U7-Abstract
学术英语（社科）Unit7原文及翻译.doc
Introduction: Understanding the Impact of New Media on Journalism 1Journalism is undergoing a fundamental transformation, perhaps the most fundamental since the rise of the penny press of the mid-nineteenth century. In the twilight of the twentieth century and the dawn of the twenty-first, there is emerging a new form of journalism whose distinguishing qualitiesinclude ubiquitous news, global information access, instantaneous reporting, interactivity, multimedia content, and extreme content customization. In many ways this represents a potentially better form of journalism because it can reengage an increasingly distrusting and alienated audience. At the same time, it presents many threats to the most cherished values and standards of journalism. Authenticity of content, source verification, accuracy, and truth are all suspect in a medium where anyone with a computer and a modem can become a global publisher.2Although the easy answer is to point to the Internet, the reasons for the transformation of journalism are neither simple nor one-dimensional. Rather, a set of economic, regulatory, and cultural forces, driven by technological change, are converging to bring about a massive shift in the nature of journalism at the millennium.3The growth of a global economic system, made up of regional economies, all interrelated (witness the volatility in the world‟s financial markets in August 1998, when drops in Asian and Russian markets triggered drops in European and U.S. markets) and increasingly controlled by multinational corporate behemoths, has rewritten the financial basis for journalism and the media in general. Deregulation, as outlined in the U.S. Telecommunications Act of 1996 and简介：了解新媒体对新闻的影响1新闻业正在发生根本性的变革，或许最根本的变革是十九世纪中叶的便士报的崛起。
Abstract常用表达和句式
回顾某领域已取得的研究结果或介绍相关知识常用动词: present, summarize, review, outline句式：… is presented in this paper.This paper reviews the method for dealing with…This article summarizes the theory on…阐明论文写作和研究目的常用词：名词：purpose, aim, objective, goal动词：aim, attempt to, initiate, intend to, seek句式：The purpose of this study is to explore new methods on …The paper attempts to define …in terms of…The study is aimed at finding out the basic similarities between … and …The main objective of the work is to justify…The primary goal of this research is …The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of …Based on recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish…论文观点和作者观点常用词：argue, account for, address, characterize, concern, contribute, describe, disclose, deal with, devote to, explain, introduce, present, report句式：This paper presents the mathematical model and its algorithm used for …The calibration and experiment design of multivariate force sensors are discussed. This paper reports the preparation and quantum confinement effects of…The principles and methodology of language teaching are described in this article.This paper is mainly devoted to …介绍研究过程和研究范围常用词：过程：analyze, consider, discuss, examine, study, investigate, state, propose 范围：contain, cover, include, outline, scope, field, domain句式：The characteristic of …was investigated.The paper analyzes the possibility of …We study the one-step-synthesis method for … in this paper.This article discusses the method of calculation of …The principle of constructing … is proposedThis paper states the reasons for…This study identifies some procedures for …This article outlines the preliminary process of …The scope of the study covers…The study includes…The paper contains the specific topic on …介绍计算、测量常用词：calculate, compute, determine, estimate, measure, work out句式：This paper determines the proper temperature for …The cooling rate was calculated by means of…The rational rage of power is measured by …In the paper, we measured the orientation and estimated parameter for …The author worked out the probability of …The author has computed equilibrium constant K and …阐明论证常用词：confirm, demonstrate, find, identify, indicate, monitor, note, observe, point out, prove, provide句式：The result of calculation shows that…The initial particles are found to be …It is found that the amorphous silicon nitride show a tendency in…It is noted that … can be found in …The result provides a sound basis for …The study of those properties indicate…The experimental results demonstrate that…The effects of …were observed and monitored.说明试验过程常用词：experiment, test, sample句式：The samples of pyroelectric ceramics (电释热陶瓷)were collected by …We sampled the blood and urine of …The blood screening test for the AIDS antibody has been carried out on…We experimented on the sintering property(流延特性) of …The new protocol architecture for distributed multimedia systems has been tested in …介绍应用、用途常用词：application, use及其动词形式句式：In this paper, the czochralski crystal growth method has been applied in …… technique is used to …The application of the new design is to develop and maintain …展示研究结果常用词：result, cause, increase, lessen, as a result, result in, arrive at句式：As a result we have got pure particle of …The result of observation shows that …The finding of our research on methodologies in … is…The results of calculation show that the minimum velocity arrives at…The relationship between …and …is characterized by …The room temperature resistivity is lessened to …介绍结论常用词：conclude, summary, to sum up, lead to, in conclusion, conclusion句式：It is concluded that the absorption spectra of two kinds of particles include…We concluded that …It is concluded that…The conclusion of our research is …On the basis of …, the following conclusion can be drawn …Finally, a summary is given of …To sum up, we have revealed …Our argument proceeds in …The research has led to the discovery of …进行评述句式：There are hardly any data about …Middle management is considered as the go-between of …The shapes and locations of these inclusions are believed to be related to …The finding is acknowledged as essential to ...Existing methods are not sufficient for …It is difficult to improve the therapy under the conditions of …The disproportion of age groups will unfortunately lead to …The improper use of methods would seriously influence the performance of …The subject will deepen the understanding of …However, it does not mean that there is no limitation of …It is well-known that in the field of …, there are still difficulties and challenges. Environmental protection has become the most important concern of …推荐和建议常用词：propose, suggest, recommend句式：The calculation suggests that…Bulk silk is proposed to be the alternative of ordinary silk because …The finite element method is recommended to …提出进一步研究的可能性常用词：demand, desirable, expect, necessary, necessity, need, require, requirement 句式：Another term of the …need addressing because…However, the development of MRI is absolutely necessary for …To establish a …model continues to be a major concern for …The underway measurement of sea surface temperature has made it necessary to……requires more work on …More concern about the blood cleaning point out the need for …There is a growing demand for …There is a surge in the use of …Although there is already an efficient procedure, more study is still needed.突出论文重点句式：The development of… is the primary concern of this paper. Particular attention is paid on the cultivation of …Interface structure is emphasized in the article because …This paper concentrates on the effects of …The chief consideration is …。
abstract PPT文稿
摘要
1.
--some definitions
An abstract is a condensed version of a longer piece of writing that highlights the major points covered, concisely describes the content and scope of the writing ， and identify the project’s objective ， its methodology and its findings ， conclusion, or intended results.
Guiding the reading of longer documents. It is also an important measure to retrieve papers and promote the international scitech exchange.
