2010-2016年考研英语阅读答案

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2010考研英语真题答案(仅答案-完整)

2010年真题答案（多方答案不统一，仅参考）Section I Use of English1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。

2.B解析：本题考查了固定短语end up 的用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词的搭配都无此意，故选B。

3.C解析：本句的大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力的概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究的行为改变了工人们的表现。

所以这里应选择C。

4.B解析：作者这里表达的意思是这个问题之所以引起大家的注意是因为工厂女工的行为令人费解。

四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解的”，所以正确答案为B。

5.C解析：本句的含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人的时产量就会提高。

四个选项中有描述含义的是C项accounts。

6.B解析：这句话的意思是：实验中做什么并不重要。

Do not matter 固定表达，故选B。

7.D解析：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升。

8.A解析：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句的大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们的行为。

所以选A。

9.C解析：be enough to do sth, 足够做某事，符合上下文。

10.D解析：by oneself 表示“独自地”，这里的itself 代指an awareness of ...。

11.C解析：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语。

2010考研英语一阅读及答案

Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enj oy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that __________.[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by __________.[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryOver the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. Amazon com received one for its “one-click” online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,”says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual o rder stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in t he wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court” says Harol d C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of __________.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means __________.[A] loss of good will [B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of disunity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents __________.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsIn his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”：Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey — whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”— the widespread propagation of influence through networks — is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to __________.[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” __________.[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that __________.[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who __________.[A] stay outside the network of social influence [B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted [B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced [D] The inclination to rely on othersBankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group poli tely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but“in the real wor l d” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they Largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be kn own for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to __________.[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in __________.[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the bank’s long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s att empt to __________.[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in rule-setting[D] take gradual measures in reform39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they __________.[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of __________.[A] satisfaction [B] skepticism [C] objectiveness [D] sympathy。

考研英语13年真题答案

考研英语13年真题答案考研英语真题答案的整理对于准备考研的学生来说非常重要，它可以帮助他们了解历年的考试趋势和题目类型。

以下是2010年至2022年考研英语真题的答案概览，请注意，这里仅提供部分答案作为示例，具体答案需要参照官方发布的真题解析。

2010年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 CBADA 6-10 BDCAB- 阅读理解B节：11-15 CDBAC- 完形填空：16-30 DBCAD BDACB ACBDA ADCBA2011年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 CADCB 6-10 ACBDA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 BACDB- 完形填空：16-30 CABDC BDACB DABCA BDACB2012年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 DBACB 6-10 ADBCA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 DCBAC- 完形填空：16-30 ADCBA BDACB CADBA ADCAB2013年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 BACDB 6-10 BACDA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 DCBAC- 完形填空：16-30 BDACB ACBDA DBCAD BDACB 2014年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 CADAB 6-10 CADBA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 ADBCA- 完形填空：16-30 BDACB DABCA BDACB CADBA 2015年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 BACDB 6-10 DCBAC- 阅读理解B节：11-15 DBACB- 完形填空：16-30 ACBDA DBCAD BDACB ACBDA 2016年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 CDBAC 6-10 ADBCA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 BACDB- 完形填空：16-30 CADBA BDACB DABCA BDACB 2017年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 DBACB 6-10 ADBCA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 DCBAC- 完形填空：16-30 ADCBA BDACB CADBA ADCAB 2018年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 BACDB 6-10 BACDA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 DCBAC- 完形填空：16-30 BDACB ACBDA DBCAD BDACB2019年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 CADAB 6-10 CADBA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 ADBCA- 完形填空：16-30 DABCA BDACB CADBA ADCAB2020年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 BACDB 6-10 DCBAC- 阅读理解B节：11-15 DBACB- 完形填空：16-30 ACBDA DBCAD BDACB ACBDA2021年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 CDBAC 6-10 ADBCA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 BACDB- 完形填空：16-30 CADBA BDACB DABCA BDACB2022年考研英语真题答案- 阅读理解A节：1-5 DBACB 6-10 ADBCA- 阅读理解B节：11-15 DCBAC- 完形填空：16-30 ADCBA BDACB CADBA ADCAB请注意，以上答案仅供参考，实际答案可能会有所不同。

2010年考研英语真题及解析(1)

2010年考研英语真题及解析(1)一、阅读理解Passage 1题目In every age, humans have felt compelled to follow fashion. We do it for different reasons, according to who we are and who we want to be. The trend-following masses, driven by their need to fit in and be accepted, are easily taken in. Like sheep, they follow the leader to the next trendy diet, fashion, or craze. But, once in a while, a computer scientist gets into the fashion business. And then things get interesting.解析This passage discusses the phenomenon of trend-following and the influence of computer scientists in the fashion industry. The author points out that people follow fashion for various reasons, such as the need to fit in and be accepted. However, when a computer scientist enters the fashion business, it brings a new perspective to the industry.Passage 2题目It is often said that swimming is the best exercise. And rightly so. When you swim you use all the body’s muscles and you keep them working. Scientists and doctors say the advantages of swimming over exercising on land are many. One is that the water supports your body weight, so there is no strain on your joints and muscles. Working out in the water gives you even more muscle tone than exercising on land with the same amount of effort. Also, exercising in water is especially good for people with arthritis(关节炎) and muscular problems because the muscle resistance of the water helps to build up your muscles without pain or strain. So, even if you have been away from exercising for a long time or have health problems that prevent exercising on land, swimming is wonderful exercise.解析This passage discusses the benefits of swimming as an exercise. The author states that swimming utilizes all the body’s muscles and keeps them working. The water supports the body weight, reducing strain on the joints and muscles. Exercising in water also allows for more muscle tone compared to land exercises with the same effort. The author highlights that swimming is especially beneficial for people with arthritis and muscul ar problems because the water’s resistance helps build muscles without pain or strain.二、翻译原文China has a long history of tea drinking, tracing back to the Tang Dynasty more than 1,000 years ago. China is the largest producer and consumer of tea in the world. The Chinese tea ceremony is an important part of Chinese culture, emphasizing the art of preparing and serving tea. There are different types of Chinese tea, including green tea, black tea, oolong tea, and white tea. Each type has its unique flavor and health benefits. Green tea is known for its antioxidants and aiding in weight loss, while black tea is believed to improve heart health. Oolong tea is known for its distinctive fragrance and taste, and white tea is valued for its delicate flavor.解析茶叶饮用在中国有着悠久的历史，可以追溯到1000多年前的唐代。

