研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文06及其翻译

Thank God It's Monday
By Jyoti Thottam
[1] As researchers in psychology, economics and organizational behavior have been gradually discovering, the experience of being happy at work looks very similar across professions. People, who love their jobs, feel challenged by their work but in control of it. They have bosses who make them feel appreciated (enjoyed) and co-workers they like. They can find meaning (interest/
And they aren't just lucky. It takes real effort to reach that
[2] An even bigger obstacle, though （however）, may be our low expectations on the job. Love, family, community (society) — those are supposed (thought) to be the true sources of happiness, while work simply (only) gives us the means (tools) to enjoy them. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who coined the term flow (happiness<->ebb), which adherents (supporter) of positive psychology would use to describe the job-induced highs (high spirit/ happiness), says that distinction (difference) is a false one. "Anything can be enjoyable if the elements of flow are present," he writes in his book Good Business." Within that framework, doing a seemingly boring job can be a source of greater fulfillment (achievement) than one (anybody) ever thought possible."
[3] Csikszentmihalyi encourages (urge) us to reach a state (level/ status) in which work is an extension of what we naturally want to do. Immersed (absorbed) in the pleasure of work, we don't worry about its ultimate (final) reward. If that sounds out of reach, take heart (try one’s best). You may soon get some encouragement from the head office (headquarters). A growing (increasing) body (amount) of research is demonstrating (showing) that happy workers not only are happier in life but are also crucial (most important) to the health of a company.
[4] Thirty-five years ago, the Gallup Organization started researching why people in certain work groups, even within the same company, were so much more effective (->efficient) than others. Donald Clifton, the Gallup researcher who pioneered that work, conducted (directed) a series of extensive interviews with highly productive teams of workers. From those interviews, Gallup developed a set of 12 statements (rules/ points) designed to measure employees' overall (general) level of happiness with their work, which Gallup calls "engagement". Some of the (criterion->) criteria reflect the obvious requirements of any worker (Do you have what you need to do your job? Do you know what's expected of you at work?), while others reveal (show) more subtle variables (Do you have a best friend at work? Does your supervisor (boss) or someone else at work care about you as a person?). Gallup started the survey in 1998, and it now includes 5. 4 million employees at 474 organizations; Gallup also does periodic random polls of workers in different countries.
[5] The polls paint a picture of a rather disaffected (unpleasant/ unsatisfying) U.S. work force. In the most recent poll, from September 2004, only 29% of workers said they were engaged with their work. More than half, 55%, were not engaged, and 16% were actively disengaged. Still (Furthermore), those numbers are better than those (figures) in many other countries. The percentage of engaged workers in the U. S. is more than twice as large as Germany's and three times as great as Singapore's. But neither the late 1990s boom nor the subsequent （following）bust (depression) had much impact (influence) in either direction, indicating (showing/ implying) that the state of worker happiness goes much deeper than the swings (waves) of the economy.
[6] James Harter, a psychologist directing (conducting) that research at Gallup, says many
companies are simply misreading (->misled/ don’t know) what makes people happy at work. Beyond a certain minimum level, it isn't pay or benefits; it's strong relationships with co-workers and a supportive boss. "These are basic human needs in the workplace, but they're not the ones thought by managers to be very important." Harter says. Gallup has found that a strong positive response to the statement (question on questioner) "I have a best friend at work", for example, is a powerful predictor for engagement at work and is correlated with profitability and connection with customers. "It indicates (shows) a high level of belonging," Hatter says.
[7] Without it, a job that looks (seems) good on paper (theoretically) can make a worker miserable [to live/lead a miserable/ happy life]. Martina Radix, 41, traded a high-pressure job as an executive assistant at a company where she liked her colleagues for a less taxing position as a clerical worker (clerk) in a law firm six years ago. She has more (free) time and flexibility but feels stifled (depressed) by her co-workers and unappreciated by her boss. "I am a misfit (mismatch) in that department," she says. "No matter how good your personal life is, if you go in to a bad (atom->) atmosphere at work, it takes away from it."
In fact, engagement at work
Harter estimates that
only about 30% of the difference between employees who are highly engaged and those who are not. The rest of it is shaped (decided) by the hundreds of interactions that employees have every day with co-workers, supervisors and customers.
[9] The most direct fix (remedy/ cure/ solution), then, is to seek out (look for) a supportive (positive) workplace. Finding a life calling (need) unlocks the door to happiness. Lissette Mendez, 33, says her job coordinating the annual book fair at Miami Dade College is the one she was born to do. "Books are an inextricable (inseparable) part of my life," she says.
[10] Even if your passion (->passionate) does not easily translate into a profession (job->career), you can still find happiness on the job. Numerous studies have shown correlations between meaningful work and happiness, job satisfaction and even physical health. That sense (feeling/ significance) of meaning, however, can take many different forms. Some people find it in the work itself; others take pride in (be proud of) their company's mission (task) rather than in their specific job. People can find meaning in anything.
