past me! My teachers say I have excellent focus too when I'm working hard on an assignment. And I always try my best to be ethical and do the right thing, no matter what.I've started studying and reading up on the different inspector roles to get a head start. Someday, I hope to become a highly qualified inspection professional that people can really depend on. Maybe I'll even get to travel and inspect amazing things in other countries! Wherever my inspection career takes me, you can count on me to be meticulous in ensuring quality and safety standards are upheld to the highest degree. It's going to take a lot of hard work and perseverance, but working as an inspector would be my dream come true. Talk to you later!篇2Being a Good InspectorHi there! My name is Timmy and I'm going to tell you all about what it takes to be a really good inspector. An inspector is someone who carefully checks things to make sure they are made properly and safely. It's a very important job!My dad is an inspector at a big factory that makes toys. Every day he goes to work and checks the toys coming off the assembly line. He has to look at each one very closely to make sure there aren't any loose parts that could fall off and choke a kid, or sharp edges that could cut someone, or anything else that isn't quite right and could make the toy unsafe to play with.It's a lot of responsibility because if a toy gets through with a problem and a kid gets hurt playing with it, that's not good at all. The company could get in really big trouble and have to pay a huge fine. Even worse, a little kid could go to the hospital because of their toy! That's why inspectors like my dad have to be super careful and take their jobs really seriously.What does it take to be a good inspector? First of all, you have to be able to concentrate and pay very close attention to every single detail. My dad says sometimes he has to look at hundreds of the same toy over and over again, which I imagine could get pretty boring after a while. But he can't let his mindwander off because that's when he might miss something important.You also have to have excellent vision. My dad has to be able to see even the tiniest scratch or dent or anything else that doesn't look quite right on those toys. Before he got hired, he had to take an eye test to prove his vision was good enough for the job. Having good eyes is really important for an inspector!Another key skill is being super observant. An inspector has to notice anything that seems off, even if it's just a small thing that doesn't seem like a big deal at first. That tiny loose thread or little smudge of paint could mean there is a bigger problem that needs to be fixed. You have to really know what to look for and what things could potentially be unsafe.Along with being observant, you have to have pretty good judgment too. Sometimes my dad sees something on a toy that doesn't seem quite right to him, but he has to decide if it's a serious issue or not. He has to weigh the potential risks and make the call on whether that toy can be sold or if it needs to be taken off the line. It's not always an easy decision!Patience is another good quality for an inspector to have. My dad says some days he feels like he's looked at a million toys already and he's not even halfway through his shift. But he has tokeep going at a steady pace, never rushing, until all the toys have been properly inspected. Even when he's tired, he can't let himself get sloppy.Stamina is important too. My dad walks around the factory floor all day long leaning over conveyor belts and machinery. Sometimes he has to climb up on little stepladders or crouch down in tight spaces to get a better look at part of a toy. It's not an easy job on your body after eight or nine hours a day! Being physically fit and having endurance really helps.Speaking of endurance, you definitely need mental endurance as well to be a great inspector. Like I mentioned, it can get pretty monotonous and boring looking at the same product all day long. My dad told me he has to work hard to stay focused and keep his mind sharp instead of zoning out. Keeping your brain engaged on every single item is a challenge!Honesty and integrity are probably the most critical qualities for any inspector. The company has to be able to trust that their inspectors will do their jobs properly and not let anything slide. If my dad sees an issue with a toy, he absolutely has to stop the line and make sure that problem gets fixed before any more are made. It wouldn't be right to just ignore it. Who knows, that onetoy with the defect could end up hurting a kid somewhere down the line! You have to have strong ethics as an inspector.The last thing I'll mention is that it really helps to be a bit of a perfectionist if you want to inspect things for a living. My dad is pretty particular and detail-oriented about a lot of stuff around the house. He's always straightening pictures on the walls and rearranging things to be just so. I think having that perfectionist tendency makes him better at his job catching every tiny flaw in the toys. Nothing gets past his careful eyes!Well, that's the scoop on what it's like being an inspector. It's not always a glamorous job, but it's really important for keeping people safe. My dad takes a lot of pride in doing his work thoroughly to make sure no bad toys ever make it to the stores. With skills like concentration, observation, patience, stamina, and integrity, inspectors help ensure quality products. I guess you could say they're like real-life superheroes watching out for us! If I work on building up those qualities, who knows, maybe I'll be an inspector someday too!篇3Being a Qualified InspectorI want to be a qualified inspector when I grow up! My dad works as an inspector at a factory that makes toys and he gets to play with lots of cool toys every day. He checks if they work properly and are safe for kids to play with. I think that would be the most fun job ever!An inspector has an important job. They need to carefully examine things to make sure there are no defects or problems. If something is not up to the standards, they have to take action and not let it get sold or used. Inspectors help keep people safe and ensure quality products.There are inspectors for all kinds of different industries. Food inspectors check restaurants and grocery stores to make sure the food is fresh, clean, and handled properly so people don't get sick. Building inspectors make sure houses, offices, and other buildings are constructed the right way according to safety codes. Vehicle inspectors inspect cars, trucks, buses, and even airplanes to check that they are in good working condition. There are inspectors for clothes, electronics, medical equipment, and so much more!I think I would like to be a toy inspector like my dad. I love playing with all the cool new toys that come out. Getting to test them for a living and make sure they are safe and won't breakeasily sounds like a dream! Maybe I could be the one who inspects teddy bears to make sure their eyes, noses, and other pieces are stitched on properly and are not a choking hazard for little kids. Or I could inspect playgrounds to check that the slides, swings, and other equipment is secure and won't cause any injuries.To become a qualified inspector, you need some special skills. First, you have to have excellent observation abilities. Inspectors need to closely look at every single part and not miss even the tiniest defect or issue. They have to be verydetail-oriented. You also need patience because the inspection process can be slow and tedious, checking every individual item thoroughly.Good communication skills are a must too. Inspectors need to clearly explain any problems they find and provide instructions on what needs to be fixed or changed. They have to ensure the manufacturers or builders understand what went wrong and how to correct it. Written communication is important for filling out reports and checklists about what was inspected.Knowledge about regulations, codes, and standards is also key. Inspectors need to know things like food safety rules,building codes, product specifications, and other guidelines inside and out. They use these regulations and standards as the basis for their inspections to determine if something passes or fails. Studying these ahead of time is crucial preparation.In some cases, special equipment, tools, or testing machines are used to aid an inspection. For example, food inspectors might use thermometers to check temperatures and avoid spoiled food. Building inspectors might use measuring tools to verify dimensions are correct. Vehicle inspectors could use diagnostic computers to identify any issues with a car's engine or electrical system. Part of the job is learning how to properly use these tools and read the results.Integrity and honesty are some of the most critical qualities for an inspector. They have to be objective, never taking bribes or cutting corners. If they let defective products slide out of carelessness or because they were paid off, that could endanger people's safety and lives. Inspectors who fail to do their jobs properly should face penalties. Upholding ethics is a must in this line of work.I know becoming an inspector requires a lot of hard work and responsibility. But I am excited by the prospect! Getting to examine products, finding problems, helping make things safer,and ensuring quality - what could be better? As long as I am meticulous, ethical, and do a thorough job, I believe I can become an excellent qualified inspector when I grow up. Just don't ask me to inspect anything too yucky like sewers or garbage!。

