常见构词法归纳

常见构词法归纳
1．派生法
1前缀
①表示否定意义的前缀：
a. 纯否定前缀：
un-: unable, unemployment失业, unload卸载, uncover发现、揭开、揭露, unhappy, untrue, unlike不像, unrest不安的,动荡的, unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual不寻常的；与众不同的, uncertain无常的、含糊的, unclear不清楚的, unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy心情不安的, uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided专心的、专一的、未分开的, unreserved 无保留的、坦白的
dis-: dislike不喜欢, disarm解除武装；放下武器, disconnectvt拆开,使分离, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability残疾、无能, discoverv发现, disobey违反、不服从in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable不能的、无能力的, inability无能力,无才能, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral不道德的, illegal非法的, illogical不合乎逻辑的, irregular, irrelative无关系的
non-: non-smoker, non-stop直达的,中途不停的, non-violent非暴力的, nonwhite非白人, non-member 非会员, nonparty无党派, nonsense无意义,胡说,废话
b. 表示错误的意义：
mis-: mistake, mislead误导, misunderstandingn, misusen/vt滥用、误用、虐待, mistrust, mistreat 虐待
c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义：
anti-: antiknockn/adj防震, antiforeign排外的, anti-waradj,反战的, antitank反战车的, anti-pollution防污染,反污染的
②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀：ward守卫
a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”：aboard在飞机上,在船上, aside在旁边
de- 表示“在下,向下”：decrease减少,下降, degrade降级
en- 表示“在内,进入”：encage入笼, enbed上床
ex- 表示“外部,外”：exit, expand扩张, export输出、出口
fore- 表示“在前面”：forehead前额, foreground前景, foreleg, forefoot
in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”：inland内地、内陆, inside, indoors室内的,户内的；s在户内, import inter- 表示“在……间,相互”：international, interaction相互作用, internet, interview接见,面试mid- 表示“中,中间”： midposition中间位置
out- 表示“在外部,在外”：outline轮廓,大纲,概要, outside, outwards外表、外面；s向外地, outdoors over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”：overlook忽视,眺望, overhead在头顶上,在空中, overcoat大衣,外套, overdress外衣, overseas海外
post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”：postscript附言
pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”：prefix前缀, preface前言, preposition介词
super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”：superstructure上部建筑,上部构造, supernatural超自然的,不可思议的, superpower超强特权,超强大国, superman, supermarket
trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”：translate, transform转变、转换、转移, transplant移植, transportation交通
under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”：underline下划线,强调,在下面划线, underground, underwater, undershirt贴身内衣,美式
up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”：upwards向上的,上升的, uphold支撑,鼓励, uphill上坡,upload上传auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”：automobile自动车, autobiography tba'grf自传
tele- 表示“远离”：television, telephone , telegram电报, telegraph电报,抽象名词, telescope望远镜
③表示时间,序列关系的前缀：
fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”：foreword前言, forecast预报, foretell预言, foresee预见, foreknow 先知, foreknowledge先知
mid- 表示“中,中间”：midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn中秋节
post- 表示“在后,后”：postwar战后的,战后时期, postgraduate研究生, postdate事后日期,推迟日期pre- 表示“在前,事先,预先”：preheat预先加热, prewar, prehistory史前, preview预习, prebattle, prepay预付
re- 表示“再一次,重新”： retell复述, rewrite, renew续借, reconsider重新考虑, reuse, remarry, recycle再生,回收利用, rebuild重建,改造
④表示比较程度差别关系的前缀：
by- 表示“副,次要的”：byproduct副产品, bywork副业
extra- 表示“超越,额外”：extraordinary非凡的,特别的
over- 表示“超过,过度,太”：overeat吃过多, oversleep睡过头, overpraise过奖, overwork, overact 行为过分, overdo夸张,做得过分
under- 表示“低劣,低下”：undersize尺寸不足, undergrown发育不全的, underproduction生产不足vice- 表示“副,次”：vice-president, vice –chairman,vice-monitor
⑤表示共同,相等意思的前缀：
co- 表示“共同,一起”：coexist共同生存, co-operate, co-worker, coactions合作行动, coauthor合作作者
⑥表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词：
a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake
⑦表示分离,离开意思的前缀：
a- 表示“分离,离开”：away, apart
de- 表示“离去,处去”：depart, decolour
⑧表示“自我”：
self- self-protection, self-made, self-knowledge
⑨表示变换词类作用的前缀：
be- befriend
en- enslave束缚；征服, enable使能够, enrich使充实,使肥沃,使富足, enlarge扩大,使增大, encourage 鼓励
⑩表示数量关系的前缀：
a. 表示“单一”,“一”：
uni- uniform统一服装, unicellular单细胞
b. 表示“二,两,双”：
bi- bicyclecycle循环,周期
twi- twilight昏暗的,黎明
c. 表示“半,一半”：
semi- semiconductor半导体, semicircle半圆, semimonthly半月刊, semifinal半决赛
d. 表示“百,百分之一”：
centi- centimeter
e. 表示“千,千分之一”：
kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt
f. 表示“微小”：
micro- microvolt微伏特, microcomputer微机, microscope显微镜
g. 表示“许多,复,多数”：
multi- multimedia多媒体, multicolored, multiform, multinatural
h. 表示“千分之一、毫”：