[11] The desire for meaning is so strong that sometimes people simply (only) create it, especially to make sense (make sth. meaningful) of difficult or unpleasant work. In a recently completed six-year study of physicians (->surgeon) during their surgical residency, for example, it was found that the surgeons were extremely dissatisfied in the first year, when the menial (slave) work they were assigned, like (such as) filling out endless copies of patient records, seemed pointless (meaningless). Once they started to think of (regard) the training as part of the larger process of joining an elite group of doctors, their attitude changed. They're able to reconstruct (reconsider) and make sense of their work and what they do. By the end of year one, they've started to create (feel) some meanings.
[12] While positive psychology has mostly focused on (stressed/ emphasized) the individual (pursue->)pursuit of happiness, a new field — positive organizational scholarship — has begun to examine the connection between happy employees and happy (successful) businesses. Instead of focusing on profitability and competition to explain success, researchers in this field are studying meaningfulness, authentic leadership and emotional competence (ability). Not the typical B-school buzzwords, but they may soon become part of the language spoken by every M. B. A.
domain (field) and kind of (a little/ somewhat) fringe-ish", says Thomas Wright, a professor of organizational behavior at the University of Nevada, Reno. Early hints (clues) of the importance of worker happiness were slow (dull/ stupid) to be accepted (admitted/ understood). A 1920s study on the topic at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Co. in Cicero. It looked at (examined) whether increased lighting, shorter workdays and other worker-friendly fixes (measures) would improve (increase) productivity. While (Although) the workplace changes boosted (improved) performance, the experimenters eventually (finally) discovered (found) that the differences workers were responding to not in the physical environment but in the social one (factor). In other words, the attention they were getting was what made them happier and more effective. This phenomenon came to be known as the Hawthorne effect. "The researchers came to realize that it was people's
says. But later studies that looked at job-satisfaction ratings were inconsistent. Broader measures (degree) of happiness, it turns out, are better predictors
[14] Making any of those changes depends on the boss, although not necessarily, the CEO. So a handful of (many) business schools are trying to create (educate) a new kind of frontline manager, based on the idea of "authentic leadership". Instead of imposing faddish (fashionable) management techniques on each supervisor, authentic leadership begins with self-awareness. Introverted bosses have to know their own style and then find strategies to manage (administrate) people that feel natural (friendly). In other words, by figuring out (working out) their strengths (advantages), they
[15] The goal (objective->purpose->aim) not necessarily a world (field) in which people love their work above everything else. Work, by definition, is somewhat (a little) unpleasant relative to all the other things we could be doing. That's why we still expect to get paid for doing it. But at the very least, businesses (companies or organizations) could do better just by paying attention to what their employees want and need (financially and spiritually). Then more of us could find a measure (degree) of fulfillment (achievement) in what we do. And once in a while (now and then/ occasionally), we might hope to transcend (surpass) it all. It can happen on the basketball court (field), in front of a roaring crowd, or in a classroom, in front of just one grateful (thankful) student. (1, 669 words)
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Jyoti Thottam is a writer and a business reporter for Time magazine in New York. She was the president of the South Asian Journalists' Association from 2001-2002.
EXERCISES
I . Reading Comprehension
Answer the following questions or complete the following statements.
1. By the title "Thank God It's Monday", the author wanted to convey the idea that _____.
A. people love their work above everything else
B. people can find happiness in their work
C. most people have the experience of being happy at work
D. people can find meaning in whatever they do
2. According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, _____.
A. love, family and community are not supposed to be the true sources of happiness
B. work simply gives us the means to enjoy the happiness we get from love, family and community
C. even a seemingly boring job can be a source of happiness for us
D. the positive psychology that is used to describe the job-induced highs is false
3. According to the research made by the Gallup Organization, what makes people happy at work?
A. Reasonable pay or benefits.
B. Positive relationship with co-workers and boss.
C. People's engagement with their work.
D. Both A and B.
4. According to the research made by the Gallup Organization, the number of engaged workers in Singapore was about _____.
A.10%
B. 14.5%
C.16%
D.29%
5. Now Martina Radix _____.
A. has a high-pressure job but she has positive relationship with her co-workers
B. has a less demanding job but she has a bad relationship at work
C. has more time and flexibility so she is satisfied with her personal life
D. is an executive assistant at a company but she feels she is a misfit in that department
6. People can find meaning in their work in the following situations EXCEPT _____.
A. if they love their job very much
B. if their work itself is very important
C. if their company's mission is very important
D. if they are paid at a minimum level
7. By the end of year one, surgical residents can find their menial work meaningful because _____.
A. in the past year, they have become accustomed to the work
B. they can stop doing such pointless jobs as filling out endless copies of patient records
C. they realize that the menial work is a necessary step to become a doctor
D. they're able to construct their fame if they deal with patients more often
8. What made the workers happier and more effective, according to the study at the Hawthorne Plant of the Western Electric Co. in Cicero, in the 1920s?
A. The attention paid to the workers.
B. The new worker-friendly measures.
C. The improvement of the physical environment.