Firazyr（icatibant）（外吸液）商品说明书

Firazyr® (icatibant)(Subcutaneous)Document Number: IC-0169 Last Review Date: 10/02/2018Date of Origin: 08/27/2013Dates Reviewed: 06/2014, 09/2014, 07/2015, 07/2016, 12/2016, 03/2017, 06/2017, 09/2017, 12/2017, 03/2018, 06/2018, 10/2018I.Length of AuthorizationCoverage will be provided for 12 weeks and is eligible for renewal.The cumulative amount of medication(s) the patient has on-hand, indicated for the acutetreatment of HAE, will be taken into account when authorizing. The authorization will providea sufficient quantity in order for the patient to have a cumulative amount of HAEmedication(s) on-hand in order to treat up to 4 acute attacks per 4 weeks for the duration of the authorization.II.Dosing LimitsA.Quantity Limit (max daily dose) [Pharmacy Benefit]:-Firazyr 30 mg prefilled syringes for injection: 12 injections per 28 daysB.Max Units (per dose and over time) [Medical Benefit]:∙360 billable units per 28 daysIII.Initial Approval CriteriaTreatment of acute attacks of Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) †∙Must be prescribed by, or in consultation with, a specialist in: allergy, immunology, hematology, pulmonology, or medical genetics; AND∙Patient must be at least 18 years of age; AND∙Confirmation the patient is avoiding the following possible triggers for HAE attacks: o Estrogen-containing oral contraceptive agents AND hormone replacement therapy;ANDo Antihypertensive agents containing ACE inhibitors; AND∙Patient has a history of moderate to severe cutaneous attacks without concomitant hives OR abdominal attacks OR mild to severe airway swelling attacks of HAE (i.e. debilitatingcutaneous/gastrointestinal symptoms OR laryngeal/pharyngeal/tongue swelling); AND∙Patient has one of the following clinical presentations consistent with HAE subtype, which must be confirmed by repeat blood testing:†FDA Approved Indication(s)IV.Renewal Criteria∙Patient continues to meet the criteria in section III; AND∙Significant improvement in severity and duration of attacks have been achieved and sustained; AND∙Absence of unacceptable toxicity from the drug. Examples of unacceptable toxicity include the following: severe injection site reactions, laryngeal HAE attacks, etc.; AND ∙The cumulative amount of medication(s) the patient has on-hand, indicated for the acute treatment of HAE, will be taken into account when authorizing. The authorization willprovide a sufficient quantity in order for the patient to have a cumulative amount of HAEmedication(s) on-hand in order to treat up to 4 acute attacks per 4 weeks for the duration ofthe authorization.V.Dosage/AdministrationVI.Billing Code/Availability InformationJcode:∙J1744 – Injection, icatibant, 1 mg; 1 billable unit = 1 mgNDC:∙Firazyr 30 mg single-use prefilled syringe (carton of 1 or 3): 54092-0702-xxVII.References1.Firazyr [package insert]. Lexington, MA; Shire Orphan Therapies, Inc; December 2015.Accessed August 2018.2.Bygum A, Andersen KE, Mikkelsen CS. Self-administration of intravenous C1-inhibitortherapy for hereditary angioedema and associated quality of life benefits. Eur J Dermatol.Mar-Apr 2009;19(2):147-151.3.Bowen T, Cicardi M, Farkas H, et al. 2010 International consensus algorithm for thediagnosis, therapy and management of hereditary angioedema. Allergy Asthma ClinImmunol. 2010;6(1):24.4.Craig T, Aygören-Pürsün E, Bork K, et al. WAO Guideline for the Management ofHereditary Angioedema. World Allergy Organ J. 2012 Dec;5(12):182-99.5.Gompels MM, Lock RJ, Abinun M, et al. C1 inhibitor deficiency: consensus document. ClinExp Immunol. 2005;139(3):379.6.Bowen T, Cicardi M, Farkas H, et al. Canadian 2003 International Consensus AlgorithmFor the Diagnosis, Therapy, and Management of Hereditary Angioedema. J Allergy ClinImmunol. 2004 Sep;114(3):629-37.7.Betschel S, Badiou J, Binkley K, et al. Canadian hereditary angioedema guideline. AsthmaClin Immunol. 2014 Oct 24;10(1):50. doi: 10.1186/1710-1492-10-50.8.Zuraw BL, Bernstein JA, Lang DM, et al. A focused parameter update: hereditaryangioedema, acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-associated angioedema. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Jun;131(6):1491-3. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.03.034.9.Zuraw BL, Banerji A, Bernstein JA, et al. US Hereditary Angioedema Association MedicalAdvisory Board 2013 recommendations for the management of hereditary angioedema dueto C1 inhibitor deficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013 Sep-Oct;1(5):458-67. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.07.002.10.Frank MM, Zuraw B, Banerji A, et al. Management of children with HereditaryAngioedema due to C1 Inhibitor deficiency. Pediatrics. 2016 Nov. 135(5)11.Zuraw BL, Bork K, Binkley KE, et al. Hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitorfunction: Consensus of an international expert panel. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2012;33 Suppl 1:145-156.12.Maurer M, Mager M, Ansotegui I, et al. The international WAO/EAACI guideline for themanagement of hereditary angioedema-The 2017 revision and update. Allergy. 2018 Jan10. doi: 10.1111/all.13384.Appendix 1 – Covered Diagnosis CodesAppendix 2 – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)Medicare coverage for outpatient (Part B) drugs is outlined in the Medicare Benefit Policy Manual (Pub. 100-2), Chapter 15, §50 Drugs and Biologicals. In addition, National Coverage Determination (NCD) and Local Coverage Determinations (LCDs) may exist and compliance with these policies is required where applicable. They can be found at: /medicare-coverage-database/search/advanced-search.aspx. Additional indications may be covered at the discretion of the health plan.Medicare Part B Covered Diagnosis Codes (applicable to existing NCD/LCD):N/A。