milli- millimeter, milligram
i. 表示“微小、微型”：
mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark
2后缀
①名词后缀：
a. 具有某种职业或动作的人：
-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”：American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian历史学家, librarian图书管理员, electricia电工n, magician魔术师, technician, musician, politician政客
-ant,-ent 表示“……人”：merchant, servant仆人,佣人, assistant, agent, student,
-ee 表示“动作承受者”：employee雇员, examinee应试者, payee收款人, interviewee
-eer 表示“从事于……人”：engineer, volunteer志愿者
-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人”：banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer
-or 表示“……者”：author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator
-ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 从事……的人”：scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary
-ese 表示“……国人,……地方的人”：Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese广东人
-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”：actress女演员, hostess女主人, manageress女经理
-ist 表示“从事……研究者,信仰……主义者”：pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist, socialist, typist, receptionist
-icist 表示“……家, ……者, ……能手”：physicist物理学家, phoneticist语音学家, technicist技术师
-logist 表示“……学家,研究者”：biologist生物学家, geologist地质学家
b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义：
-age 表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称”：courage, storage, marriage, percentage
-al 表示“事物的动作,过程”：refusal拒绝, arrival, survival幸存, denial否认, approval批准,认可,赞成, trial实验
-ance, -ence 表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”：importance, distance, avoidance逃避,废止, appearance, performance性能,绩效,表演, difference, obedience顺从,服从, presence出席,参加, existence -ancy, -ency 表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”：frequency频繁, urgency紧急, efficiency高效率,
-ity 表示“性质,状态,程度”：purity纯度化学, reality, equality平等
-bility 表示“动作,性质,状态”：ability, possibility, probability, responsibility
-dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”：freedom, kingdom王国,界, wisdom智慧,才智
-ery, -ry 表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”：bravery勇敢,勇气, slavery奴役
-hood 表示“资格,身份, 年纪,状态”：childhood, girlhood少女时期, boyhood少年时代, manhood男子气概
-ice 表示“行为,性质,状态”：notice, justice司法, service
-ing 表示“动作的过程,结果”：building, writing, learning
-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”：suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction方向,指导, correction改正,修正, collection, instruction指令,指示, destruction 破坏, introduction, congratulation , dictation听写,口述, invitation邀请, pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation饿死,绝食, satisfaction, relation, determination决心,果断, preparation, imagination, explanation说明,解释, opposition反对, competition竞赛,比赛, description, decision, division除法, conclusion, impression印象, expression 表达,表示, admission承认, permission允许,许可, discussion
-ment 表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果”：disappointment失望, treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement协议, government, development, improvement改进,改善, requirement要求,必要条件, encouragement
-ness 表示“性质,状态,程度”：goodnessadj,善良,精华, kindness, tiredness, friendliness友谊, business, illness, happiness幸福, willingness乐意,心甘情愿, weakness, fairness公平-ism 表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”：socialism社会主义, criticism批评, heroism英勇, tourism, communism共产主义 , Marxism马克思主义
-ship 表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”：hardship困苦,苦难, relationship, membership 资格,会员身份, friendship, ownership所有权, scholarship奖学金,
-th, 表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”：strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth 温暖, youth
-ure 表示“行为,结果”：exposure暴露, pressure压力, failure, procedure手续, mixture
-craft 表示“工艺”：aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft
c. 带有场所,地方的含义：
-age 表示“住所,地点”：village, cottage小屋,村舍
-ary 表示“住所,场地”：library, granary 谷仓
-ory 表示“工作场所,住处”：factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory天文台,气象台
②形容词后缀：
a. 带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义：
-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable可适用的, visible可见物, responsible, terrible可怕的, horrible恐怖的
-al: natural, additional额外的,附加的, educational, national国家的,国民的
-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent
-ing表示特征：令人觉得: moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , boring, amazing
-ed表示情绪：觉得: pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined决定了的,果断的, delighted高兴的,欣喜的