2010-2016年历年考研英语真题+答案

2016年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of English Section 1 Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. A young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negoti ations, or the young man’s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers of blessing. Par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom's wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the __11__. Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common. Divorced persons are__15__ with some disapproval. Each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she__17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is __18__ equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1. A. by way of B. with regard to C. on behalf of D. as well as2. A. decide on B. provide for C. compete with D. adapt to3. A. close B. arrange C. renew D. postpone4. A. In theory B. Above all C. In time D. For example5. A. Unless B. Less C. After D. Although6. A. into B. within C. from D. through7. A. or B. since C. but D. so8. A. test B. copy C. recite D. create9. A. folding B. piling C. wrapping D. tying10. A. passing B. lighting C. hiding D. serving11. A. association B. meeting C. collection D. union12. A. deal B. part C. grow D. live13. A. whereas B. until C. for D. if14. A. avoid B. follow C. challenge D. obtain15. A. isolated B. persuaded C. viewed D. exposed16. A. wherever B. whatever C. whenever D. however17. A. changed B. brought C. shaped D. pushed18. A. invested B. divided C. donated D. withdrawn19. A. warms B. clears C. shows D. breaks20. A. while B. so that C. once D. in that Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1France，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that “incite excessive thinness” by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That’s a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change aculture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France’s actions, Denmark’s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states:”We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people”. The charter’s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen Fashion Week (CFW), which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute. But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraph，what would happen in France?【A】Physical beauty would be redefined.【B】New runways would be constructed.【C】Websites about dieting would thrive.【D】The fashion industry would decline.22. The phrase “impinging on”(Line 2，Para.2) is closest in meaning to【A】heightening the value of【B】indicating the state of【C】losing faith in【D】doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry？【A】The French measures have already failed.【B】New standards are being set in Denmark.【C】Models are no longer under peer pressure.【D】Its inherent problems are getting worse.24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW for【A】pursuing perfect physical conditions【B】caring too much about model’s character.【C】showing little concern for health factors【D】setting a high age threshold for models.25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?【A】A Challenge to the Fashion Industry’s Body Ideals【B】A Dilemma for the Starving models in France【C】Just Another Round of Struggle for Beauty【D】The Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a c urious result. While polls show Britons rate”thecountryside”alongside the royal family, Shakespeare and the National Health Serivce (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill Launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save“the beauty of natural places for everyone forever”. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience“a refreshing air .”Hill’s pressure la ter led to creation of national parks and green belts. They don’t make countryside any more，and every year concrete consumes more of it . It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sen timent. The conservatives’planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation，even authorising“off-plan”building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent. Only Ukip, sensing its chance,has sided with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local conservative parties.The sensible place to build new houses，factories and offices is where people are，in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone，with no intrusion on green belt. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that”housing crisis”equals“concreted meadows” is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always，where to put them. Under lobby pressure，George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets . This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban Development should be planned, not let rip. After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe’s most crowed country. Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, while still permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the alternative --- the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal, Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain’s public sentiment about the countryside【A】 has brought much benefit to the NHS.【B】didn’t start till the Shakespearean age.【C】 is fully backed by the royal family.【D】 is not well reflected in politics.27. According to Paragraph 2，the achievements of the National Trust are now being【A】 gradually destroyed.【B】 effectively reinforced.【C】 properly protected.【D】 largely overshadowed.28. which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?【A】 Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservation.【B】the Conservatives may abandon ”off -plan“ building.【C】 the Liberal Democrats are losing political influence.【D】 labour is under attack for opposing development.29. the author holds that George Osborne’s preference【A】 reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas.【B】 shows his disregard for the character of rural areas.【C】 stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisis.【D】 highlights his firm stand against lobby pressure.30. In the last paragraph，the author shows his appreciation of【A】 the size of population in Britain.【B】 the enviable urban lifestyle in Britain.【C】 the town-and-country planning in Britain.【D】 the political life in today is Britain.Text 3“There is on and only one social responsibility of business,” wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel prize-winning economist, “That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits.” But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies-at leastwhen they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal” that a company’s products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company’s products as an indirect way to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect,” whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. Al recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery p rosecutions under America’s Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programms tended to get more lenient penalties,. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm’sPolitical influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. “We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern , such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving byabout20% results in finesthat generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials”, says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them less costly punishment.31.The author views Milton Friedman’s statement about CSR with【A】tolerance.【B】skepticism.【C】uncertainty.【D】approval.32.According to Paragraph 2,CSR helps a company by【A】winning trust from consumers.【B】guarding it against malpractices.【C】protecting it from being defamed.【D】raising the quality of its products.33. The expression “more lenient ”(line 2,para.4)is closest in meaning to【A】more effective【B】less controversial【C】less severe【D】more lasting34. When prosecutors evaluate a case, a company’s CSR regard【A】has an impact on their decision【B】comes across as reliable evidence【C】increases the chance of being penalized【D】constitutes part of the investigation35.Which of the following is true of CSR, according to the last paragraph?【A】Its negative effects on businesses are often overlooked.【B】The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown.【C】Companies’ financial capacity for it has been overestimated.【D】It has brought much benefit to the banking industry.Text 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. “Sometime in the future”, the paper’s publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there’s plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper — printing presses, delivery trucks —isn’t just expensive; it’s excessive at a time when online-only competitors don’t have the same set of financial constraints. Readers are migrating away from print away. And though print ad sales still dwarf their online and mobile counterparts, revenue from print is still declining.Overhead may be high and circulation lower, but rushing to eliminate its printedition would be a mistake, says BuzzFeed CEO Joah Peretti.Perett i says the Times shouldn’t waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.”Fighting out a way to accelerate that transition would make sense of them,”he said, “but if you discontinue it, you’re going to have your most loyal customers really upset with you.”Sometimes that’s worth making a change anyway. Peretti gives the example seen as a blunder,”he said. The move turned out to be foresighted. And if Peretti would raise prices and make it into more of a legacy product.”The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor, the idea goes, and they’d feel like they were helping sustain the quality of something they believe in. “So if you’re overpaying for print, you could feel like you wer e helping,”Peretti said. “Then increase it at a higher rate each year and essentially try to generate additional revenue.”In other words, if you’re going to make a print product ,make it for the people who are already obsessed with it. Which way be what the Times is doing already. Getting the print edition seven days a week costs $500 a year — more than twice as much as a digital-only subscription.