PSC缺陷处理

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PSC缺陷处理

PSC检查的指导公约 1、 SOLAS 74 2、Load lines 1996 3、MARPOL 73/78 4、STCW 78 5、International Convention on Tonnage Measurement 1969 6、 International Labour Organization (ILO) No. 147

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PSC缺陷处理
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缺陷代码序列评估
Available next def action codes 10 10 15 16 17 18 30 99 N/A Y Y Y Y Y Y 15 N N/A N Y N N N 16 N N N/A Y N N N 17 N N N N/A N N N 18 N N N N N/A N N 30 N N N N N N/A N 99 N N N Y N Y N/A
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救生设备
救生设备的数量配备不足，建议采取“17”或“30” 救生艇 1、救生艇损坏不能使用，建议采取“30”。 2、救生艇艇机不能启动，建议采取“17”，严重损坏的采取“30”。 3、救生艇属具不足，建议采取“17”或“30”。 4、因存放不当的建议采取“17”，严重影响其正常使用的建议采取“30”。救生筏 1、配额不足的建议采取“30”。 2、救生筏检验过期的建议采取“17”或“30”。 3、存放不符合要求的，建议通知船级社，采取“17”或“30”和 “70”。救生艇筏降落与回收装置 1、不能正常降落与回收的建议采取“30”和“70”。 2、不能满足正常降落所需时间要求的建议采取“17”或“30”。救生艇登乘装置登乘梯或照明设备等存在的不足或损坏建议采取“17”或“15”或 “16”。