3.
When writing a book proposal When writing a proposal for a Book Chapter
1.2 Evaluative Abstract
Main points in questions:
1. What would you usually do in evaluative abstract? A: I would include my own comments and reactions --- my thoughts and feelings regarding the material and presentation of the material. 2. Evaluative abstract is usually used in book review. (True or False)
Abstract写作常用句型及句式
Abstract写作常⽤句型及句式Abstract⼀、在摘要中直接提出论⽂主题的句型和句式1、In this paper, we present a … approach to …本⽂提出了⼀种针对…的…⽅法。
2、In this paper, we describe improved … models for …本⽂介绍⼏种针对…的改进的…模型。
3、We propose a new … model and … algorithm that enables us to …我们提出⼀种新的…模型和…算法，它让我们能够…4、We present a … model that enables …我们提出了⼀种…模型，它使我们能够…5、This paper demonstrates the ability of … to perform robust and accurate …本⽂证明了…进⾏…可靠准确的…的能⼒。
6、In this paper we report results of a … approach to …本⽂报导了…的…⽅法的实验结果。
7、This paper demonstrates that … can effectively … with very high accuracy.本⽂证明，…能够有效地准确地…8、The purpose/goal/intention/objective/object/emphasis/aim of this paper is …本⽂的⽬的是…9、The primary/chief/overall/main object of this study is to survey …本研究的⾸要⽬标是考察…10、The chief aim of this paper/research/study/experiment/the present work is …本⽂的主要⽬标是…11、 The emphasis of this study lies in …我们的研究重点是…12、The work presented in this paper focuses on …本⽂所述⼯作重点放在…13、Our goal has been to provide …我们的⽬标是提供…14、The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of …我们的研究⽬标是获取有关…的知识。
硕士论文结构主要包括以下几个部分
硕士论文结构主要包括以下几个部分硕士论文结构主要包括以下几个部分：ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSABSTRACT摘要的写法：四段第一段：研究的意义第二段: 研究方法（研究设计、研究样本、研究工具、数据分析方法）第三段：研究结果（数据分析的主要结果）第四段：研究结论/启示（这是最难写的部分）LIST OF TABLESLIST OF FIGURESCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.1Background of the Study (研究背景）1.2Purpose of the Study1.3Research Questions 2-3提示：Research questions Questionnaire（每个因子，至少涉及6个问题）Interview questionsResearch question 1 哪些问题回答此研究问题？请列出来,比如：1,3,5,7,9,11 哪几个访谈问题回答此研究问题？Research question 2 哪些问题回答此研究问题？请列出来,比如：2,4,6,8,10,12 哪几个访谈问题回答此研究问题？Research question 3 哪些问题回答此研究问题？请列出来，比如：13,14,15,16,17,18 哪几个访谈问题回答此研究问题？Research question 4如果是定量研究，以上的每一个问题，就是一个因子。
有些问题，可以只用定量调查问卷来回答，有的研究问题，可以用定量和定性问卷来回答。
有些研究问题，可以用访谈的来回答。
比如：实施分级教学的主要问题是是什么？对于分级教学中存在的主要问题，教师应该采取什么对策和措施？对于这两个问题，可以不调查学生，专门设计定性的问卷采访4-5位教师即可。
1.4Significance of the Study1.5Organization of the Remaining Chapters（这里注意，如果有Remaining 这个词，内容就不能包括第一章)CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Chapter Overview （本章内容简介）2.2 Theoretical Framework2.3 Previous Studies in China2.4 Previous Studies Abroad………(该部分除了2.1 Introduction 和2.X Summary 部分，中间可以有不同的写法：一种是把国内研究（Studies in China）和国外研究（Studies abroad）分成两个部分写；另一种写法是把涉及到的相关研究按照某几个大的概念或要点来写；也可以按阶段来写，比如studies before 1949，studies after 1980，….; 也可以按照定性研究，和定量研究来写。
学术英语(综合)U7教师用书
Unit 7 MathematicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 7, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsPut Ss into pairs and ask them to do the task in Lead-in. Then choose several Ss to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys (Suggested Answers)•Analyzing statistics collected from questionnaires•Conducting experiments and analyzing the data•Purchasing financial productsText AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewLet Ss preview Text A before class. An alternative plan is to allocate some time for Ss to read Text A quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and invite them to share their ownunderstandings with the class. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•Fibonacci sequence•decimal place•Stephen Baker and The Numerati•Acronym and Initialism2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the nature and predictive function of mathematics in theauthor’s eyes by doing Task 1 in Critical reading and thinking.4)Ask Ss to work in pairs on some of the questions about mathematics bydoing Task 2 in Critical reading and thinking. Call on some Ss to report their answers to the class.Supplementary Information1.Fibonacci sequenceFibonacci sequence is often observed in the geometry of plants such as flowersand fruit with regard to their recurrent structures and forms. For instance, Fibonacci sequence is used to study and indicate the arrangement of leaves, branches, flowers or seeds in plants, highlighting the existence of regular patterns.Fibonacci sequence is also closely related to the Golden Ratio (approximately noted as 1.168), which not only frequently occurs in nature, but is widely used to achieve aesthetic perfection in artworks, such as sculptures and paintings.2.Stephen Baker and The NumeratiStephen Baker is an American journalist, non-fiction author and novelist who often explores themes concerning data and technology. The Numerati is a non-fiction book written by Stephen Baker. In this book, Baker discusses the increasing role that data-mining plays in politics, business, law enforcement, etc. on the basis of interviews with the numerati, which refers to people who are developing and using technologies to analyze and characterize our everyday actions. The book shows that data-mining can be used to predict outcomes and influence human behavior.3.Acronym and InitialismAcronym and Initialism are two types of abbreviation. Acronyms are pronounced as a whole word (e.g. NASA) while Initialisms are pronounced one letter at a time(e.g. FBI). In this text, an example of Acronym is ASCII, and CCTV is a typicalexample of Initialism.Language Support1.What if those strings of numbers are records of the things you’ve bought, placesyou’ve traveled to, websites you’ve visited, parties you’ve voted for?(Para. 3)此处作者为了引起读者注意，营造交互感，使用了偏对话体的文风。
新时代核心英语教程写作2教学课件U7
Activity 2
Read the paragraph on p. 87 and then identify the dominant impression and supporting details.