“It’s a really hard thing to do and it’s a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn’t have a legacy business,”Peretti remarked. “But we’re going to have questions like that where we have things we’re doing that don’t make sense when the market changes and the world changes. In those situations, it’s better to be more aggressive than less aggressive. ”36.The New York Times is considering ending its print edition partly due to【A】the pressure from its investors.【B】the complaints from its readers.【C】the high cost of operation.【D】the increasing online ad sales.37. Peretti suggests that, in face of the present situation, the Times should 【A】make strategic adjustments【B】end the print edition for good.【C】seek new sources of readership.【D】aim for efficient management.38. It can be inferred form Paragraphs 5 and 6 that a “legacy product”【A】will have the cost of printing reduced.【B】is meant for the most loyal customers.【C】helps restore the glory of former times.【D】expands the popularity of the paper.39. Peretti believes that, in a changing world,【A】traditional luxuries can stay unaffected.【B】aggressiveness better meets challenges.【C】cautiousness facilitates problem-solving.【D】legacy businesses are becoming outdated.40. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?【A】Make Your Print Newspaper a Luxury Good.【B】Keep Your Newspapers Forever in Fashion.【C】Cherish the Newspaper Still in Your Hand.【D】Shift to Online Newspapers All at Once.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A]Create a new image of yourself[B]Decide if the time is right[C]Have confidence in yourself[D]Understand the context[E]Work with professionals[F]Know your goals[G]Make it efficientNo matter how formal or informa the work environment，the way you present yourself has an impact. This is especially true in first impressions. According to research from Princeton University，people assess your competence，trustworthiness，and likeability in just a tenth of a second，solely based on the way you look.The difference between today’s workplace and the“dress for success” era isthat the range of options is so much broader. Norms have evolved and fragmented. In some settings, red sneakers or dress T-shirts can convey status; in others not so much. Plus, whatever image we present is magnified by social-media services like LinkedIn. Chances are, your headshots are seen much more often now than adecade or two ago. Millennials, it seems, face the paradox of being the least formal generation yet the most conscious of style and personal branding. It can be confusing.So how do we navigate this? How do we know when to invest in an upgrade? And what’s the best way to pull off one that enhance our goals? Here are some tips;41. （）As an executive coach, I’ve seen image upgrades be particularly helpful during transitions---when looking for a new job, stepping into a new or more public role, or changing work environments. If you’re in a period of change or just feeling stuck and in a rut, now may be a good time. If you’re not sure, ask for honest feedback from trusted friends, colleagues and professionals. Look for cues about how others perceive you.Maybe there’s no need for an upgrade and that’s OK.42. （）Get clear on what impact you’re hoping to have. Are you looking to refresh your image or pivot it? For one person, the goal may be to be taken more seriously and enhance their professional image. For another, it may be to be perceived as more approachable, or more modern and stylish. For someone moving from finance to advertising, maybe they want to look more“SoHo”.(It’s OK to use characterizations like that.)43. （）Look at your work environment like an anthropologist. What are the norms of your environment? What conveys status? Who are your most important audiences?How do the people you respect and look up to present themselves? The better you understand the cultural context, the more control you can have over your impact.44.（）Enlist the support of professionals and share with them your goals and context. Hire a personal stylist, or use the free styling service of a store like J.Crew. Try a hair stylist instead of a barber. Work with a professional photographer instead of your spouse or friend. It’s not as expensive as you m ight think.45.（）The point of a style upgrade isn’t to become more vain or to spend more time passing over what to wear. Instead, use it as an opportunity to reduce decision fatigue. Pick a standard work uniform or a few go-to options. Buy all yourclothes once with a stylist instead of shopping alone, one article of clothing at a time.Part C TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Mental health is our birthright. (46) we don’t have to learn how to be mentally healthy, it is built into us in the same way that our bodies know how to heal a cut or me nd, a broken bone. Mental health can’t be learned, only reawakened. It is like immune system of the body, which under stress or through lack of nutrition or exercise can be weakened, but which never leaves us. When we don’t understand the value of mental h ealth and we don’t know how to gain access to it, mentalhealth will remain hidden from us. (47) Our mental health doesn’t go anywhere; like the sun behind a cloud, it can be temporarily hidden from view, but it is fully capable of being restored in an instant.Mental health is the seed that contains self-esteem –confidence in ourselves and an ability to trust in our common sense. It allows us to have perspective on our lives-the ability to not take ourselves too seriously, to laugh at ourselves, to see the bigger picture, and to see that things will work out. It’s a form of innate or unlearned optimism. (48) Mental health allows us to view others with sympathy if they are having troubles, with kindness if they are in pain, and with unconditional love no matter who they are. Mental health is the source of creativity for solving problems, resolving conflict, making our surroundings more beautiful, managing our home life, or coming up with a creative business idea or invention to make our lives easier. It gives us patience for ourselves. And toward others as well as patience while driving, catching a fish, working on our car, or raising a child. It allows us to see the beauty that surrounds us each moment in nature, in culture, in the flow of our daily lives.(49)Although mental health is the cure-all for living our lives, it is perfecting ordinary as you will see that it has been there to direct you through all your difficult decisions. It has been available even in the most mundane of life situations to show you right from wrong, good from bad, friend from foe. Mental health has commonly been called conscience, instinct, wisdom, common sense, or the inner voice, we think of it simply as a health and helpful flow of intelligent thought. (50) As you will come to see, knowing that mental health is always available andknowing to trust it allow us to slow down to the moment and live life happily.Section III WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you are a librarian in your university. Write a notice of about 100 words, providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead.Do not write the address .(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160—200 words based on the following picture.in your essay, you should1. describe the pictures briefly,2. interpret its intended meaning, and3. give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET . (20 points）2015年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案 Section I Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Though not biologically related, friends are as “related”as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is _(1)_a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has__(2)_.The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both_(5)_.While 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”The study_(9)_found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity .Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now,_(10)_,as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more_(11)_it. There could be many mechanisms working together that_(12)_u s in choosing genetically similar friends_(13)_”functional Kinship” of being friends with_(14)_!One of the remarkable findings of the study was the similar genes seem to be evolution_(15)_than other genes Studying this could help_(16)_why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major_(17)_factor.The findings do not simply explain people’s_(18)_to befriend those of similar_(19)_backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to_(20)_that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.1. [A] when [B] why [C] how [D] what2. [A] defended [B] concluded [C] withdrawn [D] advised3. [A] for [B] with [C] on [D] by4. [A] compared [B] sought [C] separated [D] connected5. [A] tests [B] s [C]samples [D] examples6. [A] insignificant [B] unexpected [C]unbelievable [D] incredible7. [A] visit [B] miss [C] seek [D] know8. [A] resemble [B] influence [C] favor [D] surpass9. [A] again [B] also [C] instead [D] thus10. [A] Meanwhile [B] Furthermore [C] Likewise [D] Perhaps11. [A] about [B] to [C]from [D]like12. [A] drive [B] observe [C] confuse [D]limit13. [A] according to [B] rather than [C] regardless of [D] along with14. [A] chances [B]responses [C]missions [D]benefits15. [A] later [B]slower [C] faster [D] earlier16. [A]forecast [B]remember [C]understand [D]express17. [A] unpredictable [B]contributory [C] controllable [D] disruptive18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic20. [A] see [B] show [C] prove [D] tellSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted “kings don’t abdicate, they dare in their sleep.”But embarrassing scandals and the popularity o f the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyle?The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above “mere”politics and “embody”a spirit of national unity.。

