Chinese Wooden Furniture： Past and Present
木工家具行业常用英语词汇翻译对照表
木工家具行业常用英语词汇翻译对照表1、家具种类AAdjustable bed 可调床Air bed 气床Anti-slip strip for stairs （儿童床）防滑楼梯打击扶手Antique furniture 古式家具Antique reproduction furniture 仿古家具Armchair 扶手椅BBaby crib 婴儿床Backless wall-unit 不设背板的壁橱Bamboo furniture 竹家具Banqueting chair 宴会椅Barstool 吧椅Bathroom accessories 浴室配套装置Bathroom combination 浴室组合柜Bathroom consoles 浴室多用架Bathroom furniture 浴室家具Bathroom vanity 浴室盥洗台Batten door 板条门Bed base床架，床套Bed base set 成套床架Bedroom suite 卧室系列家具Bedstead 床架Bentwood furniture 曲木家具Beside table 床头柜Birch door 桦木门Board-room and conference table 会议桌Bookcase 书柜Bookshelf 书架Built-in kitchen 配套厨房家具Bunk 双层床Bunk bed 双层床CCabin bed 儿童多功能床Cabin furniture for ships 船用家具Canopy bed 带天篷的床，四柱床CD-video storage cabinet边音响组合柜Chair with castors 脚轮椅Changing table 可调桌Chest of drawers 多屉橱柜Child cot 童床Children’s bed 儿童床Children’s bedroom suite 儿童卧房系列家具Children’s chair 儿童椅CKD(complete knock down) 整体拆装式家具Clothes rail 挂衣杆Cocktail cabinet 吧柜，酒柜Cocktail table 鸡尾酒桌Coffee table 茶几，咖啡桌Combine-unit 组合柜Composite furniture 复合家具Console 小桌Console table （装在墙上的）蜗形腿台桌Contract furniture 订做家具，承建家具Contract programmes 订做家具Corner sofa suite 拐角扶杆Cot 童床（婴儿床）Couch 长沙发椅Cupboard 橱柜Cupboard wall unit for flat 套房衣柜Curtain 窗帘，挂帘Customized furniture 订做家具DDecorative lighting 装饰灯具Dining room furniture 餐厅家具Dining room set 起居室配套家具Dining table 餐桌Divan 长沙发，沙发床Dividing wall and fitted wall unit 隔墙板及系列DIY furniture 自装式家具Double-bed 双人床Double function sofa-bed 双人沙发床Double sided mirror 双面镜Draughtsman chair 吧椅Drawer 抽屉Dressing table 梳妆台EEasy chair 轻便椅End table 茶几Entrance hall furniture 门厅家具Exterior door户外门FFiling cabinet 文件柜Fireplace壁炉Fitment 固定家具Fitting 家居用品Flap 翻门Flower stand 花架Flush door 平面门，全板门Folding chair 折叠椅Folding furniture 折叠家具Folk furniture 民间家具Foot-stool 踏脚凳Framed mirror 带框镜子French-type furniture 模式家具French cabinet 法式桌椅弯脚French door 玻璃门Function sofa多功能沙发椅Furniture for bedrooms 卧室家具Furniture for public premises 公共场所家具GGame table 玩具桌Gate-leg table折叠桌Glass cabinet 玻璃陈设柜Glass case玻璃陈设柜Glass unit and container 玻璃容器制品Glazed door 玻璃门HHall furniture 厅房家具Hat and coat stand 衣帽架Headboard 床头Heirloom quality furniture 祖传家具High bed 儿童高脚床（不带屉柜）High chair 高脚椅Highback executive chair 高背办公椅Home furniture 家庭家具，民用家具Home office furniture 家庭办公家具Hotel furniture 酒店家具Household furniture 家庭家具Hutch碗架IInstitutional furniture 风俗家具，公用家具JJunior desk chair 学生书桌椅KKitchen block /kitchen rock 厨房地砖Kitchen cabinet 餐具柜Kitchen chair, stool and bench 厨房椅、圆凳及条椅Kitchen fitment 厨房固定家具Kitchen table 厨房餐桌Kitchen unit 厨房成套家具LLamp table 灯桌Lath grid 板条格Ledged door 直板门Link chair 写字板椅Living room furniture 起居室家具Locker 衣帽柜Lounge furniture 客厅家具Louvered door 百叶窗柜门Lowback executive chair 低背办公椅Lowback guest chair 低背来宾椅Lowback visitor chair 低背接待椅MManagerial mediumback chair 中背经理椅Margined flush door 镶边平板门Mattress 床垫，席梦思Mediumback executive chair 中背办公椅Metal furniture金属家具Mirror door 玻璃门Mirror for chest of drawers 多屉柜梳妆镜Multi-purpose sofa 多用沙发Multi-purpose table 多用桌NNest 茶几OOccasional furniture 配套家具，休闲家具Occasional table 休闲桌Office furniture 办公家具Office seating 办公座椅Office table 办公桌PPartition wall 隔断Pembroke table 折面桌Planters chair 园艺工用椅Plastic furniture 塑料家具Play furniture 娱乐家具Presidential highback chair 高背办公椅Pull-out table 伸缩餐具RRattan furniture 藤家具Recliner 躺椅Refectory table长餐桌Rocking chair 摇摆椅Rotary chair 转椅Rustic style furniture 乡村风格家具SSchool table 课桌Screen 屏风Seat痤椅Seating element 痤垫Secretarial chair 秘书椅3-section mirror 三面梳妆镜semi-CKD 半拆装家具serving table送餐桌shelving combination2、家具机械Aaccessory equipment 附属设备adhesion test instrument for the wood coating 木材涂层附着力测定仪adz(e) 手斧，刮刀air brake 空气制动器，气闸air compressor 空气压缩机air conditioning unit 风向调节器air nailer 风动钉钉机air operated automatic control 气动自动控制air tacker气（风）动钉钉机air tool 风动工具automatic band saw sharpener 带锯自动锉锯机automatic circular saw sharpener 自动锉（圆）锯机automatic controlled machine 自控机床automatic copy shaper 自动仿型刨边机（单刀）automatic copy shaper(double heads)(with splash guard) 自动仿型刨边机（双轴）（附安全门）automatic feeder for veneer dryer 单板干燥机的自动填料机automatic hydraulic backnife wooden lathe 全自动液压背刀式木工车床automatic loader and unloader 自动装卸机automatic rotary table shaper 自动转台式成型机automatic sponge drum sander 自动鼓式海绵砂光机automatic strake belt sander 自动带式砂光机automatic stroke belt sander 自动（抚摸）砂光机automatic tapping and screwing machine 自动攻牙锁螺丝机automatic turning sander 全自动砂光机，自动圆棒砂光机automatic wide-belt sander 宽带砂光机BBack and arm impact test machine 椅背扶手冲击试验机balance cut-off saw 平衡截断锯Band and circular saw sharpener 带锯圆面积锯两用锉锯机Band resaw 再分带锯机Band saw 带锯Band saw clamp 带锯夹Band saw machine 带锯机Band saw machine with auto-feed carriage 带锯机附自动填料传送车Band saw machine with hand-feed carriage 带锯机附手扒送料车Band saw sharpener 带锯磨锯机Band saw shear 带锯剪（截）机Band saw slasher 多带横切锯Band saw stretcher 带锯滚压机Band saw welding clamp接锯机Band sawing 带锯制材Band scroll saw 细木工带锯，曲线带锯Barefaced tenon 裸面榫Bark-peeler 剥皮机Barking drum 鼓式剥皮机Barking machine 剥皮机Belt conveyor 带式传送器Belt drier 带式干燥机Belt drive 皮带传动Belt grinder 带式磨床Belt sander 带式砂光机Bentwood forming machinery曲木成型机Bevel saw 斜面锯Bifurcated rivet 开叉钉Bit 齿片，钻头Blade 锯条Block plane 短刨Blower通风机，鼓风机Blower kiln 鼓风式干燥窑Bobbin sander 轴式砂光机Body press （家具）装配压床Boring machine 钻床Bow saw 弓锯Brash chopper 枝梢切断机Breathing veneer drier 呼吸式单板干燥机Buffing machine 抛光机Business item 产品Butting saw 截锯，齐头锯CCabinet whole-plant equipment 橱柜整厂设备Carbide tool grinder 炭素钢刀具研磨机Carving machine 雕刻机Centerless sander 圆棒砂光机Centrifugal blower 离心通风机Chain-belt conveyer veneer drier 网带式单项式板干燥机Chain mortiser 插床Chain saw 链锯Chain saw machine 链锯机Chair aim static load test machine 椅扶手静荷试验机Chair back and arm impact test machine 椅背扶手冲击试验机Chair back static load test machine 座椅靠背静荷试验机Chair leg static load test machine椅腿静荷试验机Chair stability test machine座椅靠背耐久性试验机Chair whole-plant equipment 椅子整厂设备Chip board press 碎木板压合机Chip edger 双削齐边锯Chromometer 比色机Circular gang-saw 圆排锯Circular saw bench 简单圆面积锯机Circular saw bench for band feed ripping 手工送料纵切圆锯机Circular-saw sharpener 圆锯锉锯机Coating adhesion test instrument 漆膜附着力试验仪Coating impact instrument 漆膜冲击仪Coating surface impact instrument漆膜表面冲击仪Concave plane 凹底刨Concave saw 凹面（圆）锯Conveyor输送机Copier 复印机Corner locking machine 锁角机Cross cut band saw machine 横切带锯Cup type wheel stone机碗形砂轮Cup wheel杯形砂轮Curtain flow coater 淋幕式平面涂装机Custom 订做Customized solutions 订做胶水Cut-to –size saw 裁板锯Cutting block组合铣刀Cutting head 刀座，刀头Cutting jip 切削夹具Cylinder saw 桶形锯，圆桶锯Cylindircal saw 圆桶锯DDado head 组合刀头Debarder 剥皮机Deck planer大型电刨Decorative tip 装饰物Disc and spindle sander 盘式轴式联合砂光设备Disc planer 圆盘刨Disc sander 圆盘砂光机Door whole-plant equipment 门斗整厂设备Double band saw双边带锯Double belt sander 双边砂光机Double bevel cutter 双斜刨刀Double-edge cutting band saw 双边齿带锯Double-side planer双面刨木机double spindle shaper 双轴铣床Double surface oscillating curve sander 双面震动曲型杪光机Double surface planer双面刨Double surfacer 双（面）压刨Double-swage(set)saw 双压料锯Double thicknesser 双（面）压刨Dovetail machine 鸠尾榫机Dowel making machine暗榫（加工）机Drag saw sharpener狐尾机，锉锯机Drawer durability test machine 抽屉耐久性试验机Dresser 砂轮修整器，砂轮刀Drop test machine 跌落试验机Drum barker 滚筒剥皮机Drum sander 滚筒砂光机Drunken saw 摇摆（圆）锯Dust cleaner conveyor 粉尘清除输送机Dust collector 集尘器3. 家具木材AAbele银白杨Abnormal wood 异常（木）材Acoustic acid board 吸音纤维板Acoustical board 吸（隔）音板Adjustable template 可调节的样板Adult wood 成年材African blackwood 非洲黑木黄檀African ebony 非洲乌木African mabogany 非洲桃花心木African padauk 非洲紫檀Aging 老化，陈化Air drying 大气干燥Air seasoning 天然干燥Alaska fir 阿拉斯加冷杉木Alaska yellow cedar 阿拉斯加柏木Alder 赤杨类American ash 美国白蜡木American beech 美国山毛榉American eim 美国榆，白榆American plane 美国悬铃木American tulipwood美国鹅掌揪Annual ring 年轮Apron 望板Armor-plywood 金属贴面板Arris 棱Artificial slabs人造板Artificial timber 人造木材Ash 白蜡木Aspen 白杨类BBabool 阿拉伯胶树Back 背板Back board背板Back veneer 衬板Bald cypress 落羽杉Bamboo 竹子Basswood 椴木，美国椴木Batten board 条板心细木工板Beech 山毛榉木Beech parquet 山毛榉拼花地板Bent wood （弯）曲木Birch白桦，Birdseye maple雀眼枫木板Block塞角Block floor拼花地板Blockboard细工木板Board板材Bottom底板Bowing顺弯Branch wood枝条材Brazilian mahogany巴西桃花心木Bright sap净面边材，无皮边材Broad leaf wood阔叶材，硬材Brown ash美国深色白蜡木Burl树疤，树瘤CCaul 垫板，衬板Cedar雪松，杉木Ceylon ebony乌木Cherry樱桃木Chile pine智利松Chinese chi（中国）漆树Chip木屑# 1 common普一级#2 common普二级compreg 胶压木compressed wood 压缩木coniferous species针叶树种continuous layer board多层板cork 软木cottonwood三角叶杨，杨木（毛白杨类）crook弯曲木cross rail拉档crotch丫权cupping翘弯curly birch皱纹桦木板curved laminated wood 弯曲层积材curved plywood曲型合板cypress针叶树DDado护墙板，墙裙Damp room panel 防潮镶板Decay初腐Deciduous species阔叶树种Décor panel镶板，装饰板Delta wood多层木Densified wood强化木材Density of wood木材密度Dent啃头Depth of cut切削量（深度）Diffuse porous wood 散孔材Dimension 规格Dimension stock规格材Dimple djohar波纹Door frame 鸡翅木Door lining 门框Dovetail门衬板Dowel 燕尾榫Drawer front 圆榫Drawer side屉旁板Dressed timber净材EEastern cottonwood（美国）东部杨木Eastern hemlock（加拿大）铁杉Eastern larch落叶松Eastern white pine（美国）白松Ebony 乌木Edge cutting封边Elm榆木Elm burl榆木树瘤薄木板End cutting 截头English plane 英国悬铃木Eucalyptus 桉木，桉树（类）Eucalyptus pom 柠檬铁皮桉木板Europe cherry 欧洲樱桃木板Eropean ash 欧洲白蜡木European beech 欧洲桦木European birch 欧洲桦木European chestnut 欧洲栗木European hop-hornbeam 欧洲穗子榆European horse-chestnut 欧洲七叶树European larch 欧洲落叶松European lime 欧洲椴木European spruce 欧洲云杉European yew 欧洲紫杉Excelsior-board 木丝板Exotics 外来木Exterior plywood 室外用胶合板HFace veneer 表面单板FAS 一级和二级FAX 1F 单面一级Fibre board纤维板Fiddle back提琴背（板）Fiddle butt 乐器用材Figured 影木Figured sycomore 梧桐影木Fine wood board 纤维板Flakeboard 碎料板Flakes 薄片刨花Flame-retardant fibre building board 耐火纤维板Flat-grain lumber 平切纹板材Flooring 地板Flush panel 平（光）镶板Formed plywood 模压（成型）胶合板Frame core flush panel 中空合板From sustainable forests 来自可持续发展的森林Furniture dimension stock 家具规格材Furniture plywood家具胶合板Furniture veneer制作家具用的薄片GGap 离缝Giant cedar （美国）侧柏Gloss 光泽度Grade 等级Grade of lumber 成材等级Graded分等级Grain 纹理HHackberry 朴树Band selected 手工挑选Hard board 硬质纤维板Hard maple 硬枫木，械树Hardy catapa （美国）梓树Heat board 心板Hickory 山核桃木High-density plywood 压缩胶合板，高密度胶合板High gloss 超光泽度High moisture resistant(HMR) 高强度抗湿Hipboard 细木工板Hole drilling 打眼Honey-comb core plywood 蜂窝心胶合板Huanghauli wood 黄花梨木IIdentification of timbers 木材识别Imitation wood 仿制材Imported timber 进口材Impregnated wood （合成树脂）浸渍木Indian camphor 印度樟木Indian chestnut 印度栗木Indian cinnamon印度肉桂Indian ebony 印度乌木Indian “laurel” 印度“月桂树”Insect attack虫眼Inserting panel 装板Install wood strip flooring 安装地板条JJapanese beech 日本山毛榉Japanese larch 日本落叶松Japanese(red)pine 日本赤松Japanese thuja 罗汉柏Japanese white pine 日本五须松Joint flooring 企口地板Jointless flooring 无缝地板KKarelian birch克若利安桦木板Kerf width 锯路宽度Khaya 非洲桃花心木Kiln dried pine 窑干松木Kiln drying 人工窑干燥Kind of timber 材种Kirl 紫花泡桐Knob 节子Knock-down carcass 可随时拆卸的框架Knot 木节，节疤LLaminate 层压Laminated wood 层积材，多层胶合木Leg 腿，脚Liquid cutting of wood 木材水力切割Log 原木Log grade 原木等级4、家具五金AAluminum 铝BBall bearing slide脚轮滑道Bolt pin 螺栓插销Bolts and nuts for furniture 家具用螺钉，螺帽Brass 铜CCarcase 框架，架子Castor 小脚轮Ceiling 天花板Central hinges 中央铰链Chrome 铬Complete range of drawer slide 各种类型的抽屉滑道Component 零配件，元件Concealed hinge 内藏铰链Cupboard-lock 拒门锁DDecorative trims for furniture 家具金边饰条Door & window 门窗Drawer-lock 抽屉锁Drawer runner 抽屉滑槽EEquipment for surface treatment 表面处理工具3/4 extension slide 部分开式滑道FFaucet 水龙头Fixture 固定装置Full extension slide 全开式滑道Furniture fittings 家具五金Furniture hardware家具五金Furniture parts 家具零配件Furniture structural parts 家具结构零件GGas lift chassis 气压棒底盘Glass door hinge 玻璃门铰链HHeavy duty slide 承重式滑道Hook lock 钩锁KKeyboard slide 键盘板滑道LLarge head type 大头型Locating dowel 定位榫钉Lock rail 安锁冒头MMagnetic catch 磁性拉手Magnetic-lock 磁锁magnetic push latch磁性撞锁Marquetry work镶嵌装饰品Material 原材料Metal fittings 金属配件Matal handle 金属拉手Mold模具OOffice chair central tube accessories 办公椅中管配件Office chair hardware accessories 办公椅五金配件Out set 外盖型套轮PPanel veneer 板料Plastic 塑料Plastic bolt and threaded axis 塑料螺帽及牙轴Pocket door slide 柜门滑道Prevent falling off due to turning 防止旋转脱落SSecret-hinge 暗铰Semifinished furniture product and accessories 家具半成品及配件Semifinished product for interior fittings 装潢用半成品Simple connecting fittings 简单五金配件Single item 单项产品Sliding door roller series 推拉门用轮系列Straight-lock 企口锁Surface gluing 板面上胶VVeneer trimming 薄片整修Vertical upright 直挂格WWood-button 木纽Wood components 木制配件Wooden bar 车件Wooden cork 木塞Wooden curtain rod and ring 木制窗帘杆及吊环Woodscrew 木螺钉Wreathed hand-rail 扭弯扶手5．油漆涂料AAccelerate 促进剂Accelerator硬化剂，接触剂Acetic acid 醋酸Acetone 丙酮Achromatic color 无彩色Acid stain 丙烯酸树脂Acrylic丙烯酸Acrylics acid resin 丙烯酸（类）树脂Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene resin ABS树脂，丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯树脂Active agent 活性剂Additive 添加剂Additive mixture 加色混合Adhesive 胶粘剂Adhesive solvent 胶（料）溶剂Adjacent color 类似色Advancing color 进出色Aerosol spraying 简易喷涂After image 残象Air drying 常温干燥Airless spraying 无气喷涂Alcohol stain 酒精着色剂Alert color警戒色Alkyd resin 醇酸树脂Alligatoring 漆膜龟裂Amount of spread 涂胶量Anticorrosive paint 防锈涂料Antifouling paint 防污涂料Antique finish 古式涂料Automatic spraying 自动喷涂BBaking finish 烤漆喷涂Base boat 底漆Blistering 小泡Blushing 白化Body varnish 磨光漆Brilliant 鲜艳的Brushing 刷涂Brushing mark/streak 刷痕Bubbling 气泡Button lac 精致虫胶CCafé咖啡色Carbamide resin adhesive 尿素树脂胶Catalyst 催化剂，触媒，接触剂Chalking 粉化Cherry 樱桃色Chipping 剥落Chromatic color 有彩色Chromaticity 色度Chromaticity coordinates 色度坐标Chromaticity diagram色度圆Clssing 补漆Clear coating 透明涂层Clear lacquer 透明喷漆Clear paint 透明涂料Coarse particle 粗粒Coating 涂料Cobwebbing 裂痕Cocos 可可色Cold water paint 水性涂料Color blindness 色盲Color conditioning 色彩调节Color harmony 色彩调和Color in oil 片种特（调色用）Color matching 调色Color number 色号（色之编号或代号）Color paint 有色涂料Color reaction 显色反应Color reproduction 色重现Color tolerance 色容许差Compatibility 相容性Complimentary color 补色Consistency 稠厚度Contractive color 收缩色Col color 寒色，冷色Cooling agent 冷却剂Covering power 覆盖力Cracking 龟裂，裂纹Cresol resin adhesive 甲酚树脂胶Crimping 皱纹Cure 硬化Curing agent 固化剂Curing temperature 固化温度DDark 暗Deep 深Degumming 脱胶Dewaxed shellac 胶蜡虫胶Diluent 稀释剂，冲淡剂Dilution ratio 稀释比例Dingy 浊色Dipping 浸渍涂层Dipping treatment 变色Discoloring 变色Discord 不调和色Drier 干燥剂Dry rubbing 干磨Drying time 干燥时间Dulling 失光Dusting 粉化EEgg-shell 埴孔亚光，显孔亚光electrostatic spraying 静电涂装emulsion adhesive 乳化胶emulsion paint 乳化涂料enamel 色漆，磁漆end-coating 端面涂层end-gluing 端面胶合epoxy finish环氧效果epoxy resin glue环氧树脂胶ethyl cellulose lacquer乙基纤维素喷漆FFading退色Filler 腻子，埴料，填充剂Finish code 涂料编号Finshing 涂饰Flaking 剥落Flat paint 消光涂料Flatness 消光Floor paint 地板涂料Foam glue 泡沫胶GGelatin 明胶，凝胶Glare 眩目Glue 胶粘剂，胶，胶料Glue and filler bond 动物胶及填料胶结Glue mixer 调胶机Glue spreader 涂胶机Gum 树胶，胶树HHardener 硬化剂Hide 皮胶High solid lacquer 高固体分漆Honey color 蜂蜜色IIlluminant color 光源色JJelly strength 胶质强度Joint strength 胶接强度LLac 虫胶Lac varnish 光漆Lacquer 漆Latex 乳胶Latex paint 合成树脂乳化型涂料Leveling agent 均化剂Light 光亮的Liquid glue 液态胶Long oil varnish 长性清漆Love formaldehyde 低甲醛MMake up paint 调和漆Medium oil varnish 中油度清漆Melamine resin adhesive 三聚氯胺树脂胶，蜜胺树脂胶Melamine resin sheet 三聚氯胺树脂（片）Methyl alcohol 甲醛Multi-color 多彩漆NNatural clear lacquer 清漆N.C lacquer 硝化棉喷漆N.C lacquer enamel 硝色棉色漆N.C lacquer sealer硝化棉底涂料N.C lacquer surfacer 梢化棉中涂整面涂料Nitro-cellulose lacquer 硝化纤维漆，硝基榉Nitro-lacquer 硝基漆Nitrocellulose lacquer 硝化纤维（喷）漆Non toxix finishes无毒喷漆Novolac （线型）酚醛清漆OOff- color 变色的，退色的，不标准的颜色Oil paint 油性漆Oil putty 油性腻子Oil solvent 油溶剂Oil stain 油性着色剂Oil staining 油着色Oil stone 油石Oil varnish 油性清漆，上清漆Opacity 不透明度Opaque paint 不透明涂料PPaint 涂料，油漆Paint film 涂膜Paint nozzle 涂料喷头Penetrant 渗透剂Phenol aldehyde resin 酚醛树脂胶Polishing varish 擦光（亮）清漆Poly Urethane Resin 聚氨酯（PU）Poly ester 聚酯Polyester resin lacquer 聚酯树脂涂料Polypropylene 聚丙烯Polystyrene聚苯乙烯Polyurethane 聚氨酯Polyvinyl acetate adhesive 聚醋酸乙烯（树脂）胶Polyvinyl adhesive 聚乙烯树脂胶Polyvinyl chloride resin 聚乙烯树脂涂层Pre-coating 预涂Procuring 预固化Preservative 防腐剂Primer 底漆（下涂涂料）Putty 腻子Pyroxylin lacquer 硝基漆QQuick drying paint 速干漆RReady mixed paint 调和漆Refined shellac 精制虫胶Resin adhesive 树脂胶Reverse coater 反向涂料器Roller brush 滚筒刷SSample board 样板Sand blast 喷砂Sand pa6. 家具营销AA brief introduction 简短介绍A good brand 名牌A people centred and equal opportunities company 一个以人为中心，机会均等的公司Accommodate specific market requirements 提供详细的市场需求Account 帐目Account sales 售货清单Active balance of trade 外贸顺差Add value to your business 为业务升值Advance 预付，预支Advantage 优点Advantageous trade, profitable trade 赢利贸易Adverse balance of trade 外贸赤字Affordable price 可承受价Against all risks 全险Agent 代理商Agreement on cooperation in the field of 关于。
新目标大学英语：《综合教程》第四册(WELearn答案)