The dominant impression:
The fruit cellar is a dreadfully gloomy, wet, and musty place.
ore
新时代
urriculum 核心英语教程
2 写 作
7 UNIT
Description
Key Terms
description 描写 dominant impression 支配性印象 objective description 客观描写
sensory image 感官印象 spatial order 空间顺序
Reveal a dominant impression
In the following example, the writer uses naming, detailing and comparing to create the effect of reinforcing the writer’s purpose.
Reveal a dominant impression
In the following example, the writer uses naming, detailing and comparing to create the effect of reinforcing the writer’s purpose.
Activity 2
Read the paragraph on p. 87 and then identify the dominant impression and supporting details.
abstract分析
Analysis of abstractAn abstract is a complete but concise statement that describes a larger work. Components of abstract are different from the discipline. The two most important reasons of abstracts are selection and indexing. Selection means that abstracts allow readers who may be interested in the long work to quickly decide whether this paper is worth their time to read it. Also, indexing means that many online databases use abstracts to index larger works. Therefore, the abstract is gaining tractions among us.There are two types of abstracts: Descriptive and Informative. A descriptive abstract outlines the topics covered in the paper. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research. The majority of abstracts are informative. An informative abstract includes the information that can be found in a descriptive abstract (purpose, methods, scope) but also includes the results and conclusions of the research and the recommendations of the author.From what I have mentioned above, the examples I choose (list of examples attached) can be divided into two: example 1 is a descriptive abstract, while the rests are all informative abstracts.The structure of a descriptive abstract may only include two parts like the example1: background and outline of the work. Usually, outline of the work likes a table of contents in paragraph form. Although descriptive abstracts are usually very short –100 words or less, it’s enough to know the structure of the whole work. Just li ke a miniature of the paper, it’s brief and complete.Example2~6 show the phenomenon that most abstracts are informative. An informative abstract often includes four parts: background, research question, method and conclusion. The background of an informative abstract is to answer the question that why do you want to do the research. Like example 2‖ Many practices aimed at cultivating multicultural competence in educational and organizational settings assume that multicultural experience fosters creativity‖, Is the assumption true? Or when and how does multicultural experience enhances creativity? With background of the topic, we will feel more comfortable to accept the conception of the work. The research question is the question the author trying to answer and the topic of the work. What problem you attempt to solve will determine whether this paper is worth the readers’ time.Like example 3‖This article investigates the possessions and activities that consumers love and their role in the construction of a coherent identity narrative‖, the question that example3 want to answer is the roles of loved objects and activities in the construction of a coherent identity narrative. The method of an informativeabstract is to answer the question that how do you get answers to your research question? While look at the list of examples, we’ll find that not all abstract show the approaches used in their work. The conclusion of an abstract is the work’s finding and value. Like example5 ―In an experiment, we show that vis ual personification—pictures in an ad that metaphorically represent a product as engaged in some kind of human behavior—can trigger anthropomorphism. Such personification, when embedded in an ad, appears to lead to more positive emotions, more positive attributions of brand personality, and greater brand liking. Implications for advertisers are discussed‖. From these words, we clearly know the final conclusion that visual personification can trigger anthropomorphism and personification in ads lead to positive effects.From the list of examples, we conclude that the language of abstract is brief and concise. Due to the limit of space, the abstract must be written the essential information in as simple terms as possible. Also, the work should be conveyed in as few words as possible with an assumption that it covers all the main point of the paper, that’s to say, the abstract should be complete. What’s more, the abstract ought to be reader-oriented, that’s means it should be written to serve reader in saving the ir time and energy.Here are some examples from the papers I have read recently:Example 1: Susan Fournier , Claudio Alvarez, Brands as relationship partners: Warmth, competence, and in-between, Journal of Consumer Psychology, October 2011.Background：The dialogue between social perception and consumer–brand relationship theories opens new opportunities for studying brands.Outline of the work:To advance branding research in the spirit of interdisciplinary inquiry, we propose to (1) investigate the process of anthropomorphism through which brands are imbued with intentional agency; (2) integrate the role of consumers not only as perceivers but also as relationship agents;(3) consider important defining dimensions of consumer–brand relationships beyond warmth and competence, including power and excitement; and (4) articulate the dynamics governing warmth (intentions) and competency (ability) judgments to yield prescriptive guidance for developing popular and admired brands.Example 2:Angela Ka-yee Leung, William W. Maddux ,Adam D. Galinsky, Chi-yue Chiu. Multicultural Experience Enhances Creativity:The When and How, American Psychologist, April 2008.Background：Many practices aimed at cultivating multicultural competence in educational and organizational settings (e.g., exchange programs, diversity education in college, diversity management at work) assume that multicultural experience fosters creativity.Research Question：In line with this assumption, the research reported in this article is the first to empirically demonstrate that exposure to multiple cultures in and of itself can enhance creativity.Conclusions:Overall, the authors found that extensiveness of multicultural experiences was positively related to both creative performance (insight learning, remote association, and idea generation) and creativity-supporting cognitive processes(retrieval of unconventional knowledge, recruitment of ideas from unfamiliar cultures for creative idea expansion). Furthermore, their studies showed that the serendipitous creative benefits resulting from multicultural experiences may depend on the extent to which individuals open themselves to foreign cultures, and that creativity is facilitated in contexts that deemphasize the need for firm answers or existential concerns.The authors discuss the implications of their findings for promoting creativity in increasingly global learning and work environments. Example 3: Aaron C. Ahuvia, Beyond the Extended Self: Loved Objects and Consumers’ Identity Narratives, Journal of Consumer Research, June 2005.Research Question：This article investigates the possessions and activities that consumers love and their role in the construction of a coherent identity narrative.Method：interviewConclusions: In the face of social forces pushing toward identity fragmentation, interviews reveal three different strategies, labeled ―demarcating,‖ ―compromising,‖ and ―synthesizing‖ solutions, for creating a coherent self-narrative.Findings are compared to Belk’s ―Possessions and the Extended Self.