工程造价英语

Aabandoned tender 废标acceptance 验收，承兑acceptance certificate 验收证书acceptance inspection 验收检查acceptance lot 验收批量acceptance of divisional work 分部工程验收acceptance of sub-divisional work 分项工程验收acceptance of tenders 接受投标acceptance of works 工程验收acceptable quality 合格质量accepted bid 中标accepted bidder 中标者accessories 附件accessory building 附属建造accommodation 住处，膳宿，适应性调节acknowledge 告知已收到action 对……起诉addenda 补遗，附录additional building 附加房屋additional charges 附加费用additional clause / article 附加条款additional regulations 补充规定additional remarks 补充说明additional document 补充文件additional protocol 附加议定书adjudication 裁判，裁决，裁定adjusted manhours 修正的人工时估算值administration 管理advance 预付款；预付；预付的(款项) advanced charge 预付费用advance payment 预付advance payment for material 预付材料款advertisement for bids 招标广告advisory architect 顾问建造师advisory engineer 顾问工程师affix 贴上，盖(印章)agency 代理机构aggregate cement ratio 骨料水泥比agreement by piece 计件合同allocate 分配，配给alternate material 代用材料amalgamation 合并，混合物amend 修正amount of work 工作量amplify 详述，进一步补充说明analysis estimate 分析估算annulment 宣告无效，废止，取销annex 附件，附属建造anticipated approved cost 认可的估计费用apparatus 设备，壮志，器具appendix 附录，附件applicable 合用的application for payment 付款申请书approval analysis during construction stage 施工阶段核算approved client change 认可的用户变更approximate calculation 近似计算approximate estimate on cubic meter basis 单立方概算approximate estimate on square meter basis 单方概算appurtenant work 附属工程arbitration 仲裁arbitration agreement 仲裁协定arbitrator 仲裁人architect in charge 主任建造师architect-engineer / architectural engineer 建造工程师architect’s approval 建造师认可证明architect’s basic services 建造师基本服务项目architect’s office 建造师事务所architecture 建造architectural area 建造面积architectural control 建造管理architectural decoration / ornament 建造装饰architectural design 建造设计architectural discipline 建造专业architectural drawing 建造图architectural firm 建造师事务所architectural sketch 建造草图architectural volume 建造体积area planning 区域规划around-the-clock job 昼夜施工，日夜施工arrangement 筹备，安排，准备as-built drawings 竣工图asset 资产，财产assign 受让人assistant engineer 助理工程师assistant architect 助理建造师associate / associated architect 合作建造师association of architects 建造师协会attached drawing 附图attachment 附件attorney 代理人authenticate 鉴定，证明authoried change 批准的变更authorization 授权，许可auxiliary project / building 附属工程/建造average contingency 基本不可预见费average cost 平均成本award 裁决，授予Bbackfilling plate 垫板base bid 基本标价base bid specifications 基本标价清单，基本标价项目说明书basic services 基本服务项目be attributable to 把……归因于，认为……系某人所为，可归因于bearing plate 支撑板beneficiary 受益人bid date 招标期限bid price 标价，投标报价，递价，出价bid tabulation 标价汇总表bid time 招标期限biding 有约束力的bidding documents 招标文件bidding period 招标期bidding sheet 标价单bill of estimate 估价单bill of materials 材料表bill of quantities 工程数量表，数量明细表blank endorsed or blank endorsement 空白背书block planning 建造用地规划bond 担保，保函cost of bulk material 散装材料费用/ 散装材料购买费用block 砌块block masonry 砌块砌体block masonry structure 砌块砌体board 板材bonded prestressed concrete structure 有粘接预应力混凝土结构brake member 制动构件breadth of wall between windows 窗间墙宽度brick masonry 砖砌体brick masonry column 砖砌体柱brick masonry wall 砖砌体墙bonus and penalty contract 奖罚合同bonus clause 奖金条款bonus for completion 竣工奖金budget 预算budget control 预算控制budget documents 预算文件budget items 预算项目budget making 预算编制budget sheet 预算表budget statement 预算书budgeter 预算员budgetary planning 预算budgetary engineer 预算工程师buildable area 可建面积builder’srisk insurance 建造工程风险保险building act / law 建造法building alteration 改建工程building area 建造占地面积building authorities 建造主管部门building codes and standards 建造法规和标准building codes of practice 建造执行法规building contract 建造合同building construction company 建造工程公司building / construction / job site 建造施工/工地building contractor 建造承包商building cost 建造造价building cost analysis 建造造价分析building cost index 建造造价指数building cost estimate 建造估价building fund 建造资金building industry 建造业building lot 建造用地building material 建造材料building permit 建造许可证，施工许可证，施工执照building project 建造工程building regulation / rule 建造条例building site 施工现场building standards 建造标准building structural materials 建造结构材料building structural unit 建造结构单元building structure 建造结构，房屋结构Ccaisson method 沉箱法caisson work 沉箱施工法call for bids 招标capital construction project 基本建设项目capital expenditure 基本建设费用capital works 基本建设工程capital repair 大修carcassing work 主体工程certificate 证书，证件certificate for payment 付款证明书certificate of completion by stages 分期竣工证书certificate of completion of works 工程竣工证书certificate of conformity 合格证明书certificate of inspection 合格证certificate of occupancy 建造使用证书certificate of quality 合格证，质量证明change in the work 工程变更change order 工程变更通知单charges prepaid 预付费用check and acceptance 验收chief architect 总建造师circulating fund 周转资金civil 土建的，土木的civil engineering 土木工程clause 条款check estimate 核定估算clear 付清，清算client change / contract change 业主变更/合同变更commencement time of the work 开工时间commencement of works 工程开工commercial invoice 商业发票commission 委托，佣金commitment 承诺。