2010年考研英语阅读理解答案试题解析

2010年考研英语答案试题解析——阅读理解Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.考点分析（the most）本句的意思是"过去这些年英语报纸上所发生的最有影响力的变化的可能是艺术评论的在报道范围和严肃性的堕落".①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.考点分析①to the point of "到...地步" ②转折常考，出21题。

2010年考研英语真题及答案

2010年考研英语真题及答案一、考研英语真题（阅读理解部分）1.Passage 1文章摘自《纽约时报》(The New York Times)，讲述了人们对于沙特阿拉伯的德里布(Dariba)地区商业开发的反对声浪。

作者主要介绍了沙特人对这个开发计划的局部有效性提出了质疑。

答案：D解析：根据文章内容可以推断出，该地区商业发展项目在解决当地人就业问题以及对年轻人带来激励方面并不有效。

所以答案为D。

2.Passage 2文章介绍了爬行动物的生态类型和生存对策。

通过对几种不同爬行动物的研究和观察，作者总结了它们对环境的适应能力和繁衍生息策略。

答案：C解析：根据文章内容可以得出，某些种类的爬行动物具有在生境发生变化时进行数量调整的能力。

所以答案为C。

3.Passage 3文章介绍了一种新的种植模式，旨在减少对水资源的需求以及提高产量。

作者通过对这种种植模式的实验研究，发现它可以在干旱地区获得较高的产量。

答案：B解析：根据文章内容可以得出，这种新的种植模式通过改变作物的生长方式，减少了对水资源的需求，从而提高了产量。

所以答案为B。

二、答案解析1.Passage 1题目要求解释为什么该地区商业发展项目在解决当地人就业问题方面并不有效。

文章中提到该开发项目只提供了少量工作岗位，远远不够满足就业需求。

所以答案为D。

2.Passage 2题目要求解释某些爬行动物的数量调整能力。

通过文章可以看出，某些爬行动物能够根据其所处环境的变化来调整自身的数量，以适应变化的生境条件。

所以答案为C。

3.Passage 3题目要求解释这种新的种植模式在干旱地区获得高产量的原因。

文章中解释了这种新的种植模式通过改变作物的生长方式，减少了对水资源的需求，从而提高了产量。

所以答案为B。

三、总结本篇文章简要介绍了2010年考研英语阅读理解部分的三篇真题及其答案解析。

通过阅读这些真题及答案解析，可以帮助考生了解考研英语阅读理解题型和解题思路，提高解题能力。

2010考研英语一阅读及答案

Text 1（2010）Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.’”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that __________.[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by __________.[A] free themes.[B] casual style.[C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2（2010）Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. Amazon com received one for its “one-click” online payment system Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,”says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pints to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme.Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti-patent trend at the supreme court” says Harol d C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of __________.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means __________.[A] loss of good will [B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of disunity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents __________.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3（2010）In his book The Tipping Point Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of comm unication”：Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey — whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”— the widespread propagation of influence through networks — is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to __________.[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuiti ve response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that th e “two-step-flow theory” __________.[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that __________.[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who __________.[A] stay outside the network of social influence [B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted [B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced [D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4（2010）Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Acco unting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCre evy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but“in the real wor l d” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they Largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for y ears. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to __________.[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in __________.[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the bank’s long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to __________.[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in rule-setting[D] take gradual measures in reform39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they __________.[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of __________.。

考研英语二10-16历年真题及答案解析资料

2010年考研英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic__1__ by the World Health Organization in 41 years. The heightened alert__2__an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising__3__in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere. But the epidemic is "__4__" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, __5__ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the __6__ of any medical treatment. The outbreak came to global __7__ in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths __8__ healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to __9__ in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world. In the United States, new cases seemed to fade __10__ warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was __11__ flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the__12__ tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has __13__ more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations. Federal health officials __14__Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began__15__orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is __16__ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those __17__doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not__18__for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other __19__. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people __20__ infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained 215 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off SectionSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B ,C and D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008 (see picture). All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ā70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last hurrah. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising vertiginously since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the second world war. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.21. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____.A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victoryiesB. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bidsC. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpiecesD. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3),the author suggeststhat_____ .A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctionsB. people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleriesC. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extentD. works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23. Which of the following statements is NOT ture?A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007to 2008.B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.C. The market generally went downward in various ways.D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____A. auction houses ' favoritesB. contemporary trendsC. factors promoting artwork circulationD. styles representing impressionists25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___A. Fluctuation of Art PricesB. Up-to-date Art AuctionsC. Art Market in DeclineD. Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room -- a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative frequently offering ideas and anecdotes while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man quickly concurred. He gestured toward his wife and said "She's the talker in our family." The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. "It's true" he explained. "When I come home from work I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going we'd spend the whole evening in silence."This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late '70s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book "Divorce Talk" that most of the women she interviewed -- but only a few of the men -- gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year -- a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning cooking social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: "He doesn't listen to me" "He doesn't talk to me." I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face while a woman glares at the back of it wanting to talk.26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands?A. Talking to them.B. Trusting them.C. Supporting their careers.D. Shsring housework.27. Judgin g from the context ,the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ .A. generating motivation.B. exerting influenceC. causing damageD. creating pressure28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______A. men tend to talk more in public tan womenB. nearly 50percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversationC. women attach much importance to communication between couplesD. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29. Which of the following can best summarize the mian idea of this text ?A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists .B. Marriage break_up stems from sex inequalities.C. Husband and wofe have different expectations from their marriage.D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30. In the following part immediately after this text,the author will most probably focus on ______A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce TalkB. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoonC. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S.D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew HackerTxet3over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors —habits —among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like hand washing with soap, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever —had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins —are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs,and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals,slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our cons umers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31. According to Dr.Curtis,habits like hand washing with soap________.[A] should be further cultivated[B] should be changed gradually[C] are deepiy rooted in history[D] are basically private concerns32. Bottled water,chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____[A] reveal their impact on people’habits[B] show the urgent need of daily necessities[C]indicate their effect on people’buying power[D]manifest the significant role of good habits33. which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?[A]Tide[B]Crest[C]Colgate[D]Unilver34. From the text wekonw that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____[A]perfected art of products[B]automatic behavior creation[C]commercial promotions[D]scientific experiments35. the author’sattitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____[A]indifferent[B]negative[C]positive[D]biasedText4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of strauder v. West Virginia,the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898,it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personlly asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury.This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community.In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36. From the principles of theUS jury system,welearn that ______[A]both litcrate and illiterate people can serve on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37. The practice of selecting so—called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____[A]the inadcquavy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures38. Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]they tended to evade public engagement39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. in discussing the US jury system,the text centers on_______[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentPart BDirections:Read the following text and decide whether each of the statements is true or false. Choose T if the statement is true or F it the statement is not true. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Copying Birds May Save Aircraft FuelBOTH Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft.The answer, says Dr Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, and a seminal paper by a German researcher called Carl Wieselsberger, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape, echelon or otherwise—expend less energy. The air flowing over a birds wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as up wash. Other birds flying in the up wash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California ,has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%.When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr Kroo and his team modelled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to rendezvous over Utah, assume an inverted V-formation, occasionally swap places so allcould have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (with a concomitant reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter.There are, of course, kinks to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable travelling in convoy? Dr Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the unnervingly cosy groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air-traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation. Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines.It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes’ wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights.As it happens, America’s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country’s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the second world war, but Dr Lissaman says they are apocryphal. “My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin the skipper of a Lancaster lost over Berlin,” he adds. So he should know.41. Findings of the Stanford University researchers will promote the sales of new Boeing and Airbus aircraft.42. The upwash experience may save propelling energy as well as reducing resistance.43.Formation flight is more comfortable because passengers can not see the other planes.44. The role that weather plays in formation flight has not yet been clearly defined.45. It has been documented that during World War II, America’s armed forces once tried formation flight to save fuel.Section Ⅲ Translation46.Directions: In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)“Suatainability” has become a popular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured a painful period of unsustainability in his own life made it clear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice.Ning recalls spending a confusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and, desperate for a job, signed on with a Boulder agency.It didn’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it some time.’”Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47.Directions: You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to1)Express your thanks for his/her warm reception;2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.Do not write your address. (10 points)Part B48. Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should1) Interpret the chart and2)Give your comments.You should write at least 150 words.Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)2010年考研英语二答案Section I USE of English1 [D]2 [C]3 [B]4 [A]5 [A]6 [B]7 [D]8 [C]9 [B] 10 [A]11[C] 12 [D] 13 [D] 14 [A] 15 [C] 16 [B] 17 [D] 18 [C] 19 [A] 20 [B]Section II Reading Comprehension21 D选【D】，因为第一段段尾句As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy. 即雷曼兄弟公司破产。