‖ Most claims from Belk are supported, but the notion of a core versus extended self is critiqued as a potentially confusing metaphor.The roles of loved objects and activities in structuring social relationships and in consumer well-being are also explored.Example 4:Nicolas Kervyn , Susan T. Fiske, Chris Malone, Brands as intentional agents framework: How perceived intentions and ability can map brand perception, Journal of Consumer Psychology, September 2011.Background：Building on the Stereotype Content Model, this paper introduces and tests the Brands as Intentional Agents Framework.A growing body of researchsuggests that consumers have relationships with brands that resemble relations between people.……Brands as Intentional Agents Framework is based on a well-established social perception approach: the Stereotype Content Model.Research Question：We propose that consumers perceive brands in the same way they perceive people. This approach allows us to explore how social perception theories and processes can predict brand purchase interest and loyalty.Conclusions: Two studies support the Brands as Intentional Agents Framework prediction that consumers assess a brand's perceived intentions and ability and that these perceptions elicit distinct emotions and drive differential brand behaviors.The research shows that human social interaction relationships translate to consumer–brand interactions in ways that are useful to inform brand positioning and brand communications.Example 5: Marjorie Delbaere, Edward F. McQuarrie, and Barbara J. Phillips, Personification in Advertising:Using a Visual Metaphor to Trigger Anthropomorphism, Journal of Advertising, Spring 2011.Background：All forms of personification draw on anthropomorphism, the propensity to attribute human characteristics to objects.Method：experiment,Conclusions: In an experiment, we show that visual personification—pictures in an ad that metaphorically represent a product as engaged in some kind of human behavior—can trigger anthropomorphism. Such personification, when embedded in an ad, appears to lead to more positive emotions, more positive attributions of brand personality, and greater brand liking. Implications for advertisers are discussed. Example 6:Marina Puzakova, Hyokjin Kwak,Joseph F. Rocereto, When Humanizing Brands Goes Wrong: The Detrimental Effect of Brand Anthropomorphization Amid Product Wrongdoings, Journal of Marketing, May 2013.Background：The brand relationship literature shows that the humanizing of brands and products generates more favorable consumer attitudes and thus enhances brand performance.Research Question：However, the authors propose negative downstream consequences of brand humanization; that is, the anthropomorphization of a brand can negatively affect consumers' brand evaluations when the brand faces negative publicity caused by product wrongdoings.Conclusions: They find that consumers who believe in personality stability (i.e., entity theorists) view anthropomorphized brands that undergo negative publicity less favorably than nonanthropomorphized brands. In contrast, consumers who advocate personality malleability (i.e.,incremental theorists) are less likely to devalue an anthropomorphized brand from a single instance of negative publicity.Finally, the authors explore three firm response strategies (i.e., denial,apology, and compensation) that can affect the evaluations of anthropomorphized brands for consumers with different implicit theory perspectives. They find that entity theorists have more difficulty in combating the adverse effects of brand anthropomorphization than incremental theorists. Furthermore, they demonstrate that compensation (vs. denial or apology) is the only effective response among entity theorists.。
Abstract Writing (论文摘要写作精简版)
Writing: AbstractWHAT IS AN ABSTRACT1. The Definition of an Abstract1 ) the objectives and scope of investigation;2) the methods used;3) the most important results;4) conclusion or recommendation.2. Features of AbstractsBrevity Accuracy Specificity Objectivity Informativeness IndependencyCLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACTS1.Indicative Abstractsrmative Abstractsrmative-indicative Abstracts4.Other Types of Abstracts 1) Critical Abstracts 2) Mini-abstractsFUNCTIONS OF ABSTRACTSA Screening Device of Documents: An abstract gives readers the idea of what the article is about.A Self-contained Text: We’ll know the information it contains, without seeing the article .A Helpful Preview: It "frames" the article and prepares the reader for the main points to come.To Facilitate Indexing: It will improve the chances of having it read by the right people.STYLISTIC FEATURES OF ABSTRACTS1. The Length of Abstracts1) In general, there is a 100-300 word limit to the number of words in an abstract.2) Do not confuse an abstract with a review. There should be no comment or evaluation.3) Give information only once.4) Do not repeat the information given in the title.5) Do not include any facts or ideas that are not in the text.6) For informative abstracts, include enough data to support the conclusions.7) If reference to procedure is essential, try to restrict it to identification of method or process.8) State results, conclusions, or findings in clear concise fashion.9) Organize the information in the way that is most useful to the reader. (a thesis-first abstract)2. Verbs and Tenses Used in Abstracts1) Active verbs: use active verbs rather than passive verbs.2) Present tense: background information, existing facts, what is in the paper and conclusion.3) Past tense /present perfect tense: completed research, methodology or major activities results.3. Words Used in Abstracts1) Avoid use of highly specialized words or abbreviations. Define unfamiliar words.2) Synthesize or rephrase the information into clear, concise statements.3) Avoid using jargon.4. Sentence Structures of Abstracts1) Use third person sentences.2) Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure.3) Use complete sentences.4) The first sentence should present the subject and scope of the report. The thesis or the writer's focus should be presented in the second sentence. The balance of the article is a summary of the important points of each section, including methods, procedures, results and conclusions.5) Good abstracts are sure to include a variety of pat phrases:a. Background Information (Research has shown... It has been proposed... Another proposed property... The search is on for... One