Catalytic conversion of acetylene in vapor phase I.
常用化学反应英文单词
acetate 醋酸盐acid 酸Actinium(Ac) 锕aldehyde 醛alkali 碱,强碱alkalinity 碱性alkalinization 碱化alkaloid 生物碱alloy 合金Aluminium(Al) 铝Americium(Am) 镅ammonia 氨analysis 分解anhydride 酐anion 阴离子anode 阳极,正极Antimony(Sb) 锑apparatus 设备aqua fortis 王水Argon(Ar) 氩Arsenic(As) 砷asphalt 沥青Astatine(At) 砹atom 原子atomic mass 原子质量atomic number 原子数atomic weight 原子量Barium(Ba) 钡base 碱benzene 苯Berkelium(Bk) 锫Beryllium(Be) 铍Bismuth(Bi) 铋bivalent 二价body 物体bond 原子的聚合Boron(B) 硼Bromine(Br) 溴Bunsen burner 本生灯burette 滴定管butane 丁烷Cadmium(Cd) 镉Caesium(Cs) 铯Calcium(Ca) 钙Californium(Cf) 锎Carbon(C) 碳catalysis 催化作用catalyst 催化剂cathode 阴极,负极cation 阳离子caustic potash 苛性钾caustic soda 苛性钠Cerium(Ce) 铈chemical fiber 化学纤维Chlorine(Cl) 氯Chromium(Cr) 铬Cobalt(Co) 钴combination 合成作用combustion 燃烧compound 合成物compound 化合物Copper(Cu) 铜cracking 裂化crucible pot, melting pot 坩埚crude oil, crude 原油cupel 烤钵Curium(Cm) 锔derivative 衍生物dissolution 分解distillation column 分裂蒸馏塔distillation 蒸馏Dysprosium(Dy) 镝Einsteinium(Es) 锿electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electron 电子element 元素endothermic reaction 吸热反应Erbium(Er) 铒ester 酯Europium(Eu) 铕exothermic reaction 放热反应fatty acid 脂肪酸fermentation 发酵Fermium(Fm) 镄filter 滤管flask 烧瓶Fluorine(F) 氟fractional distillation 分馏fractionating tower 分馏塔fractionation 分馏Francium(Fr) 钫fuel 燃料fusion, melting 熔解Gadolinium(Gd) 钆Gallium(Ga) 镓gas oil 柴油gel 凝胶体Germanium(Ge) 锗Gold(Au) 金graduate, graduated flask 量筒,量杯gram atom 克原子Hafnium(Hf) 铪halogen 成盐元素Helium(He) 氦high-grade petrol, high-octane petrol 高级汽油,高辛烷值汽油Holmium(Ho) 钬hydracid 氢酸hydrate 水合物hydrocarbon 碳氢化合物,羟hydrocarbon 烃,碳氢化合物hydrochloric acid 盐酸hydrogen sulfide 氢化硫Hydrogen(H) 氢hydrolysis 水解hydrosulphuric acid 氢硫酸hydroxide 氢氧化物,羟化物Indium(In) 铟inorganic chemistry 无机化学Iodine(I) 碘ion 离子Iridium(Ir) 铱Iron(Fe) 铁isomer 同分异物现象isomerism, isomery 同分异物现象isotope 同位素kerosene, karaffin oil 煤油Krypton(Kr) 氪Lanthanum(La) 镧Lawrencium(Lr) 铹Lead(Pb) 铅Lithium(Li) 锂litmus paper 石蕊试纸litmus 石蕊LNG, liquefied natural gas 液化天然气LPG, liquefied petroleum gas 液化石油气lubricating oil 润滑油Lutetium(Lu) 镥Magnesium(Mg) 镁Manganese(Mn) 锰matrass 卵形瓶Mendelevium(Md) 钔Mercury(Hg) 汞metal 金属metalloid 非金属methane 甲烷,沼气mixture 混合molecule 分子Molybdenum(Mo) 钼monovalent 单价natural gas 天然气Neodymium(Nd) 钕Neon(Ne) 氖Neptunium(Np) 镎Nickel(Ni) 镍Niobium(Nb) 铌nitric acid 硝酸Nitrogen(N) 氮Nobelium(No) 锘Nuclear Fusion 核聚变octane number 辛烷数,辛烷值olefin 烯烃organic acid 有机酸organic chemistry 有机化学Osmium(Os) 锇oxide 氧化物oxidization, oxidation 氧化Oxygen(O) 氧Palladium(Pd) 钯paraffin 石蜡petrol 汽油(美作:gasoline)PH indicator PH值指示剂,氢离子(浓度的)负指数指示剂phosphate 磷酸盐Phosphorus(P) 磷pipette 吸液管plastic 塑料Platinum(Pt) 铂Plutonium(Pu) 钚Polonium(Po) 钋polymer 聚合物polymerizing, polymerization 聚合potassium carbonate 碳酸钾Potassium(K) 钾Praseodymium(Pr) 镨precipitation 沉淀product 产物electrochemical analysis 电化学分析on-line analysis 在线分析macro analysis 常量分析characteristic 表征micro analysis 微量分析deformation analysis 形态分析semimicro analysis 半微量分析systematical error 系统误差routine analysis 常规分析random error 偶然误差arbitration analysis 仲裁分析gross error 过失误差normal distribution 正态分布accuracy 准确度deviation偏差precision 精密度relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）confidence level 置信水平confidence interval 置信区间significant test 显著性检验significant figure 有效数字standard solution 标准溶液titration 滴定stoichiometric point 化学计量点end point滴定终点titration error 滴定误差primary standard 基准物质amount of substance 物质的量standardization 标定chemical reaction 化学反应concentration浓度chemical equilibrium 化学平衡titer 滴定度general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法dissociation constant 解离常数conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对acetic acid 乙酸hydronium ion水合氢离子electrolyte 电解质ion-product constant of water 水的离子积ionization 电离proton condition 质子平衡zero level零水准buffer solution缓冲溶液methyl orange 甲基橙acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂phenolphthalein 酚酞coordination compound 配位化合物center ion 中心离子cumulative stability constant 累积稳定常数alpha coefficient 酸效应系数overall stability constant 总稳定常数ligand 配位体ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸side reaction coefficient 副反应系数coordination atom 配位原子coordination number 配位数lone pair electron 孤对电子chelate compound 螯合物metal indicator 金属指示剂chelating agent 螯合剂masking 掩蔽demasking 解蔽electron 电子catalysis 催化oxidation氧化catalyst 催化剂reduction 还原catalytic reaction 催化反应reaction rate 反应速率electrode potential 电极电势activation energy 反应的活化能redox couple 氧化还原电对potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾iodimetry碘量法potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾cerimetry 铈量法redox indicator 氧化还原指示oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO)precipitation 沉淀反应argentimetry 银量法heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡aging 陈化postprecipitation 继沉淀coprecipitation 共沉淀ignition 灼烧fitration 过滤decantation 倾泻法chemical factor 化学因数spectrophotometry 分光光度法colorimetry 比色分析transmittance 透光率absorptivity 吸光率calibration curve 校正曲线standard curve 标准曲线monochromator 单色器source 光源wavelength dispersion 色散absorption cell吸收池detector 检测系统bathochromic shift 红移Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数hypochromic shift 紫移acetylene 乙炔ethylene 乙烯acetylating agent 乙酰化剂acetic acid 乙酸adiethyl ether 乙醚ethyl alcohol 乙醇acetaldehtde 乙醛β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应open chain compound 开链族化合物molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论chiral molecule 手性分子tautomerism 互变异构现象reaction mechanism 反应历程chemical shift 化学位移Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转nEnantiomorph 对映体addition rea ction 加成反应dextro- 右旋levo- 左旋stereochemistry 立体化学stereo isomer 立体异构体Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂covalent bond 共价键conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃conjugated double bond 共轭双键conjugated system 共轭体系conjugated effect 共轭效应isomer 同分异构体isomerism 同分异构现象organic chemistry 有机化学hybridization 杂化hybrid orbital 杂化轨道heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物peroxide effect 过氧化物效应tvalence bond theory 价键理论sequence rule 次序规则electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基Huckel rule 休克尔规则Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验infrared spectrum 红外光谱Michael reacton 麦克尔反应halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃haloform reaction 卤仿反应systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法eNewman projection 纽曼投影式aromatic compound 芳香族化合物aromatic character 芳香性rClaisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应positional isomers 位置异构体unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应benzene 苯functional grou 官能团pconfiguration 构型conformation 构象confomational isome 构象异构体electrophilic addition 亲电加成electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂nucleophilic addition 亲核加成nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应active intermediate 活性中间体Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构inductive effect 诱导效应tFehling’s reagent 费林试剂phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物elimination reaction 消除反应Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振alkene 烯烃allyl cation 烯丙基正离子leaving group 离去基团optical activity 旋光性boat confomation 船型构象silver mirror reaction 银镜反应Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应Ketone 酮carboxylic acid 羧酸carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物hydroboration 硼氢化反应bond oength 键长bond energy 键能bond angle 键角carbohydrate 碳水化合物carbocation 碳正离子carbanion 碳负离子alcohol 醇Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则Aldehyde 醛Ether 醚Polymer 聚合物product 化学反应产物Promethium(Pm) 钷Protactinium(Pa) 镤purification 净化qualitative analysis 定性分析quantitative analysis 定量分析chemical analysis 化学分析instrumental analysis 仪器分析titrimetry 滴定分析gravimetric analysis 重量分析法regent 试剂chromatographic analysis 色谱分析radical 基Radium(Ra) 镭Radon(Rn) 氡reagent 试剂reducer 还原剂refinery 炼油厂refining 炼油reforming 重整retort 曲颈甑reversible 可逆的Rhenium(Re) 铼Rhodium(Rh) 铑Rubidium(Rb) 铷Ruthenium(Ru) 钌salt 盐Samarium(Sm) 钐Scandium(Sc) 钪Selenium(Se) 硒separation 分离series 系列Silicon(Si) 硅Silver(Ag) 银soda 苏打sodium carbonate 碳酸钠Sodium(Na) 钠solution 溶解solvent 溶剂still 蒸馏釜stirring rod 搅拌棒Strontium(Sr) 锶structural formula 分子式Sulphur(S) 锍sulphuric acid 硫酸symbol 复合synthesis 合成synthetic rubber 合成橡胶Tantalum(Ta) 钽Technetium(Tc) 锝Tellurium(Te) 碲Terbium(Tb) 铽test tube 试管Thallium(Tl) 铊Thorium(Th) 钍Thulium(Tm) 铥Tin(Sn) 锡Titanium(Ti) 钛to calcine 煅烧to dehydrate 脱水to distil, to distill 蒸馏to hydrate 水合,水化to hydrogenate 氢化to neutralize 中和to oxidize 氧化to oxygenate, to oxidize 脱氧,氧化to precipitate 沉淀Tungsten(W) 钨Uranium(U) 铀valence, valency 价Vanadium(V) 钒vaseline 凡士林Xenon(Xe) 氙Ytterbium(Yb) 镱Yttrium(Y) 钇Zinc(Zn) 锌Zirconium(Zr) 锆理想气体状态方程Partial Pressures 分压Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程System and Surroundings 系统与环境State and State Functions 状态与状态函数Process 过程Phase 相The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律Heat and Work 热与功Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热Hess’s Law 盖斯定律Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓Reaction Rates 反应速率Reaction Order 反应级数Rate Constants 速率常数Activation Energy 活化能The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂Enzymes 酶The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数the Direction of Reaction 反应方向Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理Effects of V olume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalysts 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响Spontaneous Processes 自发过程Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律Entropy Changes 熵变Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变Acid-Bases 酸碱The Dissociation of Water 水离解The Proton in Water 水合质子The pH Scales pH值Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成Solubility 溶解度The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应Oxidation Number 氧化数Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平Half-Reaction 半反应Galvani Cell 原电池V oltaic Cell 伏特电池Cell EMF 电池电动势Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程Electrolysis 电解The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型Line Spectra 线光谱Quantum Numbers 量子数Electron Spin 电子自旋Atomic Orbital 原子轨道The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子Energies of Orbital 轨道能量The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理Electron Configurations 电子构型The Periodic Table 周期表Row 行Group 族Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律Radius of Atoms 原子半径Ionization Energy 电离能Electronegativity 电负性Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷Electron Affinities 亲电性Metals 金属Nonmetals 非金属Valence Bond Theory 价键理论Covalence Bond 共价键Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠Multiple Bonds 重键Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型Molecular Orbital 分子轨道Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子Bond Length 键长Bond Order 键级Bond Angles 键角Bond Enthalpies 键能Bond Polarity 键矩Dipole Moments 偶极矩Polarity Molecules 极性分子Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子Crystal Structure 晶体结构Non-Crystal 非晶体Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积Metallic Solids 金属晶体Metallic Bond 金属键Alloys 合金Ionic Solids 离子晶体Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力Molecular Forces 分子间力Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力Hydrogen Bonding 氢键Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体Compounds 化合物The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型Chelates 螯合物Isomerism 异构现象Structural Isomerism 结构异构Stereoisomerism 立体异构Magnetism 磁性Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物General Characteristics 共性s-Block Elements s区元素Alkali Metals 碱金属Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属Hydrides 氢化物Oxides 氧化物Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物Hydroxides 氢氧化物Salts 盐p-Block Elements p区元素Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）Borane 硼烷Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 硅的存在和制备Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢Sulfides 硫化物Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物The Noble Gases 稀有气体Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物d-Block elements d区元素Transition Metals 过渡金属Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞f-Block Elements f区元素Lanthanides 镧系元素Radioactivity 放射性Nuclear Chemistry 核化学Nuclear Fission 核裂变analytical chemistry 分析化学。
机械类英语词汇中英文对照
actuation活动，激励，动作
L
additive附加的，加成的，添加的，添加剂
lag缓缓而行，滞后,落后于,押往监狱，加上外套
adequately充分地
lagos拉各斯，尼日利亚首都
affordable提供得起的
lathe车床
aggregate合计的，集合的
layer层,层次
assembly组合,装配,部件，汇编
atmospheric大气的，空气的
machinability切削加工型，机械加工性能
augment增加，扩大
machineframe机座，机架
austenite奥氏体
machinery机器，机械
austenitize奥氏体化，使成奥氏体
machining机械加工
above all尤其是，最重要的是，首先是
J
abrasion磨损
jacket水套
abut邻接,依靠
jerky急拉的，急动的
accessory附件
journal bearing滑动轴承
accommodate使适应
K
acetylene乙炔，电石气
kerosene煤油
activity connection活动连接