D. The improvement of the social environment.
9. According to the article, which of the following statements is true?
A. The better productivity of a company depends on its CEO.
B. Authentic leaders should learn more management techniques.
C. Bosses should find strength in both themselves and their employees.
D. The results of the studies on job-satisfaction ratings were all similar.
10. The author's purpose in writing this article is _____.
A. to make more people enjoy their work
B. for people to find fulfillment in what they do
C. to reevaluate some theories in positive psychology
D. to help business be more effective and productive
II. Vocabulary
A. Read the following sentences and decide winch of the four choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.
1. I advocate a holistic recognition that biology and in an inextricable manner (way).
A. complicated
B. unavoidable
C. customary
love of the picturesque and sublime nature.
A. immense
B. fascinating (attractive)
C. magnificent (great/ noble)
D. enchanting (attractive)
3. One important feature (property/ character) of the period was the growth (development) of Buddhism. Its adherents honored the Buddha in order to be reborn in his paradise.
A. sponsors C. advocators D. advisors
4. As censorship was extremely strict in that period, little authentic news came out of the country.
A. negative
B. disastrous
C. official
D. reliable
5. If a block of wood is completely immersed in water, the upward force is greater than the weight of the wood.
A. dipped
B. pressed
C. forced
D. pushed
6. According to Zhuangzi, a Daoist (道家) philosopher of the late 4th century B.C., through mystical union with the Dao the individual could transcend nature and even life and death.
A. dissolve
B. upraise (bring up)
C. surpass
D. depress (->suppress)
7. As economic growth ground to a halt (stop), the local populations grew (became) more and more disaffected.
A. indifferent
B. resentful
C. unvalued
D. (dignity->)indignant (>angry)
8. Capitalism was beset (be troubled) by cycles of "boom and bust", periods of expansion and prosperity followed by economic collapse [->collapsible] and waves of unemployment. [beheaded= killed]
A. failure
B. transition
C. (lose->)loss
D. depression [the Great Depression]
9. At that time (=then), life was nearly as taxing (burdensome) for all-black bands: black musicians were required to use kitchen entrances and service elevators (=lift), which forced them to confront the ugly realities of racial discrimination. [Hard Times]
A. miserable
B. hard (=difficult)
C. unbearable
D. harsh
10. Modern and implicit (<->explicit) censorship has nothing like the power of the old system and contrary opinion is never entirely stifled.
A. released
B. arrested
C. retarded (->retardant)
D. prohibited [pro-: (1)officially; (2)forward]
B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or
expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.
in control of within the framework variables it turns out on paper
take away from once in a while trade... for make sense take heart
attended by those who can afford (=pay for) the fees (->fare). [(1)border; (2)]
(now and then/ occasionally).
if the expression on the
of the Security Council. [city council]
5. He lost his confidence after he lost the first two trails, but his coach told him to
(<->lose one’s heart), so that he could win at last.
his success in writing it.
7. The presentation of his paper was highly praised, but that the paper was copied from the Internet. [think great/ much of sb./ think highly of sb.<->think little of sb./ look down upon sb.; Turn out: (1)The police turned out to the site of the crime; (2)The produce or product turned out;
(3) It has been proved that…;]
to her. [She doesn’t understand it].
the meeting, and after singing and prayer she
10. The early settlers copper for corn from natives. [to settle in somewhere/ ~ an argument][scorn (look down upon sb.;)]
IV. Cloze
There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the
right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary. supposed to be unless all too often which external
thoroughly that on the other hand in return ironically Although, as we have seen, people generally long (want/ desire) to leave their places of work
and get home, ready (=willing) to put their hard-earned free time to good use, 1 all too often (frequently)they have no idea (=don’t know) what to do there. 2 Ironically , jobs are actually easier to enjoy than free time, because like flow activities they (work) have built-in goals, feedback, rules
encourage one (anybody) to become involved (join) in one's work, to concentrate and lose oneself (be absorbed) in it. Free time, 4 on the other hand, is unstructured (unorganized), and requires much greater effort to be shaped into something (meaningful) that can and especially inner discipline, help to make leisure (free time) what it is 5
chance for "re-creation" . But on the whole (in general), people miss the opportunity to enjoy leisure
even more 6 thoroughly (completely)than they do with working time. It is in the improvident
the greatest wastes of American life occur. [tourism and recreation industry]
Mass leisure, mass culture, arid even high culture when only attended to (actively<->)
8 external Reasons — such as the wish to display (show) one's status — are parasites of the mind. They absorb (=exhaust) psychic energy without providing substantive (considerable) strength (energy) 9 in return. They leave (=make) us more exhausted, more disheartened (depressed) than we were before. 10
and free time are likely (possible) to be disappointing. Most jobs and many leisure activities —especially those involving the passive consumption of mass media — are not designed (intended) to make us happy and strong, or to make us learn to enjoy our work. [attend a meeting/ a class]
IV. Translation
Put the following party into Chinese.
1. Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, who coined the term flow, which adherents of positive psychology would use to describe the job-induced highs, says that distinction is a false one. "Anything can be enjoyable if the elements of flow are present," he writes in his book Good Business. "Within that framework, doing a seemingly boring job can be a source of greater fulfillment than one ever thought possible."
米哈里·奇凯因特米哈里认为这种区分是错误的。