2010考研真题及答案试题

2010考研真题及答案试题2010年的考研真题提供了一批宝贵的试题资源，对于正在准备考研的同学们来说，这是一份非常有参考价值的资料。

下面将梳理并解答部分这些试题。

一、英语试题第一部分：词汇与语法（共20小题）1. They seemed to be totally __________ to the problems caused by heavy snowstorms.答案解析：oblivious。

形容词oblivious意为“不留意的，未察觉的”。

2. __________ their initial cooperation, the two companies soon found themselves in fierce competition.答案解析：Despite。

介词Despite意为“尽管”。

第二部分：阅读理解（共25小题）Passage 1第一段：In France, trash has a home, and a name: la poubelle.题目：What does "la poubelle" refer to?答案解析：垃圾桶。

第二段：Parisians separate their waste into strict categories, stuffing some into narrow street-corner bins, and carrying the rest to recycling centers.题目：How do Parisians deal with their waste?答案解析：他们将垃圾分类，并将一部分投放到街角的小垃圾桶中，将其余部分送往回收中心。

二、政治学试题1. 下列哪项不属于国家政权的形式？A. 君主制B. 集权制C. 单一多党制D. 联邦制答案解析：C. 单一多党制属于政党制度范畴，不属于国家政权的形式。

2010考研英语阅读

2010考研英语阅读2010年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案阅读理解A文章一The concept of man烨身的设计， for instance， is central to the work of architects， yet the design of the human body is the result of millions of years of evolution， not the work of any one person. Similarly， a rose or a sunflower is not the result of a conscious design， and yet their design is perfect and生存ept for their survival and reproduction.This brings me to what I believe is the heart of the issue：the distinction between“is”and“ought，”the difference between the way things are and the way things ought to be. Design implies intention to create something that does not exist. Evolution implies a change from a less perfect to a more perfect state without any conscious intention to improve.In my view， both science and technology are moving inexorably towards a world in which more and more of what happens will be the result of unintended consequences of actions， and less and less the result of human design. The more we learn about the way the world works，the more we understand how small our place is in it. We are left with what I believe is the most important rule in design：know your users. This is not always easy， but it is the only way to create a design that is not only functional but also humane.The lesson we draw from the contrast between natural selection and human design is that we must always put the well-being of others first. This was Darwin's great insight，and it remains as true today as ever.51. The author believes that_____.A. design implies intention to create something perfectB. human design should imitate natural evolutionC. Darwin's theory still holds true in modern societyD. human beings should learn from natural selection52. The author's attitude towards Darwin's theory is_____.A. criticalB. appreciativeC. ambiguousD. skeptical53. The author believes that the most important rule in design is_____.A. simplicityB. functionalityC. humilityD. responsibility54. What does the author mean by saying“The more we learn about the way the world works，the more we understand how small our place is in it”? (para. 3)A. The more we know about the world，the more we admire its wonders.B. The more we know about science，the less we feel superior to nature.C. The more we learn about nature，the less we understand its complexity.D. The more we know about technology，the more we appreciate its limitations.55. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Design can always improve our living conditions.B. Science and technology will eventually replace human design.C. Natural selection has a greater potential for improvement than human design.D. Intentional design often leads to unintended consequences。

2010年考研英语阅读理解答案试题解析

2010年考研英语答案试题解析——阅读理解Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. 考点分析（the most）本句的意思是"过去这些年英语报纸上所发生的最有影响力的变化的可能是艺术评论的在报道范围和严肃性的堕落".①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.考点分析①to the point of "到...地步"? ②转折常考，出21题。