Monoferric说明书

PROVIDER BILLING ANDCODING GUIDEINDICATIONSMonoferric is indicated for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in adult patients: • who have intolerance to oral iron or have had unsatisfactory response to oral iron • who have non-hemodialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD)Pharmacosmos Therapeutics Inc.120 Headquarters Plaza East Tower, 6th FloorMorristown, NJ 07960Updated: June 2023PROVIDER BILLING AND CODING:OFFICE SETTINGMedicare, Medicaid, and CommercialImportant informationThe coding, coverage, and payment information contained herein is gathered from various resources, general in nature, and subject to change without notice. Third-party payment for medical products and services is affected by numerous factors. It is always the provider’s responsibility to determine the appropriate healthcare setting, and to submit true and correct claims for those products and services rendered. Providers should contact third-party payers for specific information on their coding, coverage, and payment policies. Information and materials are provided to assist healthcare providers, but the responsibility to determine coverage, reimbursement, and appropriate coding for a particular patient and/or procedure remains at all times with the provider.International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) diagnosis codesThe following tables display selected diagnosis codes that may be associated with iron deficiency anemia (IDA).*Primary diagnosis codes1Secondary diagnosis codes1*Sample diagnosis codes for the appropriate patient prescribed Monoferric.IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATIONCONTRAINDICATIONSMonoferric is contraindicated in patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity to Monoferric or any of its components. Reactions have included shock, clinically significant hypotension, loss of consciousness, and/or collapse.Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codeHealthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) level II codesNational Drug Code (NDC)The NDC is a unique 10-digit, 3-segment number. It is a universal product identifier for drugs in the United States present on all over-the-counter and prescription medication packages and inserts.Many NDC numbers listed on drug packaging are in a 10-digit format. The NDC number is essential for proper claim processing when submitting claims for drugs used; however, to be recognized by payers, it must be formatted into an 11-digit, 5-4-2 sequence . This requires a 0 to be placed in a specific position to meet the 5-4-2 format requirement.4 As not all NDC numbers are set up the same, the table below demonstrates how to achieve the 11-digit NDC code for Monoferric .Please note, because many practice management systems automatically remove the hyphens, be sure they are excluded from submission on the claim.Additional InformationOnly the 1000 mg iron/10 mL (100 mg/mL) single-dose vial of Monoferric is available in the United States.*CPT © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.PROVIDER BILLING AND CODING : OFFICE SETTING (cont’d)IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION (cont’d) WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Hypersensitivity ReactionsSerious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic-type reactions, some of which have been life-threatening and fatal, have been reported in patients receiving Monoferric. Patients may present with shock, clinically significant hypotension, loss of consciousness, and/or collapse. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after Monoferric administration for at least 30 minutes and until clinically stable following completion of the infusion. Only administer Monoferric when personnel and therapies are immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. Monoferric is contraindicated in patients with prior serious hypersensitivity reactions to Monoferric or any of its components. In clinical trials in patients with IDA and CKD, serious or severe hypersensitivity were reported in 0.3% (6/2008) of the Monoferric treated subjects. These included 3 events of hypersensitivity in 3 patients; 2 events of infusion-related reactions in 2 patients and 1 event of asthma in one patient.Note: T o facilitate accurate payment, report the exact dose administered.3 More information on the claims process and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) fee schedule can be found on https:///content/pkg/FR-2020-12-28/pdf/2020-26815.pdf .PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE APPROVED OMB-0938-1197 FORM 1500 (02-12)D50.01001201001201196365A $$ 1 10012010012011A$$100N473594931001ME1000J1437Monoferric 1,000 mg iron/10 mL (100 mg/mL) single-dose vial (individually boxed)J ZSample billing units calculation: For a 1000 mg dose of Monoferric, 100 billable units may be appropriate (1000 mg/10 mg per unit = 100)Please see additional Important Safety Information throughout. Please click here for full Prescribing Information.1800-992-9022 Monday-Friday, 8 to 8 ET | INDICATION: Monoferric is indicated for the treatment of iron defi ciency anemia (IDA) in adult patients: who have intolerance to oral iron or have had unsatisfactory response to oral iron; or who have non-hemodialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD)CONTRAINDICATIONS: Monoferric is contraindicated in patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity to Monoferric or any of its components. Reactions have included shock, clinically signifi cation hypotension, loss of consciousness, and/or collapse.IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATIONIMPORTANT INFORMATION: The coding, coverage, and payment information contained herein is gathered from various resources, general in nature, and subject to change without notice. Third-party payment for medical products and services is affected by numerous factors. It is always the provider’s responsibility to determine the appropriate health care setting, and to submit true and correct claims for those products and services rendered. Providers should contact third-party payers for specifi c information on their coding, coverage, and payment policies. Information and materials are provided to assist health care providers, but the responsibility to determine coverage, reimbursement, and appropriate coding for a particular patient and/or procedure remains at all times with the provider.IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION (cont’d) WARNING AND PRECAUTIONS (cont’d)Iron Overload Excessive therapy with parenteral iron can lead to excess iron storage and possibly iatrogenic hemosiderosis or hemochromatosis. Monitor thehematologic response (hemoglobin and hematocrit) and iron parameters (serum ferritin and transferrin saturation) during parenteral iron therapy. Do not administer Monoferric to patients with iron overload.Monoferric is available through the specialty pharmacy, Biologics by McKesson, if preferred by your office or required by your patient’s health plan. Monoferric is also available through authorized distributors.Use of this template or the information in this sample form does not guarantee reimbursement or coverage.PLEASE PRINT OR TYPE APPROVED OMB-0938-1197 FORM 1500 (02-12)D50.01001201001201196365A $$ 1 10012010012011 A $$ XX N473594931001ME1000J1437Monoferric 1,000 mg iron/10 mL (100 mg/mL) single-dose vial (individually boxed)N473594931001ME100010012010012011J1437A$$XXJWSample billing units calculation: 20 mg/kg * Y kg of body weight = 20 * Y mg administered. Then [20 * Y] * 1 billing unit / 10 mg = [# Billing Units]2Please see additional Important Safety Information throughout. Please click here for full Prescribing Information.800-992-9022 Monday-Friday, 8 to 8 ET | WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Hypersensitivity Reactions: Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic-type reactions, some of which have been life-threatening and fatal, have been reported in patients receiving Monoferric. Patients may present with shock, clinically signifi cant hypotension, loss of consciousness, and/or collapse. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after Monoferric administration for at least 30 minutes and until clinically stable following completion of the infusion. Only administer Monoferric when personnel and therapies are immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. Monoferric is contraindicated in patients with prior serious hypersensitivity reactions to Monoferric or any of its components. In clinical trials in patients with IDA and CKD, serious or severe hypersensitivity were reported in 0.3% (6/2008) of the Monoferric treated subjects. These included 3 events of hypersensitivity in 3 patients; 2 events of infusion-related reactions in 2 patients and 1 event of asthma in one patient.IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION (continued)IMPORTANT INFORMATION: The coding, coverage, and payment information contained herein is gathered from various resources, general in nature, and subject to change without notice. Third-party payment for medical products and services is affected by numerous factors. It is always the provider’s responsibility to determine the appropriate health care setting, and to submit true and correct claims for those products and services rendered. Providers should contact third-party payers for specifi c information on their coding, coverage, and payment policies. Information and materials are provided to assist health care providers, but the responsibility to determine coverage, reimbursement, and appropriate coding for a particular patient and/or procedure remains at all times with the provider.Note: T o facilitate accurate payment, report the exact dose administered.3 More information on the claims process and the CMS fee schedule can be found on https:///content/pkg/FR-2020-12-28/pdf/2020-26815.pdf .IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION (cont’d) ADVERSE REACTIONSAdverse reactions were reported in 8.6% (172/2008) of patients treated with Monoferric. Adverse reactions related to treatment and reported by ≥1% of the treated patients were nausea (1.2%) and rash (1%). Adjudicated serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions were reported in 6/2008 (0.3%) patients in the Monoferric group. Hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate <2.0 mg/dL) was reported in 3.5% of Monoferric-treated patients in Trials 1 & 2. To report adverse events, please contact Pharmacosmos at 1-888-828-0655. You may also contact the FDA at /medwatch or call1-800-FDA-1088.Pharmacosmos Therapeutics Inc.120 Headquarters Plaza East Tower, 6th FloorMorristown, NJ 07960© 2023 PHARMACOSMOS THERAPEUTICS INCUS-FDI-2200043 V4References: 1. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 2023 ICD-10-CM. Accessed May 23, 2023. https:///medicare/icd-10/2023-icd-10-cm2. Find-A-Code. 96365 - CPT ® Code in category: Intravenous infusion, for therapy, prophylaxis, or diagnosis (specify substance or drug). InnoviHealth Systems, Inc. Updated 2022. Accessed January 19, 2023. https:///code.php?set=CPT&c=96365 3. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) Application Summaries and Coding Decisions: Second Quarter, 2020 Coding Cycle for Drug and Biological Products. Accessed January 19, 2023. https:///files/document/2020-hcpcs-application-summary-quarter-2-2020-drugs-and-biologicalsupdated-07312020.pdf4. National Drug Code (NDC) Conversion Table. Converting NDCs from 10-digits to 11 digits. Accessed January 19, 2023. https:///OIDEOR/IMMUN/Shared%20Documents/Handout%203%20-%20NDC%20conversion%20to%2011%20digits.pdf5. Monoferric [Prescribing Information]. Morristown, NJ: Pharmacosmos Therapeutics Inc; 2023.6. Centers forMedicare & Medicaid Services. CMS Manual System. CMS 1500. Accessed January 19, 2023. https:///Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/ Manuals/Downloads/clm104c26pdf.pdf 7. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Medicare program JW modifier: drug/biological amount discarded/not administered to any patientfrequently asked questions. Accessed January 19, 2023. https:///medicare/medicare-fee-for-service-payment/hospitaloutpatientpps/downloads/jw-modifier-faqs.pdfhypersensitivity in 3 patients; 2 events of infusion-related reactions in 2 patients and 1 event of asthma in one patient.Iron OverloadExcessive therapy with parenteral iron can lead to excess iron storage and possibly iatrogenic hemosiderosis or hemochromatosis. Monitor thehematologic response (hemoglobin and hematocrit) and iron parameters (serum ferritin and transferrin saturation) during parenteral iron therapy. Do not administer Monoferric to patients with iron overload.ADVERSE REACTIONSAdverse reactions were reported in 8.6% (172/2008) of patients treated with Monoferric. Adverse reactions related to treatment and reported by ≥1% of the treated patients were nausea (1.2%) and rash (1%). Adjudicated serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions were reported in 6/2008 (0.3%) patients in the Monoferric group. Hypophosphatemia (serum phosphate <2.0 mg/dL) was reported in 3.5% of Monoferric-treated patients in Trials 1 & 2.T o report adverse events, please contact Pharmacosmos at 1-888-828-0655. You may also contact the FDA at /medwatch or call 1-800-FDA-1088.Please see full Prescribing Information .。