他发明了“强感受” (flow)这个说法, 信奉正面心理学的人常用此词来描述由工作而引发的兴奋状态。

在《称心如意的工作》一书中他写道: “只要存在强感受因素, 任何事情都能给我们带来愉悦。

根据这一观点, 从事一份表面看上去枯燥的工作却会给人们带来想象不到的更大的成就感。

”
2. But neither the late 1990s boom nor the subsequent bust had much impact in either direction, indicating that the state of worker happiness goes much deeper than the swings of the economy.
但是20世纪90年代后期的经济繁荣和随之而来的经济萧条都没有对员工的两种工作态度产生多大影啊, 这表明工人在工作中是否能获得快乐感有比经济形势更深层的原因。

3. Martina Radix, 41, traded a high-pressure job as an executive assistant at a company where she liked her colleagues for a less taxing position as a clerical worker in a law firm six years ago. She has more time and flexibility but feels stifled by her co-workers and unappreciated by her boss. "I am a misfit in that department," she says. "No matter how good your personal life is, if you go in to a bad atmosphere at work, it takes away from it."
41岁的马丁娜·蕾迪克斯原是一家公司的经理助理, 虽然工作压力大, 但她和同事相处都很好;6年前她换了工作, 到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲的办事员。

如今她时间多了, 自由度也大了, 但她感觉和这里的同事共事太压抑, 也得不到老板的赏识。

她说: “我不适应这个部门。

不管你个人生活多惬意, 如果工作单位氛围不好, 个人生活就会大受影响。

”
4. In fact, engagement at work is less a function of your personality than is happiness in general. Harter estimates that individual disposition accounts for only about 30% of the difference between employees who are highly engaged and those who are not. The rest of it is shaped by the hundreds of interactions that employees have every day with co-workers, supervisors and customers.
事实上, 对工作的投入与其说是人的个性使然, 不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到
的快乐。