新目标大学英语：《综合教程》第四册U1•Textbook StudyListening1）attitude2）on the basis of3）positive and negative4）Self-esteem5）subjective6）consciously or unconsciously7）have got used to8）taken for granted9）subconscious mind10）self-appraisalText BParas. 1–3：a、Fb、Fc、O/FParas. 4 – 8：a、Fb、Fc、Fd、FParas. 9–15：a、O/Fb、O/Fc、O/FPara. 16：F•CET-Oriented Study Listening1、A2、C3、D4、C5、C6、C7、D8、BReading Comprehension（1）D（2）N（3）I（4）B（5）H（6）O（7）L（8）J（9）G（10）EParagraph Translation（翻译参考）China serves as home to 56 ethnic groups. The largest group, the Han, makes up over 91% of China’s population. As the majority of the population is of the Han ethnic group, the other 55 ethnic groups are customarily referred to as the national minorities. The Han people can be found throughout the country, though mainly on the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River valleys, and the Northeast Plain. The national minorities, though fewer in number, are also widely dispersed throughout China, often inhabiting important border regions from northeast China to north, northwest and southwest China. Equality, unity and common prosperity are the fundamental principles of China’s government in handling the relations between different ethnic groups. Meanwhile, China exercises a policy of regional autonomy for various ethnic groups, allowing ethnic groups living in compact communities to establish self-government and direct their ownaffairs.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: BDADB6-10: CBACA11-15: CBDAD16-20: CDDBCUnit Test - II1-5: BCCBC（6）C. insecure （7）G. compare（8）H. influence （9）J. impact（10）L. post（11）M. surveyed （12）I. negative （13）O. participants（14）D. preoccupation（15）A. establish16-20: DCBDA21-25: CCADAU2•Textbook StudyListening1）habit of living2）profound changes3）human activities4）extinction events5）human agricultural technology 6）domesticating7）cultivate plants8）intimate knowledge9）familiar with10）human companionsText B1）spreading the word about “the crisis facing these social, sensitive, passionately intense, playful, complex, exceedingly intelligent and endangered creatures”.2）their sizes and species.3）they are quite consciously together, each pacing herself to the other’s gait and waiting for the other to catch up.4）stood vigil outside the building, knowing that her friend was inside.5）saw past the things they didn’t have in common and found in each other common ground enough•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、B2、A3、C4、D5、C6、A7、D8、AReading Comprehension（1）G（2）A（3）F（4）J（5）B（6）K（7）C（8）H（9）I（10）BParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Chinese martial arts may be traced back to prehistoric times when Chinese ancestors used stones and wooden clubs in hunting for subsistence and self-defense. It is recorded in the history that there were people specializing in martial arts during the periods of Spring and Autumn and the Warring States, and considered it as a theory to maintain good health and applied it in wars when necessary. The martial arts are either bare-handed or weapon-in-hand practice or performance according to certain sets. Generally speaking, modern martial arts consist of such five categories as boxing, weapon exercises, sparring exercises, actual combat and teamwork. The five categories can be further divided into different schools or styles. The martial arts play positive roles in strengthening the body, developing the potential of the body, tempering people’s will power and even curing difficult and complex cases of illness. They are a precious national cultural legacy of China.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: BDADB6-10: BACAB11-15: DDACB16-20: DDADAUnit Test - II1-5: CBBAB（6）E. companion （7）A. affinity （8）L. disparity （9）G. species （10）F. infirmity （11）O. immobile （12）C. vigil（13）I. resumed （14）N. overwhelming （15）D. memorial16-20: BADCC21-25: BCABCU3•Textbook StudyListening1）long-term survival2）coordinate the relationship3）environmental goals4）promote this concept5）economic and political issues6）building materials7）architecture and ecology8）environmental effects9）the preservation10）enjoyment of future generationsText BPara. 1assemble a real building and structure a business Para. 2a critical architecturePara. 3a Paul Rudolph building in Boston and Richard Neutra’s Cyclorama Building in Gettysburg,Para. 4·wanting to save the entire building,·wanting to demolish it.Para. 5the protagonist in the battle to save or the antithesis to modern design.Para. 6emerges the richness of place and understanding of time.Para. 8experience and imagination,•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、B2、A3、B4、B5、B6、B7、A8、CReading Comprehension（1）B（2）F（3）B（4）H（5）A（6）E（7）J（8）I（9）G（10）CParagraph Translation（翻译参考）The Ancient City of Ping Yao is one of the well-preserved ancient county-level cities in China. Located in Ping Yao County, central Shanxi Province, the property includes three parts: the entire area within the walls of Ping Yao, Shuanglin Temple 6 kilometers southwest of the county seat, and Zhenguo Temple 12 kilometers northeast of the county seat. The design of this Ancient City shows the evolution of architectural styles and town planning in Imperial China over the past five centuries. Noteworthy are the imposing buildings associated with trading and bankingin the city, for Ping Yao was the major center for the whole China in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It retains all the Han city features, and provides a complete picture of the cultural, social, economic and religious development in Chinese history. It is of great value for researchers’ studying of the social form, economic structure, military defense, religious belief, traditional thinking, traditional ethics and dwelling form during that time.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: CCCBA6-10: DCCAA11-15: DBBAA16-20: BDCBAUnit Test - II1-5: ABABB（6）A. demolish（7）N. lens（8）H. encapsulate（9）L. room（10）J. rootedness（11）G. integrated（12）B. aspirations（13）K. reintroduced（14）E. symbiotic（15）C. commission16-20: CCBAD21-25: DCCCDU4•Textbook StudyListening1）delivered to2）a science fiction3）physical objects4）manufacturing capabilities 5）storage of information6）technological advances7）is limited8）positive impact9）transportation emissions10）a range of industriesText B1）to study and understand natural phenomenato use this knowledge to make our lives more comfortable2）there is no anesthetic and no drilling3）mycelia, combined with buckwheat and rice husksdebut soon as protective packaging for computers and furniture4）to repel water and soil, fight germs, detect dangerous chemicals and explosives, and conduct enough energy5）there is no need to buy syringes and no need to fill them either; and nobody will miss the pain•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、C2、B3、A4、C5、A6、C7、C8、BReading Comprehension（1）B（2）J（3）A（4）I（5）G（6）E（7）F（8）D（9）E（10）HParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Ecological civilization describes the level of harmony that exists between human progress and natural existence in human civilization. Ecological civilization, like material civilization, cultural and ethical civilization, and political civilization, is a historical concept. As such, ecological civilization is constantly undergoing a process of evolution from a lower stage to a higher stage as human civilization progresses. A comprehensive plan for the promotion of ecological progress was outlined in the political report to the Eighteenth National Congress of the CPC. The report clearly states that we must incorporate the idea of ecological civilization into every aspect of economic, political, cultural, and social progress; step up effortsto develop a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society; and strive to build a beautiful China so as to realize lasting and sustainable development for the Chinese nation and make due contributions to global ecological security.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: CABDB6-10: AABAD11-15: ACBCA16-20: CDACBUnit Test - II1-5: CABCB（6）E. obtained（7）D. decaying（8）I. injecting（9）H. solidifies（10）C. available（11）F. eligible（12）B. routes（13）N. alternative（14）A. combined（15）G. protective16-20: BDADB21-25: CABCAU5•Textbook StudyListening1）gas emissions2）renewable energy3）ultimate source of energy 4）fossil fuels5）alternative energy6）mass transportation7）limited in supply8）our growing energy challenges9）diverse energy technologies10）destroy our environmentText B1）fossil fuelsglobal warmingatmospheric pollutants productioneconomic development hindrance2）renewable energyother alternative energy sources which are greener and renewable.3）the fossil fuelsit is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly.4）it can reduce the reliance on exhaustible sources of fossil fuelsit is clean from the environmental point of view.•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、B2、D3、B4、C5、B6、C7、AReading Comprehension（1）E（2）B（3）I（4）A（5）D（6）G（7）J（8）F（9）C（10）HParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Traditionally, the Chinese love sports as an essential way for keeping fit as well as for entertainment. As one of the main sports to help people stay fit, Taijiquan is very popular with Chinese people. It used to be a martial art, but since it aids both self-defense and health,it gradually turned into a form of exercise. Taijiquan has deep and profound philosophical connotations; it embodies the unique wisdom of the Chinese people, and reflects the characteristics of Chinese culture.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: ADCBC6-10: BABDC11-15: BABCC16-20: BCDBCUnit Test - II1-5: BAAAB（6）N. reserves（7）K. shortage（8）J. affect（9）M. abundant（10）D. alternative（11）E. definition（12）B. derived（13）G. Typical（14）F. regard（15）H. emission16-20: ABDDB21-25: ADBCAU6•Textbook StudyListening1）Satellite technology2）the exploration of the universe 3）exciting and fruitful areas4）the other planets5）technological reasons6）benefited hugely7）strive to learn8）what’s around the corner9）fantastic manifestation10）pursue our explorationText B1）there’s the hard vacuum, the lethal cold and the ever-present risk of even a small meteor hit. Also the pressure is nearly zero.2）Mark for his four shuttle missions and his cumulative 54 days in space; Scott for his two shuttle flights, including a six-month stay aboard the International Space Station (ISS).3）Blood samples tests, saliva samples tests, cheek swabs tests, psychological and fitness tests, and follow-up tests.4）the time Mark has already spent in space muddies the study up a little since he’s been exposed to the same exotic physical environment Scott has.•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、D2、D3、A4、D5、B6、D7、CReading Comprehension（1）F（2）I（3）E（4）C（5）A（6）D（7）H（8）J（9）B（10）GParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Nearly 600 years later, the Temple of Heaven still stands intact in the south of Beijing. Covering an area nearly five times as large as the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, with its numerous halls and buildings, attracts visitors from around the world. It not only presents spectacular scenery, but also represents the Chinese pursuit of harmony between Heaven and mortals. Only the emperor could pray at the Temple of Heaven. Common people were not allowed access. Yet the idea of showing awe and gratitude to Heaven was not reserved for the emperor alone, but was shared by the people as well.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: BCDCB6-10: BCBAB11-15: ABBBC16-20: BCBDBUnit Test - II1-5: DBCBA（6）C. hospitable（7）F. risk（8）B. pressure（9）I. expand（10）L. absence（11）J. unconsciousness （12）M. sooner（13）D. adjust（14）N. fatigued（15）G. damage16-20: CABDB21-25: DBDBDU7•Textbook StudyListening1）rational scientific explanation 2）via the Internet3）at the thought of4）transplanting an artificial heart 5）with chronic diseases6）explain the reasons behind7）a mystery to a large extent8）amaze scientists9）evolves into10）what we know about natureText B1、C2、C3、A4、C5、A•CET-Oriented Study Listening1、D2、B3、B4、D5、C6、C7、BReading Comprehension （1）F（2）J（3）B（4）H（5）A（6）D（7）I（8）C（9）E（10）GParagraph Translation（翻译参考）The Silk Road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century B.C and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The Silk Road functioned not only as a trade route, but also as a bridge that linked the ancient civilizations of China, India, the Mesopotamian plains, Egypt, and Greece. It also helped to promote the exchange of science and technology between east and west as a communicating artery going through Eurasian continent.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: DCBDD6-10: ACBBC11-15: CCABA16-20: DDCADUnit Test - II1、A2、D3、C4、B5、A6、 D（6）G. agony（7）L. suffer（8）E. conservative （9）J. temporary （10）C. ease（11）I. implantable （12）D. battery （13）O. mild（14）A. immediate （15）M. miracle16-20: CCDCD21-25: CDBADU8•Textbook StudyListening1）no packaging product2）paper-based3）Recycling figures vary greatly4）those same statistics5）we drink from6）absolute confidence7）agricultural byproduct waste8）seek and continue9）we make and use10）convenient recycling processText B1）climate changes may bring a lot of harm, even disasters to mankind. 2）different parts of the world will be affected to different degrees. 3）areas that are already lack of water will be hit more severely.4）poor people are particularly vulnerable to illnesses caused by climate changes.5）climate changes can have different effects on men and women. •CET-Oriented StudyListening1、D2、B3、D4、C5、B6、C7、CReading Comprehension（1）H（2）C（3）J（4）A（5）E（6）B（7）D（8）G（9）F（10）IParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Porcelain has been of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Around the first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by the Song Dynasty the craft of porcelain making had become mature.In English, “porcelain” shares the same word with the name of the country —“china”. This proves that Europeans in ancient times related porcelain closely with China. Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, playing an important place in the exchanges between China and other countries. Porcelain earned a good reputation for China for its delicacy and elegance.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: ABACD6-10: BCDCB11-15: BDABC16-20: ACDBAUnit Test - II1-5: CABCA（6）D. basic（7）G. threaten（8）M. sensitive（9）A. differ （10）L. vulnerable （11）E. equally （12）K. regions （13）C. benefit （14）I. adapt （15）H. communities 16-20:ADCCB21-25: DBBBC。
英语作文-传统家具：走进各国独特的家居艺术
英语作文-传统家具：走进各国独特的家居艺术The art of traditional furniture is a testament to the cultural heritage and craftsmanship that has been passed down through generations. Each piece of furniture tells a story, reflecting the customs, beliefs, and artistic expressions of the people who created it. From the ornate carvings of Chinese rosewood furniture to the minimalist elegance of Japanese joinery, traditional furniture offers a window into the unique home art of different nations.In China, traditional furniture is often made from hardwoods like rosewood and mahogany. These pieces are known for their intricate carvings and inlays, often depicting scenes from nature or mythology. The use of joinery techniques, rather than nails or glue, showcases the skill of Chinese woodworkers and their attention to detail. A classic example is the Chinese screen, which serves both as a room divider and a canvas for artistic expression.Moving to Japan, the approach to furniture is vastly different. The Japanese aesthetic values simplicity and functionality, resulting in pieces that are both beautiful and practical. Traditional Japanese furniture, such as the tansu chest or the kotatsu table, is designed with clean lines and minimal ornamentation. The art of joinery is also highly revered in Japan, where it is seen as a symbol of the harmonious relationship between human and nature.In India, traditional furniture is often characterized by its vibrant colors and elaborate designs. Indian artisans use a variety of materials, including wood, metal, and textiles, to create pieces that are rich in texture and pattern. A common feature in Indian furniture is the use of brass or copper fittings, which add a touch of opulence to the overall design. The charpoy, a traditional Indian bed, is a perfect example of this, with its woven netting and sturdy frame.European traditional furniture, on the other hand, varies greatly from country to country. In Italy, for example, the Renaissance period brought about a surge in the creation of luxurious furniture, adorned with gold leaf, marble, and precious stones. Italian craftsmen were known for their ability to transform wood into works of art, with pieces like the cassone, a large chest used for storing valuables, showcasing their talent.In contrast, the English have a long history of oak furniture, which is known for its durability and classic design. The English also developed unique styles such as the Windsor chair, which has become a symbol of traditional English craftsmanship. This chair, with its turned legs and spindle back, is not only a piece of furniture but also a piece of history.As we explore the traditional furniture of various countries, it becomes clear that each piece is more than just an object; it is a reflection of the culture and history of its people. The materials, techniques, and designs used in traditional furniture are a testament to the ingenuity and artistry of craftsmen around the world. It is through these pieces that we can appreciate the diversity and richness of home art across different nations.In conclusion, traditional furniture is not merely functional; it is a celebration of cultural identity and artistic achievement. As we sit on a hand-carved chair or store our belongings in an ornately decorated chest, we are participating in a legacy of craftsmanship that spans centuries and continents. It is a legacy that continues to inspire and influence the world of furniture design today. Traditional furniture, with its enduring beauty and timeless appeal, invites us to step into the unique home art of each country and experience the stories they have to tell. 。