建筑类英文翻译

建筑类英文翻译-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1英语翻译1外文原文出处：Geotechnical, Geological, and Earthquake Engineering, 1, Volume 10, Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting, Pages 329-342补充垂直支撑对建筑物抗震加固摘要：大量的钢筋混凝土建筑物在整个世界地震活跃地区有共同的缺陷。

弱柱，在一个或多个事故中，由于横向变形而失去垂直承载力。

这篇文章提出一个策略关于补充安装垂直支撑来防止房子的倒塌。

这个策略是使用在一个风险的角度上来研究最近实际可行的性能。

混凝土柱、动力失稳的影响、多样循环冗余的影响降低了建筑系统和组件的强度。

比如用建筑物来说明这个策略的可行性。

1、背景的介绍：建筑受地震震动，有可能达到一定程度上的动力失稳，因为从理论上说侧面上有无限的位移。

许多建筑物，然而，在较低的震动强度下就失去竖向荷载的支撑，这就是横向力不稳定的原因(见图。

提出了这策略的目的是为了确定建筑物很可能马上在竖向荷载作用下而倒塌，通过补充一些垂直支撑来提高建筑物的安全。

维护竖向荷载支撑的能力，来改变水平力稳定临界失稳的机理，重视可能出现微小的侧向位移(见图。

在过去的经验表明，世界各地的地震最容易受到破坏的是一些无筋的混凝土框架结构建筑物。

这经常是由于一些无关紧要的漏洞，引起的全部或一大块地方发生破坏，比如整根梁、柱子和板。

去填实上表面来抑制框架的内力，易受影响的底层去吸收大部分的内力和冲力。

这有几种过去被用过的方法可供选择来实施:1、加密上层结构，可以拆卸和更换一些硬度不够强的材料。

2、加密上层结构，可以隔离一些安装接头上的裂缝，从而阻止对框架结构的影响。

3、底楼，或者地板，可以增加结构新墙。

这些措施(项目1、2和3)能有效降低自重，这韧性能满足于一层或多层。

血常规-英文

Complete blood countFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA complete blood count (CBC), also known as a complete blood cell count, full blood count (FBC), or full blood exam (FBE), is a blood panel requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood, such as the cell count for each cell type and the concentrations of various proteins and minerals. A scientist or lab technician performs the requested testing and provides the requesting medical professional with the results of the CBC.Blood counts of various types have been used for clinical purposes since the 19th century. Automated equipment to carry out complete blood counts was developed in the 1950s and 1960s.[1]The cells that circulate in the bloodstream are generally divided into three types: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease, and hence blood counts are amongst the most commonly performed blood tests in medicine, as they can provide an overview of a patient's general health status. A CBC is routinely performed during annual physical examinations in some jurisdictions.Medical uses[edit]Complete blood counts are done to monitor overall health, to screen for some diseases, to confirm a diagnosis of some medical conditions, to monitor a medical condition, and to monitor changes in the body caused by medical treatments.[2]For patients who need blood transfusion, a blood count may be used to get data which would help plan an amount of treatment.[3] In such cases, the person should have only one blood count for the day, and the transfusion of red blood cells or platelets should be planned based on that.[3] Multiple blood draws and counts throughout the day are an excessive use of phlebotomy and can lead to unnecessary additional transfusions, and the extra unnecessary treatment would be outside of medical guidelines.[3]Procedure[edit]A phlebotomist collects the sample through venipuncture, drawing the blood into a test tube containing an anticoagulant (EDTA, sometimes citrate) to stop it from clotting. The sample is then transported to a laboratory. Sometimes the sample is drawn off a finger prick using a Pasteur pipette for immediate processing by an automated counter.In the past, counting the cells in a patient's blood was performed manually, by viewing a slide prepared with a sample of the patient's blood (a blood film, or peripheral smear) under a microscope. Presently, this process is generally automated by use of an automated analyzer, with only approximately 10–20% of samples now being examined manually.Automated[edit]Most blood counts today include a CBC count and leukocyte differential count (LDC) (that is, not just the total WBC count but also the count of each WBC type, such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes). More sophisticated modern analyzers can provide extended differential counts, which include hematopoieticprogenitor cells, immature granulocytes, and erythroblasts.[4]The blood is well mixed (though not shaken) and placed on a rack in the analyzer. This instrument has flow cells, photometers and apertures that analyze different elements in the blood. The cell counting component counts the numbers and types of different cells within the blood. The results are printed out or sent to a computer for review.Blood counting machines aspirate a very small amount of the specimen through narrow tubing followed by an aperture and a laser flow cell. Laser eye sensors count the number of cells passing through the aperture, and can identify them; this is flow cytometry. The two main sensors used are light detectors and electrical impedance. The instrument measures the type of blood cell by analyzing data about the size and aspects of light as they pass through the cells (called front and side scatter). Other instruments measure different characteristics of the cells to categorize them.Because an automated cell counter samples and counts so many cells, the results are very precise. However, certain abnormal cells in the blood may not be identified correctly, requiring manual review of the instrument's results and identification of any abnormal cells the instrument could not categorize.In addition to counting, measuring and analyzing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, automated hematology analyzers also measure the amount of hemoglobin in the blood and within each red blood cell. This is done by adding a diluent that lyses the cells which is then pumped into a spectro-photometric measuring cuvette. The change in color of the lysate equates to the hemoglobin content of the blood. This information can be very helpful to a physician who, for example, is trying to identify the cause of a patient's anemia. If the red cells are smaller or larger than normal, or if there is a lot of variation in the size of the red cells, this data can help guide the direction of further testing and expedite the diagnostic process so patients can get the treatment they need quickly.ManualHemocytometers (counting chambers that hold a specified volume of diluted blood and divide it with grid lines) are used to calculate the number of red and white cells per litre of blood. (The dilution and grid lines are needed because there are far too many cells without those aids.)To identify the numbers of different white cells, a blood film is made, and a large number of white blood cells (at least 100) are counted. This gives the percentage of cells that are of each type. By multiplying the percentage with the total number of white blood cells, the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained.Manual counting is useful in cases where automated analyzers cannot reliably count abnormal cells, such as those cells that are not present in normal patients and are only seen in peripheral blood with certain haematological conditions. Manual counting is subject to sampling error because so few cells are