-ish: foolish, bookish出本上的,好读书的, selfish
-ive: active, impressive感人的,令人钦佩的, decisive决定性的,果断的, active,expensive, progressive改革的,进步的
b. 表示“相象,类似”的含义：
-ish: boyish, childish幼稚的,孩子去的
-like: manlike有男子气概的,像男子的, childlike天真浪漫的,像孩子的
-some: troublesome麻烦的,讨厌的, handsome
-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy有雾的,模糊的, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody血腥的, funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly发臭的, hilly丘陵的,陡的
-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely可爱的,令人愉快的, lively活泼的,生动的, likely很可能的, scholarly 博学的,学着风度的
c. 表示“充分的”含义：
-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful仁慈的,宽容的
-ous: dangerous, courageous有胆量的,勇敢的, nervous紧张不安的, mountainous多山的, humorous诙谐的,幽默的, various各种各样的
d. 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义：
-en: wooden, golden, woolen羊毛的
e. 表示方向的含义：
-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern
-ward: downward向下的, forward
f. 表示“数量关系”的含义：
-teen: thirteen
-ty: fifty
-th: fourth, fiftieth
g. 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义：
-an: Roman, European
-ese: Chinese, Japanese
-ish: English, Spanish
h. 表示否定：
-less: countless无数的,数不尽的, stainless不锈的, wireless, useless, endless无止境的,连续的, priceless无价的,贵重的, hopeless
③动词后缀：
-ize, ise 表示“做成,变成,……化”：modernize现代化, democratize民主化, organize, apologize, realize
-en 表示“使成为,引起,使有”：quicken,加快 weaken, soften, harden变硬,变坚强
-fy 表示“使……化, 使成”：beautify, purify净化, intensify, signify, simplify简化, satisfy
④副词后缀：
-ly: possibly, swiftly很快地, simply简单地
-wards: downward, inwards向内地, upward向上地,上升地
-ways: always, sideways向侧面的,一旁的
-wise: otherwise另外的,否则,adj,adv, clockwise顺时针方向地
注意：有的单词有双重后缀,如：
use用途→useless无用的→uselessness无用
self自己→selfish自私的→selfishness自私
有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如：
important→importance→unimportance
regular有规律的,有规则的→irregular无规律的,不规则的→irregularity无规律,不规则
2．合成法
boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, playground, radioactive放射性的, headmaster校长, sunshine, notebook, armchair扶手椅, wheelchair轮椅, postcard明信片, football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter 消防队员, fireman, gateman看门人,售票员, chairman主席,会长, weatherman, businessman, armyman军人, postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket扒手, she-goat雌性山羊,
由三个词构成的合成形容词： heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long
3．转化法
1名词→动词
hand手→传递back背部,后面→支持,后退
charge费用→收费copy抄本,复印件→抄写,复印
flood洪水→淹没heat热量→加热
paint油漆→刷漆phone电话→打电话
pin别针→装订 waste废物→浪费
face脸→面对use用途→使用
interest兴趣→使兴趣surprise惊讶→使惊讶
taste味道→品尝smell气味→闻
break短暂休息→折断present礼物→赠送
2形容词→动词
clean干净→使干净,打扫clear清楚→清理
dirty脏→弄脏dry干燥→烘干,晒干
empty空的→倒空free自由→使自由,释放
slow慢的→放慢warm暖和→使暖和
cool凉的→冷却quiet安静→使安静
4.截短法缩略法
截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式; 1截头
telephone→phone aeroplane→plane omnibus→bus
2去尾
mathematics→maths co-operate→co-op examination→exam
kilogram→kilo
laboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi
3截头去尾
influenza→flu refrigerator→fridge prescription→script 5.混合法混成法
混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词;后半部分表示主体；前半部分表示属性;
news broadcast→newscast新闻广播television broadcast→telecast电视播送smoke and fog→smog烟雾
helicopter airport→heliport直升飞机场
6.首尾字母缩略法
首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词;读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音;
very important person→VIP 读字母音要人；大人物
television→TV 读字母音电视
Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福
练习
动词变名词
work---___________工作者 sing---___________歌手 teach---___________教师 drive---___________司机 write---___________作家dance---___________舞蹈家
win---___________获胜者 run---___________赛跑者 swim---___________游泳者
act---___________演员 collect---___________收藏家 direct---___________主管
visit---___________参观者 invent---___________发明家 translate---___________翻译家
educate---___________教育 describe---___________描述 predit---___________预言
collect---___________收藏 invent---___________发明 build---___________建筑物
mean---___________意思 meet---___________会议 cross---___________路口
turn---___________转弯处 decide---___________决定 die---___________死亡
fly---___________飞行 know---___________知识 please---___________高兴
pronounce---___________发音 mix---___________混合物
please---___________令人高兴的---___________感到高兴的
surprise---___________令人惊讶的的 ---___________感到惊讶的
excite---___________令人兴奋的 ---___________感到兴奋的
interest---___________令人感兴趣的---___________ 感兴趣的
worry---___________令人担忧的 ---___________感到担忧的