家具常用术语英汉对照
名称 竹家具 曲木家具 浴室家具 婴儿床 床架 小边桌(床头柜) 卧室家具 双层床 儿童床 咖啡桌(茶几) 控制台(边桌) 橱柜 沙发床 梳妆台 文件柜 折叠椅 民间家具 床头 酒店家具 餐具柜 百叶门 嵌套桌 办公家具 折面桌 伸缩餐桌 躺椅 摇椅 乡村风格家具
Description Bamboo Furniture Bentwood Furniture Bathroom Furniture Baby Crib Bedstead Beside Table Bedroom Furniture Bunk Children's Bed Coffee Table Console (Table) Cupboard Divan Dresser File Cabinet Folding Chair Folk Furniture Headboard Hotel Furniture Kitchen Cabinet Louvered Door Nesting Table Office Furntiure Pembroke Table Pull-out Table Recliner Rocking Chair Rustic Style Furniture
Flakeboard, Particle Board
Formica HDF
中密度纤维板、中纤板 MDF
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Chinese-English Furniture Glossary
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Chinese-English Furniture Glossary
铺木地板的方法与技巧(中文英文双语版高分优质文档)
铺木地板的方法与技巧(中文英文双语版高分优质文档)铺设木地板是一项重要的装修工作，以下是一些铺木地板的方法与技巧：1. 准备工作：检查地面：确保地面平整、干燥、清洁，并修复任何凹凸不平的地方。
测量与规划：测量房间的尺寸，计算需要的木地板数量，并制定铺设方案。
调整湿度：根据木地板的要求，调整房间的湿度，确保木材与环境相适应。
2. 材料准备：选择合适的木地板：根据个人喜好、房间用途和预算选择合适的木地板材料。
准备木地板：将木地板放置在房间中适应环境温度和湿度，让其适应环境，防止变形。
3. 铺设木地板：开始铺设：从房间的一角开始铺设，一般选择离入口最远的角落。
铺设地膜：铺设一层地膜，起到防潮和隔音的作用。
铺设第一排：将第一块木地板沿墙壁对齐，并用钉子或地板胶固定。
铺设余下的地板：依次铺设余下的地板，确保它们紧密连接，没有间隙。
切割木地板：在需要的位置使用锯具或电锯进行木地板的切割，以适应房间边缘和障碍物的形状。
定期检查：在铺设过程中定期检查地板的水平度和平整度，以保证铺设质量。
4. 完善细节：安装踢脚线：在地板与墙壁之间安装踢脚线，遮盖地板边缘，起到保护和装饰的作用。
防滑处理：根据需要，在地板表面施加适当的防滑涂层或嵌入防滑垫。
5. 维护保养：定期清洁：使用合适的木地板清洁工具和产品进行定期清洁，避免使用过多的水分。
防止划痕：使用地毯或地板垫保护家具腿和其他物体的接触部分，以防止划痕和损坏。
控制湿度：保持室内湿度稳定，以避免木地板因湿度变化而膨胀或收缩。
需要注意的是，铺设木地板是一项需要一定技术和经验的工作，如果没有相关经验或自信，建议请专业的装修工人或地板安装专家来进行铺设。
他们能够提供专业的意见和技术支持，确保铺设过程顺利进行，并达到高质量的结果。
Methods and techniques for laying wooden floors (Chinese-English bilingual version with high scores and high-quality documents)Laying wooden floors is an important renovation work. Here are some methods and techniques for laying wooden floors:1. Preparation:Check the floor: Make sure the floor is flat, dry, and clean, and repair any unevenness.Measurement and planning: measure the size of the room, calculate the number ofwooden floors needed, and make a laying plan.Adjust the humidity: According to the requirements of the wooden floor, adjust the humidity of the room to ensure that the wood is compatible with the environment.2. Material preparation:Choosing the Right Wood Flooring: Choose the right wood flooring material based on personal preference, room purpose, and budget.Prepare the wooden floor: Place the wooden floor in the room to acclimate to the ambient temperature and humidity, allowing it to acclimatize and prevent warping.3. Laying wooden floors:Start laying: start laying from a corner of the room, generally choose the corner farthest from the entrance.Laying of mulch: Lay a layer of mulch to prevent moisture and sound insulation.Laying the first row: Align the first piece of wood flooring along the wall and secure with nails or floor glue.Lay the remaining floorboards: Lay the remaining floorboards one by one, making sure they are tightly joined with no gaps.Cutting wood floors: Use a saw or chainsaw to cut wood floors where needed to fit the shape of room edges and obstructions.Regular inspection: During the laying process, regularly check the levelness and flatness of the floor to ensure the laying quality.4. Improve the details:Install skirting line: Install skirting line between the floor and the wall to cover the edge of the floor for protection and decoration.Anti-slip treatment: Apply appropriate anti-slip coating or embed anti-slip mats on the floor surface as required.5. Maintenance:Regular Cleaning: Use proper wood floor cleaning tools and products for regular cleaning and avoid using excess moisture.Prevent scratches: Use rugs or floor mats to protect the contact parts of furniture legs and other objects to prevent scratches and damage.Control Humidity: Keep indoor humidity stable to avoid expansion or contraction of wood floors due to humidity changes.It should be noted that laying wooden floors is a job that requires certain skills and experience. If you do not have relevant experience or confidence, it is recommended to ask professional decoration workers or floor installation experts to do the laying. They are able to provide professional advice and technical support to ensure that the laying process runs smoothly and achieves high quality results.。
The global competitiveness of the Chinese wooden furniture
The global competitiveness of the Chinese wooden furniture industryXiao Han a, 1, , Yali Wen a and Shashi Kant b, ,a School of Economics and Management, Beijing Forestry University, P.O. Box 425, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of Chinab Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B3Received 31 December 2008;revised 13 April 2009;accepted 27 July 2009.Available online 5 September 2009.AbstractDuring the past two decades, the Chinese wooden furniture industry has witnessed high-speed growth, making China a leading furniture exporter. Given the intensification of global competition, it is crucial to assess the present status and competitiveness of the Chinese wooden furniture industry, as well as the changes and challenges China will face in competing with other principal trading nations. Based on Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Indices, it can be concluded that China has experienced a transition from comparative disadvantage into a high comparative advantage over the period, and has maintained a strong position in this labor-intensive industry. However, it still falls behind traditionally strong competitors such as Italy and Germany in terms of quality and unit price. It is also experiencing a growing challenge from lower-income countries such as Poland and Vietnam. Moreover, China now faces up more unfavorable macroeconomic circumstances such as rising cost, shrinking international demand, technology gap and escalating trade barriers. Thus, the government, industrial association and enterprises need to quickly take innovative steps coordinately to promote Chinese enterprises transitioning from the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) to the original design manufacturers (ODM), further to the original brand manufacturers (OBM).Keywords: Balassa's revealed comparative advantage; China; Competitiveness; Wooden furniture industry; World tradeArticle Outline1.Introduction2.Overview of China's wooden furniture industry2.1. Production trends2.2. Enterprises—concentration, ownerships, and performancein furniture hasknock-down furniture asbarriers. The increased openness in the furniture markets has caused the international trade of furniture to grow faster than furniture production and the international trade ofof furniture hasof furniture in the global market.China has made remarkable progress in furniture production and export in the global supply and Chinese furniture industrywooden furniture toat highly competitive prices. China has emerged as one of the major suppliers in the world furniture market; from 1997 to 2006, China's share increased from 4% to 19% (The wooden furniture industry has retained an important niche in the Chinese furniture industry, and is ranked at the top in terms of production and export value among all furniture categories (SITV Rev.3 8215). As the main export forest product, it accounted for 52.96% and almost 50% of the Chinese furniture output and export, respectively, in 2005, accounting for the largest share of the global market.Given the intensification of global competition, it is crucial to assess the present status, competitiveness, and challenges of the Chinese wooden furniture industry ([Li, 2007]and [Zhang et al., 2008]). In the next section, we provide an overview of China's wooden furniture industry. In Sections 3 and 4, we describe the methodology and selected data used in the competitiveness analysis. In Section 5, we present the analysis results of China's competitiveness against other leading furniture trading nations over the past 15 years. In Section 6, we point out the main emerging challenges facing the industry in China. Finally, in Section 7we conclude our findings and discuss the need to apply more effective econometric models in global industry competitiveness analysis.2. Overview of China's wooden furniture industry2.1. Production trendsDriven (Virginia et al., 2003) by the rapid development of the domestic economy, high foreign investment and a booming export business, Chinese furniture manufacturing has made remarkable progress (Research and Market, 2006). Since the mid-1990s, the Chinese furniture industry has experienced fast growth, with an annual gross production that grew from 61.2 billion yuan in 1996 to 340 billion yuan in 2005, with the average annual growth rate at 21.4% (China National Furniture Association (CNFA, 2006), Fig. 1). The development of the Chinese furniture industry has far exceeded China's average industry growth rate (10%), as well as the country's gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (7% to 9%) during the same period (Cao et al., 2004).Full-size image (34K)Fig. 1.Chinese furniture industry gross product.The wooden furniture industry has retained an important niche in Chinese furniture manufacturing, and it has experienced rapid expansion in recent years. Although its share of total production declined from 80% to 53%, it is still at the top in terms of production and export value among all furniture categories, and accounts for over one-third of China's total timber product exports each year (Sun et al., 2005).2.2. Enterprises—concentration, ownerships, and performanceWooden furniture production is a resource-based, labor-intensive industry, with low entry barriers in trade. The industry is fragmented in China, with few large firms and numerous small manufacturing producers. Up to the end of 2006, there were only 2149 manufacturers with total annual sales revenue of more than 5 million yuan in China, accounting for 3% of the total industry (OCN, 2007). The concentration rate is used as an indicator of the relative size of firms in relation to the industry. One commonly used concentration ratio is the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4), which consists of market share as a percentage of the four largest firms in the industry. The CR4 of Chinese wooden furniture manufacturing is only 6.62% of the total sector turnover (Jin, 2007), indicating the perfect competition market of this industry.There are several types of ownership, with at least 90% of companies not state-owned. According to data in the 2003 Chinese Furniture Investment Report, among the 6937 wooden furniture manufacturers selected, 83.56% are collective enterprises, 7.12% are joint ventures, and only 6.79% are state-owned (Stock Exchange Executive Council, 2003).The profit rate of Chinese wooden furniture manufacturers has been stable, averaging at 4% in recent years (Jin, 2007). Though higher than other product types within the furniture industry, it is still lower than that of other rapidly developing industries.2.3. Industrial distributionOver 80% of Chinese furniture firms are located in four regions stretching from the south to the east coastline of China (see Fig. 2). Overall, the four regions accounted for 94.5% of the total output, with southern China alone producing more than half of the total amount. With 34% of the total domestic production in 2005 (CNFA, 2006), Guangdong has been at the top of production for years, followed by Zhejiang, Fujian, Shandong, and Liaoning. Increasing investments from Hong Kong, Taiwan, and some American and European furniture manufacturers have expanded capacity since the late 1980s, contributing to this distribution (Sun et al., 2005). Approximately 50% of exports are from one South China province—Guangdong.Full-size image (48K)Fig. 2.Industry gross product by area 2005.2.4. ExportsIn the past two decades, the Chinese furniture industry has witnessed accelerated growth, and China is quickly becoming the world's furniture manufacturing center and biggest exporter. The international competitiveness of China's wooden furniture industry has improved dramatically, and China is now a major exporter of wooden furniture. China's wooden furniture exports rose almost ten times in value, with a double-digit annual growth rate since the 1990s, higher than the world average rate (Fig. 3).Full-size image (44K)Fig. 3.China and global wooden furniture export performance, 1993–2007.With approximately one-third of furniture output exported each year, China surpassed Italy and became the largest global wooden furniture exporter in 2004. Emerging countries such as Poland and Vietnam are expanding their export market rapidly as well.Within the wooden furniture category, there is a position variation between different types of products. Exports of wooden bedroom furniture, wooden seats and other wooden furniture havegrown quickly, and accounted for roughly 90% of total wooden furniture exported each year, as shown in Fig. 4. These two types of products exported from China captured the largest share of global market. In contrast, office and kitchen furniture hold less substantial places in exports, ranking second and fourth, respectively, among world exports in 2006.Full-size image (31K)Fig. 4.China's wooden furniture exports by segment.Though the number of countries importing wooden furniture from China has increased steadily, North America, the European Union, Japan, and Hong Kong are still its major export markets. Together, the top five importers of Chinese wooden furniture accounted for 75% of the whole exports in 2006, in which USA alone accounts for almost half of China's total export.3. Methodology for competitive analysisAssessing the competitiveness of an industry is a complex process, and it can be analyzed from several perspectives. This paper hereby adopts the widely accepted revealed index to reflect the relative competitiveness of the Chinese wooden furniture based on long-term trade data.3.1. Market share (MS)Comparative advantage can be measured by market share to identify size advantage and degree of specialization in the market. Market share is the percentage or proportion of the total available market or market segment being captured by a country. It can be expressed by the following equation:(1)Where MS is market share, X is exports, i is a commodity, and j is a country. X ij is the exports of commodity i to country j; X iw are the world exports of commodity i.3.2. Revealed comparative advantage (RCA)Balassa (1979)defined a measure for international trade competitiveness that he termed ‘Revealed Comparative Advantage’ (RCA). RCA is an index that compares the export share of a given commodity or sector in a country with the export share of that commodity or sector in the world market. Eq. (2) enables the calculation of RCA as follows:(2)where X is exports, i is a commodity, and j is a country. X ij are the exports of commodity i to country j; ∑i X ij are the total exports of country j; ∑j X ij are the world exports of commodity i; and ∑i∑j X ij are the total world exports.A country is said to have a comparative advantage in a commodity when the index is greater than one. Where the index value is less than one, the country has a revealed comparative disadvantage.3.3. Trade competitiveness (TC)It has been argued that the RCA index is biased because of the omission of imports especially when country size is important (Greenaway and Milner, 1993). Thus, as a relative index, trade competitiveness expresses whether country j has net export or import, reducing the distortion effect of macroeconomic fluctuations such as inflation.