counted compared with automated analysis. A manual count will also give information about other cells that are not normally present in peripheral blood, but may be released in certain disease processes.Medical technologists examine blood film via a microscope for some CBCs, not only to find abnormal white cells, but also because variation in the shape of red cells is an important diagnostic tool. Although automated analysers give fast, reliable resultsregarding the number, average size, and variation in size of red blood cells, they do not detect cells' shapes. Also, some normal patients' platelets will clump in EDTA anticoagulated blood, which causes automatic analyses to give a falsely low platelet count. The person viewing the slide in these cases will see clumps of platelets and can estimate if there are low, normal, or high numbers of platelets.called a hemocytometer.This shows the view through the microscope of the specialized hemocytometer slide. The built-in grid simplifies counting cells by helping the technician keep track of which cells have already been counted.A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets.Included tests[edit]A complete blood count will normally include:White cells[edit]Total white blood cells are reported, and a differential reports all the white cell types as a percentage and as an absolute number per litre.[5] A high WBC may indicate an infection. Neutrophils: May indicate bacterial infection. May also be raised in acute viral infections.Because of the segmented appearance of the nucleus, neutrophils are sometimes referred to as "segs". The nucleus of less mature neutrophils is not segmented, but has a band or rod-like shape. Less mature neutrophils—those that have recently been released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream—are known as "bands" or "stabs". Stab is a German term for rod.[6]Lymphocytes: Higher with some viral infections such as glandular fever. Raised in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Can be decreased by HIV infection. In adults, lymphocytes are the second most common WBC type after neutrophils. In young children under age 8, lymphocytes are more common than neutrophils.[6]Monocytes: May be raised in bacterial infection, tuberculosis, malaria, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, monocytic leukemia, chronic ulcerative colitis and regional enteritis[6] Eosinophils: Increased in parasitic infections, asthma, or allergic reaction.Basophils: May be increased in bone marrow related conditions such as leukemia or lymphoma.[6]Red cells[edit]Total red blood cells: The number of red cells is given as an absolute number per litre.[5] Iron deficiency anemia shows up as a Low RBC count.LOINC codes for Whole Blood RBC CountingHemoglobin[edit]Hemoglobin: The amount of hemoglobin in the blood, expressed in grams per decilitre.[5] A low level of hemoglobin is a sign of anemia.LOINC codes for this test (Note: not all the codes in the search result are suitable for this test.)Hematocrit[edit]Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV): This is the fraction of whole blood volume that consists of red blood cells.[5]Red blood cell indices[7]MCV[edit]Mean corpuscular volume (MCV): the average volume of the red cells, measured in femtolitres.[5]Anemia is classified as microcytic or macrocytic if the MCV value is above or below the expected normal range; anemias are classified as normocytic if the MCV is within the expected range. Other conditions that can affect MCV include thalassemia, reticulocytosis, alcoholism, chemotherapy, vitamin B12 deficiency, and/or folic acid deficiency.MCH[edit]Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell, in picograms.[5]MCHC[edit]Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC): the average concentration of hemoglobin in the cells.RDW[edit]Red blood cell distribution width (RDW): the variation in cellular volume of the RBC population.Platelets[edit]Platelet numbers are given, as well as information about their size and the range of sizes in the blood.[5]Mean platelet volume (MPV): a measurement of the average size of platelets.units and reference ranges may vary between countries and laboratories. Patient results should always be interpreted using the units and reference ranges from the laboratory that produced the results.Interpretation[edit]Certain disease states are defined by an absolute increase or decrease in the number of aMany disease states are heralded by changes in the blood count:Leukocytosis can be a sign of infectionThrombocytopenia can result from drug toxicityPancytopenia is generally referred to as the result of decreased production from the bone marrow, and is a common complication of cancer chemotherapyReferences[edit]Jump up^Verso, ML (May 1962). "The Evolution of Blood Counting Techniques"(PDF). Read at a meeting of the Section of the History of Medicine, First Australian Medical Congress. 8: 149–58. doi:10.1017/s0025727300029392. PMC1033366. PMID14139094. Retrieved 9 September 2013.Jump up^Mayo Clinic (14 February 2014). "Complete blood count (CBC) Why it's done – Tests and Procedures". . Retrieved 29 July 2014.^ Jump up to:a b c American Association of Blood Banks (24 April 2014), "Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question", Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the ABIM Foundation, American Association of Blood Banks, retrieved 25 July 2014, which citesNapolitano, LM; Kurek, S; Luchette, FA; Corwin, HL; Barie, PS; Tisherman, SA; Hebert, PC; Anderson, GL; Bard, MR; Bromberg, W; Chiu, WC; Cipolle, MD; Clancy, KD; Diebel, L; Hoff, WS; Hughes, KM; Munshi, I; Nayduch, D; Sandhu, R; Yelon, JA; American College of Critical Care Medicine of the Society of Critical Care, Medicine; Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Practice Management, Workgroup (Dec 2009). "Clinical practice guideline: red blood cell transfusion in adult trauma and critical care.". Critical Care Medicine. 37 (12): 3124–57. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b39f1b. PMID19773646.Jump up^Buttarello, M; Plebani, M (Jul 2008). "Automated blood cell counts: state of the art.". American journal of clinical pathology. 130 (1): 104–16.doi:10.1309/EK3C7CTDKNVPXVTN. PMID18550479.^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g David C., Dugdale (19 March 2012). "CBC: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". MedlinePlus. United States National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 29 July2014.^ Jump up to:a b c d"Complete Blood count with Differential". . 2013. Retrieved 2014-11-21.Jump up^"RBC indices". MedlinePlus: U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 1 June 2013. Jump up^ References at Reference ranges for blood tests#White blood cells 2。