of the promising new...)b. Statement of the Problem (The objective of the research is to prove / verify... The experiment was designed to determine...)e. Statement of Procedure (To investigate this .... A group of 10 specimens / subjects ... Measurementswere taken after... A second group was...)d. Conclusions (It was found that .... Results imply... This data suggests... In the experimental group... In the control group...)e. Relates the Experiment to the Words (This kind of research encourages the belief that... Similar to ...) HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT (An abstract must be written last as it sums up the results)l) Locate the thesis statement, identify the main divisions of the document, find the main terms (key words) and statements in each section;2) Decide the degree of detail to include;3) Prepare a single paragraph including the crucial information gathered;4) Edit the draft, eliminate unnecessary background information, and reduce wordy phrases;5) Finally, revise the opening statement to emphasize the new information contained in the paper.Start out the abstract by telling exactly what you did and how you did it. Focus on the rationale and ideas of the study and why it is important in the first two sentences. In the next few lines, focus on the materials and methods, and the data generated from the study. Tell the reader how the data were collected, compiled, and state statistical significance(s). Mention any new tools developed.Avoid using bibliographic references in the abstract. However, if your article follows directly from a published work and is a major advance on that specific piece of work, do cite the paper in the abstract.The end of the abstract is just as important as the beginning. The concluding lines of the abstract should lead into the first paragraph of the introduction without repeating what has been said. State the implications of your studies to the field of scholarship in which you are working.1. How to Write Informative Abstracts1) An informative abstract should be orderly, succinct, and concrete, with the length of no mere than 10% of the essay.2) Plan to write an abstract that is in the first draft, note key facts, statistics, etc. on the organisms, materials and locations used.3) Do not include a statement of scope or a sentence like "this paper will look at .... ".4) Write selected details of the experimental methods, including the duration of the study, the treatments, methods and equipment used.5) Be sure to omit or condense lengthy examples, tables, and other supporting detail.6) Do not hedge or equivocate.7) Give the key results, with a description of them and some of the main figures and their statistical significance.8) Use active verbs such as "report", "propos ", and "analyze" rather than static verbs such as "is", "are" and "appears to be".9) Revise the draft into smooth, stand-alone prose; the abstract itself should be a mini-essay.10) Edit the revision. Be sure that the abstract is complete and accurate, with a brief note on the significance of the results.11) Double check that the abstract is written in the same voice as is the paper.2. How to Write Indicative Abstracts1) List the title of the research report after "Abstract of..." at the top of your page.2) Summarize the major thesis and supporting main ideas of the report without omitting any important ideas.3) Avoid wordiness and repetition.4) Condense source material in your own words, being careful not to directly borrow text. You should not use direct quotations in abstracts.5) Use good sentence structure, grammar, mechanics, and spelling.6) Adhere to the 100-word limit. (No fewer than 90, nor more than 110)3. How to write Abstracts for Engineering InformationBackground: A simple opening sentence or two ;Aims: One or two sentences giving the purpose, the development, the survey as well as the assignment and the scope of the research;Method(s): One or two sentences explaining what was done and what the principles, the theory, the condition, the objective, the techniques, the framework, the means, the equipment and the procedure, etc. used in the research are;Results: One or two sentences indicating the main findings, the result, the data, the relationship, the effect and the performance of the experiment and research;Conclusions: One sentence giving the most important consequence of the work, the results of the analysis, the research, the evaluation and the application, and the issues that are raised as well.4. How to Write Abstracts for DissertationsThere are two purposes in dissertation abstract writing: to inform your reader, and to market your product. Aside from the guidelines mentioned above, there are some others:1) a dissertation abstract should have three elements, and three elements alone:a. a section on the problem you examined;b. a section showing your method;c. a section showing your findings.2) you need not give the history of the problem, why you chose to study it, your philosophy, or your self-congratulatory but humble remarks about how your dissertation will change the world.3) be sure to use some key words for easy referencing, an accurate and specific summary of your findings, and as active a voice as you can muster.5. How to Write Abstracts for ConferencesIt is a competitive process, but one to be undertaken seriously.1) Look for "Call for Papers" notices.2) Title: The title should be informative and focused, indicating the problem, kind of data and your general approach.3) Make your abstract as brief as possible, within the word limit set by the "Call for Papers".4) Make sure to describe the general topic clearly.5) Try to make your abstract appeal to the concept for the conference as it is defined in the "Call for Papers".6) Describe your treatment of the topic, and how it relates to previous work on the same topic.7) Explain how you will justify your treatment, and quote crucial evidence.8) Consider your audience carefully. You are essentially writing a speech. Your sentence structures, use of specialized language and theories, etc., should take this into account. Also, in oral discourse, you might want to summarize and / or repeat ideas more often.6. How to Write Research Abstracts1)The purpose of a research abstract can be boiled down to providing the answers to the following questions:a. Why did you start?b. What did you do?c. What did you find?d. What does it mean?2) Title: Ideally about 10-12 words long, the title should include the scope of the investigation, the study design, and the goal. In general it is preferable to make the title a description of what was investigated. The title should be easy for the reader to understand and should not include jargon or 3) Introduction or Background: this should provide a brief context or explanation for doing the study, and state the aim of the study, and ideally should include a concise statement of the study' s hypothesis. A scientific study is "to find out whether it is true."4) Methods: In an abstract the description of the methods has to be concise, and much of the details of what was done must be omitted. However, in