predominant卓越的，支配的，主要的,突出的，有影响的
coolant冷却剂，冷冻机
preference优先选择
coolant冷却液
prehistoric史前的，很久以前的
cooperation合作,协作
preliminary预备的，初步的
coordinate坐标
pressurize增压，给……加压
cut edge剪切刃
工业催化教学设计
工业催化教学设计一、课程简介本课程旨在通过理论讲解和实验操作，使学生理解催化反应的基本原理和工业应用，掌握催化剂种类、选择和性质的基本知识，了解反应过程和反应机理，并提高学生的实验操作能力和安全意识。
二、教学目标1.了解催化反应的基本概念及应用；2.掌握催化剂的种类、选择和性质；3.了解反应过程和反应机理；4.提高学生的实验操作能力和安全意识。
三、教学内容1.催化反应的基本原理1.1 催化反应的定义1.2 催化反应与热力学1.3 催化作用机理1.4 催化反应动力学1.5 催化反应器的种类和应用2. 催化剂种类、选择和性质2.1 催化剂种类和性质2.2 催化剂的选择原则2.3 催化剂的制备方法和性能测试3. 反应过程和反应机理3.1 催化剂在反应中的作用3.2 反应机理和反应过程的分析3.3 催化反应的热效应和热平衡4. 实验操作4.1 催化剂的合成和制备4.2 催化剂性能测试4.3 催化反应的操作和优化4.4 反应产物的分离和纯化四、教学方法本课程以理论授课、实验操作和课堂讨论为主要教学方法，每周安排1-2次实验课，教师将根据学生实际情况设置相关课程内容，采用多种教学方法组合，如讲解、演示、讨论、练习等组合来完成教学过程。
五、考核方式1.课堂出勤：20%2.作业和报告：30%3.实验操作：50%六、教材建议1.商彦飞. 催化反应工艺学[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社,2016.2.Alyn G. McDaniel, Ingo Eilks. The Role of theLaboratory in Chemistry Teaching[M]. Switzerland:Springer, 2016.3.裘方明. 催化基础与应用[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社,2007.4.韦永凡. 催化原理与工程应用[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社,2007.七、参考文献1.Ertl G, K. W. Parameters and descriptive languagefor heterogeneous catalysis. Science[J]. 2008: 1255-1257.2.Courtheyn D, T. V. Physical and chemical aspects ofcatalysis[J]. 2007: 369-374.3.Studt F, Abild-Pedersen F, Bligaard T, etal. Identification of non-precious metal catalyticmaterials for selective hydrogenation of acetylene[J].Science[J]. 2008: 320-325.4.Nawrocki J, Pettersen L, Westbye M, et al. Fuelcells for home power supply: A thirty year record of the development of fuel cell technology at IFE[J].Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on New Developments in Ferroelectric Materials, 2007.八、教学进度课时内容讲解方式第1-2课催化反应的基本原理讲解第3-5课催化剂种类、选择和性质讲解第6-8课反应过程和反应机理讲解第9-16课实验操作实验操作、讨论第17-18课总结与评估讨论九、教学反馈本课程既注重教学理论的传授，更注重教学实践的操作，我们将提供完善的实验设备和环境，以期达到教学目的，最终实现优质化催化教育的目标。
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)
Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C2. B3. D4. C5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1. The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerable difficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2. Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematized knowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3. Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistry observed on a single mundane planet.4. People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rather simple whereas others are highly complex.5. Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because without chemistry there is neither life nor death.6. Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates all aspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1. (a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2. It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/andso forth/and otherwise.3. Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goesback to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4. According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized thatliquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5. You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV . Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。
第二版应用化学专业英语课后答案
Unit 1 The Roots of ChemistryI. Comprehension.1.C2. B3. D4. C5. BII. Make a sentence out of each item by rearranging the words in brackets.1.The purification of an organic compound is usually a matter of considerabledifficulty, and it is necessary to employ various methods for this purpose.2.Science is an ever-increasing body of accumulated and systematizedknowledge and is also an activity by which knowledge is generated.3.Life, after all, is only chemistry, in fact, a small example of chemistryobserved on a single mundane planet.4.People are made of molecules; some of the molecules in people are rathersimple whereas others are highly complex.5.Chemistry is ever present in our lives from birth to death because withoutchemistry there is neither life nor death.6.Mathematics appears to be almost as humankind and also permeates allaspects of human life, although many of us are not fully aware of this.III. Translation.1.(a) chemical process (b) natural science (c) the technique of distillation2.It is the atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the like/and so on/andso forth/and otherwise.3.Chemistry has a very long history, in fact, human activity in chemistry goesback to prerecorded times/predating recorded times.4.According to/From the evaporation of water, people know/realized thatliquids can turn/be/change into gases under certain conditions/circumstance/environment.5.You must know the properties of the material before you use it.IV. Translation化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外两种是物理和生物。
核电常用词汇
"AFIMES" MCT's fire-stopfill in v.flywheelPole for spent fuel examination facilities pressure-retaining componentsRod drive shaft unlatching tool "pop" rivet0/5mm grade sand1st phase1-way intercoms3-D site surveya combustion agenta combustion agenta log booka macrographic attacka macrographic attacka piece of cakea right anglea trial flighta viewing angle ofabbreviationsabove head grounding systemabradeabrasive blastingabrasive spongeabscissaabsolute filterabutmentAC (alternating current)AC/DC Alternating Current/Direct Current accelerometeracceptance criteriaaccidental incidentsaccommodateaccreditationaccumulatableaccumulatoraccuracyacetoneacetumAcetylene/ethyneAcid copper sulphateacidicacidic solutionacknowledgementacousticAcquisition and Processing Unit (TXS) Acquisition Unit for RGLacrylic in water emulsionactionactivationactual actuationactuateactuationActuation Logic Unit (TXS) actuatoradaptive modificationAdaptive modificationadaptorAddendum (addenda)additional valueadditiveaddressaddressable moduleAddresseeadhesiveadhesive cable tie baseadhesive tapeadhesivesadjacent surfacesadjustable torque tensioning tool adjustmentadministration amanuensis admissibleadmission n.admission sequenceaegisaeroball measurement system aerobicsaffective lengthaforesaidagentaggregateagitatoranchor sleevepocketair bubble levelair bubble type level indicatorair coreair ductair filterair shaftair supply networkair-gas neutral flameair-tightnessalarm annunciatoralarm windowsAlcoholic solution of hydrochloric acidAlcoholic solution of nitric acidAlcoholic solution of nitro hydrofluoric acid Alcoholic solution of picric acidAlcoholic solution of picric acid and hydrochloric acid algorithmalignmentalimentationAlkaline potassium ferricyanideAlkaline potassium permanganateAlkaline solution of sodium picrateallocatecore spreading areacore catcheralloy steelall-purposeall-purpose tripodALU Actuation Logic Unit (TXS)aluminaaluminumaluminum ladderambientambient conditionambient temperatureamerceammeterammoniacAmmonium persulphate reagent an anchor pointanaloganalog couponanalog diagramsanalog signalanalogue and logic cabinet Analytical Rangesanchoranchor boltanchor chassisanchor plateanchor plate/pointanchor pointanchoring nutanchoring rodanchoring washerangle finder try squareangle frameangle rollersangles/corner ironangular toleranceannealedannualannulus areaannunciateannunciatedannunciation/annunciate v. anodeanteroomanti-bumpanticipative valueanti-compressive strength anticorrosionanti-overlappinganti-reverse device pawlsanti-rust oilantistaticanti-vibrationanti-whip supportAP Automation Processorapartment buildingaperiodicallyapertureapparatusapparent causeApplicable healthapprobate v.approbationapproved byapproved solventapproximationappurtenanceappurtenanceappurtenancesapronAPU Acquisition and Processing Unit (TXS) aqua regia/ aqua fortisAqueous solution of chromic acidarc chutearc craterarc strikearc strikesarc welding stationarcharchivesarchivistAreas to be ExaminedAreoball valveargonargonargon arc weldingargon chamberargon filterarmaturearmorarmored cablearrangement drawingarticulated pinartificial respirationas same hereafterasbestosas-build drawingascertain v.ASD Alarm Sequence Displayas-delivered testASFHT: Assembly of auxiliary spent fuel handling tool rack ASFHT: Auxiliary spent fuel handling tool rack (lower/uppe asphyxiaassemblyassembly boltAssembly of the BPRAHT rackassembly panelassist (sb)in/with sth;assist (sb)in doing sthassist (sb)in/with sth;assist (sb)in doing sthassistant engineerasymmetrical railattachment accesssoryattackattenuate v.ATTNaudible warning deviceauditAustenitic Stainless Steelaustenitizingauthentic recordsauthentic records of historyauthorAuthorization for NI Erection Field DesignModification for Cable Pulling and Cable Connectingauto-handling truckautomatic Orbital Narrow Gap GTAW welding machinesAutomation Processorauxiliary craneauxiliary pipe and componentsAuxiliary pipingauxiliary piping support platesAuxiliary spent fuel handling tool (ASFHT)auxiliary transformeravailabilityawlazimuthback and forthback nutback sealing weldback weldingback/return to zerobackingbackingbackplanebackplanebackup panelBack-up Panelbafflebake/bakingbaking ovenbalancing massball bearingBank of burnerbankbook// deposit bookbar chartbar stockbar tighteningbare copperbare stranded copper cablebarrierbase +slave modulebase and activatorbase framebase materialbase materialbase platebase stationbase station outdoor housingbasket grip cable pullersbasket gripsbasket traybasket type cartBASP Disable command output(TXS) battery bankbattery bankBDM Data Description Managerbe taken over for blockingbeaconbeambeam clampbearingbearing flangebearing platebearing surfacebed platebedplatebeforehand adv.behaviorbellowbellowbenchmarkbenchmarkbendbending radiusbevelbeveling machinebidirectionalbimetallic stripbimetallic thermometerbinbinarybinarybinary signalbinding heightbinding screwbinding spacebinding spacebiological fire-stopbisectrixbitbitumenblacklightblank installationblanketblanket/gas blanketblanket/thermonuclear reactor blanketBlast cleaning//bellowsblast valveblind dateblind flangesblind jointblind rivetblisterblister craneblockspherodial graphite cast iron blocking pointsblocking shimblow holesblowerblowpipeboardbobbinbogiesboltInternational Building Council bolt claspbolt lubricationbolt, nut, pad, washerbolted plateboltingbonding admixturebonding jumperthe unloading channel boosterborescopeboric acidboric acid pumpboring latheboring punchboronboron heat tracing system boron meterbottom plate of steam generator bottom/ top guidebox sectionbox wrenchBPRAHT: Burnable poison rod assembly handling tool rack BPRAHT: Burnable poison rod assembly handling tool rack bracketbracketbranch fittingbrazingbreadthbreak down v. breakdown n.break outbreakablebreakdownbreakerbreakerbreaking safety rulesbright annealingbroken hingebubblingbucket trailerbucklebufferBuffer stockbuffer warehousebuffer warehouse/stockbuilding expansion jointbuilt-in data flash memorybulbbulkbulk materialsbulkhead fittingbumperbumper stopbundles or pilesBUP Back-Up PanelBurnable poison rod assembly handling tool (BPRAHT) burnerburner bank supportburnsburrsbusbusbarbush hammerbush(es)bushingbustle pipebutadiencebutt jointbutt splicebutt weldbutt weldingbuttering weldcabinetcable armourcable bookcable bundlecable chaincable coilcable conduitcable connectioncable cuttercable discardscable drumcable expansion slack at building expansion joints cable glandcable laddercable oval tagcable pullingcable pulling rollerscable runscable scissorscable sealcable separatorcable shaftcable strapcable strap lock devicecable strap tensioning toolcable tankcable terminationcable tie nyloncable traycable tray collectorcable tray covercable tray lattercable tray supportCable trayscable windercable yardcabling diagramcage laddercage laddercage nutcalibratecalibratecalibrated by external unit Calibrationcalibratorcalicocalliper squareCalorie(s)canopycantilevercanvascapcapacitorcapillary tubingcaptive screwCAR Corrective Active Requst carbide-tippedcarbolinecarbolineCarbon .steel. Grinding disc carbon steel jointcardboardcarriagecarriage plug shuttercartCartesian coordinate systemcasingcasingcastcast aluminumcast blistercasualty accidentcatalogue of welded jointscatalogue partscatalystcatalytic crackercatch pitcathodecationcaulked joint protective platecaustic sodacaustic soda solution//sodium hydroxide causticitycavity and pitscavity seal ringC-clampCCS: Core Control Systemcellulosecementitecenter of gravitycenteringcenteringcentral plot with interconnection ceramicceramic adj. & n.ceramic woolCFT Cold Functional Testchain blockchain reactionCHANNEL BASE 6 WAY EARTH BAR channel headchannel sectionchannelschargercharging positioncheckcheekchemical porportioning pump chimeschiselchloridechockchromatic dispersion system chromechromiumchronologicalcircle girdercircle railcircuitcircuit breakercircuit breaker modulecircuitrycircular framecircular split dies circumferencecircumferencecivil work (CW)claddingclampclamp meterclampingclamping ringsclamp-on ammeterclasing plateclass 2 large bore carbon steel pipe cleanlinessclear outclearanceclerkclevisclipclip-on ammeterclockgaugesClockwise adj.