生物专业英语词汇

Asexual reproduction a method of reproduction in which genetically identical offspring are produced from a single parent; occurs by many mechanisms, including fission, Budding, and tances produced by some microorganisms, plants, and vertebrates that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Antibodies proteins produced by Immune system cells that bind to foreign molecules and microorganisms and inactivate them.
Autotrophs organisms that synthesize their own nutrients; include some bacteria that are able to synthesize organic molecules from simpler inorganic compounds.
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) lower energy form of ATP, having two (instead of the three in ATP) phosphate groups attached to the Adenine base and ribose sugar.
Abscisic acid a plant hormone that promotes dormancy in perennial plants and causes rapid closure of leaf stomata when a leaf begins to wilt.
Acetylcholine a chemical released at Neuromuscular junctions that binds to receptors on the surface of the plasma membrane of muscle cells, causing an electrical impulse to be transmitted. The impulse ultimately leads to muscle contraction.
Adenine one of the four nitrogen-containing bases occurring in Nucleotides, the building blocks of the organic macromolecule group known as Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Adenine is also the base in the energy carrying molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the energy coin of the cell. aden=gland
Angiosperms flowering plants. First appearing at least 110 million years ago from an unknown gymnosperm ancestor, flowering plants have risen to Dominance in most of the world's Floras. The male Gamephyte is 2-3 cells contained within a pollen grain; the female gamehyte is usually eight cells contained within an ovule which is retaind on the sporophyte phase of the plant's life cycle.
Adaptation tendency of an organism to suit its environment; one of the major points of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by Natural selection: organisms adapt to their environment. Those organisms best adapted will have a greater chance of surviving and passing their Genes on to the next generation.
Autosomes the chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. Each member of an autosome pair (in Diploid organisms) is of similar length and in the Genes it carries.
Appendix
blind sac at the end of the Large
intestine that usually ruptures during final exams; a vestigial (退化 的) organ in humans.
Artificial selection the process in which breeders choose the variants to be used to produce succeeding generations.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) a collection of disorders that develop as a result of infection by the Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks Helper t cells, crippling the Immune system and greatly reducing the body's ability to fight infection; results in premature death brought about by various diseases that overwhelm the compromised immune system.
Actin the protein from which Microfilaments are composed; forms the contractile filaments of sarcomeres in muscle cells.
Active transport transport of molecules against a concentration gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration) with the aid of proteins in the cell membrane and energy from ATP. Passive 被动的
Acetyl CoA an intermediate compound formed during the breakdown of Glucose by adding a two-carbon fragment to a carrier molecule (Coenzyme A or CoA).
Assortment a way in which Meiosis produces new combinations of genetic information. Paternal and maternal Chromosomes line up randomly during synapsis, so each daughter cell is likely to receive an assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes rather than a complete set from either.
Annuals plants that grow and reproduce sexually during one year. Anniversary
Anther the of a stamen's filament; divided into pollen sacs in which the pollen grains form.
Abnormal hemoglobin Hemoglobin molecule with a different shape due to an altered Amino acid sequence (ultimately caused by an altered DNA base sequence), such as in the inherited disease sickle-cell anemia.
Amino acid sequence also known as the primary structure of a protein/polypeptide; the sequence of amino acids in protein/polypeptide controlled by the sequence of DNA bases.
Amphibians class of terrestrial vertebrates which lay their eggs (and also mate) in water but live on land as adults following a juvenile stage where they live in water and breathe through gills. Amphibians were the first group of land vertebrates; today they are mostly restricted to moist habitats.
Acid rain the precipitation of sulfuric acid and other acids as rain. The acids form when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides released during the combustion of Fossil fuels combine with water and oxygen in the atmosphere.
Age structure the relative proportion of individuals in each age group in a population.
Alleles alternate forms of a gene.
Amino acids the subunits (Monomers) from which proteins (polymers) are assembled. Each amino acid consists of an amino functional group, and a carboxyl acid group, and differs from other amino acids by the composition of an r group.