a few short sentences the reader can be given a good idea of the design of the study, the context in which it was done, and the types of patients or measurements that were included.5) Results: space is limited. Still, it is important to give the main results of the study not just in subjective terms but also in the form of the most important data. Do not include a table or figure unless it is necessary to convey your results.6) Conclusions: Keep your conclusions reasonable and supportable by the findings of your study.7) Follow the instructions7. Some Don'ts in Abstract Writing1) Do not commence with "this paper...", "this report..." or similar. It is better to write about the research. Similarly, do not explain the sections or parts of the paper.2) Avoid sentences that end in "... is described", "... is reported", "... is analyzed" or similar. These are simply too vague to be informative.3) Do not begin sentences with "it is suggested that...", "it is believed that... ", "it is felt that..." or similar, for the words can be omitted without damaging the essential message.4) Do not write in the first person. Not only should you avoid I, but also we , the author , the writer, etc., because the abstract should be about the research, not about the act of writing.5) Do not submit an abstract with the length exceeding the limit offered.6) Do not submit your abstract later than the given date.7) Do not write an imprecise abstract.SAMPLESSample 1:Microscopic characterization of a TiB2-carbon material composite:Raw materials and composite characterizationAbstract: Titanium diboride (TiB2) is a very attractive material for the aluminum industry, because it is readily wetted by molten aluminum and combines good physical properties (electrical conductivity), chemical (fairly resistant to dissolution by molten aluminum), and mechanical (wear resistance) properties.// In this article, both raw materials(anthracite, pitch, and TiB2powder) and TiB2-carbon composites (TCC) were characterized.//Inclusions of aluminosilicate and iron oxide types were found in the anthracity aggregates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis allowed differentiation between two types of aggregates: stratified (L C=44 nm) and nonstratified (L C=15 nm). The principal impurity found in the TiB2 powder was TiCN and surface analysis of the particles revealed the presence of a contaminant layer composed of C, N, O, and Ti; the thickness of this layer varied from 5 to 15 nm.// Characterization of the TiB2particles in the composite showed important surface modifications compared to their initial state. Evidence seen on the particles’ surfaces showed that a TiC-(O traces) formed preferentially on the side of particles rather than on top surface. The thickness of this TiC-(O traces) layer was evaluated to 30 nm.TiB2碳基复合材料的微观特征:原材料和复合物特征硼化钛(TiB2)在制铝业中是一种很受欢迎的材料,由于它易于被熔融的铝润湿,而且具有好的物理性能(导电率),化学性能(很好地抵御被熔融的铝分解)和机械性能(耐磨性).在这篇文章中,讨论了原材料(无烟煤,沥青和TiB2粉末)及TiB2碳基复合材料(TCC)的特征.在无沿煤聚合体中发现了铝矽酸盐和铁的氧化物.由X 射线衍射分析(XRD)可得两种聚合物的区别:层积的(L C=44 nm)和未层积的(L C=15 nm). TiB2粉末中发现的主要杂质是TiCN,另外颗粒表面分析可见由C, N, O, 和Ti组成的污染层;这个污染层从长远来5直15 nm 不等.符合物中TiB2颗粒的特征表明了与初始状态相比而言很重要的表面修正.颗粒表面所见的迹象显示TiC-(O traces)优先在颗粒的边缘而不是顶表面形成.这个TiC-(O traces)层厚度据估计有30 nm.Sample 2:Establishing a knowledge management programme for competitive advantage in an enterprise Abstract: This article is concerned with the establishment of a knowledge management programme that will ensure sustainable competitive advantage within an enterprise//. The main problem under investigation is to assess the importance of knowledge management within an enterprise and to ascertain how it can ensure sustained competitive advantage in an enterprise.// An empirical survey was conducted in the Eskom Transmission Group, Johannesburg, South Africa to investigate understanding of the knowledge management concept amongst business leader, determine enablers and barriers to implement a knowledge management programme and to determine whether knowledge is seen as a source for competitive advantage.// It is suggested that enterprises should adopt a holistic and integrated approach when establishing such a programme. Broad recommendations for establishing a knowledge management programme that will be source of sustainable competitive advantage are proposed. 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd.为实现企业的竞争优势建立知识管理的程序这是一篇关于为确保企业持续性竞争优势建立知识管理程序的文章.调查的主要问题是评价企业中知识管理的重要性和确定知识管理怎样保证企业的持续性竞争优势.为了调查知识管理概念在商业领导者中的理解程度,确定实施知识经济管理程序的有利和不利因素以及确定是否知识被看作竞争优势的源泉,南美约翰内斯堡的埃斯克姆传播小组进行了一次实验性研究.文章建议在建立知识管理程序的时候,企业应该采用完整综合的方法.文章在作为持续性竞争优势源泉的知识管理程序的建立方面提出了狠多的建议.。
Abstract
Material One摘要：国际广告是国际营销活动的产物，其任务是把一种环境的产物与生长在另一环境下的人成功地连接起来，使后者接受前者。
由于国际广告受众之间存在着国情、文化、法律法规、宗教信仰、风俗习惯、意识形态及教育水平等诸多差异，这就要求国际广告文献的翻译必须力求跨越上述种种障碍，译写出符合译入语市场消费行为和译入语行文习惯的地道译文，避免“橘生淮南则为枳”的貌似而非的“忠实”译文。
为达此目的，在特定的条件下，国际广告的翻译可以而且应该摆脱传统的翻译老路，采取一些非常手段，以实现外来广告的当地化，进而打开市场，促进销售。
笔者以为，绎译法（adaptation）即为一种有别于常规翻译方法但于国际广告翻译却较为行之有效的变通手段。
所谓绎译，是指根据目的地市场特性及潜在受众的购买心理或习惯，故意改变原文表达方式或增加原文没有的意义的一种传译方法，它不拘泥于译文与原文内容的等值和形式的契合，而重译文与原文功能或效果的对等。
绎译法符合“等效”理论，且有利于发挥译入语的行文优势，在实际的国际广告之商业名称、广告标题、广告口号及广告语篇等的翻译中得到广泛运用。
Abstract：International advertisement is a product of international markting activities，the task of it is make a successful contact between a product of environment and people who growing up in another environment，and lead people accept former。
However，the target consumers of international advertisement has many differences in national conditions、culture、law、religion、custom、ideology and level of education and so on，thus，a international advertisement must overcome the aforementioned difficulties，the translation must conform to market consumption action of the target language and custom of the target language ，avoid translating a word which is vague。
英文编辑之Abstract
Writing
• Signaling topics in abstracts written as one paragraph Question + Experiment: To determine whether…, we… To test the hypothesis that…, we… We asked whether… To answer this question, we…
著者-出版年体系标注原则
• 引文的作者姓没在正文中反映，则在括 号中列出 e.g. A recent study (Dunham 1998) shows that …
著者-出版年体系标注原则
• 引用同一作者在同一年份出版的多篇论 文，在括号中的出版年后加字母（a，b， c等）以示区别 e.g. Johnson (1996a) discussed the subject …
Content
• Should not include citations • Should not include figures or tables.
Development of pharyngeal muscle in nematodes and heart muscle in vertebrates and insects involves the related hemeobox genes ceh-22, nkx2.5, and tinman, respectively. To determined whether the nematode gene ceh-22 and the vertebrate gene nkx2.5 perform similar functions, we examined the activity of the zebrafish nkx2.5 gene in transgenic Caneorhadbitis elegans. We found that ectopic expression of knx2.5 in C. elegans body wall muscle disnormally expressed on in pharyngeal muscle, and of a synthetic reporter construct controlled by a multimerized CEH-22 binding site. Nkx2.5 also efficiently prevented ceh22 growth defects when expressed in pharyngeal muscle. These results indicate that ceh-22 and nkx2.5 perform similar functions. Further, these results suggest that an evolutionairly conserved mechanism underlies pharyngeal development in nematodes and heart development in vertebrates and insects.