& adv.closed equipmentclosing plateclosure headcloutclutchcoach boltcoagulatecoarse machiningcoatcoatingcoaxialcoaxialcoefficientcoilcoilcoil pipe//coilingcoil stackcoil stack assembly (CRDM)coiledcoiled wirecoking plantcold functional testcold junction leadcold legcold leg(CL)cold workshopcold/hot conditionsCold/hot functional testscollar for cablecollar nutcollective equipmentcollective toolscolor codecolumns of the turbine pedestal in MXcombustiblecombustible liquidcombustioncome-and-go correspondence come-and-go saw//jig saw commencement meeting/ceremony commercial length commissioning commissioning programs common headerCommon Sub-teamcommon supportcommutecompactorcompartmentcompatabilitycompensationcompensation machine competencycompilationComponent parts list components containing cavities Compose,compressioncompression barcompression lugcompression platecompriseComprise （of）concaveconcave plateconcave rollersconcentrationconcentricityconcentricity toleranceconceptconcerned areasconcertconcrete rounded wall concrete tanks concurrent condensation condensation pot condenser conditional release conditioned reflex conditioning Conditioning (signal) conductconductorconduit configuration configuration configuration conform to conformityconical section connecting box connecting rollers connector consequence Consequence Consequent adj. & n. Consequential adj. Consist ofconsist with console consortium consortium constantconstant load support Constitute construction project construction site consumable(s)consumablesconsumercontactcontact lubricantcontact thermometercontactorcontainercontainment isolationcontainment penetration compensator containment spraycontaminantcontaminationcontingenciescontingencycontinuation/continuedcontinuitycontinuitycontinuous improvement; serve our society continuous weavecontourcontractorcontradictionContribute toControl and Monitoring Unit for RGL control cablecontrol consoleControl rodcontrol rod cluster changing fixture Control Rod Drive Mechanism convection foil steam generator conventionalconventional islandconvergent/divergentconversionconverterconvex plateconveyance vehiclecoolcoolantcoolingcooling ratecooperate (with sb)(in doing/to do sth);~(with sb)(on sth) cooperation (with sb)(in doing sth/on sth) cooperation(between A and B)(in doing sthe/on sth) coordinatescoordinationcoordinatorcoping platecopiouscopper braidcopper drilled platecorbelcordex type talkcorecore barrelcore drillcorner ironcorrectcorrection fluidCorrective actioncorrosion n.corundumcotter-pincounter flangecounter partcounter plateCounter-clockwisecouplingcoupling spacercouponcover fixing springcover plateCoverall clothingcoverallsCovered electrodecovered/coated/covering/coating coveringcrackcranecratecrate openerCRDM Control Rod Drive Mechanism CRDM drive shaftscreepagecrewCRF: Clarification Request Form crimpingcrimping equipmentcrimping plierscrimping toolcriteriacriticalitycrocodile clipscrosscross jointcross memberCross organizational reviewerCross sectioncross workcrossover legcrossover leg(XL)cross-sectioncrowbarcrown blockcrown safety platformcryogeniccue lightculvertcurbcurrent transformercursorcursoryCut outcutoutcutting plierscyclostylecylindercylindricalcylindrical tensile test in the weld deposit Daily Group Reportdamageabledamper and ductdamping curvedamp-proofdata acquisition modulesdata acquisition systemdatabaseDaylight or artificial lightingDBCF: distance between coupling faces DC (direct current)DC/AC(alternating current) converter DCS: Digital Control Systemdead spacedead weightdead weight pressure testerdeadlinedealt bydebrisdebrisdeburrdecade boxdecantation potdecimeterdeckdecoupledecouple/decouplingDecouplingdecreeDEDA Digital I/O Modulededicateddeductdefectivenessdeflectdeflectordeforming of crates degrationdegreasedehumidifierdelaminationdelegatedelegation notesdelegationsdelimitdemanding plan demarpment in charge demineralized water demineralized water storage demineralizer demonstration demonstrative documents DEN Design Evolution Notice dendriticdepartment in chargedepositdepositeddepth gaugedeputydeputy-directorderustingdesalinationDescription of fabrication shops desiccantdesignatedesignationdesignationdesignationdesk tileDetail designdetection rangesdetectordetector containerdetergentdeterminationdetrimentaldetritusdeveloperDevelopmental reference documents deviantdeviationdevice paneldew pointdew pointdewaterDiagnostics Systemdiagonaldiagonal bardiagonallydiagramdial gaugeDial indicatordiameterdiamond pastediaphaneitydiaphragmdiaphragm valvediathesisdie castdielectricdielectric strength testdielectric strength testerdieseldiesel enginediesel fuelDiesel generator buildingdiffuserdiffuser flangeDigital Control System digital water leveldilationdilute v.& adj.Dilute nitric acid dimensionaldimensional examination diodedipdiscarddiscarddischargerdisciplineDiscipline inspection discontactor three pole discrapancy discrepanciesdished head area disintegratedisintegrationdismantleDismantlement & assembly dismantling testing equipment disobedientdispatchingdispersiondisplacement displacement sensor displacer type level switch disposal of waste dissimilar steel joint dissimilar(steel)dissimular metal joint dissipationdistillation column distribution board distribution box distribution box/cabinetdistribution busesdistribution personneldisturbancedisuseditchDittodividerdockdocument codingdocument controllerDocumentation Groupdogdomestic water distribution system inside NI door blocking chaindoor tresseDossier Managementdouble coordinates surveying station downstreamdownstream surfaceDR: Design Requirementdrain connectiondrain potdrain relay tankdrain/relief pipedrainage systemdraining waterdraw out lots of sth,drawer unitdrawout unitdriftdrill bitsdrill chuckdrill robdrilling and threadingdrilling rigdrilling tappingDrive control moduleDrive shaft unlatching tool rack Driven HubDriving Hubdriving licence/driver's license drop out of cable ladderdropletDRRdry contactdry contactorDue Datedummydump outdump truckdurationdyedye penetrant examination dynamicdynamic balancingdynamic bracingdynamometer wrenchearnestly adv.earth scienceeductor nozzleelasticelasticityelastomericelbowelectric air heaterelectric arc furnaceelectric cell testerelectric fan air heaterelectric shockElectric switchgearElectrical and electronic equipment electrical buildingelectrical connectionelectrical penetrationelectrical resistanceelectrical resistanceelectricianelectrodeelectrode coveringelectrolyte/ electrolyticelectromagneticelectromagnetic vibration sensor electromechanical installationelectronic grounding cableElectronic rectifierelectronic-grounding cableelectroplatingElectro-pneumatic converterelectrothermal boilerelevationElevation 20Melevation changeelevation viewelevator shaftElimination of spongingellipseembedembedded framerembedded irons(rail)embedded loudspeakerembossEmergence Control SystemEmergency Control PanelEmergency Control Panel (sometimes called PIPO) Emergency schemesemergency shutdownemergency succoremergent responseemissionEMRemulateencapsulationenclosureencompassend capEnd of Manufacturing documentend packingend truckend viewendoscopeenergy absorber assembliesengagementengagementengagementEngineered Safety Functions Automation System engineering and project meetingengineering studiesEngineering Systemengraveengraving listengraving personnelEntrance hatchentrust v.entrusted externalentrusting listepoxyepoxy resinEPR European Pressurized Reactor equipotential circuitequipotentialityequivalenterection areaerection chronologyergonomicerrorestimate v.etchant// etch v.etherethyl alcoholethyl or isopropyl alcohol, acetoneEUR: European Utility Requirements European Pressurized Reactorevacuateevaluateevaporatorevidenceexcavatorexceptionalexcess weld thickness excessiveexciation winding exclamatoryexecutive planexhaustexistentexpanded polystyrene expanding reamer expansion anchor expansion boltexpansion jointexpatriateexperience compilation ExpiredExposureextendingextensionextension cordsextension hoses/hose-pipe extension meter extensometerexteriorExterior appearance exterior packaging external forceExternal Unit extinguisherextra allowanceextrados wall thickness eyebolteyeletF.U.D.(follow-up document) fabric adhesive tapeFabricated tanksfacilitatefacilityfalse adj.false floorfalsework/scanffoldfanFANP/Siemensfantom viewfast forward solenoidfast neutronfast neutron multiplicationfastenfastenerfastenerfastening ringFCD: first concrete dayFCR Field Change RequestFCR(field change request)feasibilityfeedfeed backfeed throughfeederFeeder busbarFeeder panelFeeder switchfeeding screwfeedwaterfeeler gaugefeeler gaugefeltfelt tipped marking penfemalefemale body-judodixfemelle receptaclefenced-inFerric chloride and hydrochloric acid in aqueous solutionferricyanideferriteferrite contaminationferrite oxideferrite type instrument ferrocyanidefestoonfestoon cableFiber Opticfiber optic cablefiberglassfield section design director office Field supplement handling tools filefile downfilename extensionfill in v.fillerfiller materialFillet/ corner weldingfilling of the procedurefilling platefilmfilter changing machinefilter framefilter lensFilters (cartridges)finfine machiningfinish coatfinish industriesfinishing n.finishing tasksfire and mildew protectionfire damperfire damperfire hosefire protection frameFire Retardant, Non-Corrosivefire stopfire stop sleevefire-stopfish platefishplatefit upfitoutfitterFitter’s precision levelfitting upfittingsfive metals (gold, silver, copper, iron and tin) fix suspensionfixing bridgefixing clamp for ladderfixing clipfixtureflakingflange jointflange junctionflaring testflash weldingflat bed trucksflat ironflat rulerflatbed truckflatnessflattening testflattening testflaxflection bearingflexible couplingflexible ductflexible helagaineflexible hoseflexible tubingflexionfloat modefloat type level switchflowflow diagramflow measurement orifice plateflow orifice plateflow restrictionFlowchartflow-ratesflue headerfluffFluid systemfluorescent lampfluorideflushFlux electrodeflux mappingflux-cored wireflywheelfoam packing blockfocal surfacefocus onfold backfoldoutfollow upfollow-up sheet of cable tray identification problem fool proof systemfootprintFor the apparatus to be calibratedforeclose v.fore-drillingforeign bodiesforemanfork lift///forkliftforkliftforklift truckformformfortressfossil power plantfoundation drawingfounder casterFourfold adj. & adv.foveolarFRA designationframeframe ironframe setfrangible adj.free from calibrationfreight elevatorfrequencyfrequency converterfriabilityfrom endfrom end componentFrom end component/To end component front face drawingfront ferrulefront panelfront-endfuel assembliesFuel loadingfuel manipulator craneFuel Pool Skimming Pumpfuel transfer facilityfuel transfer system tubefueling and refueling systemFull Length Rod ControlfullyFUM Function Module(I/O)fume hoodsfunctional departmentFunctional tests with vessel open funnelfurnacefurther to your referenced faxfurther to…fusefuse ratinggalvanicgalvanizegalvanizedgalvanized pipe galvanometergantry cranegap injection gagegas burnergas cuttinggas spare containergas supplygasketgasket insert screw gatewaygaugegaurdrailgauzegear boxgeneral foremangeneral requirement general rulesgeneratorgeneratrixgeometricalget certificationgirdgirdergiven…glandgland amplifiergland reducerglass fibre feltglass level gaugeGlass measuring apparatus glass silk ribbonglobal rulesglobe valve Glycerinated aqua regiaGO and NOT GO plug/ ring gauge go beyondgoggleGO-NO-GO gaugegrabgradegradientgranular fluxgraphicallygraphitegratinggravelgreasegreasegrease and oilgrey putty tapegrey scalegridgridgrilled frame supportgrind downgrind weldgrinding & smoothing grindstonegripgrippergripping devicegritgrommetgrooveground box connectorground collector barground collector sleeveground conductor support-hole ground gridground loopground managementground ohmmetergrounding hole drilling grounding lead grounding pad grounding system grounding wiregroup foremanGroup Safety Loggroutgrower spring lock washer guard railguideguide bracketsguide rollerguide tube/stud guidelinegusset plategyrohead lighthacksawhair dryerhalfen railhalogenhalogen floodlight hammer drillhand over v. handover n. hand truckhandholehanding support handlinghandling gantryhand-operated hoist handoverhandrailhangerhankhardenerhardfacinghardwarehardwiredhatchured areahave the right to implementhea ironheadhead coveringsheaded studsheaderhearth solehearth(forge)heat conducting cementheat exchangerheat numberheat rejectionheat shrink cable end fittingheat shrink sleeveheatingheating and ventilationheating elementheating element with alu terminal box heating rateheat-tracinghelpershemispherical headhere above section1hereafterhereinafter called Shenzhen Branch Herringbone aluminum alloy ladder Herringbone aluminum ladderheteroge'neityhex head boltshexagonalhexagonal compressionhexangularhex-head screwHFT: Hot Functional Testhierarchyhigh or medium frequency induction furnace hinge blockhistogramhoehoisthoist invertor/inverterhoist safety catchHold a concurrent post///act as the pluralistic …hold down tube compression assemblyHold onHold pointhold relevant accreditation/assignment holddown springholddown tubeholding timeholiday detectorhollow barhomogeneityhookhook uphookuphooter box for telephonehopperhorizontal elbowhorizontal support of riserhorizontalityhorn modulatorhot leghot leg restrainthot leg(HL)hot workshophousinghuman-orientedhumidifyHumidistatHumidityhumility requirementsHV substation metal fenceshydranthydraulichydraulic crimperhydraulic cylinderhydraulic motorhydraulic presshydraulic pushcarthydraulic unit sealshydrazinehydrochloric acidhydrogen recombinerhydro-laser of the pipeshydrologyhydrostatic bearinghydrostatic testinghydro-testing/ Hydrostatic Test hydroxidehygiene facilitieshygineHygrometerhyphen codeI & CI ＆C: Instrumentation＆ControlI have no objection to thatI＆C Instrumentation＆ControlI/O Input/Outputice vestidem for L507identificationidentification inspection identification procedure identification transplantidler wheelilluminationIllumination apparatusimmerseimpairimpartationimpedance/resistanceimpellerimpermeabilityimplementImplementation reference documents。