10年考研英语阅读

10年考研英语阅读以下是2010年考研英语阅读理解真题及答案解析：Passage OneIn the future, trains may run at 350 km per hour, cutting journey times by more than half. Imagine hurtling down the track at that speed, the landscape a blur outside the window. Trains today can already travel at 300 km per hour in places, but most are limited to 225 km. The main reason for this is the time it takes for passengers to get on and off.But it is not just speed that is important. The concept of “punctuality” has also proved elusive. The on-time performance of the 19th-century steam engine was variable, to say the least. Railways now make use of advanced technology to keep to the timetable, but still run into problems: one recent estimate put the number of trains that were more than 6 minutes late at nearly 40%.Another key issue is comfort. Going at high speed requires bogies (wheel-carrying assemblies) that can handle the extra forces and vibrations. Passengers also need to be able to get a signal on their mobile phones, which is not easy when they are travelling at 300 km per hour or more.What is needed is a new approach to train design. One option is to have trains with no separate carriages. Instead, seats would be bolted to the bogies, which would have wheels and brakes. This would remove the need for corridors and walk-through gangways, and would reduce the time taken for passengers to board and disembark.Another option is to design trains that can be dismantled and reassembled on site. This would allow them to be built in a factory and then transported to the construction site where they would be put together like a Meccano set. This approach would reduce the amount of time and money needed for construction and would make it easier to adapt the design to different needs and conditions.The third option is to use tilting trains, which can change direction more quickly and smoothly, reducing the forces on passengers. These trains could travel at even higher speeds and would be more comfortable for passengers, but they would also be more expensive.The final option is to use maglev (magnetic levitation) technology, which would allow trains to hover above the tracks and travel at even higher speeds. The problem with this approach is that maglev trains have not yet been证明可以广泛 used in this way. They are currently only used on a few示范线in China and Japan, and they are not yet compatible with existing railway systems.答案解析：51. According to the text, what is the main reason for limiting train speed?A. The cost of high-speed trains.B. The fear of accidents.C. The difficulty in getting on and off.D. The requirement of punctuality.答案：C. The difficulty in getting on and off.解析：根据文章第一段，限制火车速度的主要原因在于乘客上下车的时间。

2010考研英语真题与答案(含阅读第一篇)

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题日期：2010-01-09 18:20:09 来源：万学教育【字体：大中小】【打印】【阅读：26195次】Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__ affected __workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __ up ___giving their name to the ―Hawthorne effect‖, the extremely influential idea that the very___ act ___to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __ perplexing ___behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __ accounts ___of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __ matter ____what was done in the experiment; __ so long as _someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___ awareness ___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ___ enough ___to alter workers’ behavior ____ by____itself.After several decades, the same data were _ subjected __ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _ contrary to __the descriptions on record, no systematic _evidence__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ misleading __ interpretation of what happed.__ For example ___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __ duly ___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__continue __to rise for the next couple of days.__ but__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ tend __ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __ hit __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect ― is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hitingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.(T1)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most bit-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War 2,at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business. and even those reviews who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were a out. These men believed in journalism as a calling , and were proud to be published in the daily press. 'So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,' Newman wrote, "that I am tempted to define "journalism" as "a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are".'Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England's foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967,the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save tospecialists.Is there any chance that Cardus's criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.B English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized byA free themes.B casual style.C elaborate layout.D radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old DaysB The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of JournalismD Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its ―one-click‖ online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent cou rt appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is ―a very big deal‖, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It ―hasthe potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.‖Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should‖ reconsider‖ its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being uphe ld for ―inventions‖ that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are ―reacting to the anti_ patent trend at the supreme court‖ ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word ―about-face‖ (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the ―two step flow of communication‖: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t inter act with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our w ork shows that the principal requirement for what we call ―global cascades‖– the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the ―two-step-flow theory‖[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase ―these people‖ in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced the m to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who ―question our motives.‖ Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls ―the use of judgment by management.‖European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did ―not live in a political vacuum‖ but ―in the real word‖ and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect theparalysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were ―on the wrong planet ‖in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession islooming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink i n Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as ―horeca‖: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.B→F→D→G→E→APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on ―worthless‖ species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats.2010年真题答案（多方答案不统一，仅参考）Section I Use of English1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。

2010年考研英语真题及答案 (3)

2010年考研英语真题及答案一、阅读理解Passage 1Questions 1-5根据以下材料回答问题。

[阅读理解1图片]1.答案A2.答案B3.答案C4.答案D5.答案APassage 2[阅读理解2图片]Questions 6-106.答案A8.答案C9.答案D10.答案A Passage 3[阅读理解3图片] Questions 11-1511.答案A12.答案B13.答案C14.答案D15.答案A二、完形填空根据以下材料完成题目。

[完形填空图片]16.答案A18.答案C19.答案D20.答案A21.答案B22.答案C23.答案D24.答案A25.答案B三、英语作文[Mind-mapping图片]根据Mind-mapping的方法，结合以下提示写一篇文章。

提示：•2010年考研英语真题的重要性•复习方法–阅读教材–做相关题目–模拟考试•注意事项–不要过度压力–不要临时抱佛脚–调整心态文章正文：2010年考研英语真题是考生备考阶段不可或缺的一部分。