(3)In the case of Eq. (3), the index ratio ranges from − 1 to 1. If TC ij > 0, country j's productivity of commodity i is higher than the world average level and has comparative advantage; if TC ij < 0, that country j's productivity is lower than the world average level and shows comparative disadvantage.4. Selection of competitors and dataTrade data was obtained from the UN Comtrade database using SITC (Rev.3) data from 1993 to 2007. The UN Comtrade is considered the most comprehensive trade database available, containing annual international trade statistics data detailed by commodities and partner countries since 1962. The sufficient time series of data permits longer-term trends to be identified. From the SITC (Rev.3) list, wooden furniture consists of the type used in offices, kitchens, bedrooms, and others identified corresponding to SITC82151, SITC82153, SITC82155, and SITC82159, respectively (Table 1).Table 1. Definition of SITC goods by type of wooden furniture.Source: UN Comtrade database.Furniture, n.e.s. ofDescription: Furniture, n.e.s. of woodName: n.e.s. of wood, of a kind used in the officeName: n.e.s. of wood, of a kind used in the kitchenName: n.e.s. of wood, of a kind used in the bedroomName: n.e.s. of woodwooden furniture tradingwooden furniture exportsHowever, the global market was largely dominated by the high-income countries a decade ago, now their shares dwindled to 50% from 80%, and significantly replaced by the medium- and low-income countries. In terms of the direction of change, there was a split between high-income countries and countries in medium- and lower-income levels. High-income countries such as the USA, Italy, Germany, and Canada showed a declining trend in market share, while some medium- and lower-income countries have emerged as potentially significant new sources of furniture exports to the international market. Among them, China has exhibited an impressive expansion in exports. With its entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) at the end of 2001, China obtained equal access to international markets, surpassing Italy in 2004, and emerged as the leading exporter of the wooden furniture with a share of 20.91% (Fig. 5).Full-size image (50K)Fig. 5.Trends of market share in selected countries, 1993–2007.5.2. Trends of RCA within China's wooden furniture industryGenerally, when the RCA is above one, the country is said to be specialized in that sector, or have a comparative advantage in a commodity (Laursen, 1998). Some scholars narrowed down the categories further specifically (Zhang et al., 2008). If—RCA > 2.5 means an extremely strong comparative advantage; 1.25 < RCA < 2.5 means a strong comparative advantage; 0.8 < RCA < 1.25 means a moderate comparative advantage; RCA < 0.8 means a weak comparative advantage; and RCA < 0 means a comparative disadvantage.During the past 15 years, China has witnessed a transition from a comparative disadvantage in aggregate wooden furniture from 0.81 to a moderately high comparative advantage—RCA at 1.93, averaging at about 1.48. However, China's competitive position is not uniform across different product sectors. Fig. 7indicates that wooden bedroom furniture, the largest sector of Chinese wooden furniture exports, had a moderately high RCA average of 2.74, and its strength was partly offset by lower comparative advantages in furniture used in the office, kitchen, and others, which averaged 1.06, 1.18, and 1.45, respectively. However, China's overall performance leveled off in 2003 and began to decline in 2007. This is probably due to a deteriorating situation in kitchen furniture, where RCA fell considerably from 1.63 in 1999 to 1.09 in 2007, as well as the stabilized patterns of bedroom and other furniture since 2003. In contrast, China's positionin office wooden furniture showed an upward trend in comparative advantage rising from 0.66, in 1993 to 1.49 in 2007 (Fig. 6).Full-size image (39K)Trends of RCA in China's wooden furniture, 1993wooden furniture (SITCTable 3. China's RCA wooden furniture against selected countries, 1993wooden furniture exporter,wooden furniture trade(4), the average GL of Germany's wooden furniture industry is 89.74, indicating that it is primarily an intra-industry trade. It is mainly because that more than half of German furniture trade flows are within Europe (prevalent between countries like Western European countries that are similar in theircapital–labor ratios, skill levels, and so on (Krugman and Obstfeld, 2004). Since the RCA index measures comparative advantage to examine inter-industry trade, it cannot fully reflect Germany's trade competitiveness.Full-size image (19K)Trends in China's trade competitiveness in wooden furniture are summarized inwooden furniture,All middle income countries showed a very strong comparative advantage over 0.8. Among them, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brazil's trade competitiveness index declined modestly but continued to exhibit a very high comparative advantage over 0.9 at the end of the period; Poland's trade competitiveness index remained relatively stable at 0.8–0.9; China showed a strong improvement with an increase by 21%. As the only low-income country selected, Vietnam has shown extremely high trade competitiveness since 2000 and has kept climbing, accompanied by a surge of wooden furniture export.6. Emerging challenges facing the industryIn short, during the past two decades, Chinese wooden furniture has witnessed high-speed growth, and maintained a strong competitive position. However, there are some storm clouds on the horizon: rising cost, technology gap, escalating international trade barriers, unfavorable macroeconomic environment. How the Chinese wooden furniture industry reacts to these intensifying pressures will be a major driving force behind its competitive position in coming years.6.1. Increasing costThe Chinese wooden furniture industry has seen its margins shrink owing to increasing cost. Wooden furniture is a resource-based industry and wood accounts for almost half of its total cost. However, China is a forest resource-scarce country on a per capita basis. In addition, the rapid manufacturing growth and China's natural forest protection has increased wood products' demand and supply gap. Its dependence on timber imports, raw material supplies, and price trends could be the most uncertain factors for sustained development (Xu et al., 2003). Per capita wage in China is also rising at an average rate of 12% in the last four years (National Bureau of Statistics, 2008). Additionally, the Chinese government's introduction of minimum wage legislation on 1 January 2008 means that firms are now legally responsible for increasing wages, further pushing up labor cost (National People's Congress, 2007). China cannot have an inexhaustible supply of cheap labor forever. Moreover, soaring fuel prices have pushed up freight cost, which may further hamper the future growth of the industry.6.2. Technology gap and innovationsTo secure competitive advantage, Chinese firms should not be exclusively concerned withcost-competitiveness, especially when facing increasing cost. There are still gaps in the productivity of labor, management, and technical levels compared with developed countries such as Germany and Italy. In addition, with its large contract manufacturing base, numerous small- to medium-sized firms with limited investment for the majority of Chinese wooden furniture industry, have not developed their original designs and innovative capabilities (Sagren, 2003). The lack of their own brand and updated technology has hampered their efforts to move upward along the value chain and thus they cannot sustain a more competitive industry in the long run.6.3. International trade disputes and barriersIn late 2004, the US Department of Commerce imposed antidumping duties on Chinese bedroom wooden furniture producers and exporters (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004). The value of the trade in the affected products from the USA to China was US$1.2 billion in 2003 (China Daily, 2004). This was the largest case of 11 antidumping charges in 2003.The low prices of the Chinese wooden furniture have also triggered antidumping investigations by EU countries that have helped China's major competitors, such as Vietnam, Mexico, and Indonesia (Cao et al., 2004). Apart from the tariff barriers, more and more technical barriers and international certification standards call for cleaner production and greener products, which are restricting the expansion of the Chinese manufacturing sector and its export ([Wang, 2006] and [Qiu and Yang, 2007]).6.4. Deteriorating terms of tradeA measure of relative export prices, the commodity terms of trade (TOT) equals the price index of exports divided by the price index of imports (Nafziger, 2006). Compared to the base year 1997, the overall terms of trade are deteriorating, which illustrates that China has imported middle- to high-end wooden furniture with higher prices, and exported low-priced products. The increase in export price was not commensurate with the increase in export growth, which indicates that Chinese wooden furniture is still positioned at the medium- to low-end of the market.Additionally, according to the commitments to the WTO (ITA, 2001), China has cut down its tariff gradually to zero on furniture while Italian, German, Swedish, and US firms are all striving to increase their furniture exports to China, intensifying the competition in China's domestic market, and further lowering the profit margin of Chinese manufacturers.6.5. Macroeconomic factorsExternal demand and prices for products (including wooden furniture) of China could decline sharply when the global average of growth slows down after the US mortgage financial turmoil. Prospects for further decline in the US dollar represent an additional risk factor. It would hurt the competitiveness of many firms exporting to the US (World Bank, 2008), since the growing reliance on the North American market makes them vulnerable.In order to improve its industrial structure, China has recently adjusted its international trade policies. Chinese export rebates of wooden furniture have been slashed as well (USDA, 2006). Ice storms and catastrophic earthquakes in South China in 2008 have also largely decreased the domestic timber supply, and injured many furniture firms.These factors are forcing the Chinese wood products industry to quickly take innovative steps to upgrade their entire industrial base to produce higher-margin goods, improve brand reputation and innovation capabilities in various ways. Though China is a leading manufacturer and exporter in the global wooden furniture economy, there is a huge gap that must be bridged if China is to sustain and strengthen its global competitiveness. Being cost competitive is not enough, China now needs to pay attention to non-qualitative factors as well, transitioning from current roleto an original brand manufacturer (OBM) (furniture industry from the international trade theory perspective.Table 5. Summary of changes in RCA, MS, TC with selected countries for wooden furniture.wooden furniture trade,advantage to the lower-tier countries in East Asia, Southeast Asia, East Europe, and Latin America by two different paths. Production and exportation were transferred to locations with proximity and lower labor costs, such as Poland and Mexico. Poland took the advantage of proximity to the West European market, and has become an export-oriented furniture producer. Almost 90% of its production has been exported, 78% of which has been transported to EU countries. Mexico has the same pattern, shipping 90% of its furniture to the USA. On the other hand, the other path is shifting toward Southeast and East Asian countries with their abundant cheap labor and raw material, such as China, Malaysia, and Vietnam. It should be noted that, despite their large production and export capacities, these countries are relatively small furniture importers, which compounds their status as export-dependent furniture producers (Ratnasingam, 2002).With respect to the competitiveness shift of China, it can be concluded that China has experienced a transition from comparative disadvantage into a high comparative advantage over the period, and has maintained a strong position in this labor-intensive industry. However, it still falls behind traditional strong competitors such as Italy and Germany in terms of quality and unit price. It is also experiencing an increasing challenge from a number of low-to-medium and low-income countries such as Poland and Vietnam. In addition, though China has witnessed an overall upward trend in export with high surplus, its RCA growth has started to slow down over the last few years. In 2007, its overall competitiveness as well as each sub-sector within the industry dropped for the first time in the past 15 years. China may lose its competitive position to lower-income countries over time if it does not upgrade its industrial structure. Aside from that, China's wooden furniture trade competitiveness varied sharply between different types of products; as a result, China needs diverse development strategies within various categories as well as enterprises, especially facing the emerging challenges and grim world economic circumstances.However, several limitations in this paper need further research in the future. First, since the competitiveness varied sharply between different types of products, the analysis could be detailed into the specific wooden furniture categories within selected countries. Results may be more applicable and exact to a larger number of countries selected with specific product categories. In addition, though widely utilized by numerous papers ([World Bank, 1994], [Chi and Kilduff, 2006] and [Yu et al., 2008][Greenaway and Milner, 1993], [Laursen, 1998] and [Diarmaid, 2005] Zhang et al., 2007), the RCA indices in the trade theory, as undirected and comparatively simple measurement for assessing the actual competitiveness of national industries, do have limitations. Changes in a country's RCA cannot distinguish improvements in factor endowment from other factors such as development of related or supporting industries, demand changes, appropriate trade policies, and so on (Siegfried and Li, 2002). Thus, qualitative econometric models of competitiveness analysis including these factors are needed to further future research.AcknowledgementsThe authors thank William F. Hyde, Junchang Liu, Lloyd C. Irland, Steven Northway and anonymous reviewers for valuable comments on earlier versions of the paper. The financial support from the Sustainable Forest Management Network (SFMN), Canada, is also highly appreciated.ReferencesChina's furniture industryUS to slap tariffs on Chinese furniture (2004) AvailableNational Furniture Association2006. China Furniture Almanac, 2006. CNFA, Beijing, China, 33. in Chinese.The World Furniture Outlook 2008(ITA). Furniture,Jing Jin, Study of international competitiveness of Chinese furniture manufacture industry, Furniture and Interior DecorationThe global wood furniture value chain: what prospects for upgrading by developing countries,Laursen, 1998 Keld Laursen, Revealed comparative advantage and the alternatives as measures of alternatives as measures of international specialisation, DRUID Working Paper No. 98-30 (1998) Retrieved April 1, 2003. Available at:/p/aal/abbswp/98-30.html.Li, 2007 Fu Li, The appraising of competition of wood furniture in the world, Journal of Northwest Forestry University, (2007), pp. 133–135 in Chinese.Nafziger, 2006 Nafziger, E.Wayne, 2006. Economic Development, Fourth Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York, 599–600, 608–612.National Bureau of Statistics, 2008 National Bureau of Statistics, 2008. The China Statistical Yearbook 2008. China Statistics Press, Beijing, China, 70.National People's Congress, 2007 National People's Congress 2007. Labor Contract Law of the People's Republic of China. Article 30, 31, 55 and 72. Adopted at the 28th Session of the Standing Committee of the 10th National People's Congress on June 29, 2007, effective from January 1, 2008.OCN, 2007OCN, Market analysis and investment consulting report of China wood furniture industry 2007–2008 Available at: /reports/2006279muzhijiaju.htm Accessed June, 2007.Qiu and Yang, 2007Yiwei Qiu and Gang Yang, The impact of green trade barrier on Chinese forestry products export and countermeasures, International Trade Issues5(2007), pp. 24–28 In Chinese.Ratnasingam, 2002J. Ratnasingam, Export dynamics of the South East Asian furniture industry, Furniture Design Manufacturing Asia14 (7) (2002), pp. 52–55.Research and Market, 2006Research and Market, China furniture market report, 2006–2007(2006) /reports/c49413. Accessed Dec, 2006.Sagren, 2003Moodley Sagren, E-Commerce and export markets: small furniture producers in South Africa, Journal of Small Business Management41 (3) (2003), pp. 317–324.Siegfried and Li, 2002Bender Siegfried and Kui-Wai Li, The changing trade and revealed comparative advantages of Asian and Latin American manufacture exports, Economic Growth Center Discussion Paper, No. 843 (2002) Available at:/abstract = 303259.Stock Exchange Executive Council, 2003 Stock Exchange Executive Council, 2003. Chinese furniture investment report 2003. SEEC, Beijing, China, 16. In Chinese.Sun et al., 2005Sun, Xiufang, Cheng, Nian, Canby, Kerstin, 2005. China's forest product exports: an overview of trends by segment and destinations. Forest Trends, 4–10.U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004 U.S. Department of Commerce, 2004. Wooden bedroom furniture from China, Investiga-tion No. 731-TA-1058 (Final). U.S. International TradeCommission,Washington, DC, 20436.。