常见化学专业词汇英文翻译
常见化学专业词汇英文翻译1. The Ideal-Gas Equation 理想气体状态方程2. Partial Pressures 分压3. Real Gases: Deviation from Ideal Behavior 真实气体：对理想气体行为的偏离4. The van der Waals Equation 范德华方程5. System and Surroundings 系统与环境6. State and State Functions 状态与状态函数7. Process 过程8. Phase 相9. The First Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第一定律10. Heat and Work 热与功11. Endothermic and Exothermic Processes 吸热与发热过程12. Enthalpies of Reactions 反应热13. Hess’s Law 盖斯定律14. Enthalpies of Formation 生成焓15. Reaction Rates 反应速率16. Reaction Order 反应级数17. Rate Constants 速率常数18. Activation Energy 活化能19. The Arrhenius Equation 阿累尼乌斯方程20. Reaction Mechanisms 反应机理21. Homogeneous Catalysis 均相催化剂22. Heterogeneous Catalysis 非均相催化剂23. Enzymes 酶24. The Equilibrium Constant 平衡常数25. the Direction of Reaction 反应方向26. Le Chatelier’s Principle 列·沙特列原理27. Effects of Volume, Pressure, Temperature Changes and Catalystsi. 体积，压力，温度变化以及催化剂的影响28. Spontaneous Processes 自发过程29. Entropy (Standard Entropy) 熵（标准熵）30. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 热力学第二定律31. Entropy Changes 熵变32. Standard Free-Energy Changes 标准自由能变33. Acid-Bases 酸碱34. The Dissociation of Water 水离解35. The Proton in Water 水合质子36. The pH Scales pH值37. Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases Bronsted-Lowry 酸和碱38. Proton-Transfer Reactions 质子转移反应39. Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 共轭酸碱对40. Relative Strength of Acids and Bases 酸碱的相对强度41. Lewis Acids and Bases 路易斯酸碱42. Hydrolysis of Metal Ions 金属离子的水解43. Buffer Solutions 缓冲溶液44. The Common-Ion Effects 同离子效应45. Buffer Capacity 缓冲容量46. Formation of Complex Ions 配离子的形成47. Solubility 溶解度48. The Solubility-Product Constant Ksp 溶度积常数49. Precipitation and separation of Ions 离子的沉淀与分离50. Selective Precipitation of Ions 离子的选择沉淀51. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 氧化还原反应52. Oxidation Number 氧化数53. Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations 氧化还原反应方程的配平54. Half-Reaction 半反应55. Galvani Cell 原电池56. Voltaic Cell 伏特电池57. Cell EMF 电池电动势58. Standard Electrode Potentials 标准电极电势59. Oxidizing and Reducing Agents 氧化剂和还原剂60. The Nernst Equation 能斯特方程61. Electrolysis 电解62. The Wave Behavior of Electrons 电子的波动性63. Bohr’s Model of The Hydrogen Atom 氢原子的波尔模型64. Line Spectra 线光谱65. Quantum Numbers 量子数66. Electron Spin 电子自旋67. Atomic Orbital 原子轨道68. The s (p, d, f) Orbital s（p，d，f）轨道69. Many-Electron Atoms 多电子原子70. Energies of Orbital 轨道能量71. The Pauli Exclusion Principle 泡林不相容原理72. Electron Configurations 电子构型73. The Periodic Table 周期表74. Row 行75. Group 族76. Isotopes, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 同位素，原子数，质量数77. Periodic Properties of the Elements 元素的周期律78. Radius of Atoms 原子半径79. Ionization Energy 电离能80. Electronegativity 电负性81. Effective Nuclear Charge 有效核电荷82. Electron Affinities 亲电性83. Metals 金属84. Nonmetals 非金属85. Valence Bond Theory 价键理论86. Covalence Bond 共价键87. Orbital Overlap 轨道重叠88. Multiple Bonds 重键89. Hybrid Orbital 杂化轨道90. The VSEPR Model 价层电子对互斥理论91. Molecular Geometries 分子空间构型92. Molecular Orbital 分子轨道93. Diatomic Molecules 双原子分子94. Bond Length 键长95. Bond Order 键级96. Bond Angles 键角97. Bond Enthalpies 键能98. Bond Polarity 键矩99. Dipole Moments 偶极矩100. Polarity Molecules 极性分子101. Polyatomic Molecules 多原子分子102. Crystal Structure 晶体结构103. Non-Crystal 非晶体104. Close Packing of Spheres 球密堆积105. Metallic Solids 金属晶体106. Metallic Bond 金属键107. Alloys 合金108. Ionic Solids 离子晶体109. Ion-Dipole Forces 离子偶极力110. Molecular Forces 分子间力111. Intermolecular Forces 分子间作用力112. Hydrogen Bonding 氢键113. Covalent-Network Solids 原子晶体114. Compounds 化合物115. The Nomenclature, Composition and Structure of Complexes 配合物的命名，组成和结构116. Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries 电荷数、配位数、及几何构型117. Chelates 螯合物118. Isomerism 异构现象119. Structural Isomerism 结构异构120. Stereoisomerism 立体异构121. Magnetism 磁性122. Electron Configurations in Octahedral Complexes 八面体构型配合物的电子分布123. Tetrahedral and Square-planar Complexes 四面体和平面四边形配合物124. General Characteristics 共性125. s-Block Elements s区元素126. Alkali Metals 碱金属127. Alkaline Earth Metals 碱土金属128. Hydrides 氢化物129. Oxides 氧化物130. Peroxides and Superoxides 过氧化物和超氧化物131. Hydroxides 氢氧化物132. Salts 盐133. p-Block Elements p区元素134. Boron Group (Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium) 硼族（硼，铝，镓，铟，铊）135. Borane 硼烷136. Carbon Group (Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead) 碳族（碳，硅，锗，锡，铅）137. Graphite, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon Dioxide 石墨，一氧化碳，二氧化碳138. Carbonic Acid, Carbonates and Carbides 碳酸，碳酸盐，碳化物139. Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon 硅的存在和制备140. Silicic Acid，Silicates 硅酸，硅酸盐141. Nitrogen Group (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth) 氮族（磷，砷，锑，铋）142. Ammonia, Nitric Acid, Phosphoric Acid 氨，硝酸，磷酸143. Phosphorates, phosphorus Halides 磷酸盐，卤化磷144. Oxygen Group (Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium) 氧族元素（氧，硫，硒，碲）145. Ozone, Hydrogen Peroxide 臭氧，过氧化氢146. Sulfides 硫化物147. Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) 卤素（氟，氯，溴，碘）148. Halides, Chloride 卤化物，氯化物149. The Noble Gases 稀有气体150. Noble-Gas Compounds 稀有气体化合物151. d-Block elements d区元素152. Transition Metals 过渡金属153. Potassium Dichromate 重铬酸钾154. Potassium Permanganate 高锰酸钾155. Iron Copper Zinc Mercury 铁，铜，锌，汞156. f-Block Elements f区元素157. Lanthanides 镧系元素158. Radioactivity 放射性159. Nuclear Chemistry 核化学160. Nuclear Fission 核裂变161. Nuclear Fusion 核聚变162. analytical chemistry 分析化学163. qualitative analysis 定性分析164. quantitative analysis 定量分析165. chemical analysis 化学分析166. instrumental analys is 仪器分析167. titrimetry 滴定分析168. gravimetric analysis 重量分析法169. regent 试剂170. chromatographic analysis 色谱分析171. product 产物172. electrochemical analysis 电化学分析173. on-line analysis 在线分析174. macro analysis 常量分析175. characteristic 表征176. micro analysis 微量分析177. deformation analysis 形态分析178. semimicro analysis 半微量分析179. systematical error 系统误差180. routine analys is 常规分析181. random error 偶然误差182. arbitration analysis 仲裁分析183. gross error 过失误差184. normal distribution 正态分布185. accuracy 准确度186. deviation偏差187. precision 精密度188. relative standard deviation 相对标准偏差（RSD）189. coefficient variation 变异系数（CV）190. confidence level 置信水平191. confidence interval 置信区间192. significant test 显著性检验193. significant figure 有效数字194. standard solution 标准溶液195. titration 滴定196. stoichiometric point 化学计量点197. end point滴定终点198. titration error 滴定误差199. primary standard 基准物质200. amount of substance 物质的量201. standardization 标定202. chemical reaction 化学反应203. concentration浓度204. chemical equilibrium 化学平衡205. titer 滴定度206. general equation for a chemical reaction化学反应的通式207. proton theory of acid-base 酸碱质子理论208. acid-base titration 酸碱滴定法209. dissociation constant 解离常数210. conjugate acid-base pair 共轭酸碱对211. acetic acid 乙酸212. hydronium ion水合氢离子213. electrolyte 电解质214. ion-product constant of water 水的离子积215. ionization 电离216. proton condition 质子平衡217. zero level零水准218. buffer solution缓冲溶液219. methyl orange 甲基橙220. acid-base indicator 酸碱指示剂221. phenolphthalein 酚酞222. coordination compound 配位化合物223. center ion 中心离子224. cumulative stability constant 累积稳定常数225. alpha coefficient 酸效应系数226. overall stability constant 总稳定常数227. ligand 配位体228. ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid 乙二胺四乙酸229. side reaction coefficient 副反应系数230. coordination atom 配位原子231. coordination number 配位数232. lone pair electron 孤对电子233. chelate compound 螯合物234. metal indicator 金属指示剂235. chelating agent 螯合剂236. masking 掩蔽237. demasking 解蔽238. electron 电子239. catalysis 催化240. oxidation氧化241. catalyst 催化剂242. reduction 还原243. catalytic reaction 催化反应244. reaction rate 反应速率245. electrode potential 电极电势246. activation energy 反应的活化能247. redox couple 氧化还原电对248. potassium permanganate 高锰酸钾249. iodimetry碘量法250. potassium dichromate 重铬酸钾251. cerimetry 铈量法252. redox indicator 氧化还原指示253. oxygen consuming 耗氧量（OC）254. chemical oxygen demanded 化学需氧量(COD) 255. dissolved oxygen 溶解氧(DO)256. precipitation 沉淀反应257. argentimetry 银量法258. heterogeneous equilibrium of ions 多相离子平衡259. aging 陈化260. postprecipitation 继沉淀261. coprecipitation 共沉淀262. ignition 灼烧263. fitration 过滤264. decantation 倾泻法265. chemical factor 化学因数266. spectrophotometry 分光光度法267. colorimetry 比色分析268. transmittance 透光率269. absorptivity 吸光率270. calibration curve 校正曲线271. standard curve 标准曲线272. monochromator 单色器273. source 光源274. wavelength dispersion 色散275. absorption cell吸收池276. detector 检测系统277. bathochromic shift 红移278. Molar absorptivity 摩尔吸光系数279. hypochromic shift 紫移280. acetylene 乙炔281. ethylene 乙烯282. acetylating agent 乙酰化剂283. acetic acid 乙酸284. adiethyl ether 乙醚285. ethyl alcohol 乙醇286. acetaldehtde 乙醛287. β-dicarbontl compound β–二羰基化合物288. bimolecular elimination 双分子消除反应289. bimolecular nucleophilic substitution 双分子亲核取代反应290. open chain compound 开链族化合物291. molecular orbital theory 分子轨道理论292. chiral molecule 手性分子293. tautomerism 互变异构现象294. reaction mechanism 反应历程295. chemical shift 化学位移296. Walden inversio 瓦尔登反转n297. Enantiomorph 对映体298. addition rea ction 加成反应299. dextro- 右旋300. levo- 左旋301. stereochemistry 立体化学302. stereo isomer 立体异构体303. Lucas reagent 卢卡斯试剂304. covalent bond 共价键305. conjugated diene 共轭二烯烃306. conjugated double bond 共轭双键307. conjugated system 共轭体系308. conjugated effect 共轭效应309. isomer 同分异构体310. isomerism 同分异构现象311. organic chemistry 有机化学312. hybridization 杂化313. hybrid orbital 杂化轨道314. heterocyclic compound 杂环化合物315. peroxide effect 过氧化物效应t316. valence bond theory 价键理论317. sequence rule 次序规则318. electron-attracting grou p 吸电子基319. Huckel rule 休克尔规则320. Hinsberg test 兴斯堡试验321. infrared spectrum 红外光谱322. Michael reacton 麦克尔反应323. halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃324. haloform reaction 卤仿反应325. systematic nomenclatur 系统命名法e326. Newman projection 纽曼投影式327. aromatic compound 芳香族化合物328. aromatic character 芳香性r329. Claisen condensation reaction克莱森酯缩合反应330. Claisen rearrangement 克莱森重排331. Diels-Alder reation 狄尔斯-阿尔得反应332. Clemmensen reduction 克莱门森还原333. Cannizzaro reaction 坎尼扎罗反应334. positional isomers 位置异构体335. unimolecular elimination reaction 单分子消除反应336. unimolecular nucleophilic substitution 单分子亲核取代反应337. benzene 苯338. functional grou 官能团p339. configuration 构型340. conformation 构象341. confomational isome 构象异构体342. electrophilic addition 亲电加成343. electrophilic reagent 亲电试剂344. nucleophilic addition 亲核加成345. nucleophilic reagent 亲核试剂346. nucleophilic substitution reaction亲核取代反应347. active intermediate 活性中间体348. Saytzeff rule 查依采夫规则349. cis-trans isomerism 顺反异构350. inductive effect 诱导效应t351. Fehling’s reagent 费林试剂352. phase transfer catalysis 相转移催化作用353. aliphatic compound 脂肪族化合物354. elimination reaction 消除反应355. Grignard reagent 格利雅试剂356. nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振357. alkene 烯烃358. allyl cation 烯丙基正离子359. leaving group 离去基团360. optical activity 旋光性361. boat confomation 船型构象362. silver mirror reaction 银镜反应363. Fischer projection 菲舍尔投影式364. Kekule structure 凯库勒结构式365. Friedel-Crafts reaction 傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应366. Ketone 酮367. carboxylic acid 羧酸368. carboxylic acid derivative 羧酸衍生物369. hydroboration 硼氢化反应370. bond oength 键长371. bond energy 键能372. bond angle 键角373. carbohydrate 碳水化合物374. carbocation 碳正离子375. carbanion 碳负离子376. alcohol 醇377. Gofmann rule 霍夫曼规则378. Aldehyde 醛379. Ether 醚380. Polymer 聚合物。
