华裔美国人和日裔美国人的区别
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Providing mutual assistance and representing interests to a sometimes hostile dominant group
Because all groups had similar purposes and operated in the same locale, conflict was inevitable
Hui kuan associations are part of a larger organization, Chinese Six Companies, (Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association)
Tongs or secret societies
Each succeeding generation more acculturated and less likely to know Japanese
Issei (pronounced “EE-say”)
First generation born in Japan
Nisei (“Nee-say)
Domestic violence is a problem that recently surfaced
Another problem is rise in gang activity
Chinese American youth are not part of the model minority
CHINESE AMERICANS AND
JAPANESE AMERICANS
Chinese Americans
Americans held conflicting views on Chinese immigration from the beginning
Settlers unwilling to tolerate alien culture Labor was welcomed
Children of first generation born in US
Sansei (“SAHN-say”)
Third generation must go back to grandparents to reach their roots
Yonsei (“YAWN-say”)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chinatowns Today
The economic paradox of Chinatowns The impression of glitter and wealth hidden among
economic deprivation and poverty in Chinatown Rich history of organizational membership Clan or tsu organization and functions (Surname
Association)
Membership based on clan and family ties
Japanese Americans
Initial Japanese immigrants came around 1885 (Push and pull factors)
Came from a very stratified society Most came from the lower class in Japan Initially many found employment in forestry,
Significant component of Chinese in US are those adopted by American non-Chinese couples
Chinese adoption laws loosened to promote adoptions of children
Formed on the basis of common interests Some are political, others protest exploitation of Chinese
workers, others provide illegal services
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Japanese Americans distinguish themselves according to number of generations a family has been in the US
agriculture and then migrated to cities along the West Coast and established small businesses Feelings of “yellow peril” also directed at the Japanese
Mainly girls abandoned under China’s one-child policy Faced complex issues of cultural and social identity
Chinese Americans is a collective term
Vast diversity within the group
Poverty Poor health care, especially for the elderly High suicide rates Poor and run-down housing Rising crime rates Poor working conditions Inadequate care for the elderly Weak union representation of laborers
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Cultural capital: Noneconomic forces such as family background and past investments in education that are then reflected in knowledge about the arts and language
Social Problems
Myth that Chinese Americans and Chinatowns have no problems
The tourist industry in Chinatown as double edged sword
Jobs but at substandard pay
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Family Life
Change in family life is the most difficult cultural change to accept
Provided mutual assistance
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Hui Kuan (Huiguan)
Benevolent associations that help members adjust to a new life Based on person’s district of origin rather than kinship
Occupational Profily on discriminatory laws were passed making it difficult for Chinese to enter certain occupations
Early on gravitated toward service occupations or low paying jobs that whites found undesirable
Old associations have declined significantly When communicating with dominant society, all groups
downplayed problems of Chinatown
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Conclusions reached about the various social organizations
All have followed patterns created in traditional China All three types have performed similar functions
Language, nationality, and region of origin Divisions are sharply expressed
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - 1943 Gradual immigration from 1943 - 1965 Increase in immigration came with the passage of
the 1965 Immigration Act
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chinese sought relative safety of Chinatowns and the tourist industry
New immigrants find it difficult finding jobs outside of Chinatown
Lack of English is another reason for new immigrants seeking work in Chinatown
Social capital: Collective benefits of durable social networks and their patterns of reciprocal trust
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Because all groups had similar purposes and operated in the same locale, conflict was inevitable
Hui kuan associations are part of a larger organization, Chinese Six Companies, (Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association)
Tongs or secret societies
Each succeeding generation more acculturated and less likely to know Japanese
Issei (pronounced “EE-say”)
First generation born in Japan
Nisei (“Nee-say)
Domestic violence is a problem that recently surfaced
Another problem is rise in gang activity
Chinese American youth are not part of the model minority
CHINESE AMERICANS AND
JAPANESE AMERICANS
Chinese Americans
Americans held conflicting views on Chinese immigration from the beginning
Settlers unwilling to tolerate alien culture Labor was welcomed
Children of first generation born in US
Sansei (“SAHN-say”)
Third generation must go back to grandparents to reach their roots
Yonsei (“YAWN-say”)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chinatowns Today
The economic paradox of Chinatowns The impression of glitter and wealth hidden among
economic deprivation and poverty in Chinatown Rich history of organizational membership Clan or tsu organization and functions (Surname
Association)
Membership based on clan and family ties
Japanese Americans
Initial Japanese immigrants came around 1885 (Push and pull factors)
Came from a very stratified society Most came from the lower class in Japan Initially many found employment in forestry,
Significant component of Chinese in US are those adopted by American non-Chinese couples
Chinese adoption laws loosened to promote adoptions of children
Formed on the basis of common interests Some are political, others protest exploitation of Chinese
workers, others provide illegal services
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Japanese Americans distinguish themselves according to number of generations a family has been in the US
agriculture and then migrated to cities along the West Coast and established small businesses Feelings of “yellow peril” also directed at the Japanese
Mainly girls abandoned under China’s one-child policy Faced complex issues of cultural and social identity
Chinese Americans is a collective term
Vast diversity within the group
Poverty Poor health care, especially for the elderly High suicide rates Poor and run-down housing Rising crime rates Poor working conditions Inadequate care for the elderly Weak union representation of laborers
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Cultural capital: Noneconomic forces such as family background and past investments in education that are then reflected in knowledge about the arts and language
Social Problems
Myth that Chinese Americans and Chinatowns have no problems
The tourist industry in Chinatown as double edged sword
Jobs but at substandard pay
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Family Life
Change in family life is the most difficult cultural change to accept
Provided mutual assistance
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Hui Kuan (Huiguan)
Benevolent associations that help members adjust to a new life Based on person’s district of origin rather than kinship
Occupational Profily on discriminatory laws were passed making it difficult for Chinese to enter certain occupations
Early on gravitated toward service occupations or low paying jobs that whites found undesirable
Old associations have declined significantly When communicating with dominant society, all groups
downplayed problems of Chinatown
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Conclusions reached about the various social organizations
All have followed patterns created in traditional China All three types have performed similar functions
Language, nationality, and region of origin Divisions are sharply expressed
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 - 1943 Gradual immigration from 1943 - 1965 Increase in immigration came with the passage of
the 1965 Immigration Act
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
Chinese sought relative safety of Chinatowns and the tourist industry
New immigrants find it difficult finding jobs outside of Chinatown
Lack of English is another reason for new immigrants seeking work in Chinatown
Social capital: Collective benefits of durable social networks and their patterns of reciprocal trust
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.