基于单片机操纵的出租车计价器
毕业设计（论文）任务书专业电子与电气\楼宇智能化一、课落款称：基于单片机操纵的出租车计价器二、要紧技术指标： 1显示：能够显示单价、里程、总金额。
2.停车计费功能：半途因故停车按半途等待的单价收费。
3.自动分时计费功能：白天和夜间应能自动改换单价。
4.扩展功能：可增加时钟功能和数据掉电爱惜功能。
5,里程误差小于2%。
三、工作内容和要求：该系统以 89S51 单片机为中心、附加 A44E 霍尔传感器测距，实现对出租车计程、计时、计费存储等多种计量功能为一体，采纳 AT24C02实此刻系统掉电的时候保留单价和系统时刻等信息，输出采纳 6段数码显示管。
本电路设计的计价器不但能实现大体的计价，而且还能依照白天、黑夜、半途等待来调剂单价，同时在不计价的时候还能作为时钟为司机同志提供方便。
要求一、完成设计说明书，字数很多于1万字，要求用A4纸打印并有中、英文摘要；二、图纸采纳运算机画图；3、完成与设计内容有关的外文资料翻译，译文翻译准确，表述清楚；4、说明设计原理和理论基础，有课题方案选择、参数计算，测试数据及测试结果分析、结论。
四、要紧参考文献： [1]李朝青.单片机原理与接口技术[M],北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1997[2]康华光.数字电路技术基础[M](第四版).北京：高等教育出版社，2000[3]陈永甫.新编555集成电路应用800例[M].电子工业出版社，[4]孙涵芳.MCS-51系列单片机原理及应用[M].北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，[5]张大明，单片机操纵实训指导及综合应用实例[M].北京：机械工业出版社2007.[6] 徐光翔单片机原理接口及应用南京大学出版社[7] 张淑清等. 单片微型运算机接口技术及其应用北京：国防工业出版社，[8] 王晓君等. MCS-51及兼容单片机原理与选型北京：电子工业出版社[9]张鑫、华臻、陈书谦．《单片机原理及应用》[M]．电子工业出版社，2005．P110~136．[10]丁元杰、吴大伟．《单片微机实题集与实验指导书》[M]．机械工业出版社， 2004．P124~125．[11] AT89C52概述[EB/OL] 中国电子工业网[EB/OL]：张友德赵志英涂时亮编单片微型机原理、应用与实验上海：复旦大学出版社全书毕业设计（论文）开题报告基于单片机操纵的出租车计价器目录摘要 (8)Abstract (8)第1章前言 (10)第2章方案设计 (11)功能要求 (11)方案论证 (11)第3章出租车计价器硬件设计 (13)系统的硬件组成及功能 (13)3. 2 AT89S51单片机及其引脚说明 (13)AT24C02引脚图及其引脚功能 (16)3. 4 AT24C02 掉电存储单元的设计 (16)按键单元的设计 (17)里程计算、计价单元的设计 (17)数据显示单元设计 (19)整体设计电路图 (21)第4章系统软件设计 (23)4. 1 系统主程序设计 (23)4. 2 按时中断程序设计 (23)4. 3 里程计数中断效劳程序设计 (23)半途等待中断效劳程序设计 (23)4. 5 键盘效劳程序设计 (24)4. 6 显示子程序效劳程序设计 (24)4. 7 程序流程图 (24)第5章系统调试与测试结果分析 (26)5. 1 利用的仪器仪表 (26)系统调试 (26)第6章终止语 (27)答谢辞 (28)参考文献 (29)出租车计价器是乘客与司机两边的交易准那么，它是出租车行业进展的重要标志，是出租车中最重要的工具。
研究生学术英语读写教程unit7
研究生学术英语读写教程unit7研究生学术英语读写教程 Unit7 的内容如下:主题：学术论文的结构和写作技巧本单元重点:- 了解学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 掌握正确的学术论文写作技巧和风格- 学会如何优化学术论文的结构和排版本单元拓展:- 学术论文的阅读和撰写对于研究生来说是非常重要的技能。
通过本单元的学习，学生将学会如何有效地阅读和撰写学术论文，从而提高学术能力。
- 学术论文的结构和写作技巧是研究生学术英语读写教程中的重要部分。
通过学习本单元的内容，学生将能够更好地理解学术论文的结构和组织方式，从而更好地撰写学术论文。
具体内容:1. Introduction- 介绍学术论文的背景和目的- 阐述学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 举例说明如何有效地组织 Introduction 部分2. Literature Review- 介绍文献综述的作用和意义- 阐述文献综述的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 举例说明如何有效地组织 Literature Review 部分3. Methods- 介绍研究方法的重要性- 阐述研究方法的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Methods 部分4. Results- 介绍研究结果的重要性- 阐述研究结果的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Results 部分5. Discussion- 介绍讨论部分的作用和意义- 阐述讨论部分的基本组成部分以及各自的作用 - 举例说明如何有效地组织 Discussion 部分 6. Conclusion- 总结学术论文的主要内容- 强调学术论文的结论和贡献- 举例说明如何有效地撰写 Conclusion 部分 7. References- 列举学术论文中所引用的文献- 注意文献引用的准确性和完整性8. Format and 排版- 了解学术论文的排版格式- 学会如何优化学术论文的结构和排版本单元重点:- 了解学术论文的基本组成部分以及各自的作用- 掌握正确的学术论文写作技巧和风格- 学会如何有效地阅读和撰写学术论文，从而提高学术能力总结:研究生学术英语读写教程 Unit7 主要介绍了学术论文的结构和写作技巧。
学术英语(社科)Unit 7
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Read Para. 1 and find out the qualities of the new form of journalism
→ Nowadays the new medium means anyone can publish something she/he wants to say as long as she/he has a computer and a modem. In this case , it is difficult to check the authenticity of content, to verify the source, to guarantee accuracy, and to stick to the truth.
批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
学术英语 社科
Academic English for Social Sciences
7
Change in Journalism
In the era when technology is changing every aspect of our lives, the ways of reporting and viewing news are inevitably affected. How digital technology-driven products like iPad, Kindle are impacting traditional journalism is the focus of this unit.
(完整word版)如何写英文Abstract
How to Write an Abstract一、什么是摘要Abstract?an abstract comprises one paragraph which describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper.摘要是叙述文章主要内容的一个段落，并且位于文章的开头部分.摘要是以梗概形式呈现的一篇文章要点的总结,它强调了一篇文章所包含的重要的信息.它也可以帮助读者快速的了解到是否这篇文章是他们感兴趣的，是否他们需要来阅读整篇文章。
而且，国家或国际出版社的编辑通常通过浏览投稿文章的摘要来决定是否投稿人的文章是可以被录用的。
因此，对于学者和研究人员来说，写一份好的摘要至关重要。
二、写作Abstract的目的对于科技论文的摘要，Abstract的目的有以下几点：1.Introduce journal articles.rm readers about article`s content.3.Help readers decide whether or not to read article.4.Overview conference programs,abstract collections，and book chapters.三、学习写作Abstract的必要性1。
Helps you present complex information in a clear,concise manner。
2.Helps you read abstracts more effectively.3。
Helps you conduct research.4.Helps you write abstracts for future publications。
5.Helps you condense report information into a short format for database searches。
学术英语(社科)_Unit 7
→ The most dominant assumption describes an ideal world in which convergence is a good thing and will happen at any rate.
Do the tasks on pages 142-143.