哈特认为, 对工作高度投入与并不投入的员工之间之所以存在差异, 员工的个性只起30%的作用, 其他的取决于员工每天与同事、主管以及客户的频繁交往。

5. Until recently, businesspeople would dismiss employee well-being as "outside their domain
and kind of fringe-ish”, says Thomas Wright, a professor of organizational behavior at the University of Nevada, Reno.
内华达大学里诺分校的组织行为学教授托马斯·赖特说, 直到不久前, 企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅的问题, 认为这“不属于他们关心的范围, 和他们的职责范围相去甚远”
6. But later studies that looked at job-satisfaction ratings were inconsistent. Broader measures of happiness, it turns out, are better predictors of productivity.
但后来对工作满意度的许多研究结果却前后矛盾。

现在看来, 用更广泛的衡量标准来评估快乐感受, 能更有效地预测生产率。

7. But at the very least, businesses could do better just by paying attention to what their employees want and need. Then more of us could find a measure of fulfillment in what we do. And once in a while, we might hope to transcend it all. It can happen on the basketball court, in front of a roaring crowd, or in a classroom, in front of just one grateful student.
但通过关心员工的需求, 至少企业可能发展得更好。

那样, 我们更多的人就会在工作中找到一定程度的满足感。

而且偶尔我们可能还希望获得最大程度的满足。

这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼的人群前, 也可能发生在教室里, 在仅仅一个充满感激的学生面前。