广东省英文导游词——开平碉楼
Kaiping Diaolou——T h e wa tch t owe r-l i ke H o u s e s i n Ka i p i n g Ci t y【What&How is Kaiing Diaolou】—【Outstanding Diaolou Structures】—【The Li Garden】Good morning! Ladies and gentlemen:This morning we’ll drive 1.5hours to visit the unique “Diaolou”houses in Kaiping City. You fell puzzled when hearing the word Diaolou, don’t you? Now let me tell you something about the city of Kaiping as well sa what and how these houses are.【What&How is Kaiing Diaolou】Kaiping is a small city in Guangdong Province, about 100 kilometers to the southwest of Guangzhou, with an area of 1659 square kilometers and a population of 680 thousand. It has long been known as the native land of a great many overseas Chinese, the number totting up to or even more than its domestic population. The Chinese, you know, are a nostalgic people having a strong feeling of wistful longing for home, so the overseas Chinese from Kaiping, no matter how long they had been away and how far they were away from home, would come back to buy a piece of land to build their house and to get married. Those houses built by the returned overseas Chinese during the late 19th and early 20th centuries are all watchtower-like, with thick solid walls, small and narrow iron doors and windows, and even with embrasures on the walls and an observation tower on the top.So, “Kaiping Diaolou”is a proper name of the multi-storied defensive country houses of the returned overseas Chinese in Kaiping City. Built of stone, brick or concrete, these buildings display a fusion of Chinese and foreign architectural and decorative forms, and reflect the significant role these emigrant Kaiping people had played in the development of the countries they resided, in South Asia, Australasia, North America and other regions of the world.You may wonder why these returned overseas Chinese had their houses built into a structure of a watchtower. Well, the reasons are clear. First, public order at that time was bad and banditry was a real headache and the better-off returned overseas Chinese families naturally became targets for robbery; second, the Kaiping area is a stretch of low-lying land and folds were a frequent occurrence. So, these solid and high-rise buildings were good both for defense against bandits and for refuge from the floods.Kaiping Diaolou is listed by the Chinese State Council as a key cultural relic protected by the state. Its total number amounted to 3, 300 in the peak years and now the registered number is 1833, and twenty of the better ones are inscribed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO. Org (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). These buildings take three forms: communal tower jointly built by. Several families for use as temporary refuge, residential tower built by individual rich family and used as fortified residence, and watch tower for guarding against bandits. In the 1940s during the war of resistance against Japan, some of these towers became strongholds for people’s militia.【Outstanding Diaolou Structures】The Diaolou structures in Zili Village, 12 kilometers away from the Kaiping city center, are the most magnificent and best preserved. There are 15 in all, which are all listed as key cultural relics protected by the state. Among them the Mingshilou is the best of all. Built in 1925, it is a 5-storeyed reinforced concrete structure, with an hexagon observation pavilion on the top and a blockhouse built on the outside walls at each of the four corners on the fifth floor. This huge and imposing tower is installed with heavy iron doors and strong iron windows, and is luxuriously decorated and well furnished.Other well-known Diaolou structures are the Yinglonglou in Chikan Town, the Ruishilou in Yan’gang Town and the Fangshe Denglou in Tangkou Town. They were built in different years by different families and so are different in architectural style. The Yinglonglou, built during the Jiajing Reign of the Ming Dynasty in the middle of the 16th century (1522 - 1566), is the oldest Diaolou structure and is free from foreign influence in architectural style. The Ruishilou, a 9 – storied 25-meter high reinforced concrete structure, is the most luxury and is laid out and furnished in the traditional Chinese pattern. The Fangshi Denglou, a reinforced concrete structure built in 1920 by the Fang family, is typical of the Diaolou structure as a watchtower for it was located in an open land and was provided with electric generator,searchlights and guns.【The Li Garden】Another tourist attraction in Kaiping City is the Li Garden. It was a private residential garden built in 1926 –1936 by an American Chinese, Xie Wei Li （谢维立）by name. The garden’s name “Li”（立）was derived from the name of its owner and it gives expression to the meaning of a Chinese idiom Xiu Shen Li Ben（修身立本）, which is written on an archway in the garden, meaning that cultivating one’s moral and character is the key to success in one’s life and work. This idea of the owner’s is also embodied in many other inscriptions and couplets written in the garden.The Li Garden is laid out in the way of traditional Chinese gardening but many of its structures are built in Western styles, such as the two Roman-styled structures popularly known as the Bird’s Nest and the Flower & Rattan Pavilion. The garden covers an area of 19, 600 square meters, with a man-made stream running through and cutting it into two parts, which are connected by arch-bridges. Along the stream are pavilions, a hundred-meter-long corridor, archways, residential houses and other structures.The residential buildings in the villa area are also combinations of Chinese and Western architectural elements. While their main structures are foreign-styled, some are roofed like a Chinese palace, and inside they are decorated and furnished with both Chinese and foreign artifacts: Western fireplace and pendent lamps, Italian ceramic tiles, Chinese wooden furniture, wall paintings depicting Chinese folk stories, Chinese gilded wood-carvings etc.The Li Garden is indeed a paragon of harmonious combination of the Chinese and foreign cultures.Ladies and Gentalmen: We are now approaching the Zili Village and, in ten minutes, we’ll leave the bus for a close look at the Diaolou towers. We’ll stay in the village for one and a half hours and will be back to the bus at 11 o’clock. Since the billage is quite a big place and one can get happily lost, Iwould suggest you keep together.Miss Wang will be taking the lead, please follow her, and I will bring up the rear. Thank you!开平碉楼与立园【概况】—【自力村调楼群】—【开平立园】【概况】开平市位于珠江三角洲西南部，东北距离广州110公里。
中国的茶馆英语作文
中国茶馆的魅力与文化韵味**The Charms and Cultural Nuances of ChineseTeahouses**Amidst the bustling streets and vibrant alleys of China, a haven of tranquility and culture awaits: the teahouse. These quaint establishments, often adorned with traditional furnishings and decorated with calligraphy and paintings, are not just places for relaxation but also repositories of Chinese history, art, and philosophy.漫步在中国熙熙攘攘的街道和充满活力的巷弄中，一处宁静与文化的避风港等待着人们的发现：那就是茶馆。
这些古色古香的场所，往往装饰着传统家具，墙上挂着书法和绘画作品，它们不仅是放松身心的好去处，更是中国历史、艺术和哲学的宝库。
The teahouse experience begins with the careful preparation of tea. A skilled tea master selects the finest leaves, which are then brewed in traditional teapots to perfection. The aroma fills the air, inviting customers to take a seat and immerse themselves in the moment. The sound of bubbling water and the soft chatter among patrons createa soothing atmosphere that encourages contemplation and conversation.茶馆的体验始于精心泡茶的过程。
新目标大学英语：《综合教程》第四册(WELearn答案)培训资料
新目标大学英语：《综合教程》第四册(W E L e a r n答案)新目标大学英语：《综合教程》第四册U1•Textbook StudyListening1）attitude2）on the basis of3）positive and negative4）Self-esteem5）subjective6）consciously or unconsciously7）have got used to8）taken for granted9）subconscious mind10）self-appraisalText BParas. 1–3：a、Fb、Fc、O/FParas. 4 – 8：a、Fb、Fc、Fd、FParas. 9–15：a、O/Fb、O/Fc、O/FPara. 16：F•CET-Oriented Study Listening1、A2、C3、D4、C5、C6、C7、D8、BReading Comprehension（1）D（2）N（3）I（4）B（5）H（6）O（7）L（8）J（9）G（10）EParagraph Translation（翻译参考）China serves as home to 56 ethnic groups. The largest group, the Han, makes up over 91% of China’s population. As the majority of the population is of the Han ethnic group, the other 55 ethnic groups are customarily referred to as the national minorities. The Han people can be found throughout the country, though mainly on the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River valleys, and the Northeast Plain. The national minorities, though fewer in number, are also widely dispersed throughout China, often inhabiting important border regions from northeast China to north, northwest and southwest China. Equality, unity and common prosperity are the fundamental principles of China’s government in handling the relations between different ethnic groups. Meanwhile, China exercises a policy of regional autonomy for various ethnic groups, allowing ethnic groups living incompact communities to establish self-government and direct their own affairs.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: BDADB6-10: CBACA11-15: CBDAD16-20: CDDBCUnit Test - II1-5: BCCBC（6）C. insecure（7）G. compare（8）H. influence（9）J. impact（10）L. post（11）M. surveyed（12）I. negative（13）O. participants（14）D. preoccupation（15）A. establish16-20: DCBDA21-25: CCADAU2•Textbook StudyListening1）habit of living2）profound changes3）human activities4）extinction events5）human agricultural technology 6）domesticating7）cultivate plants8）intimate knowledge9）familiar with10）human companionsText B1）spreading the word about “the crisis facing these social, sensitive, passionately intense, playful, complex, exceedingly intelligent and endangered creatures”.2）their sizes and species.3）they are quite consciously together, each pacing herself to the other’s gait and waiting for the other to catch up.4）stood vigil outside the building, knowing that her friend was inside.5）saw past the things they didn’t have in common and found in each other common ground enough•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、B2、A3、C4、D5、C6、A7、D8、AReading Comprehension（1）G（2）A（3）F（4）J（5）B（6）K（7）C（8）H（9）I（10）BParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Chinese martial arts may be traced back to prehistoric timeswhen Chinese ancestors used stones and wooden clubs in hunting for subsistence and self-defense. It is recorded in the history thatthere were people specializing in martial arts during the periods of Spring and Autumn and the Warring States, and considered it as a theory to maintain good health and applied it in wars when necessary. The martial arts are either bare-handed or weapon-in-hand practiceor performance according to certain sets. Generally speaking, modern martial arts consist of such five categories as boxing, weapon exercises, sparring exercises, actual combat and teamwork. The five categories can be further divided into different schools or styles. The martial arts play positive roles in strengthening the body, developing the potential of the body, tempering people’s will power and even curing difficult and complex cases of illness. They are a precious national cultural legacy of China.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: BDADB6-10: BACAB11-15: DDACB16-20: DDADAUnit Test - II1-5: CBBAB（6）E. companion （7）A. affinity （8）L. disparity （9）G. species （10）F. infirmity （11）O. immobile （12）C. vigil（13）I. resumed （14）N. overwhelming （15）D. memorial16-20: BADCC21-25: BCABCU3•Textbook StudyListening1）long-term survival2）coordinate the relationship3）environmental goals4）promote this concept5）economic and political issues 6）building materials7）architecture and ecology8）environmental effects9）the preservation10）enjoyment of future generationsText BPara. 1assemble a real building and structure a businessPara. 2a critical architecturePara. 3a Paul Rudolph building in Boston and Richard Neutra’s Cyclorama Building in Gettysburg,Para. 4·wanting to save the entire building,·wanting to demolish it.Para. 5the protagonist in the battle to save or the antithesis to modern design.Para. 6emerges the richness of place and understanding of time.Para. 8experience and imagination,•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、B2、A3、B4、B5、B6、B7、A8、CReading Comprehension（1）B（2）F（3）B（4）H（5）A（6）E（7）J（8）I（9）G（10）CParagraph Translation（翻译参考）The Ancient City of Ping Yao is one of the well-preserved ancient county-level cities in China. Located in Ping Yao County, central Shanxi Province, the property includes three parts: the entire area within the walls of Ping Yao, Shuanglin Temple 6kilometers southwest of the county seat, and Zhenguo Temple 12 kilometers northeast of the county seat. The design of this Ancient City shows the evolution of architectural styles and town planning in Imperial China over the past five centuries. Noteworthy are the imposing buildings associated with trading and banking in the city, for Ping Yao was the major center for the whole China in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It retains all the Han city features, and provides a complete picture of the cultural, social, economic and religious development in Chinese history. It is of great value for researchers’ studying of the social form, economic structure, military defense, religious belief, traditional thinking,traditional ethics and dwelling form during that time.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: CCCBA6-10: DCCAA11-15: DBBAA16-20: BDCBAUnit Test - II1-5: ABABB（6）A. demolish（7）N. lens（8）H. encapsulate（9）L. room（10）J. rootedness（11）G. integrated（12）B. aspirations（13）K. reintroduced（14）E. symbiotic（15）C. commission16-20: CCBAD21-25: DCCCDU4•Textbook StudyListening1）delivered to2）a science fiction3）physical objects4）manufacturing capabilities 5）storage of information6）technological advances7）is limited8）positive impact9）transportation emissions10）a range of industriesText B1）to study and understand natural phenomenato use this knowledge to make our lives more comfortable2）there is no anesthetic and no drilling3）mycelia, combined with buckwheat and rice husksdebut soon as protective packaging for computers and furniture4）to repel water and soil, fight germs, detect dangerous chemicals and explosives, and conduct enough energy5）there is no need to buy syringes and no need to fill them either; and nobody will miss the pain•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、C2、B3、A4、C5、A6、C7、C8、BReading Comprehension（1）B（2）J（3）A（4）I（5）G（6）E（7）F（8）D（9）E（10）HParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Ecological civilization describes the level of harmony that exists between human progress and natural existence in human civilization. Ecological civilization, like material civilization, cultural and ethical civilization, and political civilization, is a historical concept. As such, ecological civilization is constantly undergoing a process of evolution from a lower stage to a higherstage as human civilization progresses. A comprehensive plan for the promotion of ecological progress was outlined in the politicalreport to the Eighteenth National Congress of the CPC. The report clearly states that we must incorporate the idea of ecological civilization into every aspect of economic, political, cultural, and social progress; step up efforts to develop a resource-conserving and environmentally friendly society; and strive to build abeautiful China so as to realize lasting and sustainable development for the Chinese nation and make due contributions to global ecological security.