amaze, annoy, bore, disappoint, embarrass, frustrate, relax, terrify, thrill, tire等
形容词的变化;
A: 形容词变副词;
quick---____________ strong---____________ heavy---____________ angry---____________ happy---____________ lucky---____________ healthy---____________ noisy---____________ usual---____________ careful---____________ real---____________ successful---____________ terrible---____________ possible---____________
B: 形容词变名词;
Kind---____________ happy---____________
ill---____________ safe---____________
confident---____________ important---____________
different---____________ true---____________
high---____________
巩固练习
1. That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.
A. care
B. careful
C. careless
D. carelessness
2. The soldier died for saving the child,so his________ is heavier than Mount Tai.
A. die
B. dead
C. died
D. death
3. The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.
A. sadly
B. sadness
C. saddly
D. sad
4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a ________.
A. chemistry
B. chemical
C. chemist
D. physician
5.The three- ________chair isn’t suitable for a young child. He may fall off.
A. legging
B. legged
C. legs
D. leged
6. Stephenson became the________railway engineer in the world.
A. lead
B. leader
C. leading
D. leadership
7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem,Jack looked________about at his classmates.
A. proud
B. proudly
C. pride
D. pridely
8.To everyone’s ________,the girl finished the job quite well.
A. satisfied
B. satisfactory
C. satisfying
D. satisfaction
9.—What are you doing here
—Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.
—You can write________passage in English
A. 600 words；a 600-words
B. 600-word；a 600-words
C. 600 words；a 600-word
D. 600 words；a 600-words
10. No one should enter the spot without the________of the police.
A. permit
B. permission
C. permitting
D. permittence
11. You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.
A. headquarters
B. headline
C. headmaster
D. headache
12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.
A. intend
B. intention
C. intentionally
D. intentional
13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a________smile.
A. practice
B. practise
C. practical
D. practiced
14. The________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.
A. judger
B. judgment
C. judge
D. judgement
15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the________news about Iraq War
A. lately
B. latest
C. later
D. latter
16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.
A. longer
B. length
C. long
D. longing
17.To my ________,I passed the exam easily.
A. joy
B. joyful
C. joyless
D. joyness
18. Canada is mainly an________country.
A. English-speaking
B. speak-English
C. spoken-English
D. English-spoken
19. How________ he is He is always acting________.He is really a ________.
A. foolish；foolishly；fool
B. fool；foolish；fool
C. foolish；fool；fool
D. foolishly；foolish；fool
20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. It’s of great ________.
A. valuable
B. value
C. valueless
D. unvaluable
21. There were________fish in the river in South America.
A. in danger
B. danger
C. dangerous
D. dangerless
22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is________.
A. sound
B. silent
C. silence
D. sounded
23. The child looked at me________.
A. stranger
B. strangely
C. strange
D. strangeless
24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their________bravely.
A. free
B. freely
C. freedom
D. frees
25. What you said sounded________ but in fact it was untrue.
A. reasonable
B. reasonful
C. reasonless
D. unreason
26. We have to learn ________technology from other countries.
A. advance
B. advancing
C. advantage
D. advanced
27. The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.
A. nearby
B. near
C. nearly
D. near by
28.Mr Black is an ________in the army,not an ________in the government. You can not easily find him in his________.
A. official；officer；office
B. officer；office；official
C. official；official；official
D. officer；official；office
29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.
A. health
B. healthy
C. healthily
D. healthier
30.________ speaking,I didn’t do it on purpose.
A. Honestly
B. Honest
C. Honesty
D. Dishonest
参考答案1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB
21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DA。