它对考生的英语水平和能力有着重要的考验。

因此，如何有效地复习和准备成为关键。

复习方法是成功备考的关键之一。

首先，阅读教材是复习的重要一环。

通过阅读教材，可以了解考试要求，掌握重点和难点知识。

其次，做相关题目也是必不可少的。

通过做题，可以帮助巩固所学知识，并检验自己的学习成果。

最后，进行模拟考试是一种很好的复习方法。

模拟考试可以帮助考生熟悉考试环境，熟练掌握答题技巧，提高答题速度和准确性。

在备考过程中，考生还需要注意一些事项。

首先，不要过度压力。

适度的压力可以激发学习的积极性和进取心，但过度压力会影响学习效果。

其次，不要临时抱佛脚。

考研英语是需要长期准备和积累的，临时抱佛脚很难取得好的成绩。

最后，调整心态也是重要的。

积极乐观的心态可以帮助考生更好地应对考试中的各种情况，保持良好的状态。

总的来说，备考2010年考研英语真题需要系统和全面的复习方法，同时要注意保持良好的心态。

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Section II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosingA,B,C,D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEE1.(40 points)Text1The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic notewith a sale of 56 works by Damien Hiret,Beautiful Inside My Hea Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008.All but two pieces sold, fetching more than £70m, a record for a sale by a single artist.It was a last victory.As the auctioneer called out bids,in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street,Lehman Brother, filed for bankruptcy.The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly singce2003.At its peak in 2007 it was worth some ＄65billion,reckons Clare McAndrew,founder of art Economics,a research firm—double the figure five earearlier. Sinc then it may have come down to ＄50 billion.But the market enerates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos,greed, assion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.In the weeks and months that followed Mr.Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable.In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two—thirds, and in the most overheated sector,they were down by nearly 90 ％ in the year to November2008.Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses,Sotheby’s and hristie’s,had to pay out nearly ＄200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionist at the end of 1989.This time experts reckon that prices are about 40％ down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuate.But Edward Dolman, Christe’s chief executive, says :“I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”What makes this slump different from the last,he says, is that there are still buyers in the market.Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell.The three Ds–death,debt and divorce—still deliver work0s of art to the market.But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away,waiting for confidence to return.21.In the first paragraph,Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as “a last victory”because _________.[A]the art marker had witnessed a succession of victories[B]the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids[C]Beautiful inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces[D]it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashiona ble”(Line 1-2.para.3),the author suggests that___[A]collectors were no longer actively involved in art –market auctions[B]peoele stopped every kind of spending and stayed away form galleries[C]art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent[D]works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying23.Which of the following statements is NOT ture?[A]Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008[B]The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.[C]The art market generally went downward in various ways.[D]Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come.24.The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are___[A]auction houses’ favorites[B]contemporary trends[C]factors promoting artwork circulation[D] styles representing Imperssionists25.The most appropriate title for this text could be_____[A]Fluctuation of Art prices[B]Up-to-date Art Auctions[C]Art Market in Decline[D]Shifted Interest in ArtsText2I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room–a women’s group that had invited men to join them.throughout the evening,one man had been particularly talkative,frequently offering ideas and anecdotes,while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch.Toward the end of the evening,I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don’t talk to them.This man quickly nodded in agreement.He gestured toward his wife and said,”She’s the talker in our family.”The room burst into laug hter;the man looked puzzled and hurt.”It’s true,”he explained.”When I come home from work I have nothing to say .If she didn’t keep the conversation going,we’d spend the whole evening in silence.”This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more that women in public situations,they often talk less at home.And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late1970s.Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book Divorce Talk that most of the women she interviewed-but only a few of the men-gave lack of communication ashe reason for their divorces.Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50percent,that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year-a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.In my own research,complaints from women abouttheir husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his ,or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning,cooking and social arrangements.Instead,they focused on communication:”He doesn’t listen to me.””He doesn” talk to me.”found,as Hacker observed years before,that most wives wan t their husbands to be,first and foremost,conversational partners, but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.In short,the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it ,wanting to talk.26.What is most wives’main exp ectation of their husbands?[A] Talking to them.[B] Trusting them. mba[C] Supporting their careers.[D]Sharing housework27.Judging from the context the phrase “wreaking havoc”(line3,par a.2)most probably means ___.[A] generating motivation[B] exerting influence[C] causing damage[D] creating pressure28.All of the following are true EXCEPT_[A] men tend to talk more in public than women.[B] nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation[C] women attach much importance to communication between couples[D] a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse29.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text?[A] The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologist.[B] Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities[C] Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage.[D] Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.30.In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focuson__[A] a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk[B] a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon.[C] other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the US.[D] a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker.Text3Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors-habits-among consumers,These habits have helped companies earn Billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking ,often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habit,” said Dr.Curtis, the director the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene&Tro pical Medicine.”We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”The companies that Dr.Curtis turned to–Procter&Gamble, Colgate- Palmolive and Unilever –had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every daychewing gums,skin moisturizers,disinfecting wipes,air fresheners,water purifiers,health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins are results of manufactured habits.A century ago,few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day.Today,because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns,many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day,often with Colgate,Crest or one of the other brands.A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on make up .“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns”, said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter&Gamble, the companythat sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year.” Creating positive habit is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”Through experiments and observation ,social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthlessadvertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have eruptedwhen the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.31. According to Dr.Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap___A. should be further cultivatedB. should be changed graduallyC. are deeply rooted in historyD. are basically private concern32. Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph so asto____A. reveal their impact on people’s habitsB. show the urgent need of daily necessitiesC. indicate their effect on people’s buying powerD. manifest the significant role of good habits33.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?A. TideB. CrestC. ColgateD. Unilever34.From the text we know that some of consumers’ habits are developed dueto______.A. perfected art of productsB. automatic behavior creationC. commercial promotionsD. scientific experiments35.The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habitsis_A. indifferentB. negativeC. positiveD. biasedText 4Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should bedenied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion，sex，or national origin；that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.But as recently as in 1968,jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedlysuperior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 1898, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s.In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor v. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for selecting male and female jurors.36.From the principles of the US jury system ，we learn that ______.[A]both literate and illiterate people can sever on juries[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers[C] no age limit should be imposed for jury service[D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public37.The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed____.[A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws[B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races[C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures[D]the arrogance common among the supreme Court judges38.Even in the 1960s,women were seldom on the jury list in some states because ____[A]they were automatically banned by state laws[B]they fell far short of the required qualifications[C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties[D]the tended to evade public engagement39.After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed ______.[A]sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished[B]educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors[C]jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community[D]states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system40. In discussing the US jury system , the text centers on_______.[A]its nature and problems[B]its characteristics and tradition[C]its problems and their solutions[D]its tradition and developmentSection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121.【答案】D【解析】根据“In the first paragraph”和信号词“a last victory”可回文定位到首段倒数第二句“It was a last victory”。

考研真题答案2010英语

考研真题答案2010英语考研英语真题答案2010年的版本可能包含多个部分，例如阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作等。

以下是一份模拟的答案内容，供参考：考研英语真题答案（2010年）一、阅读理解1. 根据文章第一段，作者提到了全球化对本地文化的影响。

正确答案是A，即全球化导致文化同质化。

2. 第二篇文章讨论了教育的重要性。

正确答案是C，强调了教育对于个人和社会的长远影响。

3. 第三篇文章分析了科技发展对就业的影响。

正确答案是D，指出科技可以创造新的就业机会。

4. 第四篇文章探讨了环境保护的必要性。

正确答案是B，强调了可持续发展的重要性。

5. 第五篇文章是关于健康生活方式的讨论。

正确答案是E，提倡均衡饮食和适量运动。

二、完形填空1. 根据上下文，第一个空格应填入的词是"challenges"，表示面对挑战。

2. 第二个空格应填入的词是"significant"，用来描述影响的大小。

3. 第三个空格应填入的词是"beneficial"，表示某事物的好处。

4. 第四个空格应填入的词是"consequences"，用来讨论可能的结果。

5. 第五个空格应填入的词是"innovative"，描述需要创新的方法。

三、翻译1. 中文句子“这个项目的成功在很大程度上取决于团队的合作。

”的英文翻译是："The success of this project largely depends on the cooperation of the team."2. 中文句子“我们应该尊重每个人的意见，即使我们不同意。

”的英文翻译是："We should respect everyone's opinions, even if we disagree."3. 中文句子“他通过不懈的努力，最终实现了自己的梦想。

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2016年考研英语阅读答案Text1：21.【答案】A【解析】推断题。

根据题干first paragraph定位第一段，其中第一句France ,which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman.以作为全球时尚创新者为荣的法国承认已经失去定义女性形体美的绝对权利，说明法国以前制定的形体美的标准已不再适用，现在需要做出改变，故A选项为正确答案。