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: CABDB6-10: AABAD11-15: ACBCA16-20: CDACBUnit Test - II1-5: CABCB（6）E. obtained（7）D. decaying（8）I. injecting（9）H. solidifies（10）C. available（11）F. eligible（12）B. routes（13）N. alternative（14）A. combined（15）G. protective16-20: BDADB21-25: CABCAU5•Textbook StudyListening1）gas emissions2）renewable energy3）ultimate source of energy 4）fossil fuels5）alternative energy6）mass transportation7）limited in supply8）our growing energy challenges9）diverse energy technologies10）destroy our environmentText B1）fossil fuelsglobal warmingatmospheric pollutants productioneconomic development hindrance2）renewable energyother alternative energy sources which are greener and renewable.3）the fossil fuelsit is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly.4）it can reduce the reliance on exhaustible sources of fossil fuelsit is clean from the environmental point of view.•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、B2、D3、B4、C5、B6、C7、AReading Comprehension （1）E（2）B（3）I（4）A（5）D（6）G（7）J（8）F（9）C（10）HParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Traditionally, the Chinese love sports as an essential way for keeping fit as well as for entertainment. As one of the main sports to help people stay fit, Taijiquan is very popular with Chinese people. It used to be a martial art, but since it aids both self-defense and health, it gradually turned into a form of exercise. Taijiquan has deep and profound philosophical connotations; it embodies the unique wisdom of the Chinese people, and reflects the characteristics of Chinese culture.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: ADCBC6-10: BABDC11-15: BABCC16-20: BCDBCUnit Test - II1-5: BAAAB（6）N. reserves（7）K. shortage（8）J. affect（9）M. abundant（10）D. alternative（11）E. definition（12）B. derived（13）G. Typical（14）F. regard（15）H. emission16-20: ABDDB21-25: ADBCAU6•Textbook StudyListening1）Satellite technology2）the exploration of the universe 3）exciting and fruitful areas4）the other planets5）technological reasons6）benefited hugely7）strive to learn8）what’s around the corner9）fantastic manifestation10）pursue our explorationText B1）there’s the hard vacuum, the lethal cold and the ever-present risk of even a small meteor hit. Also the pressure is nearly zero.2）Mark for his four shuttle missions and his cumulative 54 days in space; Scott for his two shuttle flights, including a six-month stay aboard the International Space Station (ISS).3）Blood samples tests, saliva samples tests, cheek swabs tests, psychological and fitness tests, and follow-up tests.4）the time Mark has already spent in space muddies the study up a little since he’s been exposed to the same exotic physical environment Scott has.•CET-Oriented StudyListening1、D2、D3、A4、D5、B6、D7、CReading Comprehension（1）F（2）I（3）E（4）C（5）A（6）D（7）H（8）J（9）B（10）GParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Nearly 600 years later, the Temple of Heaven still standsintact in the south of Beijing. Covering an area nearly five times as large as the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven, with its numerous halls and buildings, attracts visitors from around the world. It not only presents spectacular scenery, but also represents the Chinese pursuit of harmony between Heaven and mortals. Only the emperor could pray at the Temple of Heaven. Common people were not allowed access. Yet the idea of showing awe and gratitude to Heaven was not reserved for the emperor alone, but was shared by the people as well.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: BCDCB6-10: BCBAB11-15: ABBBC16-20: BCBDBUnit Test - II1-5: DBCBA（6）C. hospitable（7）F. risk（8）B. pressure（9）I. expand（10）L. absence（11）J. unconsciousness （12）M. sooner（13）D. adjust（14）N. fatigued（15）G. damage16-20: CABDB21-25: DBDBDU7•Textbook StudyListening1）rational scientific explanation 2）via the Internet3）at the thought of4）transplanting an artificial heart 5）with chronic diseases6）explain the reasons behind7）a mystery to a large extent8）amaze scientists9）evolves into10）what we know about natureText B1、C2、C3、A4、C5、A•CET-Oriented Study Listening1、D2、B3、B4、D5、C6、C7、BReading Comprehension （1）F（2）J（3）B（4）H（5）A（6）D（7）I（8）C（9）E（10）GParagraph Translation（翻译参考）The Silk Road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century B.C and was traveled mainly by silk merchants. The Silk Road functioned not only as a trade route, but also as a bridge that linked the ancient civilizations of China, India, the Mesopotamian plains, Egypt, and Greece. It also helped to promote the exchange of science and technology between east and west as a communicating artery going through Eurasian continent.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: DCBDD6-10: ACBBC11-15: CCABA16-20: DDCADUnit Test - II1、A2、D3、C4、B5、A6、 D（6）G. agony（7）L. suffer（8）E. conservative （9）J. temporary （10）C. ease（11）I. implantable （12）D. battery （13）O. mild（14）A. immediate （15）M. miracle16-20: CCDCD21-25: CDBADU8•Textbook StudyListening1）no packaging product2）paper-based3）Recycling figures vary greatly4）those same statistics5）we drink from6）absolute confidence7）agricultural byproduct waste8）seek and continue9）we make and use10）convenient recycling processText B1）climate changes may bring a lot of harm, even disasters to mankind.2）different parts of the world will be affected to different degrees.3）areas that are already lack of water will be hit more severely.4）poor people are particularly vulnerable to illnesses caused by climate changes.5）climate changes can have different effects on men and women. •CET-Oriented StudyListening1、D2、B3、D4、C5、B6、C7、CReading Comprehension（1）H（2）C（3）J（4）A（5）E（6）B（7）D（8）G（9）F（10）IParagraph Translation（翻译参考）Porcelain has been of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Around the first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by the Song Dynasty the craft of porcelain making had become mature.In English, “porcelain” shares the same word with the name of the country —“china”. This proves that Europeans in ancient times related porcelain closely with China. Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, playing an important place in the exchanges between China and other countries. Porcelain earned a good reputation for China for its delicacy and elegance.•Unit TestsUnit Test - I1-5: ABACD6-10: BCDCB11-15: BDABC16-20: ACDBAUnit Test - II1-5: CABCA（6）D. basic（7）G. threaten （8）M. sensitive （9）A. differ （10）L. vulnerable （11）E. equally （12）K. regions （13）C. benefit （14）I. adapt （15）H. communities 16-20:ADCCB21-25: DBBBC。
家里过去和现在的英语作文
家里过去和现在的英语作文英文回答：In the past, my home was a small and cozy place. It had a traditional design with wooden furniture and a fireplace in the living room. The walls were painted in light colors, giving a warm and inviting atmosphere. The kitchen was small but functional, with a gas stove and a small dining area. The bedrooms were simple yet comfortable, with a few decorations and a comfortable bed.However, things have changed over the years. My home has undergone a complete transformation. It is now a modern and spacious place with a contemporary design. The walls have been repainted in vibrant colors, adding a touch of energy to the rooms. The furniture has been replaced with sleek and stylish pieces, giving the house a more sophisticated look. The kitchen has been renovated with state-of-the-art appliances and a large island for cooking and dining. The bedrooms have been expanded, with walk-inclosets and luxurious en-suite bathrooms.The changes in my home reflect the changes in my life. As I have grown older and more successful, my taste and preferences have evolved. I wanted a home that reflects my personality and achievements. The old-fashioned and traditional design no longer suited my lifestyle. I wanted something more modern and luxurious.Moreover, the changes in my home have also improved the functionality and convenience. The new kitchen allows me to cook and entertain guests more easily. The spacious bedrooms provide a comfortable and relaxing space for me to unwind after a long day. Overall, the changes have made my home a more enjoyable and comfortable place to live.中文回答：过去，我的家是一个小而舒适的地方。
老物件木质脸盆架介绍英语作文
老物件木质脸盆架介绍英语作文英文回答：The wooden washbasin stand is a traditional Chinese furniture piece that has been used for centuries. It is typically made of solid wood, such as mahogany, rosewood, or elm, and is usually carved with intricate designs. The stand is used to support a washbasin, which is a shallow bowl used for washing hands and face. The washbasin is usually made of ceramic or porcelain, and is often decorated with a variety of patterns.The wooden washbasin stand is a versatile piece of furniture that can be used in a variety of settings. It can be used in the bathroom, bedroom, or living room, and can be used for both decorative and practical purposes. The stand can be used to store toiletries, towels, or other items, and can also be used as a display piece for other objects.The wooden washbasin stand is a beautiful andfunctional piece of furniture that can add a touch of traditional Chinese style to any home. It is a unique and elegant piece that is sure to be a conversation starter.中文回答：木质脸盆架介绍。
参观中式书房的英文作文
参观中式书房的英文作文英文：Today I visited a traditional Chinese study room, also known as a shufang. It was a fascinating experience to see how the Chinese culture values knowledge and education.Upon entering the room, I was immediately struck by the intricate design and layout. The room was filled with beautiful wooden furniture, including a large desk, bookshelves, and chairs. The walls were adorned with calligraphy and paintings, which added to the overall aesthetic of the room.As I explored the room, I noticed that every item had a specific purpose and meaning. For example, the desk was placed facing the window to allow for natural light and inspiration. The bookshelves were filled with ancient Chinese texts and scrolls, which were carefully preserved and maintained.One of the most interesting aspects of the shufang was the use of the four treasures of the study: the brush, ink, paper, and inkstone. These items are essential for calligraphy and were displayed prominently in the room. The inkstone, in particular, was a beautiful piece of art in itself, carved from precious stones and used to grind ink for calligraphy.Overall, visiting the shufang was a unique and enlightening experience. It gave me a glimpse into the Chinese culture's deep respect for knowledge and education, as well as their appreciation for beauty and art.中文：今天我参观了一个传统的中式书房，也被称为“书房”。
英语作文-传统家具：欣赏各国独特的家居艺术
英语作文-传统家具：欣赏各国独特的家居艺术Appreciating Traditional Furniture: Exploring the Unique Home Arts of Different Countries。
Furniture is not merely a utilitarian item; it embodies the culture, history, and craftsmanship of a society. Traditional furniture, in particular, offers a window into the rich heritage and artistic sensibilities of various nations. From the intricate designs of Chinese wooden furniture to the elegant simplicity of Scandinavian pieces, each style reflects the values and aesthetics of its culture. Let us embark on a journey to appreciate the distinctive home arts of different countries through their traditional furniture.Chinese furniture, characterized by its graceful lines, intricate carvings, and rich symbolism, has a history spanning thousands of years. Influenced by Confucianism and Taoism, Chinese furniture emphasizes harmony with nature and balance in design. Ming and Qing dynasty furniture, in particular, are revered for their exquisite craftsmanship and attention to detail. Pieces such as the "kang" bed, adorned with auspicious motifs, and the "waisted" table, symbolizing longevity, exemplify the deep cultural significance embedded in Chinese furniture.Moving westward, we encounter the opulent elegance of French furniture. Renowned for its lavish ornamentation and rococo motifs, French furniture from the 17th and 18th centuries exudes luxury and sophistication. The intricate marquetry of Louis XIV commodes and the graceful curves of Louis XV armchairs showcase the mastery of French artisans during the Baroque and Rococo periods. French furniture embodies the grandeur of the courtly life and reflects the influence of monarchy and aristocracy on design.In contrast to the ornate style of French furniture, Scandinavian design is celebrated for its simplicity, functionality, and minimalism. Originating in the Nordic countriesduring the mid-20th century, Scandinavian furniture prioritizes clean lines, natural materials, and understated elegance. The iconic designs of Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, and Alvar Aalto, such as the "Wishbone" chair and the "Eames Lounge Chair," epitomize the timeless appeal of Scandinavian design. With its emphasis on practicality and comfort, Scandinavian furniture reflects the egalitarian values and egalitarianism of Nordic societies.Traveling across the globe, we encounter the rustic charm of American farmhouse furniture. Rooted in the agricultural traditions of early settlers, American farmhouse furniture emphasizes durability, functionality, and simplicity. Pieces like the Windsor chair and the farmhouse table, crafted from solid wood and featuring traditional joinery techniques, evoke a sense of nostalgia for a bygone era. American farmhouse furniture embodies the spirit of self-sufficiency and resilience that defined the pioneer spirit of the American frontier.Finally, we explore the exotic allure of Moroccan furniture. Influenced by Berber, Arab, and Andalusian cultures, Moroccan furniture blends intricate geometric patterns, vibrant colors, and luxurious textiles. The ornate carvings of Moroccan cedarwood chests, the plush cushions of Moroccan poufs, and the elaborate tile work of Moroccan tables evoke the sensory delights of the Maghreb region. Moroccan furniture reflects the eclectic fusion of cultural influences and the rich tapestry of history that defines the Kingdom of Morocco.In conclusion, traditional furniture serves as a tangible expression of cultural identity and artistic heritage. Whether it's the refined elegance of Chinese furniture, the opulent luxury of French furniture, the understated simplicity of Scandinavian design, the rustic charm of American farmhouse furniture, or the exotic allure of Moroccan furnishings, each style offers a glimpse into the soul of its respective culture. By appreciating the diverse traditions of furniture craftsmanship from around the world, we gain a deeper understanding of the universal language of design and the enduring beauty of human creativity.。
英文介绍木制家具作文
英文介绍木制家具作文英文回答：Wooden furniture is a type of furniture that is made from wood. It can be made from a variety of different types of wood, including oak, maple, cherry, and walnut. Wooden furniture is often used in homes, offices, and other commercial settings. It is popular because it is durable, stylish, and can be customized to fit any décor.There are many different types of wooden furniture available, including chairs, tables, desks, beds, and cabinets. Wooden furniture can be made in a variety of styles, from traditional to modern. It can also be finished in a variety of different ways, including painted, stained, or lacquered.Wooden furniture is a good investment because it is durable and can last for many years. It is also easy to care for and can be cleaned with a damp cloth. Woodenfurniture is also a good choice for people who are allergic to other materials, such as metal or plastic.If you are looking for a durable, stylish, and customizable type of furniture, then wooden furniture is a great option. It is available in a variety of styles and finishes, so you can find the perfect pieces to fit your home or office.以下问题用中文回答：木制家具的简介。