镍基配合物催化乙炔制苯
２０１８年７月第２６卷第７期㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀工业催化ＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＡＬＣＡＴＡＬＹＳＩＳ㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀Ｊｕｌｙ２０１８Ｖｏｌ ２６㊀Ｎｏ ７有机化工与催化收稿日期:２０１８－０４－０９ꎻ修回日期:２０１８－０６－１１作者简介:黄㊀伟ꎬ１９８３年生ꎬ男ꎬ博士ꎬ高级工程师ꎬ研究方向为煤化工下游技术ꎮ通讯联系人:黄㊀伟ꎮ镍基配合物催化乙炔制苯黄㊀伟１∗ꎬ明瑞光２ꎬ史雪君１ꎬ史㊀权３ꎬ吴道洪１(１.神雾科技集团股份有限公司ꎬ北京１０２２００ꎻ２.湖北工业职业技术学院ꎬ湖北十堰４４２０００ꎻ３.中国石油大学(北京)化学工程学院ꎬ北京１０２２４９)摘㊀要:研究镍基配合物催化体系不同温度㊁压力和催化剂用量对乙炔环三聚制苯反应的影响ꎬ并提出相关的催化反应机理ꎮ结果表明ꎬ以(Ｐｈ３Ｐ)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２为催化体系ꎬ四氢呋喃为溶剂ꎬ在反应压力１.５ＭＰａ㊁反应温度８５ħ和反应时间３ｈ条件下ꎬ乙炔转化率９９％ꎬ苯收率８７％ꎬ副产物苯乙烯收率１１.２％ꎬ杂质为微量的黏稠状乙炔低聚物ꎮＮｉ(Ｐｈ３Ｐ)２(ＣＯ)２催化体系具有反应条件温和㊁反应进料组分简单和苯产率高等优点ꎮ关键词:有机化学工程ꎻ乙炔ꎻ三聚ꎻ镍基配合物ꎻ苯ꎻ苯乙烯ｄｏｉ:１０ ３９６９/ｊ ｉｓｓｎ １００８￣１１４３ ２０１８ ０７ ０１３中图分类号:ＴＱ４２６.９４ꎻＴＱ２４１.１＋１㊀㊀文献标识码:Ａ㊀㊀文章编号:１００８￣１１４３(２０１８)０７￣００６７￣０５Ａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｃｙｃｌｏｔｒｉｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｖｅｒｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｌｅｘＨｕａｎｇＷｅｉ１∗ꎬＭｉｎｇＲｕｉｇｕａｎｇ２ꎬＳｈｉＸｕｅｊｕｎ１ꎬＳｈｉＱｕａｎ２ꎬＷｕＤａｏｈｏｎｇ１(１.ＳｈｅｎｗｕＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙＧｒｏｕｐＣｏｒｐꎬＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０２２００ꎬＣｈｉｎａꎻ２.ＨｕｂｅｉＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃꎬＳｈｉｙａｎ４４２０００ꎬＨｕｂｅｉꎬＣｈｉｎａꎻ３.ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇꎬＣｈｉｎａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＰｅｔｒｏｌｅｕｍ(Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ)ꎬＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０２２４９ꎬＣｈｉｎａ)Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓꎬｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｓａｎｄａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｅｓｃａｔａｌｙｓｔｏｎａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｃｙｃｌｏｔｒｉｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｅｒｅｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄꎬａｎｄｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｗａｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ.Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔｙｉｅｌｄｏｆｂｅｎｚｅｎｅｃｏｕｌｄｒｅａｃｈ８７％ꎬｙｉｅｌｄｏｆｂｙ－ｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｔｙｒｅｎｅｃｏｕｌｄｒａｎｕｐｔｏ１１.２％ａｎｄｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆａｃｅｔ￣ｙｌｅｎｅｗａｓ９９％ｕｎｄｅｒ１.５ＭＰａａｔ８５ħｆｏｒ３ｈｏｖｅｒ(Ｐｈ３Ｐ)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２ｃａｔａｌｙｓｔｗｈｅｎｔｅｔｒａｍｅｔｈｙｌｅｎｅｕｓｅｄａｓｓｏｌｖｅｎｔ.Ｔｈｅｉｍｐｕｒｉｔｉｅｓｗｅｒｅｔｒａｃｅｓｏｆｖｉｓｃｏｕｓａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｏｌｉｇｏｍｅｒｓ.Ｔｈｅｃａｔａｌｙｔｉｃｓｙｓｔｅｍｈａｄｔｈｅａｄｖａｎ￣ｔａｇｅｓｏｆｍｉｌｄｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓꎬｓｉｍｐｌｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｆｅｅｄｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄｈｉｇｈｙｉｅｌｄｏｆｂｅｎｚｅｎｅ.Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:ｏｒｇａｎｉｃｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇꎻａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅꎻｔｒｉｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎꎻｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｂａｓｅｄｃｏｍｐｌｅｘꎻｂｅｎｚｅｎｅꎻｓｔｙｒｅｎｅｄｏｉ:１０ ３９６９/ｊ ｉｓｓｎ １００８￣１１４３ ２０１８ ０７ ０１３ＣＬＣｎｕｍｂｅｒ:ＴＱ４２６.９４ꎻＴＱ２４１.１＋１㊀㊀Ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔｃｏｄｅ:Ａ㊀㊀ＡｒｔｉｃｌｅＩＤ:１００８￣１１４３(２０１８)０７￣００６７￣０５㊀㊀苯是一种石油化工基本原料ꎬ主要用来生产乙苯㊁异丙苯㊁环己烷和硝基苯等化学原料ꎬ主要来源于石油化工中的催化重整和烃类裂解(约９５％)ꎬ仅有约５％来源于煤炭化工ꎮ基于我国富煤贫油少气的能源结构ꎬ同时随着苯及下游产品需求量的日益增长ꎬ开发苯的生产新技术势在必行ꎮ随着煤制乙炔工艺的发展ꎬ如能让乙炔发生芳构化反应直接转变为苯ꎬ将具有重要的战略意义ꎮＲｅｐｐｅＷ等[１－６]首次采用金属催化剂Ｎｉ(Ｐｈ３Ｐ)２(ＣＯ)２进行乙炔衍生物㊁丙烯酸(或烯醇类)及丙烯酸酯环三聚反应合成各种取代苯衍生物ꎮＫｌｅｔｎｉｅｋｓＰＷ等[７]通过固体核磁研究发现ꎬ铑㊀６８㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀工业催化㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０１８年第７期㊀化合物能够催化乙炔三聚ꎮＤａｃｈｓＡ等[８]通过ＤＦＴ模拟了三苯基膦氯化铑催化乙炔三聚的反应过程ꎮＫａｒｐｉｎｉｅｃＳＳ等[９]发现吡啶二亚胺铁络合物能够催化乙炔三聚生成苯ꎮＢｉａｎｃｈｉｎｉＣ等[１０]研究发现ꎬ铱类配合物催化剂可以催化乙炔三聚得到苯ꎬ６０ħ下在四氢呋喃溶液中ꎬ每１ｍｏｌ催化剂每小时可得到０.５ｍｏｌ苯ꎮＷｉｅｄｅｒＮＬ等[１１]通过ＮＭＲ和ＤＦＴ模拟了吡啶二亚胺中性钌配合物催化乙炔三聚制苯的反应过程ꎮ现有的其他类催化剂催化乙炔生成苯的反应ꎬ存在反应条件苛刻㊁反应进料组分复杂或催化剂易失活等问题ꎬ且乙炔转化率和苯选择性较低ꎮ本文研究Ｎｉ(Ｐｈ３Ｐ)２(ＣＯ)２催化体系在催化乙炔三聚制苯过程中反应时间㊁反应温度和反应压力等对催化反应的影响ꎮ１㊀实验部分１.１㊀试剂和仪器四氢呋喃㊁Ｎ－甲基吡咯烷酮㊁乙醇㊁乙醚㊁苯㊁羰基镍㊁六水合二氯化镍㊁溴化镍㊁三苯基膦ꎬ分析纯ꎬ北京化工厂ꎻ乙炔ꎬ纯度不低于９９.９％ꎻ氮气ꎬ纯度不低于９９.９９９％ꎬ亚南伟业气体公司ꎮＣＪＫ－０.５型反应釜ꎬ威海新元化工机械有限公司ꎬ３１６Ｌ不锈钢内胆ꎬ内置搅拌桨ꎬ外部电炉加热ꎻＤ０７－１１Ｃ型质量流量控制仪ꎬ北京七星华创电子股份有限公司ꎻＧＣ７８２０Ａ气相色谱仪ꎬ美国Ａｇｉｌｅｎｔ公司ꎮ１.２㊀催化剂制备根据文献[１２－１５]制备４种镍基配合物催化剂ꎮ(１)双(三苯基膦)氯化镍制备ꎮ２５０ｍＬ烧瓶中加入六水合二氯化镍(１.２９６ｇꎬ１０ｍｍｏｌ)㊁三苯基膦(５.２４６ｇꎬ２０ｍｍｏｌ)和正丁醇９０ｍＬꎬ８０ħ反应１ｈ后停止反应ꎬ真空除去溶剂ꎬ得到灰绿色固体ＮｉＣｌ２(ＰＰｈ３)２ꎮ(２)双(三苯基膦)溴化镍制备ꎮ２５０ｍＬ烧瓶中加入溴化镍(２.１８５ｇꎬ１０ｍｍｏｌ)㊁三苯基膦(５.２４６ｇꎬ２０ｍｍｏｌ)和正丁醇９０ｍＬꎬ１００ħ反应１ｈ后停止反应ꎬ真空除去溶剂ꎬ得到暗绿色固体ＮｉＢｒ２(ＰＰｈ３)２ꎮ(３)双(三苯基膦)二羰基镍制备ꎮ在氮气氛围中ꎬ２５０ｍＬ烧瓶中加入三苯基膦(５.２４６ｇꎬ２０ｍｍｏｌ)和乙醚９０ｍＬꎬ４０ħ下滴加加入羰基镍(１.７０７ｇꎬ１０ｍｍｏｌ)ꎬ滴加完毕反应２ｈ后停止反应ꎬ冷却后重结晶得到淡黄色固体ꎬ然后用苯再次重结晶制得最终产物淡黄色固体(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２ꎮ(４)三羰基三苯基膦合镍制备ꎮ在氮气氛围中ꎬ２５０ｍＬ烧瓶中加入三苯基膦(２.６２３ｇꎬ１０ｍｍｏｌ)和无水乙醇９０ｍＬꎬ８０ħ下滴加加入羰基镍(１.７０７ｇꎬ１０ｍｍｏｌ)ꎬ滴加完毕反应２ｈ后停止反应ꎬ冷却后重结晶得到淡黄绿色固体ꎬ然后用苯再次重结晶制得最终产物淡黄绿色固体(ＰＰｈ３)Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)３ꎮ１.３㊀实验操作反应在间歇式高压釜内进行ꎮ在０.５Ｌ高压釜内依次加入一定量溶剂和催化剂ꎬ用氮气及乙炔分别清扫高压釜３次ꎬ搅拌下溶解乙炔至饱和ꎬ最后通入一定压力的氮气ꎮ在转速６００ｒ ｍｉｎ－１下程序加热至反应温度ꎬ反应一定时间后冷却ꎬ对尾气和反应液取样分析ꎮ１.４㊀分析方法尾气采用安捷伦７８２０Ａ型色谱分析ꎬ配有ＴＣＤ㊁ＦＩＤ检测器及六通阀ꎬ可检测尾气中的乙炔㊁氮气及其他组分ꎮ液体产物过滤后用安捷伦７８２０Ａ型色谱分析ꎬ色谱柱为ＤＢ－ＦＦＡＰ柱ꎮ程序升温:起始温度４０ħꎬ保持２ｍｉｎꎬ４０ħ ｍｉｎ－１升温至２２０ħ并保持２ｍｉｎꎬ检测器２３０ħꎬ气化室２３０ħꎮ２㊀结果与分析２.１㊀催化剂种类在催化剂用量０.５ｇ㊁Ｎ－甲基吡咯烷酮１００ｍＬ㊁反应温度７０ħ㊁反应时间２ｈ和反应压力１.５ＭＰａ条件下ꎬ考察不同镍基催化剂对乙炔转化率及苯收率的影响ꎬ结果如表１所示ꎮ表１㊀不同镍基催化剂对乙炔转化率和苯产率的影响Ｔａｂｌｅ１㊀Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｂａｓｅｄｃａｔａｌｙｓｔｏｎａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎａｎｄｂｅｎｚｅｎｅｙｉｅｌｄ催化剂乙炔转化率/％苯产率/％苯乙烯产率/％ＮｉＣｌ２０００(ＰＰｈ３)２ＮｉＣｌ２０００ＮｉＢｒ２０００(ＰＰｈ３)２ＮｉＢｒ２０００(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２９５５５１２(ＰＰｈ３)Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)３８２３４７㊀２０１８年第７期黄㊀伟等:镍基配合物催化乙炔制苯６９㊀㊀㊀㊀由表１可以看出ꎬ(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２为催化剂时ꎬ不仅有产物苯产生ꎬ并伴有副产物苯乙烯生成ꎬ同时有微量黏稠状乙炔低聚物产生ꎬ其中ꎬ乙炔转化率９５％ꎬ苯产率５５％ꎬ苯乙烯产率１２％ꎮ由此看出ꎬ适宜数量配体ＰＰｈ３的引入ꎬ有效抑制较大链长或分子量的聚乙炔生成ꎬ减少了副反应ꎮ金属中心Ｎｉ引入及Ｎｉ与ＣＯ间相互作用(ｄ－π反馈)ꎬ有效调了控活性中心电子结构ꎬ提高了催化剂对主反应的活性ꎮ(ＰＰｈ３)Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)３为催化剂时ꎬ乙炔转化率降至３４％ꎬ而苯乙烯产率下降至７％ꎬ由此可见ꎬ催化剂空间位阻减小不利于产物生成ꎬ使水和氧气更容易进入活性中心ꎬ从而导致催化剂失活ꎬ降低催化剂活性ꎮＮｉＣｌ２㊁(ＰＰｈ３)２ＮｉＣｌ２㊁ＮｉＢｒ２和(ＰＰｈ３)２ＮｉＢｒ２为催化剂时ꎬ乙炔转化率为０ꎬ催化剂没有活性ꎬ表明羰基是镍基催化剂的活性位ꎬ只有含有羰基的镍基催化剂才有活性ꎮ２.２㊀溶㊀剂乙炔在Ｎ－甲基吡咯烷酮和四氢呋喃中有较好的溶解度ꎮ以(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２为催化剂ꎬ在催化剂用量０.５ｇ㊁溶剂１００ｍＬ㊁反应温度７０ħ㊁反应时间３ｈ和反应压力１.５ＭＰａ条件下ꎬ考察不同溶剂对乙炔转化率和苯产率的影响ꎬ结果如表２所示ꎮ表２㊀不同溶剂对乙炔转化率和苯产率的影响Ｔａｂｌｅ２㊀Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｓｏｌｖｅｎｔｏｎａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎａｎｄｂｅｎｚｅｎｅｙｉｅｌｄ溶剂乙炔转化率/％苯产率/％苯乙烯产率/％Ｎ－甲基吡咯烷酮９５５５１２四氢呋喃９９７０.８１３从表２可以看出ꎬ四氢呋喃为溶剂时ꎬ乙炔转化率更高ꎬ几乎全部转化ꎬ苯产率由５５％提高至７０.８％ꎬ苯乙烯产率也略有提高ꎮ因此ꎬ优选四氢呋喃为反应溶剂ꎮ２.３㊀反应温度以四氢呋喃为溶剂ꎬ(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２催化体系下ꎬ在转速６００ｒ ｍｉｎ－１㊁反应压力１.５ＭＰａ和反应时间３ｈ条件下ꎬ考察反应温度对苯和苯乙烯产率的影响ꎬ结果如图１所示ꎮ由图１可以看出ꎬ随着反应温度的升高ꎬ苯产率逐步增加ꎬ反应温度８５ħ时ꎬ苯产率最高达８５％ꎬ继续提高反应温度ꎬ乙炔低聚物含量增加ꎬ导致苯产率下降ꎻ反应温度６５ħ时ꎬ苯乙烯产率最高达１３.６％ꎮ因此ꎬ优选反应温度８５ħꎬ苯产率远高于苯乙烯产率ꎮ图１㊀反应温度对苯和苯乙烯产率的影响Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ１㊀Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎｙｉｅｌｄｏｆｂｅｎｚｅｎｅａｎｄｓｔｙｒｅｎｅ２.４㊀反应压力以四氢呋喃为溶剂ꎬ(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２催化体系下ꎬ在转速６００ｒ ｍｉｎ－１㊁反应温度８５ħ和反应时间３ｈ条件下ꎬ考察反应压力对苯和苯乙烯产率的影响ꎬ结果如图２所示ꎮ图２㊀反应压力对苯和苯乙烯产率的影响Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ２㊀Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｏｎｙｉｅｌｄｏｆｂｅｎｚｅｎｅａｎｄｓｔｙｒｅｎｅ从图２可以看出ꎬ在常压(０.１ＭＰａ)条件下ꎬ苯产率即可达７０.８７％ꎬ苯乙烯产率可达８.８％ꎻ反应压力１.５ＭＰａ时ꎬ苯产率和苯乙烯产率均达到最高ꎬ分别为８７％和１１.２％ꎮ继续增加反应压力ꎬ苯和苯乙烯产率下降ꎬ副产物低聚物逐渐增加ꎬ副产物粘附在催化剂活性中心导致催化剂失活ꎬ宏观表现为苯产率和苯乙烯产率下降ꎮ因此ꎬ优选反应压力１.５ＭＰａꎮ２.５㊀催化剂用量以四氢呋喃为溶剂ꎬ(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２催化体系下ꎬ在转速６００ｒ ｍｉｎ－１㊁反应温度８５ħ㊁反应压力１.５ＭＰａ和反应时间３ｈ条件下ꎬ考察催化剂用量对苯和苯乙烯产率的影响ꎬ结果如图３所示ꎮ㊀７０㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀工业催化㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀２０１８年第７期㊀图３㊀催化剂量对苯和苯乙烯产率的影响Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ３㊀Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｃａｔａｌｙｓｔｏｎｙｉｅｌｄｏｆｂｅｎｚｅｎｅａｎｄｓｔｙｒｅｎｅ从图３可以看出ꎬ随着催化剂用量的增加ꎬ苯和苯乙烯产率增加ꎬ但增加幅度越来越小ꎮ催化剂用量０.５ｇ时ꎬ苯和苯乙烯产率最高ꎻ催化剂用量大于０.５ｇ时ꎬ苯和苯乙烯产率下降ꎮ因此ꎬ优选催化剂用量０.５ｇꎮ２.６㊀酸碱性以四氢呋喃为溶剂ꎬ(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２催化体系下ꎬ在转速６００ｒ ｍｉｎ－１㊁反应温度８５ħ㊁反应压力１.５ＭＰａ㊁催化剂用量０.５ｇ和反应时间３ｈ条件下ꎬ考察酸碱性对苯和苯乙烯产率的影响ꎬ结果如表３所示ꎮ从表３可以看出ꎬ反应条件为弱碱环境时ꎬ苯产率和苯乙烯产率下降ꎬ不利于反应的进行ꎮ加入草酸后ꎬ几乎没有苯和苯乙烯生成ꎬ表明在酸性条件下ꎬ催化剂完全分解ꎬ反应终止ꎬ没有产物生成ꎮ因此ꎬ考虑苯和苯乙烯产率以及溶剂的可循环回收ꎬ选择适宜的条件为中性条件ꎬ即不添加酸或碱类助剂ꎮ表３㊀酸碱性对苯和苯乙烯产率的影响Ｔａｂｌｅ３㊀Ｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆａｃｉｄ－ｂａｓｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙｏｎｙｉｅｌｄｏｆｂｅｎｚｅｎｅａｎｄｓｔｙｒｅｎｅ酸碱性乙炔转化率/％苯产率/％苯乙烯产率/％无９９８７１１.２六次甲基四胺８３６５.３８.５１草酸７<１~０２.７㊀催化机理(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２催化炔烃环三聚反应的反应机理见图４ꎮ首先(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２与一份子乙炔反应ꎬ得到炔基镍基配合物(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉꎬ同时脱落两个ＣＯ分子ꎬ与炔烃发生顺式加成生成中间体镍基乙炔基化合物ꎬ再发生两次顺式加成生成镍类双乙烯基化合物ꎬ然后关环生成苯ꎬ同时生成活性物种(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉꎮ如果发生３次顺式加成生成镍类三乙烯基镍化合物ꎬ关环生成苯乙烯ꎬ同时生成活性物种(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉꎮ图４㊀三苯基膦羰基镍催化乙炔三聚制苯和苯乙烯反应机理Ｆｉｇｕｒｅ４㊀Ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｏｆａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｔｒｉｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｔｏｂｅｎｚｅｎｅａｎｄｓｔｙｒｅｎｅｏｖｅｒ(Ｐｈ３Ｐ)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２３㊀结㊀论采用间歇式高压釜工艺ꎬ以四氢呋喃为溶剂ꎬ(ＰＰｈ３)２Ｎｉ(ＣＯ)２催化体系下ꎬ在转速６００ｒ ｍｉｎ－１㊁反应温度８５ħ㊁反应压力１.５ＭＰａ㊁催化剂用量０.５ｇ和反应时间３ｈ条件下ꎬ乙炔转化率９９％ꎬ苯产率８７％ꎬ苯乙烯产率１１.２％ꎬ其余为微量黏稠状乙炔低聚物ꎮ该反应具有反应条件温和㊁产率高㊁催化剂㊀２０１８年第７期黄㊀伟等:镍基配合物催化乙炔制苯７１㊀㊀使用量少和操作简单等特点ꎮ参考文献:[１]ＲｅｐｐｅＷꎬＳｃｈｗｅｃｋｅｎｄｉｅｋＷＪ.ＣｙｃｌｉｚｉｎｇｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅⅢ.Ｂｅｎｚｅｎｅꎬｂｅｎｚｅｎｅｄｅｒｉｖａｔｉｖｅｓａｎｄｈｙｄｒｏａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓ[Ｊ].ＪＪｕｓｔｕｓＬｉｅｂｉｇｓＡｎｎＣｈｅｍꎬ１９４８ꎬ５６０:１０４－１１６.[２]ＭｅｒｉｗｅｔｈｅｒＬＳꎬＣｏｌｔｈｕｐＥＣꎬＫｅｎｎｅｒｌｙＧＷꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｔｈｅｐｏｌｙ￣ｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｓｂｙｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｃａｒｂｏｎｙｌ－ｐｈｏｓｐｈｉｎｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｅｓ.Ⅰ.Ｓｃｏｐｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｒｇａｎｉｃＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙꎬ１９６１ꎬ２６(１２):５１５５－５１６３.[３]ＭｅｒｉｗｅｔｈｅｒＬＳꎬＣｏｌｔｈｕｐＥＣꎬＫｅｎｎｅｒｌｙＧＷ.Ｔｈｅｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉ￣ｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｓｂｙｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｃａｒｂｏｎｙｌ－ｐｈｏｓｐｈｉｎｅｃｏｍ￣ｐｌｅｘｅｓ.Ⅱ.Ｐｒｏｏｆｏｆｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｔｈｅｌｉｎｅａｒｌｏｗｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓｏｆｍｏｎｏｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｓ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｒｇａｎｉｃＣｈｅｍｉｓ￣ｔｒｙꎬ１９６１ꎬ２６(１２):５１６３－５１６９.[４]ＣｏｌｔｈｕｐＥＣꎬＭｅｒｉｗｅｔｈｅｒＬＳ.Ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｓｂｙｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｃａｒｂｏｎｙｌ－ｐｈｏｓｐｈｉｎｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｅｓ.Ⅲ.Ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｓｆｒｏｍｔｅｒｍｉｎａｌ－ｕｎｃｏｎｊｕｇａｔｅｄｄｉａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｓ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｒｇａｎｉｃＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙꎬ１９６１ꎬ２６(１２):５１６９－５１７５. [５]ＭｅｒｉｗｅｔｈｅｒＬＳꎬＬｅｔｏＭＦꎬＣｏｌｔｈｕｐＥＣꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｔｈｅｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉ￣ｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｓｂｙｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｃａｒｂｏｎｙｌ－ｐｈｏｓｐｈｉｎｅｃｏｍ￣ｐｌｅｘｅｓ.Ⅳ.Ｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓａｎｄｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｒｇａｎｉｃＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙ１９６２ꎬ２７(１１):３９３０－３９４１. [６]ＭｅｒｉｗｅｔｈｅｒＬＳꎬＦｉｅｎｅＭＬ.ＢｏｎｄｉｎｇｉｎＮｉ(０)ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｅｓ.Ⅰ.Ｐｈｏｓｐｈｉｎｅｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓａｎｄｉｎｆｒａｒｅｄｓｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆｎｉｃｋｅｌ－ｃａｒｂｏｎｙｌ－ｐｈｏｓｐｈｉｎｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｅｓ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆｔｈｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＳｏｃｉｅｔｙꎬ１９５９ꎬ８１(１６):４２００－４２０８. [７]ＫｌｅｔｎｉｅｋｓＰＷꎬＬｉａｎｇＡＪꎬＣｒａｃｉｕｎＲＣꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｍｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒｈｅｔ￣ｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｏｕｓｃａｔａｌｙｓｉｓ:ａｓｉｎｇｌｅ－ｓｉｔｅｚｅｏｌｉｔｅ－ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄｒｈｏ￣ｄｉｕｍｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｆｏｒａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｃｙｃｌｏｔｒｉｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ].Ｃｈｅｍｉｓ￣ｔｒｙ:ＡＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌꎬ２００７ꎬ１３(２６):７２９４－７３０４. [８]ＤａｃｈｓＡꎬＯｓｕｎａＳꎬＲｏｇｌａｎｓＡꎬｅｔａｌ.Ｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅ[２＋２＋２]ｃｙｃｌｏｔｒｉｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｃａｔａｌｙｚｅｄｂｙＷｉｌｋｉｎｓｏｎ ｓｃａｔａｌｙｓｔꎬＲｈＣｌ(ＰＰｈ３)３[Ｊ].Ｏｒｇａｎｏｍｅｔａｌ￣ｌｉｃｓꎬ２０１０ꎬ２９(３):５６２－５６９.[９]ＫａｒｐｉｎｉｅｃＳＳꎬＭｃＧｕｉｎｎｅｓｓＤＳꎬＢｒｉｔｏｖｓｅｋＧＪＰꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｃｅｔ￣ｙｌｅｎｅｃｙｃｌｏｔｒｉｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈａｎｉｒｏｎ(Ⅱ)ｂｉｓ(ｉｍｉｎｏ)ｐｙｒｉｄｉｎｅｃａｔａｌｙｓｔ[Ｊ].Ｏｒｇａｎｏｍｅｔａｌｌｉｃｓꎬ２０１２ꎬ３１(８):３４３９－３４４２. [１０]ＢｉａｎｃｈｉｎｉＣꎬＣａｕｌｔｏｎＫＧꎬＣｈａｒｄｏｎＣꎬｅｔａｌ.Ａｎη４－ｂｅｎ￣ｚｅｎｅｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｍｅｄｉａｔｅｓａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｃｙｃｌｏｔｒｉｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆｔｈｅＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＳｏｃｉｅｔｙꎬ１９９１ꎬ１１３(１３):５１２７－５１２９.[１１]ＷｉｅｄｅｒＮＬꎬＣａｒｒｏｌｌＰＪꎬＢｅｒｒｙＤＨ.Ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｒｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｆａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｅｓｏｆｂｉｓ(ｉｍｉｎｏ)ｐｙｒｉｄｉｎｅｒｕｔｈｅｎｉｕｍ(０) [Ｊ].Ｏｒｇａｎｏｍｅｔａｌｌｉｃｓꎬ２０１１ꎬ３０(８):２１２５－２１３６. [１２]陈寿山ꎬ张正之ꎬ王序昆ꎬ等.金属有机化合物合成手册[Ｍ].北京:化学工业出版社ꎬ１９８６.[１３]ＹａｍａｍｏｔｏＫꎬＯｋｕＭ.ＵｂｅｒｄｉｅＨｅｒｓｔｅｌｌｕｎｇｖｏｎｓｔｙｒｏｌｕｎｄｂｅｎｚｏｌａｕｓａｃｅｔｙｌｅｎｅ[Ｊ].ＢｕｔｔｅｔｉｎｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＳｏｃｉｅｔｙｏｆＪａｐａｎꎬ１９５４ꎬ２７(６):３８２－３８６.[１４]ＳｔａｔｈａｍＦＳꎬＲｏｓｅＪＤ.Ａｃｅｔｌｅｎｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓ.ＰａｒｔⅥ.Ｔｒｉｍｅ￣ｒｉｓａｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｔｈｙｎｙｌｃｏｍｐｏｕｎｄｓ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＳｏｃｉｅｔｙꎬ１９５０:６９－７０.[１５]ＤｅｌｂｅｋｅＦＴꎬＶａｎｄｅｒＫｅｌｅｎＧＰꎬＥｅｃｋｈｏｕｔＺ.ＴｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎｍｅｔａｌｃｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙⅨ.ＳｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓａｎｄＩＲｓｔｕｄｙｏｆＮｉ(ＣＯ)３ＬｗｈｅｒｅＬｉｓａｔｅｒｔｉａｒｙｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄａｒｙｌｇｒｏｕｐⅤＢｄｅｒｉｖａｔｉｖｅ[Ｊ].ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｒｇａｎｏｍｅｔａｌｌｉｃＣｈｅｍｉｓｔｒｙꎬ１９７４ꎬ６４(２):２６５－２７０.。
油气储运专业英语词表
expansion refrigeration 膨胀制冷 * external phase 外相 exhaust stack 排气烟囱 * extractor n. 提取器 * extraction n. 抽取，提炼 family of curves 曲线簇 * Fahrenheit 华氏度 * feed n. 原料 feedstock n. 原料 * feedstock conversion 原料转化率 * feedstock quality 原料性质 * feasibility n. 可行性 * field-processing method 现场处理法，现 场加工法 * filter n. 过滤器 * filter separation 过滤式分离器 finely ad. 微细的 fire-retardant wall 防火墙 * fixed-bed 固定床 flare n. 火焰，火炬 * flash n. 闪光，闪蒸 * flash separator 闪蒸分离器 * flash zone 闪蒸区 flexibility n. 灵活性 * flowing pressure 流动压力 * flow controller 流量控制器 * flow diagram 流程图 * flueபைடு நூலகம்n. 烟道 * fluid-bed 流化床 * fluid-jacket heater 水套加热炉 * fluid coking 流化焦化 * formation n. 地层，岩层；形成物 * freezing point 冰点，凝固点 fractional a. 分数的，分馏的 * fractional distillation 精镏，分馏 * fractionation n. 精镏，分镏 * fractionating deck 蒸馏板 fraction n. 分数 fracture n. 破裂，断裂 * free water 游离水，自由水 * free water knockout (FWKO) 游离水分离 器 * furnace n. 炉 * gage column 量液管，液位指示管
天然气乙炔法制醋酸乙烯的工艺流程
天然气乙炔法制醋酸乙烯的工艺流程英文回答：The process of producing vinyl acetate through the acetylene method involves several steps. First, acetylene gas is generated by reacting calcium carbide with water in a generator. This reaction produces acetylene gas and calcium hydroxide. The acetylene gas is then purified to remove impurities such as sulfur compounds and moisture.Once the acetylene gas is purified, it is mixed with oxygen and passed through a catalytic reactor. The reactor contains a catalyst, typically made of palladium or gold, which helps facilitate the reaction. During this step, acetylene gas and oxygen react to form acetic acid and carbon dioxide.The acetic acid produced in the reactor is then mixed with acetic anhydride, which acts as a solvent and helps to control the reaction. The mixture is then fed into a secondreactor, where it undergoes a reaction with ethylene gas. This reaction produces vinyl acetate and water.The vinyl acetate is separated from the reactionmixture and purified through distillation. The purifiedvinyl acetate is then ready for use in various applications, such as the production of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) or polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH).中文回答：通过乙炔法制备醋酸乙烯的工艺流程包括几个步骤。
化工术语中英文
adsorption ACES：Advanced Process for Cost and Energy Saving aerobic treatment AFC：Approved for Construction AFD：Approved for Design affinity after-cooler, after cooler after-filter, after filter agglomerate remover aggregate aging, ageing agitator AI：Anolog Input air blower air compression air cooled heat exchanger air cooler air cushion air elutriator air exhaust silence air filter air filtering device air heater air precooling air prefilter air purification ASP：Air Separation Plant air set, air-set air shroud air turbo-compressor set airset valve air-water cooling tower AIT：Auto Ignition Temperature alarm alarm point alarm summary panel alcohol die swell alde hyde alignment alkaline alkanes alkyl alternative catalyst separator alternative current alum alumina alumina ball alumina treaters aluminium alkyl aluminium oxide aluminum alkyl amino-group ammonia
金属催化端炔与亚胺衍生物亲核加成制备炔丙基胺的研究进展
金属催化端炔与亚胺衍生物亲核加成制备炔丙基胺的研究进展成明;李伯刚【摘要】综述了端炔与C=N双键亲核加成制备炔丙基胺的合成方法的研究进展.其中包括醛亚胺的间接或直接偶联反应,烯胺的间接偶联反应,酮亚胺的间接或直接偶联反应等.参考文献30篇.%This paper reviews the research progress with 30 references for propargylamines synthesis through the metal-catalyzed coupling reactions of imines and alkynes, including aldimines indirect or direct coupling reactions, enamines indirect coupling reactions, ketoimines indirect or direct coupling reactions.【期刊名称】《合成化学》【年(卷),期】2012(020)001【总页数】6页(P1-6)【关键词】炔丙基胺;金属催化;偶联反应;综述【作者】成明;李伯刚【作者单位】中国科学院成都有机化学研究所,四川成都610041;中国科学院研究生院,北京100039;中国科学院成都生物研究所,四川成都610041【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O622;O622.6近年来，随着生命科学的蓬勃发展，含氮化合物引起了人们的极大兴趣。
在合成的这些含氮化合物中，炔丙基胺就是一类非常重要的合成中间体，被广泛应用于合成天然产物和一些具有一定生物活性的复杂分子。
炔丙基胺分子中的C≡C键可以很容易发生氢化反应，此法可以用来设计合成含有不同饱和侧链的α-氨基酸衍生物。
另外由于炔基的富电子特性，炔丙基胺化合物可以经历[3+2]或[4+2]环加成反应制备其它类型的非天然氨基酸衍生物(Scheme 1)[1～7]。
化工英语
一、专业单词absorptiometric analysis 吸光分析acetic acid 醋酸acetic acid glacial 冰醋酸acetic aldehyde 乙醛acetic anhydride 醋酐acetone 丙酮acetylene 乙炔acetylsalicylic acid 乙酰水杨酸acid of lemon 柠檬酸acridine 吖啶adamantane 金刚烷addition polymer 加聚物addition reaction 加成反应barite 重晶石barium 钡benzene hexachloride 六六六bromoform 溴仿burnt lime 生石灰butyraldehyde 丁醛calcium chloride 氯化钙calcium chloride tube 氯化钙管calcium chromate 铬酸钙calcium cyanamide 氰氨化钙calcium cyanide 氰化钙calcium fluoride 氟化钙calcium hydride 氢化钙calcium hydrosulfide 氢硫化钙dimerization 二聚酌dimethyl ether 二甲醚dimethyl phthalate 酞酸二甲酯dimethyl sebacate 癸二酸二甲酯dimethyl sulfate 硫酸二甲酯dimethyl sulfoxide 二甲亚砜dimethyl terephthalate 对酞酸二甲酯dimethylacetal 二甲基缩醛dimethylacetamide 二甲基乙酰胺dimethylamine 二甲胺dimethylaniline 二甲基苯胺dimethylarsine 二甲胂dimethylbenzene 二甲苯electron configuration 电子构型electron density 电子密度electron diffraction 电子衍射electron donor 电子供体electron emission 电子发射electron exchange 电子交换electron exchange resin 电子交换尸electron gas 电子气electron lattice interaction 电子点阵相互酌electron microscope 电子显微镜electron orbit 电子轨道free convection 自然对流free electron model 自由电子模型free energy 自由能free energy at constant pressure 定压自由能free energy of activation 活化自由能free expansion 自由膨胀free heat convection 自然对粱热free moisture 游离水分free path 自由程free radical 自由基free radical initiation 游离基开始反应free radical reaction 游离基反应gelometry 凝胶强度测定法gelose 琼脂gelsemine 钩吻碱甲gelseminic acid 钩吻酸gene 基因gene cloning 基因无性繁殖general chemistry 普通化学general formula 通式general theory of relativity 广义相对论generalized momentum 广义动量generating function 母函数generator gas 发生炉煤气geneva nomenclature 日内瓦命名法genom 基因组hydraulic modulus 水硬系数hydraulic press 水压机hydraulic radius 水力半径hydraulic separation 水力离析hydraulic test 水力试验hydraulicity 水凝性hydrazine 肼hydrazine sulfate 硫酸肼hydrazinium 肼hydrazo compound 肼基化合物hydrazobenzene 肼撑苯hydrazoic acid 叠氮酸hydrazone 腙isoamyl acetate 醋酸异戊酯isoamyl alcohol 异戊醇isoamyl benzoate 苯甲酸异戊酯isoamyl bromide 异戊基溴isoamyl butyrate 丁异戊酯isoamyl chloride 异戊基氯isoamyl ether 异戊醚isoamyl nitrite 亚硝酸异戊酯isoamyl propionate 丙酸异戊酸jet fuel 喷气发动机燃料jet pump 喷射泵jewel 宝石jig sieve 振动筛joule 焦耳joule effect 焦耳效应joule thomson effect 焦耳汤姆森效应joule's law 焦耳定律juglone 胡桃酮julian tube 凯撒管junker's calorimeter 容克量热计jute 黄麻karyoplasm 核质kata thermometer 卡他温度计kauri butanol value 贝壳杉脂丁醇值kauri gum 栲里松脂kauri resin 栲里松脂keene's cement 金纳水泥keesom relationship 基朔关系kelp 海草灰kelvin's temperature 开氏温度keratin 角蛋白keratin plastics 角质塑料kermes 胭脂虫粉kermesite 红锑矿kerogen 油母质lime sulfur mixture 石硫合剂lime water 石灰水limestone 石灰石liming 用石灰处理limit dextrin 有限糊精limit of error 误差极限limit of identification 证实限度limit of inflammability 可燃限度limiting concentration 极限浓度limiting current 极限电流limiting current density 极限电淋度limiting value 极限值limonene 二戊烯mannitol 甘露糖醇mannitol hexanitrate 六硝酸甘露醇mannonic acid 甘露糖酸mannose 甘露糖manocryometer 融解压力计manometer 压力计manostat 恒压器manufacture 制造manufacture of common salt 食盐制造法manufactured gas 人造煤气manufacturing cost 造价manufacturing in series 成批生产manufacturing method 制造法manufacturing process 制造法nodal plane 节平面nodal point 节点nomenclature 命名法nominal horsepower 标称马力nomogram 列线图解nomograph 列线图解nomography 列线图解法non adiabatic 非绝热的non adiabatic rectification 非绝热精馏non diffusible ion 固定离子non inflammable 耐火的non newtonian flow 非牛顿怜non return valve 逆止阀octyne 辛炔ocular 目镜ocular dichroscope 接眼二色镜ocular examination 目视检查法ocular micrometer 目镜测微计odd even nucleus 奇偶核odor 气味odorant 着嗅剂odorimeter 气味计odorimetry 气味测定法odoriphore 生臭团oenometer 酒度计permselectivity 选择渗透性permutation 置换permutite 人造沸石perovskite 钙钛矿peroxidase 过氧物酶peroxide 过氧化peroxide effect 过氧化物效应peroxide index 过氧化值peroxide number 过氧化值peroxo acid 过氧基酸peroxy acid 过酸peroxydisulfuric acid 过硫酸perpetual motion 永久运动perphenazine 佩吩嗪quantity of heat 热量quantity of state 状态量quantity production 大量生产quantization 量子化quantometer 光量计quantum 量子quantum chemistry 量子化学quantum condition 量子条件quantum efficiency 量子效率quantum hypothesis 量子假说quantum jump 量子跃迁quantum leakage 量子漏泄quantum liquid 量子液体quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum number 量子数rubber insulation 橡胶绝缘rubber isomer 橡胶异构体rubber latex 胶乳rubber like elasticity 似橡胶弹性rubber lining 橡皮衬里rubber resin 橡胶尸rubber solvent 橡胶溶剂rubber sponge 海绵橡胶rubber stopper 橡皮塞rubber substitute 油膏rubber thread 橡胶线rubber tube 橡皮管rubbing 磨损safety engineering 安全工程safety explosive 安全炸药safety factor 安全率safety film 安全软片safety fuel 安全燃料safety glass 安全玻璃safety lamp 安全灯safety match 安全火柴safety technique 安全工程safety valve 安全阀safflower oil 红花油saffron 擦粉safranal 藏花醛safranine 藏红safrole 黄樟素theory of valence 原子价理论thermal absorption 热吸收thermal activation 热活化thermal analysis 热分析thermal black 热炭黑thermal conductivity 导热系数thermal cracking 热分解thermal decomposition 热分解thermal diffusion 热扩散thermal diffusivity 热扩散系数thermal dissociation 热力离解thermal efficiency 热效率thermal equilibrium 热平衡thermal equivalent 热当量unsaturated hydrocarbon 不饱烃unsaturated solution 不饱和溶液unsaturation 不饱和unshared electron pair 未共享电子对unstable compound 不稳定化合物unstable equilibrium 不稳定平衡unsteady state 非稳定态untreated oil 未处理油料unusual valency 异常原子价unvulcanized rubber 未硫化橡胶vacuum evaporation 真空蒸发vacuum evaporation coating 真空镀膜vacuum evaporator 真空蒸发器vacuum filter 真空过滤器vacuum filtration 真空过滤vacuum flask 真空瓶vacuum forming 真空成型vacuum gage 真空计vacuum plating 真空镀膜water meter 水量计water of crystallization 结晶水water of hydration 水合水water paint 水性漆water permeability 渗水性water pipe 水管water purification 水的净化water purifier 净水器water purifying plant 净水设备water repellent 防水剂water resistance 抗水性water seal 水封xanthopterin 黄蝶呤xanthotoxin 黄原毒xanthurenic acid 黄尿酸xanthydrol 口山吨氢醇xenocryst 捕获晶xenon 氙xenon lamp 氙灯xerogel 干凝胶xylan 木聚糖xylene 二甲苯xylenol 二甲苯酚xylenol blue 二甲酚蓝xylenol orange 二甲酚橙xylenol resin 二甲苯酚尸yttrium bromide 溴化钇yttrium carbonate 碳酸钇yttrium chloride 氯化钇yttrium fluoride 氟化钇yttrium hydroxide 氢氧化钇yttrium iodide 碘化钇yttrium nitrate 硝酸钇yttrium oxide 氧化钇yttrium phosphate 磷酸钇yttrium sulfate 硫酸钇yttrium sulfide 硫化钇zeotrope 非共沸混合物zero adjustment 零点蝶zero group 零族zero method 零位法zero order reaction 零级反应zero point energy 零点能zero position 零位zero potential 零电势zerogel 零凝胶zeta potential 界面动电势ziegler catalyst 齐格勒催化剂zinc 锌二、专业文献(1) Nano-materials in the production of chemicalNano-materials in the structure, photoelectric and chemical nature of the attractive features, from physicists, materials scientists and chemists great interest. The early 1980s the concept of a nano-materials, the world of great concern to such material. It is the unique physical and chemical properties, so that people may be aware of it to the development of physics, chemistry, materials, biology, medicine and other disciplines bring new opportunities for research. Nano-materials application prospects are bright. In recent years, in the field of chemical production has also been a certain amount of applications, and demonstrated its