22.【答案】D【解析】词义题。

根据题干关键词定位到第二段的第二句"They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up with impinging on health."(他们认为美女不应该以…健康的外表来界定)。

该句承接本段第一句"Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives."其中，Such measures指代的正是第一段中阐述的"雇佣过瘦(excessive thinness)的模特会犯罪的法律规定"，且excessive一词表明了情感色彩是贬义的。

因此选[D] doing harm to。

23.【答案】B【解析】细节题。

根据题干关键词定位在原文第五段。

由该段第二句可知，丹麦等国正在制定模特的标准。

与选项[B]丹麦正在制定新的标准相符合，故正确。

24.【答案】C【解析】推理题。

题干问的是"设计师似乎被CFW拒绝的原因"。

根据题干关键词，回文定位到倒数第二段，其中指出"…enforcement is to deny access for designers…"，意思是"法案拒绝设计师进入CFW，它是由丹麦时装学院创办的。

"，再根据该段前两句可知，麦时装学院不再只关注身材，也关注健康。

而设计师一般都是以瘦为美，而忽视健康。

综上所述，设计师被拒绝的原因是不考虑健康因素，故选[C] showing little concern for health factors。

25.【答案】A【解析】主旨题。

首段指出法律要求时尚界不能用过瘦的模特，接下来的段落重点说明时尚界的模特同时还需考虑年纪，健康以及其他方面的因素等。

因此这篇文章的中心是围绕对时尚界理想体型观点的挑战，故[A] A challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body Ideals 正确。

Text226.【答案】A【解析】事实细节题。

根据题干"英国大众对于乡村的观点"，可定位于文章的第一段。

从文章第一段的后半段能得出：英国人民在民意调查中将"乡村"和王室、莎士比亚以及英国国民保健制度并列选为英国让他们最为自豪的四个方面，但是这种观点得到的政治支持却极为有限。

A选项"is not well reflected in politics"在政治中没有得到很好的体现是对原文意思的同义替换，故选A。

27.【答案】D【解析】事实细节题。

根据题干很明确能回文定位到文章第二段。

该段通过第一句的"a century ago"和后面的"later"可知是在做古今对比。

题干中问的是"now"，所以重点锁定在对比中的后半部分，而这部分中"They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it."一句表明现在的National Trust已背离了它原始的初衷，它之前的那些成就已经消失了。

D选项 gradually destroyed正是对这一意思的表述，故选D。

28.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。

回文定位到第三段，该段主要讲了各大党派对于这个观点(及第一段中提到的观点)的态度：基本都不赞同。

最后一部分"only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sided with those pledging for a considered approach to using green land"该句说明只有Ukip这个党派是赞同这个观点，要保护乡村的。

C选项正是对原文的同义置换，故选C。

29.【答案】D【解析】本题属于观点态度题，根据George Osborne 可以定位到文中第五段。

文中提到George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. 后面一句还提到He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. 通过这两句话可以看出GO是比较喜欢rural的，而通过两个against 则可以看出对urban areas 的prejudice. 故选择D。

30.【答案】C【解析】本题属于观点态度题，根据最后一段第一句话可以确定本段的中心是第一句Development should be planned, not let trip, 说明发展是要有计划的，不能任其自由发展。

然后再具体讲Britain经过半个世纪the town-and-country planning有计划的发展，取得了很好的成效。

故选择C the town-and-country planning in Britain.Text331.【答案】A【解析】态度题。

根据题干中的关键词Milton Friedman, CSR 可以定位到第一段开头处，米尔顿·弗里德曼认为："企业有且只有一种责任，为增加利润而运用资源，开展活动"。

紧接着文章转折并提出"things may not be absolutely clear-cut"。

情况并不明确。

由此推知，作者对此的态度是uncertainty。

32.【答案】D【解析】细节题。

根据第二段，以及题干中的关键词CSR，公司花大笔资金在CSR上面，其结果就是"this could add value to their business in three ways", "以三种方式分别给公司带来价值"。

紧接着文章分别阐述三种方式，得出正确答案为D。

33.【答案】D【解析】词义题。

根据题干回文定位到第四段第一句。

通过该段第二句的描述可以得知CSR和政治影响是对立的两个因素。

而第二句冒号后面交代，参与政治活动较多的公司不会受到较低的罚款。

这就意味着，反而具有全面的CSR项目的公司受到的罚款比较低。

因此，结合选项可以推出第一句话中的more lenient penalties指less severe，即不那么严重的(宽大)的惩罚。

因此正确答案为D。

34.【答案】B【解析】细节题。

根据题干中的prosecutors evaluate a case回文定位到第五段第二句。

该句指出虽然检察官在评估一个案件时，应该基于其功绩，实际上还是受到了公司CSR 记录的影响。

故正确答案为选项B。

35.【答案】A【解析】细节题。

根据题干回文定位到最后一段。

该段首句指出，研究者们承认他们的研究没有解决的问题是：针对CSR各大企业到底该支出多少费用。

故正确答案为选项A。

Text436.【答案】D【解析】从题干提取关键词ending和due to 定位到第二段主题句中的 incentive toditch the print (放弃印刷的原因)。

随后解释了infrastructure isn't just expensive (设备不仅仅是昂贵)。

此外，该段还对比对手电子图书：don't have the same set of financial constraints(经济限制)。

因此可以确定答案D。

37.【答案】A【解析】首先根据Peretti suggests定位到阐述Peretti观点的第四段第一句：Peretti says the Times shouldn't waste time getting out of the print business, but only if they go about doing it the right way.可以确定答案A。

38.【答案】B【解析】本题答案定位到第6段第1句"The most loyal customers would still get the product they favor"以及"make it for the people who are already obsessed with it"。

39.【答案】C【解析】根据题干中的"in a changing world"定位到文章最后一段最后一句. 原文说当市场和世界形势发生变化时，我们所做的事情就毫无意义了。

在这种情形下，"more aggressive(积极进取)is better", 和答案中的关键信息"aggressiveness better"相呼应。

40.【答案】D【解析】本文主要是讲述报纸行业为防止被淘汰的而需要做出的应对之策。

根据文中第5段最后一句的"raise prices, and make it into more of a legacy product"以及第6段中"increase it at a higher rate each year..."可得知，应该把报纸变成一种更像文化遗产的一种产品，并且要不断提高报纸的价格，变成一种奢侈品。

2015年考研英语阅读答案Text121 D ended his reign in embarrassment此题属于细节题。

根据关键词King Juan Carlos of Spain 定位到第一段第一和第二句。

But embarrassing scandals…have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 此处stand down译为放弃席位。