中国木雕的英语六级翻译译文
中国木雕的英语六级翻译译文中国木雕的英语六级翻译译文中国木雕(wood carving)有着悠久的历史，是中国传统艺术之一。
人们认为现存最早的木雕大约是在三千年前的战国时期雕刻完成的。
在中国，木雕主要分成三个类别：建筑雕刻、家具雕刻和艺术品雕刻。
中国的木雕以其令人印象深刻的细致构造和主题之美受到了全世界的欣赏。
今天，我们可以在私人画廊里看到传统木雕，也可以在长江两岸整个区域的宅邸装饰上看到它。
参考译文：Chinese wood carving is one of Chinese traditional arts with a time-honored history.The earliest existing wood carving is believed to be made during the Warring States Period about three thousand years ago.Wood carving in China constitutes three major categories：architecture carving，furniture carving and artworks carving.Chinese wood carving is appreciated worldwide for its impressively detailed structures and the beauty of its themes.Today，traditional wood carvings can be seen in private galleries and also on the decorations over residential areas on both sides of the Yangtze River.1.中国的木雕有着悠久的历史：“悠久的历史”可译为a longhistory，也可译为a time-honored history， time-honored意为“悠久的'，老的”，如，“中华老字号”则为time-honored brand of China.2.人们认为现存最早的木雕大约是在三千年前的战国时期雕刻完成的：本句可以将“人们”一词省去不译，用theearliest existing wood carving作主语。
雅思口语题库话题part2原创范文：家中家具（furniture）
雅思口语题库话题part2原创范文：家中家具(furniture)口语水平的提高需要一段很长时间积累的过程，所以找对口语范文很关键。
如何学习雅思口语范文：1.native speaker的地道用词，2.丰富灵活的动词，3.高分句型并熟练背诵之。
话不多说，下面小编给大家带来雅思口语题库话题part2原创范文：家中家具(furniture)。
雅思口语题库话题part2原创范文：家中家具(furniture)native speaker口语范文：1.适用人群：全适用2.主题：多功能橡木电脑桌3.故事线：这款多功能电脑桌陪伴作者多年，亮点是这张桌子由木匠手工打造，兼顾了实用和美观。
和一张桌子培养出感情来，话匣子一下就打开了。
I pass most of the time with my computer table when I am at home. This is the favourite piece of furniture for me. In fact, I am in love with this furniture. This is a very interesting question to deal with. Thank you for this nice candidate task card topic. Hope you will enjoy the description of the table in brief now.This is a wooden computer table. I use it for various purposes. Mostly I use the table for using my personal computer. But sometimes, I also use it as a reading and writing table as well. I do not have any other tables in my room. So, the computer table plays multifarious roles for me. You may also be surprised hearing that often I use this table for dining too.The table is made with oak wood. And it is black in colour. The table was made by the local carpenter. He made the table with the finest oak woods so that it could sustain for years. Yes, he did his best to make the table. I have been using the table for over six consecutive years. By this period of time, there are no notable changes in the table. There are only some scratches onits back. Even the colour of the table has also not been faded at all. There are also issue with the wooden table that they do not last long or get damaged. Luckily, I did not have such experiences so far with the table.I use the table frequently. In fact, it is used around the day when I am at home. To be honest, I spend less time on my bed than this table. I play games, watch movies, browse the Internet, make my assignments and many more things. Sometimes, I place my coffee mug on the table while watching any movies or shows on the Internet. The multi purpose use of the table has made if favourite to me. Almost half of the day of mine is spent with this table. I have a chair and I sit comfortably there while using the table.The table is my favourite furniture for many reasons. The most important reason is that I feel comfortable with the table. I keep my necessary documents and stuffs like my wallet, keys, cell phone charger etc. inside the drawer. The table is the permanent place for my cell phones. I put the phones on the table always when I return home. Besides, being moderately large, the table has ample space to keep many other things on it. So, I also have placed a small flower vase on there. It has helped greatly to change the look of my bed room. Considering the reasons, this is my favourite piece of furniture.雅思口语话题语料地道用词：in briefpass most of the timethe computer table plays multifarious roles for meBy this period of time,高分句型：You may also be surprised hearing that often I use this table for dining too.Besides, being moderately large, the table has ample space to keep many other things on it.It has helped greatly to change the look of my bed room.干货|高分雅思口语替换词1.occur 替换 think ofSuddenly i had an idea that someone had broken into my house→An idea occurred to me that someone had broken into my house→It occurred to me that someone had broken into my house2.devote 替换 spendHe spends all his spare time in reading→He devotes all his spare time to reading3.seek 替换 want/ look forThey sought( wanted )to hide themselves behind the trees.4.average替代ordinaryI'm an average( ordinary )student.5.but 替换 veryThe Film we saw last night was very interesting→The film we saw last night was nothing but interesting→The film we saw last night was anything but boring.6.seat 替换 sitOn his way to school,he found an old lady seated(sitting) by the road, looking worried.7.suppose 替换 shouldHe is supposed to( should )have driven more slowly.8.appreciate 替换 thankThank you very much for your help→We appreciate your help very much. /Your help is much appreciated.9.the case 替换 trueI don't think it is the case(true)10.on 替换 as soon asAs soon as he arrived,he began his research→On his arrival,he began his research.11.due to 替换 because ofHe arrived late due to( because of) the storm.12.cover 替换 walk/readAfter covering(walking)70 miles, we all Felt tired.13.contribute to 替换 be helpful/ usefulPlenty or memory work is undoubtedly helpful to English study →Plenty of memory work will undoubtedly contribute to English study.14.round the corner 替换 coming soon/ nearbyThe summer vacation is round the corner( coming)Do you have any plans?Li Ming studies in a school round the corner(nearby)e to light 替换 discoverThe Family were so pleased when they discovered the lost jewels.→The Family were so pleased when the lost jewels came to light.16.have a ball 替换 have a good time/enjoy oneselfAfter visiting the workshop, we went back to school.Every one of us had a ball(had a good time).e up with 替换 think ofJack is very clever, he often comes up with(thinks of) newideas.18.set aside 替换 saveSome students think that they should set aside some of their pocket money for books.19.be of + n.替换 adjThe products are of high quality(very good) and are sold everywhere in China.20.refer to 替换 talk about/of, mentionThe professor you referred to(talked about )is very famous.21.can not but/ can not help but 替换 have to doI could not but(had to) go home.22.more often than not 替换 usuallyMore often than not(Usually), the meaning of many words can be easily guessed.23.lest 替换 so that/ in order thatI wrote down his telephone number so that I would not forget it.→I wrote down his telephone number lest I(should) forget it.24.be long for sth/ be long to do sth替换want to do sth/wish forI want to see you very much.→I am long to see you.25.be caught up in/be crazy about/be absorbedin/ be addicted to 替换 be interested inHe is caught up in( very interested in )collecting stamps.26.more than 替换 veryI'm very glad to learn that you are coming in September.→I'm more than glad to learn that you are coming in September.27.perfect(ly) 替换 good/ very wellHe speaks perfect( good)English./He speaks Englishperfectly( very well )28.do sb a/the favor 替换 helpWould you please do me the favor(help me) to turn down the radio?29.the other day 替换 a few days agoThe other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.30.in the course of 替换 duringIn the course of ( during) the mountain climbing,please help each other and pay special attention to your safety.31.the majority of 替换 mostThe majority of (Most of)the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema.32.consist of 替换 be made up ofOur class consists of (is made up or )50 students.33.be worn out 替换 be tired/ brokenAfter five hours'non-stop work, we were all worn out(tired).My shoes are worn out(broken). Please buy me a new pair.34.become of 替换 happenWhat do think has become of(happened to)him?35.express one's satisfaction with 替换 be satisfied withThe majority of(Most of ) the interviewees prefer watching TV at home to going to the cinema.雅思口语考试状况应对之简单过渡词简单过渡词如果你不需要这么长的思考时间，你可以说这些简单的过渡词：“ well”“you know”“actually”“I mean”“personally”“to be honest”“on the other hand”“frankly”“as a matter of fact“等等，这些表达也叫”discourse marker”(语篇标记)，也就是并不改变句子本质意思的语言填充物。
Chinese Classical Furniture Antique and Ingenious
CulTure / inTangible CulTural heriTageCHINA has nearly 5,000 years of recorded his-tory. However, the history of Chinese furni-ture is even longer than that of its writing, which can be traced back to the HemuduCulture more than 7,000 years ago, and it reached its peak in the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties.During the Ming and Qing dynasties, most of the furniture was hand-made using padauk, rosewood, and other high-quality hardwood as raw materials. Thanks to its sophisticated production process, ele-gant and simple style, graceful sculpting, precise and exquisite mortise-and-tenon structure, and smooth lines, its artistic charm is enduring, and it is still loved by people today.Perfect Combination of Handwork and WoodIn ancient China, hierarchies were strict, and superiors and inferiors were obvious. People’s daily life, speech and behavior, and various customs and cultures were deeply marked by their feudalism rankings. As an essential part of daily life, Chinese-style furniture has not only been deeply influenced by feudal culture, but also reflects people’s daily life and cultural characteristics.Chinese classical furniture represenative of the Ming and Qing dynasties used hardwoods such as rosewood and padauk. The common characteristics of these woods are hardness, corrosion-resistant, having distinct textures, and furniture made of them is beautiful and durable. These raw materials are now rare and expensive, and ordinary people often use wood such as pine, elm, and beech, but the quality between the woods differs greatly.Classical furniture is mostly made by hand. Al-Chinese Classical Furniture: Antique and IngeniousA Beijing-style chair. Its graceful and elegant design reflects rich imperial culture.though with the advent of electric tools and the improvement of technology, some simple processes in furniture production can now be completed by machines. However, they can-not completely replace handwork. For exam-ple, the smooth hand feeling of the furniture surface requires the worker to use a sharp and wide knife to scrape along the wood sur-face after the machine has first flattened the wood, and use his hand to feel the change ofsmoothness through the touch after every scratch-ing. Besides, furniture carving is also inseparable from manual operation. The shapes carved by the machine are neat but the lines are rigid and lacking vitality. Only the manual carvings are more refined and creative, dynamic and full of vitality.The most exquisite aspect of Chinese classical furniture is the structural part of the furniture – mortise-and-tenon work.Combining pieces of wood together using nothing more than the wood itself is a traditional carpenter’s craft in ancient China. It refers to the use of concave-convex splicing between two components. The pro-truding part is called the “tenon,” and the recessed part is called the “mortise.” When combined, fit them perfectly together. This method does not require nails and rarely uses glue, but solely relies on the tenon-and-mortise connection.Tenon-and-mortise structure is the crys-tallization of the wisdom of the Chinese working people and fully embodies the cre-ativity and artistry of humanity. It was first discovered in the stilt wooden structure where the ancestors of the Hemudu site lived more than 7,000 years ago. It was widely used in the Spring and Autumn (770-476 BC) and Warring States (475-221 BC) periods, became mature in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), andreached its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Its greatest advantage is that it allows the wood to avoid damage by nails into the wood, and it is very stable and firm. The tenon-and-mortise technology is a basic skill of all carpenters. Due to the detailed and subtle combination of hardwood furniture, the tenon and mortise technology requires workers to be precise and compact, which can only rely on manual surveying and mapping. Therefore, it requires years to master the technology.Chinese furniture also implies ancient Chinese philosophies. For example, Daoism emphasizes the equilibrium between yin and yang , while in the ten-on-and-mortise connection, tenon is yang and mor-tise is yin , the two are integrated and complemen-tary. Therefore, the entire device, irrespective of size, does not need a nail or a drop of glue, but it can stillbe firm for centuries regardless of temperature andThe most ex-quisite aspect of Chinese classical furniture is the structural part of the furniture – mortise-and-tenon work.A craftsman busy crafting tenon-and-mortise pieces at a furniture manufacturer in Zaozhuang City, Shandong Province.The tenon-and-mortise structure is the defining feature of Chinese classical furniture.CulTure / inTangible CulTural heriTageder the premise of satisfying the structure and func-tion, the streamlined lines form the body. But it is not a single line, because if all are straight lines it appears dull and rigid, and if all are curves, it looks too weak. Therefore, the Ming-style furniture is a combination of lines of different types, and the curves and straight lines are properly matched to achieve both change and unity. Visual effects make people feel a natural elegance and a simple design concept, which is fully consistent with the modern fashion of minimalism.The style gives full play to the charm of line art, and the use of lines is reflected in the linear change of the outline of various parts. For example, the backrest board of a chair mostly adopts an S-shaped curve, which fits the natural curve of the human body, and conforms to ergonomics. It is an extremely scientific curve. In general, the lines are the bones of the Ming-style furniture. The smooth and beautiful lines are just like the proportions of human skeletons. With a good foundation and appropriate modification, the beauty can last forever.In 2006, the manufacturing techniques of the Ming-style furniture were included in the first batchclimate changes. Confucianism, which emphasizes gentleness and moderation, has also been embodied in traditional Chinese funiture. Therefore, regardless of style or layout, Chinese furniture is mostly sym-metrical. The type, shape, and material are the same or similar. With a sense of unity, harmony, and seri-ousness, it implies balance and stability.Concise and Smooth Ming-style FurnitureChinese furniture reached its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Therefore, traditional Chinese furniture is divided into the Ming-style furniture and the Qing-style furniture. The distinction between the two is mainly based on the style, form, and crafts-manship of the work.Jiangsu Province, especially the area adjacent to Suzhou, is well-known for the production techniques of Ming-style furniture. Therefore, it is acknowledged that furniture made in Suzhou is representative of the Ming-style furniture, also known as Suzhou-style furniture.The Ming Dynasty was a golden era for the de-velopment of Chinese classical furniture. Perfect in shape and elegant in style, Ming-style furniture is unrivaled by those made in other eras. Its structure adopts small-structure splicing. The rationality and diversity of functions are emphasized in the styling. This is necessary to meet the physiological charac-teristics of human beings, and is rich and elegant, which is a combination of both art and practicality. The Ming-style furniture is dominated by rosewood, and it was changed to padauk during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties due to lack of rosewood. Ming-style furniture consists mostly of tables, chairs, and cabinets, which have no inlays and chasing, with very little carving decorations.The designers of the Ming-style furniture are mostly refined scholars. Manufactured by excellent woodworking, it is full of cultural ambience. Design-ers often blend their creative ideas into the