unique charm.1. In the application of catalystsIn many chemical catalyst in the field of play a decisive role, it can be controlled response time and improve the efficiency of reaction and reaction speed. Most of the traditional catalyst not only by low efficiency, and its preparation is to use their experience, not only caused the tremendous waste of raw materials production, to improve economic efficiency, but also caused pollution to the environment. Nanoparticles surface active sites, as the catalyst for it to provide the necessary conditions. Nanoparticles in a catalyst, can greatly improve the efficiency of reaction, the reaction speed control, and even the original can not be the reaction can be carried out. Nanoparticles catalyst for the reaction than the normal speed of the catalyst 10 to 15 times.Nanoparticles Application more as a catalyst for the semiconductor photocatalyst, especially in the areas of organic matter. Dispersed in the solution of each of a semiconductor particles, similar to a short-circuit as a micro-battery, with energy than the bandgap semiconductor-rays scattered in the semiconductor, semiconductor nanoparticles absorbed light from electronic - hole right. In the electric field, electronics and hole separation, were moved to the surface of particles different locations, and similar components in the solution by oxidation and reduction reactions.Photocatalytic reaction to the reaction of many types, such as alcohol and hydrocarbon oxidation, and oxidation-reduction of inorganic ions, organic catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of amino acid synthesis, nitrogen fixation reaction, water purification treatment, water-gas shift, and so on, some of which are difficult to heterogeneous catalysis realize. Heterogeneous Photocatalysis semiconductor catalystcan effectively degrade organic pollutants in water. Nano TiO2, for example, both high photocatalytic activity, but also Acid and Basic Resistance, light stable, non-toxic and inexpensive easy to get, was the catalyst light-load the best choice. The article has reported that the silica gel used for the substrate, the system had a higher catalytic activity TiO/SiO2-Supported Catalysts. Ni Cu or Zn compound of a nano-particles, some of organic compounds on the hydrogenation reaction is an excellent catalyst, can be a substitute for expensive platinum catalyst or button. Nano-platinum and ethylene oxide catalysts enable the reaction temperature from room temperature to 600 ℃. Nanoparticles used as catalyst improve the efficiency of reaction, the reaction path optimization, the reaction rate increased research in the fields of science and the future can not be ignored by an important research topic is likely to Catalysis in Industrial Application bring about revolutionary changes.2. In the application of paintNano-materials because of its special nature and structure of the surface with general access to the material excellent performance demonstrated strong vitality. Surface coating technology is the focus of attention of the world today. Nano-materials for the surface coating provided a good opportunity to make the function of the material has great potential. With traditional coating technology, add nanomaterials, nano-composite coating will be to achieve a leap in functionality means that the traditional function of coating modified. Coating their use can be divided into functional coatings and coating. That the structure is coated substrate coating raise some of nature and modification; functional coating to the substrate is not available in performance, access to traditional coating did not function. A superhard coatings, wear-resistant coatings, anti-oxidation, heat-resistant, fire-retardant coating, corrosion-resistant, decorative coatings, and other functional coatings are absorbing light, reflected light, light choice of the optical absorption coatings, conductive, insulation, electrical characteristics of semiconductor coating, oxygen-min, humidity, and gas-sensing properties of the coating, such as sensitive. In the paint by adding nano-materials can further enhance its defense capabilities and achieving anti-ultraviolet radiation, atmospheric against resistance and anti-degradation, discoloration, in the application of sanitary products can play a role in cleaning sterilization. Signs in the use of Nano-coating, can use its optical properties, to store solar energy, energy conservation purposes. In building materials such as glass, paint adding suitable nano-materials, and they can reduce the transmission of light and heat transfer effects, a thermal insulation, fire-retardant, and other effects.Japan's Matsushita has developed a good electrostatic shielding the nanocomposite coating, the application of iron oxide nanoparticles have, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide, etc.. Such a semiconductor properties of nano-oxide particles at room temperature than conventional oxides have high electrical conductivity properties, which can play a role in electrostatic shielding, and oxide nanoparticles of different colors, such can also compound control electrostatic shielding paint color, carbon black overcome electrostatic shielding paint only the monotony of a single color. Nano-materials not only with the size and color change also has the effect of discoloration angle. In the automobile industry in the decorative spraying will be added Nano TiO2 in the automotive, metal flashlight Topcoat sedan, the coating can produce rich and mysterious colors, so that an old traditional automotive topcoat Huanxinya. Nano-SiO2 is a resistance to ultraviolet radiation materials. In the paint by adding nano-SiO2 can paint anti-aging properties, finish and strength increased manifold. Nano coating have a good prospect, coating technology will bring a new technological revolution, it will promote the research and development of composite materials and applications.3. Other in the use of chemicalFine Chemicals is a huge industry, the number of many products, a wide range of uses, and affect every aspect of human life. Nanomaterials superiority will certainly bring the Gospel to the chemical, and display of its unique plot. In the rubber, plastics, paints and other chemical fields, nano-materials can play an important role. If included in the rubber nano-SiO2 can be enhanced rubber anti-UV radiation and infrared reflectivity. Nano-Al2O3 and SiO2, by adding to the general rubber, rubber can improve the wear resistance and dielectric properties, but also flexibility is better than for white carbon black rubber filler. Plastic add some nano-materials, can improve the strength and toughness of plastic, and compact and waterproof and has correspondingly increased. Nano-SiO2 has been abroad, as additives into sealants and adhesives, sealing and adhesion to have greatly improved. In addition, nano-materials in the fiber modification, plexiglass manufacturers also have good applications. After adding in the plexiglass surface modification with SiO2, plexiglass resistance to ultraviolet radiation can achieve the purpose of anti-aging; A12O3 to join, not only do not affect the transparency of the glass, but it will also enhance the high-temperature impact toughness of the glass. Certain size anatase TiO2 have excellent UV shielding performance, but also delicate texture, non-toxic odorless, add in cosmetics, cosmetics performance can be improved. Ultrafine TiO2 can be extended to the application of coatings, plastics, man-made fibres industries. Recently developed for food packaging TiO2 and luxury cars pearlescent finish withthe Titanium Dioxide. Nano TiO2 to strong sunlight absorption in the UV, generate strong photochemical activity can be consumed by the industrial degradation of organic pollutants in the wastewater, with the exception of high-net, no secondary pollution, the advantages of broad applicability, Environmental water treatment has good prospects. In the field of environmental science, in addition to use of nanomaterials as a catalyst to deal with emissions from industrial production processes in the waste, there will be unique nano-membrane function. This membrane can detect chemical and biological agents from the pollution caused, and is able to filter these agents, thereby eliminating pollution.4. In the application of Chinese medicine21st century health sciences, will be expected to speed access to the development, the people's growing demand for high drug. Control drug release, reduce side effects and improve efficacy, the development of targeted drug therapy, has been mentioned research agenda. Nanoparticles drugs in the human body will make the transmission more convenient. With several layers of nano-particles coated smart drugs enter the body, may take the initiative to search and attack cancer cells or repairing damage; use of a new type of nano-technology diagnostic apparatus, a small amount of blood can be detected only through which the protein and DNA diagnosis of various diseases, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has produced a nano-magnetic material to the target as a drug carrier directional drugs, called "directional missile." This technology is in the magnetic nanoparticles coated surface protein carrying drugs, injected into the blood vessels of the human body through magnetic navigation transported to lesions, and then the release of drugs. Nanoparticles small size, can flow freely in the bloodstream, it can be used to examine and treat the physical location of lesions. Nanoparticles on the clinical and radiological treatment is the application of a great deal of research work. According to "People's Daily" reported that China will be used in nano-technology medical field success. Nanjing Xike groups use nano-silver technology to the development and production of medical dressings - long-term broad-spectrum antimicrobial cotton. Antibacterial cotton production this principle through nano-technology will be made of silver nano-size in the small ultra-fine particles, and then make it attached to the cotton fabric. Silver is the prevention of ulcers and accelerate wound healing role, through nano-technology deal with the silver surface increases rapidly, changes in the structure of the surface, disinfection raise about 200 times the common clinical surgical infection have better inhibition of bacteria .And satisfied that the tablets as particulate delivery systems, the basicnature of the material is non-toxic, stable, and there are good biological and drug and not a chemical reaction. Nano system is mainly used for toxicity, short biological half-life, susceptible to biological degradation of the drug administration.Nano-biology used to study the nano-scale biological processes, in accordance with principles of molecular biology applications engineering. Rail in the ultrafine particles of metal surface covered a thickness of 5 to 20 nm polymer, can be fixed in particular a large number of proteins and thus control biochemical reactions. This biochemical technology, enzyme engineering in the great usefulness. Nano-technology and the integration of biology, molecular biology research devices using nano-sensors, can be obtained within the cell biological information to understand the body state and deepen people's physiological and pathological explanation.5. ConclusionNano-science is a keeper of basic science and applied science in integrated set of emerging science, including nano-electronics, nano-materials science, biology and nanotechnology. The 21st century will be the era of nano-technology is, to that end, the State Science Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences will be nano-technology as "the 21st century's most important and most leading edge of science." Nano-materials applications relate to various areas in mechanical, electronic, optical, magnetic, chemical and biological fields have broad application prospects. The birth of nano-science and technology, human society will have a far-reaching impact, and is likely to fundamentally solve the many problems facing humanity, particularly energy, human health and environmental protection, and other major issues. Beginning of the 21st century is the main task of all kinds of novel nano-materials basis of the physical and chemical characteristics, design of new materials and devices. Through nano-materials science and technology on the traditional products modified to increase its high-tech content and the development of a new type of nano-structured products, there have been encouraging signs, with the formation of 21 new economic growth points basis. Nano materials will become a field of materials science show the grade star in the new materials, energy, information and other fields, play a pivotal role. With its preparation and modification technology and the continuing development of nano-materials in the chemical and pharmaceutical production, and other areas will be increasingly wider range of applications.纳米材料在化工生产中的应用纳米材料在结构、光电和化学性质等方面的诱人特征，引起物理学家、材料学家和化学家的浓厚兴趣。