V. Oral Practice and Discussion
1. Do you love your job? Do you like your colleagues? Is your boss supportive?
2. Which makes you happier: your work or the things out of work?
3. Beyond a certain minimum level of income, what makes you work harder: more pay and better benefits or strong relationships with co-workers and a supportive boss?
4. Do you think your work is meaningful? How can you find meaning in it?
5. Do you think workers' happiness is important to their company's productivity? What else can make a company more productive?
6. Do you agree with the author that "work, by definition, is somewhat unpleasant relative to all the other things we could be doing"? How can you find a measure of fulfillment in what you do? VOCABULARY ITEMS
1. sublime: adj. characterized by nobility majestic supreme庄严，崇高，壮丽的: the supreme court; [limelight]；sub-marrian
2. (ebb<->)flow: n. (psychology) a continuous output or outpouring of feeling [心理学]感受强烈的
3. adherent: n. a supporter, as of a cause (事业) or an individual拥护者，追随者; adhere to sb./sth.
4. high: n. excitement or euphoria; (be in)high/ low) spirits兴高采烈的; be not/ in the mood->mode = channel
5. immersed: adj. to be engaged wholly or deeply; be absorbed in sth.沉迷，沉思; be ~ in sth.; immersion method
6. variable: n. sth. that varies or is prone to variation变量; vary->variety->various; a variety of sth.
7. poll: n. a survey of the public or of a sample of public opinion to acquire information民意调查; poll tax;
8. disaffected: adj. resentful and rebellious, especially against authority不满的; effect
(n.)->affect (vt.)->affection (love)->affectionate (a.)
9. boom: n. a time of economic prosperity繁荣; prosper->prosperous/ thrive; prosperous-looking
10. bust: n. a time or period of widespread financial depression萧条时期: The Great Depression.
11. taxing: adj. burdensome; wearing繁重的，难以负担的; tiresome = tiring (a.)
12. stifled: adj. killed by preventing respiration; smothered or suffocated使窒息的
13. disposition: n. a habitual inclination; a tendency意向，倾向; posing picture; be inclined to do sth.; posing picture; position-preposition; dispose->disposition.
14. fix: n. a measure to solve the problem解决问题，纠正错误; to solve a problem; to answer a question; fix(n.) a dose of drug
15. inextricable: adj. difficult or impossible to disentangle or untie难解难分的; extract
16. elite: n. a group or class of persons or a member of such a group or class, enjoying superior intellectual, social, or economic status精英，杰出人才
17. authentic: adj. conforming to fact and therefore worthy of trust, reliance, or belief真实的
18. buzzword: n. a usually important-sounding word or phrase connected with a specialized field or group that is used primarily to impress laypersons (laymen/ greenhand)术语
19. fringe-ish: an act of making sth. as fringe边缘化，次要化
20. faddish: adj. having the nature of a fashion that is taken up with great enthusiasm for a brief period of time风行，流行的; fad=fashion->fashionable (a.)
21. (extroverted<->)introverted: adj. of a person whose thoughts and feelings are directed toward oneself性格内向的
surpass): vt. to pass beyond the limits of or to be greater than, as in intensity
; trans-: across;
[<->lose (one’s heart)]: to be confident有信心，振作起来; self-confident
(a.)->self-confidence (n.)
24. on paper: judged from written or printed evidence在纸上，在理论上theory->theoretical->theoretically
25. trade for: to exchange; barter以…换…; trade union
26. take away from…: to lessen; weaken; diminish减少
NOTES
1. Mihaly Csikszentmihayi: born in 1934, he is a psychology professor at Claremont Graduate University in Claremont, California and is the former (->the latter) head (president/ dean) of the department of psychology at the University of Chicago and of the department of sociology and anthropology at Lake Forest College. He is noted for his work in the study of happiness, creativity, subjective well-being (health), and fun, but is best known as the architect of the notion (concept) of now and for his years of research and writing on the topic. He is the author of many books and over 120 articles or book chapters. Martin Seligman, former (<->late) president of the American Psychological Association, described Csikszentmihalyi as the world's leading researcher on positive psychology. He is one of the most widely cited psychologists today in a variety of fields related to psychology and business. He received his B. A. in 1960 and his Ph. G. in 1965, both from the University of Chicago.
2. Gallup: George Horace (1901-1984), American public opinion analyst and statistician, born
in Jefferson, Iowa, and educated at the University of Iowa. He was head of the journalism department at Drake University (1929-1931), professor of journalism and advertising at Northwestern University (1931-1932), and professor at the Pulitzer School of Journalism, Columbia University (1935-1937). In 1935 he founded and became director of the American Institute for Public Opinion, and in 1936 he established the British Institute of Public Opinion. Gallup was a pioneer in the use of statistical methods for measuring the interest of readers in the features and advertisements of magazines and newspapers and for determining public opinion on general issues (problem). He extended his research to include the reactions of radio audiences and founded the Audience Research Institute in 1939. He directed (conducted) research for many organizations, won numerous awards, and wrote several books.
3. Gallup Poll: public opinion surveys on politics.盖洛普民意调查
4. James Harter: James K. Harter, Ph. D., is Chief Scientist of Workplace Management for The Gallup Organization's workplace management practice. He is coauthor of The New York Times bestseller: The Elements of Great (Successful ) Managing.
5. (negative<->)Positive psychology: Positive psychology is the scientific study of the strengths (advantages) and virtues (quality) that enable individuals and communities to thrive (prosper, succeed).
6. Positive Organizational Scholarship: Positive Organizational Scholarship is an exciting new movement in organizational studies. Positive Organizational Scholarship is dedicate (used/ devoted) to understanding how work organizations contribute to the development of human strength and virtues. 成功组织研究学院
7. B-school: business school
8. M. B. A.: Master of Business Administration工商管理硕士的缩写
9. Hawthorne: Here it refers to Hawthorne plant of Western Electric (Western Electric Company)美国西部电器公司霍桑厂; mill/ factory/ plant; Scarlet Letter
10. The Hawthorne effect: The Hawthorne effect is an increase in worker productivity produced by the psychological stimulus (stimuli: pl.，”~ and response”) of being singled out and made to feel important. Initial (preliminary) improvement in a process of production caused by the obtrusive (forced) observation was first noticed in Hawthorne plant of Western Electric (Western Electric Company) in 1924 after 12 years of study there. 霍桑效应; be singled out for praise/ criticism
11. Ill.: Illinois美国伊利诺伊斯州的缩写
12. CEO: Chief Executive Officer执行总裁，首席执行官的缩写; (1)legislature (Congress->the Capitol) (2) executive (The president and the cabinet); (3)supervisor(the Supreme Court)
READING SELECTION B
Success
[1] A young man of humble origins came to New York from the Midwest to seek his fortune. He dreamed, in the American way, of becoming a millionaire. He tried his luck on Wall Street. He was diligent and shrewd and, when he had to be, devious. He put together the deal and he did some things with an electronics acquisition that wouldn't bear explaining. He succeeded even beyond his dream: he made twelve million dollars.。