design, making it appealing, dignified, and simple. The struc-ture stresses consistency of function and aesthetics, which is consistent with the pursuit of Chinese cul-ture. At first glance, it seems insignificant, but upon further inspection, it shows a unique charm, and every detail is worth appreciating.The most prominent feature is the use of lines. Un- A Ming-style rosewood canopy bed.Its core values are embodied in the creativ-ity of adapting foreign things for Chinese use and, making the past serve the present, and the courage tobreak through.of national intangible cultural heritage list.Guangzhou-style FurnitureIn the mid-Qing Dynasty, with further consolida-tion and strengthening of the Qing regime, the trend of the Manchu-Han confederation clearly manifested in the culture. The furniture art also continued to develop based on the highly successful achievements of the Ming dynasty. On the one hand, it innovated according to the interests of the ruling class. On the one other hand, Western missionaries came to China in large numbers to strengthen the exchange of East-ern and Western cultures. As such, many Western elements were integrated into Chinese furniture, so that the furniture system was integrated with certain Western elements and greatly enriched the form and function of Chinese furniture.Guangzhou became an important gateway to Chi-na’s foreign trade and cultural exchanges due to its specific geographical location. The architectures of some local commercial institutions began to imitate Western styles and formed an unprecedented “West-ern fever.” The furniture that adapted to the buildings gradually formed a new style that is now in popular demand. As a result, the “Guangzhou-style” furniture which features big and heavy body and sophisticated carvings have become popular. A wide range of fur-niture manufacturing styles focus on complicated sculptural decoration. In addition to a large area of carving, different materials are inlaid, such as jade, marble, ceramics, and jewelry, of which the most prominent are marbles and shells.Located in southern China, Guangzhou is rich in wood for furniture, which was a production area of traditional high-end furniture during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. After becoming a trading port, the influx of Western culture attracted a lot of Baroque, Rococo, and other painting and architec-tural styles while taking into account the traditional beauty of design and the arts and crafts of Lingnan area. The furniture production has gradually changed from fresh and simple of the Ming Dynasty to a splendid luxury. In particular, the blazing Lingnan culture merges with the unrestrained Western art style, forming a unique Guangzhou style of furniture. The emergence of this new type of furniture, due to the high quality of materials, superb production processes, and extravagant style of materials, wasdeeply loved by the nobility. It quickly flourished in the middle and late Qing Dynasty and became one of the typical styles of Qing-style furniture.Most of the materials used in Guangzhou-style furniture are precious hardwoods, which are charac-terized by bulky materials and steady modelling; they are lavishly decorated and use all the techniques that can make an aesthetic impact. For example, the main components of the furniture, such as the legs and pillars, no matter how large the bending is, generally do not use splicing methods. Instead, they are made out of one single timber. The entire piece of furniture also uses the same kind of wood, and it is not doped with other wood. In addition, the Guangzhou-style furniture pays attention to decoration. Except the back side of the furniture and the panels of tables and stools, all the other components are carved with sophisticated patterns. Although it is hand-carved and polished, it is finely ground, leaving the surface of the pattern glossy, without any signs of cutting. In the decorative theme and ornamentation, influenced by Western culture and arts, it is obvious that there are many Western patterns.Its core values are embodied in the creativity of adapting foreign things for Chinese use and, making the past serve the present, and the courage to break through. This spirit of creativity and innovation is in line with the spirit of pioneering and enterprising of the Lingnan culture.In 2008, Guangzhou-style hardwood furnitureproduction techniques were included in the nationalGuangzhou-style furniture pays attention to detail and decoration.CulTure / inTangible CulTural heriTageintangible cultural heritage list.Magnificent Beijing-style FurnitureThe so-called Beijing-style furniture mainly refers to furniture that was used by the royal court, which were produced in Beijing. The manufacturing skills of this style were born in the imperial city, which is one of the three major schools of classical Chinese furniture.The Beijing-style furniture was born in the Qing Dynasty. The emperor collected things from the world for his own use, and recruited skilled crafts-men from Suzhou and Guangzhou to enter the Impe-rial Workshop, a special agency for the manufacture of royal products. For the aristocracy of the Qing Dynasty, their aesthetic trend was broad-minded and noble. In order to meet the aesthetic taste of the rul-ers, the living environment of the imperial palaces and inner court, the furniture must have a grand style and posture. Thanks to sufficient financial re-sources, material resources, and manpower, a fine style of Beijing-style furniture was thus established, featuring magnificent, solemn, and graceful aristo-cratic temperament. This aesthetic effect not only retains the beauty of Suzhou-style furniture lines, but also draws on the gorgeous features of Guangzhou-style furniture. In addition, the literati and even the emperors personally participated in the design, grad-ually forming a graceful, elegant, and luxurious style that reflects the rich palace culture.Beijing-style furniture also uses padauk, rosewood, and other precious hardwood materials. Before mak-ing a piece of furniture, the Imperial Workshop made a sample presentation, which could be produced af-ter the approval of the emperor. Therefore, one of thecharacteristics of the Beijing-style furniture is the “royal style.” At the mid-Qing period coincides with prosperity, both the royal court and the high-ranking officials were in the pursuit of luxury in all aspects of life. The furniture specifications were more ex-travagent than the Ming style, the material also was bold, and the carving was more stable, luxurious, and beautiful. The surface of the furniture was deco-rated with gold, silver, jade, enamel, gold and copper plates, blue and white porcelain plates, and other special decorations, which formed a combination of luxury and craftsmanship.One decorative characteristic is to integrate the Shang Dynasty’s bronzeware and the Han Dynasty’s stone carving art into the furniture carving decora-tion. This is the success of the Beijing-style furniture as well as its unique style. The images of Beijing-style dragons, phoenixes, and tigers are completely dif-ferent from the Suzhou-style and Guangzhou-style decorations. These different forms of classical deco-ration are quiet, elegant, and antique. The furniture of the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns preserved in today’s Imperial Palace in Beijing are mostly master-pieces of the Imperial Workshop. It maintains a high degree of coordination with the palace’s architecture, caisson ceilings, window ornaments, and the palace’s magnificent handicrafts. The furniture is in line with their environment.However, due to excessive pursuit of luxury and decoration, it has reduced the furniture’s practical-ity. This is the biggest regret of the Beijing-style furniture. The Beijing-style furniture manufacturing technique reached its peak during the Kangxi and Qianlong reigns of the Qing Dynasty, and declined after the late Qing Dynasty. After the founding of the Pepole’s Republic of China in 1949, due to active rescue, protection, and support policies adopted by the government, the Beijing-style furniture produc-tion techniques have been restored and developed to a certain degree. While inheriting and retaining the charm and decoration of traditional Beijing-style furniture, it has reverted to practical use as its core development aspect. Nowadays, modern Beijing-style furniture has become an undisputed boutique.In 2008, Beijing-style hardwood furniture produc-tion techniques were added to the national intan-gible cultural heritage list. C(Compiled by China Today)One decorative characteristic is to integrate the Shang Dynasty’s bronzeware and the Han Dynasty’s stone carving art into the fur-niture carvingdecoration.An exquisite piece of Suzhou-style furniture.One Day, Our Children MayGive Us a LectureBy LIU LINGSEVENTEEN-year-old Qi made the comment when she was having noodles with her mother and me at a restaurant. Wearing a canary-colored shirt, pale skinned with a long, slender neck that curved elegantly down to the collarbones.With a faint smile, she said: “Wang Xiaorou was quoted as saying, life is unfair, and no matter what you are, it may throw a rock at you any time and knock you down. Mom, you and dad threw a really big rock at me when I was six!” Still smiling, she slurped a mouthful of noodles, spatter-ing a drop of broth on the corner of her mouth, which, on her young beautiful face, was like a beauty spot. In sharp contrast to her, both of us adult women at the table were gorging ourselves wholeheartedly and gluttonously, with a couple of soy sauce stains on the collars of Qi’s mother’s dress and a noodle hanging from the rim of my bowl. After an exchange of glances, we realized that neither of us, de-spite our huge collections of books, had ever heard of the name Wang Xiaorou before.“Mom, Wang Xiaorou also said, to maintain a life of peace, sometimes people have to swallow tears and put on a defiant smile. Is this what you have been doing for so many years?”“Mom, are you afraid that I would hate my father? So you have kept telling me that he pays for my upbringing? Do you think I still believe it? When I was younger, all I knew about dad was from your mouth, and I believed in every word you said. Now I learn of him through my own eyes. You cannot deceive me anymore.”With a straight face, Qi’s mother lowered her head to scrub the stains on her collars with tissue paper. I pickedup the noodle drooping down the rim of my bowl, and slowly put it in my mouth, trying not to make any noise that would disrupt their conversation. I had thought all the changes on the child who had been growing up right in front of my eyes were her height and the length of her neck.“I overheard yourspat with him. He pushed you around, but you tried to appease and ingratiate yourself with him, because of me… I later called him. He said: howcan you, a child, speak to me so aggressively? I said: dad, why cannot I talk to you in this manner? Mom has been raising me for all the past years. How many times do you think she has stomached my impulsions?”“Are you worried that I will hate him on learning the truth? You make up lies about him for fear that I will feel insecure and pity for myself, don’t you? Now let me tell you, I know I lived in an illusion of fatherly love, you no longer have to try so painfully to sustain it.”After a pause, Qi ran her slim fingers across the corner of her mouth, and swiped off the broth drop. “Why can’t I hate him? What harm can my untold hatred do to him? I think this is the only way to do right by you. Why can’t I think differently of two people whose behaviors are wide-ly divergent?”“Didn’t you tell me that, given our limited abilities, we can achieve nothing if we try to achieve it all. It is no cinch to keep only those nice to us in our hearts. I can do no more than that.”Clasping her hands at the chest, Qi continued: “Let me hate him for you. The hatred won’t poison my life. Don’t worry as I will still believe in love when I grow up.” I watched as Qi slurped up the last few drops of her juice through a straw, noisily sucking air at the end. Then she looked to us: “This resentment won’t be life-long. It will grow thinner and thinner before eventually evaporat-ing. When that day comes, we will be truly relieved.”“You adults presume you must tough it out, for the sake of love for your children, seeing broken relationships to the bitter end of your lives, but I have a right to the truth and the grit to face it.”Qi’s mother finally broke her silence. “It seems I paid for your school all these years to get a lecture from you.” When we walked out of the door, the woman pinched my shoulder, really hard. “Are you going to cry?” I asked. “No, just feel as if a great burden has been lifted from LIU LING is a member of Henan Province Writers’ Association and author of I Write When I Feel Like It .。
故宫里的展品英语作文
故宫里的展品英语作文The Forbidden City, also known as the Palace Museum, is a treasure trove of Chinese culture and history. Located in the heart of Beijing, it served as the imperial palace for emperors during the Ming and Qing dynasties for nearly 500 years. Within its magnificent walls lie countless artifacts and treasures that offer a glimpse into China's rich past.One of the most iconic and significant collections within the Forbidden City is its vast array of cultural relics and artifacts. These artifacts encompass various aspects of Chinese history, including art, calligraphy, ceramics, jade, and furniture. Each piece tells a story, reflecting the values, beliefs, and lifestyles of the emperors and the people of ancient China.One notable exhibit is the collection of imperial robes and ceremonial garments worn by the emperors and their court officials. These garments are meticulously crafted with intricate designs, luxurious fabrics, and exquisiteembroidery, symbolizing power, prestige, and authority. They offer insight into the elaborate rituals and ceremonies that took place within the Forbidden City, showcasing the opulence of the imperial court.Another highlight of the Forbidden City's collection is its impressive assortment of ancient Chinese artworks, including paintings, scrolls, and sculptures. These artworks depict various themes such as landscapes, portraits, mythology, and religious beliefs, showcasing the artistic talents of Chinese artists throughout the centuries. They provide valuable insights into the aesthetics and artistic traditions of different dynasties, serving as windows to the past.The Forbidden City is also renowned for its vast collection of jade artifacts, which hold significant cultural and symbolic value in Chinese tradition. Jade has been revered as a symbol of purity, beauty, and immortality for thousands of years, and its use in crafting artifacts dates back to ancient times. Within the Forbidden City, visitors can marvel at exquisite jade carvings, sculptures,and ornaments, each reflecting the mastery of craftsmanship and the cultural significance of jade in Chinese society.Additionally, the Forbidden City houses an extensive collection of ancient Chinese ceramics, ranging from delicate porcelain vases to elaborate pottery figurines. These ceramics showcase the technological advancements and artistic achievements of Chinese artisans, with each piece bearing unique designs, patterns, and motifs that reflect the aesthetic tastes of different dynasties.Furthermore, the Forbidden City is home to a remarkable collection of ancient Chinese furniture, including intricately carved wooden chairs, tables, and cabinets. These pieces exemplify the craftsmanship and woodworking skills of Chinese artisans, featuring elegant designs, fine details, and exquisite craftsmanship. They offer insights into the lifestyles and living conditions of the imperial family and their courtiers, reflecting the importance of furniture in Chinese culture.In conclusion, the Forbidden City's collection ofartifacts and treasures is a testament to China's rich cultural heritage and historical legacy. From imperial robes and artworks to jade artifacts and ceramics, each piece offers valuable insights into the grandeur and sophistication of ancient Chinese civilization. As visitors wander through the halls and courtyards of the Forbidden City, they are transported back in time, experiencing the splendor and majesty of China's imperial past.。