文摘索引型数据库检索与利用-北京大学医学图书馆

如检索冠状病毒
主要概念
主要概念是涉及生命和生物科学领域的相关词汇 BIOSIS Previews有168个主要概念词可通过主要概念的列表找到所需概念词汇。列表中
分为两种格式：字顺列表和按照概念的层级排列
主要概念索引辅助工具
可以输入要查找的学科分类的部分字符，点击查找
在选中的学科分类前点击添加后，选择确定,系统会自动跳转到检索界面中主概念检索字段的检索框里
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2.检索过程和步骤
（1）分析课题，提炼出两个主题概念，并明确概念之间的相互关系如下：
微量元素缺乏
因果关系皮肤病
此外，课题还要求只要英文综述文献。
英文
+
综述
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（2）选择检索方式为叙词检索，在PUBMED数据库中即为选择MeSH入口进行检索。
●
此外， PubMed数据库提供有检索结果滤镜（Result Filters），可对检索结果按照不同分面进行显示，其中有按照文献语种、文献类型等分面的显示。
(Reports, Review, Meetings)整合
收录范围：来自90多个国家生命科学领域的6000多种期
刊、1500多个国际会议及与生命科学相关的21000多条
美国专利信息
BIOSIS Previews 学科范围
传统生物学
如：分子生物学、植物学、生态与环境科学、微生物学、
医学、/27
PubMed检索小结
1.任何一项研究主题都有多个检索途径，要比较多个检索途径的结果，那个更适合该项研究主题 2.Search Details描述检索过程 3.*关闭自动转换匹配功能 4.限定检索条件要及时关闭，否则会影响后续的检索结果

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