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
Unit Contents
Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Writing
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
• Lead-in
– Lead-in task
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
Unit 7
Change in Journalism
Text A
Critical reading and thinking of Text A
Text Analysis
Supporting details: (Paras. 3-4) 1) The growth of a global economic system has rewritten the financial basis for journalism and the media in general. 2) deregulation 3) The end of Cold War has unleashed a variety of cultural and political forces
Lead-in
Task Watch the video clip and complete the sentences according to what you have heard.
abstract例子
Study the following information and then write an abstract of no fewer than 150 words.Title: Examination of Abstract Writing StylesSample: 2,460 university student abstracts--- 40 universities---physical sciences Methods used: Analysis of variance + least squares fit of percent errors vs. program level.Conclusions from style table: Southern universities used more verbose (冗长的) style; northern universities, more cryptic (晦涩的)style.Correlation study: (1) Students whose parents were below the “poverty level” (58% of the sample) showed intermediate writing skills at the freshman level but improved more quickly with time ending with MS or PhD levels; (2) Students with parents above poverty level showed initial advanced writing skills and slowly improved to the professional level at the MS or PhD levels. Respective correlations for (1) and (2) are 84% and 88%.Recommendation s: (1) State educational systems---prepare students at the high school level in basic writing skills; (2) Universities---technical writing course mandatory for science/engineering university students at the junior (third-year) level.Examination of Abstract Writing StylesAbstractA large sampling of abstracts was obtained from across the U.S. This paper presents the results of the analysis of the abstracts. Several statistical methods were used in the study. A table of styles vs. locality in the in the US is presented. Several interesting conclusions of the correlation study are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made on how to improve abstract preparation.Examination of Abstract Writing StylesAbstract(In view of the U.S university student abstracts, there is an urgent need to shed light on their writing styles.) This paper aims to examine the abstract writing styles written by university students majoring in physical sciences. A large sampling of abstracts, i.e. 2,460 university student abstracts, was obtained from across the United States, among which 40 university students majoring in physical sciences were selected. Different statistical methods were carried out: analysis of variance and least squares fit of percent errors as against program level approach. As a result, the findings from the table style led to the conclusion that southern universities tended to use more verbose style while northern universities tended to adopt more cryptic style. Moreover, interesting conclusions of the correlation study were drawn:Students whose parents were below the “poverty level”showed intermediate writing skills at the freshman level butimproved more quickly with time ending with MS or PhD levels; on the other hand, students with parents above poverty level showed initial advanced writing skills and slowly improved to the professional level at the MS or PhD levels. Also recommendations are made, such as preparing students at the high school level in basic writing skills under state educational systems and setting up technical writing course mandatory for science or engineering university students at the junior level.。
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Nonstructured abstract
IMRAD format
Background
Aims / Purpose
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Sample 5
p21Cdk作用蛋白(又称Cip1)是G1细胞周期依赖性蛋白激酶的强抑制剂
Sentence 1：Background Sentence 2：Aims（To identify…）and methods（we have employed…） Sentence 3：Results Sentence 4：Conclusion（Cotransfection experiments indicate that…）
IAMRC format – Sample 2 Move 1 (Introduction): Providing background information
Step 1: Reviewing items of previous research Step 2: Claiming centrality • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important
Abstract: 113 words
Structured abstract
Types of abstracts ① IMRAD format ② IAMRC format
③ Four-paragraph format
④ Eight-point format
Samples 1-4
Journals with structured abstracts
New England Journal of Medicine《新英格兰医学杂志》
Background, Methods, Results, Conclusions (Sample 2)
The Lancet《柳叶刀》 Background, Methods, Findings, Interpretation (Sample 3) British Medical Journal (BMJ) 《英国医学杂志》 Objectives, Design, Setting, Patients, Interventions, Main outcome measures, Results, Conclusion Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) 《美国医学会杂志》
Expanding the circulation
more widely read than the manuscript itself, producing wider and deeper academic influence than the full text of the paper
Categories of Abstracts
the abstract characteristically appears
at the beginning of the paper, it is
often (and probably ought to be) the
last thing that we write.
Abstract Like the title, the composition of the abstract should be undertaken
Web-based Medical Writing Course
Unit 7 Abstract
Abstract
Usually a good abstract is followed
by a good paper; a poor abstract
is a harbinger of woes to come.
Move 4 (Results): Presenting results
Step 1: Reporting briefly the key/new results
Move 5 (Conclusion): Drawing conclusion
Step 1: Commenting on results Stepቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ2: Generalizing results
Move 2 (Aim): Proposing objectives
Step 1: Outlining purposes
Move 3 (Methods): Describing methodology
Step 1: Presenting study subjects or animals Step 2: Presenting manner of selection and number of the subjects Step 3: Presenting the exact treatment or intervention
IAMRC format – Sample 2 Move 3 (Methods): Describing methodology Step 1: Presenting study subjects or animals • In Nepal, we studied 2000 healthy adults susceptible to HEV infection who were randomly assigned to receive three doses of either the rHEV vaccine or placebo at months 0, 1, and 6. Active (including hospital) surveillance was used to identify acute hepatitis and adverse events.
(American National Standards Institute, 1979)
Abstract An abstract is a very concise overview of a study, usually appended to the
beginning of the full report. Although
Informative abstracts nonstructured abstract: abstract of fewer than 150 words and only essential references without headings, following IMRAD format structured abstract: abstract of fewer than 250 words with headings each accorded certain content
Context, Objective, Design, Setting, Patients, Interventions, Main outcome measures, Results, Conclusion
IMRAD format
Introduction → Background Methods Results Discussion → Conclusions (Sample 2)
IMRAD format It is often possible to copy and paste summary sentences from the text of the article for the introduction and discussion portions of the abstract. The methods and results portions of the abstract will require some distillation of the corresponding sections of the study.
Content of Abstract Provide the context or background for the study; State the study’s purposes, basic procedures, main findings, and principal conclusions; Emphasize new and important aspects of the study or observations.
IAMRC format
Introduction
Aim
Methods Results Conclusion
Moves and Steps
Move 1 (Introduction): Providing background information
Step 1: Reviewing items of previous research Step 2: Claiming centrality
thoughtfully with the view of winning
over editors, reviewers and readers.
The abstract should answer the
question: “What should readers know
after reading this article?”
descriptive / indicative / topic abstracts * Indicate the subjects dealt with in a paper, making it easy for potential readers to decide whether to read the paper (very brief) * No “heading” abstracts in research papers * For reviews, conference reports, etc. informative abstracts * A mini-version of the paper * “heading” abstracts in most journals * For well structured research: basic scientific studies, prospective clinical trials, etc.