mil-101合成方法
Catalytic properties of MIL-101Antje Henschel, Kristina Gedrich, Ralph Kraehnert and Stefan Kaskel*ExperimentalMaterialsHeptane, octane and hexadecane were dried with sodium/benzophenone and were stored under argon. Chloroform, analytical grade, was purchased from Fisher Scientific and was used without further purification.Reagents were purchased from the following distributors:-Chromium(III) nitrate nonahydrate, ≥ 98%: Riedel-de-Haёn-Terephthalic acid, ≥ 99%: Acros-Hydrofluoric acid, 38-40 % in water: Merck-Palladium(II) acetylacetonate, 99 %: Acros-Styrene, 99 %, stabilised: Acros-Cyclooctene, 95 %, stabilised, Acros-Benzaldehyde, ≥98 %: Acros, freshly distilled prior to use-Trimethylsilylcyanide, 98 %: ABCRSynthesis of MIL-101A solution containing 6.00 g (15 mmol) Cr(NO3)3 · 9 H2O, 3.76 g (23 mmol), 1,4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC), 0.75 ml of hydrofluoric acid (38-40 % in water) and 75 ml H2O was introduced in a 250-ml Teflon-liner. The mixture was placed in an autoclave and was heated to 493 K for 9 h. After cooling, the reaction mixture was filtered trough a large pore fritted glass filter (G 1) to eliminate excess of recrystallised terephthalic acid. The product was separated from water by using a small pore fritted glas filter (G 4). Finally, the solid was dried at 423 K, first in air for 4 h and at reduced pressure over night to obtain activated, fine powdered MIL-101.Synthesis of Pd(acac)2/MIL-10112 mg (0.04 mmol) Pd(acac)2(acac = acetylacetonate) were dissolved in 0.6 ml of chloroform. The solution was added slowly drop-wise to 400 mg of activated MIL-101 during continuous stirring. The formed precursor catalyst was dried over night at room temperature and under reduced pressure.Cyanosilylation of benzaldehyde, filtration test, recycling testPrior to the reaction, 15 mg (~ 0.02 mmol) MIL-101 were activated in vacuum at 393 K over night. After cooling to 313 K, the flask was flushed with argon and 17 ml heptane containing octane and hexadecane as internal standards were introduced. After addition of 425 mg (4 mmol) freshly distilled benzaldehyde, 794 mg (8 mmol) trimethylsilylcyanide (TMSCN) were added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 313 K and the reaction was monitored using a SHIMADZU GCMS QP5000 equipped with a non-polar BPX5 column (5 % Phenyl polysilphenylene-siloxane) from SGE.For the filtration test, the reaction mixture was filtered off after 15 minutes reaction time using a 0.45 µm PTFE filter and was transferred into an argon flushed flask held at 313 K with a syringe. Stirring was continued and the composition of the reaction mixture was determined using GC-MS analysis.For the recycling test, the reaction mixture was filtered off after completion of the reaction leaving behind the catalyst. The catalyst was activated again in vacuum at 393 K over night and was used a second time for the cyanosilylation of benzaldehyde. The same procedure was repeated for a third run. The composition of the reaction mixture was again determined using GC-MS analysis.Hydrogenation of styrene, filtration testHydrogenation of styrene was carried out in solution in a static hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm) at 308 K. In a typical reaction, 50 mg of dried, fine powdered Pd(acac)2/MIL-101 were placed in a glass flask and heated in a H2 flow at 473 K for 1 h to obtain Pd/MIL-101. After cooling to 308 K, 5.00 g styrene (48 mmol, precursor catalyst to substrate weight ratio 1:100) were added and the reaction was controlled using GC-MS analysis (SHIMADZU GCMS QP5000 equipped with a non-polar BPX5 column (5 % Phenyl polysilphenylene-siloxane) from SGE). For the filtration test, the reaction mixture was filtered off after 3 h using a 0.45 µm PTFE filter. The catalyst was separated and the solution was allowed to react further in a second vial under the same reaction conditions.Hydrogenation of cycloocteneThe hydrogenation of cyclooctene was performed in an analogous manner as for styrene. Instead of styrene, 5.00 g (45 mmol) of cyclooctene were added to the catalyst.CharacterisationX-ray powder diffractionX-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were obtained in transmission geometry using a Stoe StadiP X-ray diffractometer equipped with an imaging plate position sensitive detector and CuK α1 (λ = 0.15405 nm) radiation (40 kV, 30 mA).Fig. S1 Comparison of the XRD patterns of the synthesised MIL-101 and the calculated one.Fig. S2 X-ray diffraction patterns of MIL-101 before and after cyanosilylation.13579111315172Θ(°)I n t e n s i t y (a r b i t r a r y u n i t s )MIL-101, as madeMIL-101, calculated13579111315172Θ(°)I n t e n s i t y (a r b i t r a r y u n i t s )MIL-101, as madeMIL-101, after cyanosilylationFig. S3 Comparison of the XRD patterns of as made MIL-101, Pd(acac)2/MIL-101 and Pd/MIL-101, in addition the calculated XRD pattern of MIL-101 is shown.Fig. S4 XRD patterns of Pd/MIL-101 before and after hydrogenation of styrene.N 2-PhysisorptionNitrogen physisorption isotherms were measured at 77 K using a Quantachrome AUTOSORB 1 C apparatus. Specific surface areas were calculated using the single point BET plot at p/p 0 = 0.1 and the specific total pore volume was measured at p/p 0 = 0.9.Fig. S5Nitrogen adsorption isotherms of pure MIL-101 (■), and Pd/MIL-101 (●, 1 wt-% Pd,), □ and ○ represent the respective desorption isotherms.Fig. S6 Nitrogen low pressure adsorption isotherm of pure MIL-101.Fig. S7 Nitrogen adsorption isotherms of Pd/MIL-101 (♦, 1 wt-% Pd,), □ shows the same sample exposed to air atmosphere for two months.Additional catalytic dataCyanosilylation, recycling test10080406020001234time (h)P r o d u c t y i e l d (M o l %)Fig. S8 Product concentration during the MIL-101 catalysed cyanosilylation of benzaldehyde; ■ 1st run, ● 2nd run; ▲ 3rd run.Hydrogenation of cycloocteneFig. S9 Hydrogenation of cis -cyclooctene with different palladium supported catalysts (1 wt.-%): ♦ Pd/MIL-101, ■ Pd/MOF-5, ▲ Pd/Norit A, ● Pd/C.Hydrogenation of acetylene / ethyleneFig. S10 Initial conversion of acetylene and ethylene vs. temperature in hydrogenation of a mixture of acetylene / ethylene using 1 wt.-% Pd/MIL-101 in a continuous fixed-bed reactor operated in repeated temperature cycles.100204080600310370350330temperature (K)c o n v e r s i o n (%)3403603803201002040806000152025510time (h)w c y c l o o c t a n e (w t .-%)。
乙炔加氢的反应路径 -回复
乙炔加氢的反应路径-回复乙炔加氢的反应路径是指乙炔与氢气发生化学反应时所经历的一系列不同的中间过程和产物生成路径。
这个反应是有机化学中的一个重要反应，可通过催化剂的作用将乙炔转化为烯烃，同时伴随着氢气的消耗和相应的产物的生成。
本文将详细介绍乙炔加氢的反应路径，并逐步回答相关问题。
1. 乙炔加氢的反应简介首先，让我们对乙炔加氢的反应进行简要介绍。
乙炔（化学式C2H2）是一种含有碳碳三键的不饱和烃，它有很高的反应活性。
乙炔加氢是将乙炔转化为烯烃的过程，产物为烯烃（化学式C2H4）和氢气（化学式H2）。
这个反应可以通过催化剂的作用来实现，通常使用铜、银、镍等金属作为催化剂。
2. 反应机理乙炔加氢的反应机理是一个逐步进行的过程。
首先，乙炔分子与催化剂表面发生吸附，生成吸附物种。
然后，发生吸附的乙炔分子与氢气分子发生反应，生成一个新的中间体。
最后，中间体经过一系列的步骤逐渐转化为产物，即烯烃和氢气。
3. 吸附过程在乙炔加氢的反应中，乙炔首先吸附到催化剂表面。
这个吸附过程可以通过物理吸附或化学吸附来实现，具体取决于催化剂的性质和反应条件。
吸附后的乙炔分子通过与催化剂表面的相互作用形成强键，使乙炔分子稳定在催化剂表面上。
4. 反应过程吸附的乙炔分子与氢气分子发生反应，生成一个新的中间体。
具体来说，乙炔的碳碳三键首先被破裂，产生吸附的碳氢键和游离的碳原子。
然后，氢气的氢原子与游离的碳原子形成新的碳氢键。
这个步骤是乙炔加氢反应的关键步骤，称为破裂还原反应。
5. 中间体的生成破裂还原反应生成的中间体是吸附的乙炔分子上的一个氢原子与表面上的一个碳原子形成的键。
这个中间体比吸附的乙炔分子更加稳定。
中间体可以通过氢分子的再次吸附来进行进一步的加氢反应，生成新的中间体。
6. 产物生成中间体经过一系列的反应路径，逐渐转化为产物。
这个过程涉及氢分子的逐步加氢，碳碳键的重新形成，以及氢分子的脱附。
最终，乙炔转化为烯烃，同时氢气被消耗。
乙炔加成氢气反应的方程式
乙炔加成氢气反应的方程式英文回答：The addition reaction of acetylene with hydrogen is a classic example of a catalytic hydrogenation. In this reaction, acetylene (C2H2) reacts with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a catalyst, such as palladium or platinum, to form ethane (C2H6). The overall reaction equation can be written as:C2H2 + H2 → C2H6。
The reaction proceeds through a series of steps, including the adsorption of acetylene and hydrogen onto the surface of the catalyst, the dissociation of hydrogen into atomic hydrogen, and the addition of hydrogen atoms to the carbon-carbon triple bond in acetylene. The final product, ethane, is then desorbed from the catalyst surface.The addition of hydrogen to acetylene can be used toproduce a variety of other chemicals, including ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), and butylene (C4H8). These chemicals are used as building blocks for a wide range of plastics, solvents, and other products.The addition reaction of acetylene with hydrogen is a versatile and important reaction that is used in a variety of industrial processes.中文回答：乙炔加氢反应是催化氢化反应的经典范例。
氯化铝,氯仿溶液的作用
氯化铝,氯仿溶液的作用Aluminum chloride, also known as aluminum trichloride, is a chemical compound that is commonly used in various industrial processes. It plays a crucial role as a catalyst in organic chemical reactions, particularly in the production of pharmaceuticals and fragrances. Aluminum chloride is highly soluble in chloroform, which is a common solvent used in laboratories and industries. The solution of aluminum chloride and chloroform can be a powerful tool in promoting certain chemical reactions due to the properties of both compounds.氯化铝，又称为三氯化铝，是一种常见的化学化合物，在各种工业过程中被广泛使用。
它在有机化学反应中起着关键作用，特别是在制药和香料生产中。
氯化铝在氯仿中具有很高的溶解度，而氯仿是实验室和工业中常用的溶剂。
氯化铝和氯仿的溶液可以是促进某些化学反应的强大工具，因为两种化合物的特性。
One of the main functions of the aluminum chloride-chloroform solution is to catalyze Friedel-Crafts reactions. In these reactions, the presence of aluminum chloride as a catalyst can enable thesubstitution of an aromatic hydrocarbon with an acylating agent to produce ketones or aromatic carbonyl compounds. The chloroformin the solution acts as a solvent that helps facilitate the reaction by providing a medium for the reactants to interact. This catalytic system is commonly used in the synthesis of various organic compounds with important applications in the pharmaceutical and fragrance industries.氯化铝-氯仿溶液的主要功能之一是催化弗里德尔-克拉夫茨反应。
乙醛氧化制醋酸工艺流程简述
乙醛氧化制醋酸工艺流程简述英文回答：Acetaldehyde Oxidation to Acetic Acid Process Overview.The oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid is a widely used industrial process for the production of acetic acid, which is a versatile chemical intermediate and is used in the production of a wide range of consumer and industrial products. The process typically involves the following steps:1. Acetaldehyde Production: Acetaldehyde, the starting material for the oxidation process, is typically produced through a variety of methods, including the catalytic oxidation of ethylene or the hydration of acetylene.2. Acetaldehyde Oxidation: In the oxidation step, acetaldehyde is converted to acetic acid through acatalytic reaction in the presence of an oxidizing agent,such as oxygen or air. The catalyst used in this process is typically a metal salt or a metal complex, such as cobalt acetate. The oxidation reaction is exothermic, releasing heat that can be recovered and used to generate steam orfor other purposes.3. Acetic Acid Purification: The crude acetic acid obtained from the oxidation step typically contains impurities and water. To obtain pure acetic acid, the crude product is subjected to a purification process involving distillation, crystallization, or a combination of methods.4. Byproduct Recovery: The oxidation of acetaldehyde can also produce byproducts, such as carbon dioxide and water. These byproducts can be recovered and used in other processes, reducing waste generation and improving the overall efficiency of the operation.The oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetic acid is a well-established process that has been used for over a century. It is a reliable and efficient method for producing high-quality acetic acid for a wide range of applications.中文回答：乙醛氧化制醋酸工艺流程简述。
乙炔法合成氯乙烯用无汞催化剂的失活原因与再生
乙炔法合成氯乙烯用无汞催化剂的失活原因与再生曾好;吴广文;凌思;吴浩【摘要】对近几十年乙炔氢氯化合成氯乙烯用非均相无汞催化剂失活的原因和再生方法进行总结.乙炔法合成氯乙烯催化机理分先吸附乙炔和先吸附氯化氢两类.催化剂活性组分锡、铋和钯流失,氧化态铂和金被乙炔分子还原至低价或金属态,活性组分分散不均和晶粒长大均容易导致催化活性下降.先通入乙炔或乙炔进料过量、表面短链类聚乙烯或聚乙炔过渡态化合物难脱附、不同的载体及其表面性质均会诱导生成积炭物质.制备复合催化剂、添加碱土或稀土金属助剂有助于协同催化和自行还原再生.表面改性能改变吸附顺序,在线通入适量NO以及时去除积炭,可提高催化剂的稳定性.离线有氧烧炭再生含碳载体效果较差,而硝酸加热处理或王水处理失活的贵金属催化剂能恢复初始或接近初始催化活性.并对乙炔氢氯化无汞催化剂的发展进行展望.【期刊名称】《工业催化》【年(卷),期】2015(023)011【总页数】6页(P860-865)【关键词】催化剂工程;无汞催化剂;失活;再生;乙炔氢氯化;氯乙烯【作者】曾好;吴广文;凌思;吴浩【作者单位】武汉工程大学湖北省新型反应器与绿色化学工艺重点实验室,湖北武汉430073;武汉工程大学湖北省新型反应器与绿色化学工艺重点实验室,湖北武汉430073;武汉工程大学湖北省新型反应器与绿色化学工艺重点实验室,湖北武汉430073;武汉工程大学湖北省新型反应器与绿色化学工艺重点实验室,湖北武汉430073【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TQ426.94;TQ222.4+23通讯联系人:吴广文，1963年生，男，博士，教授。
CLC number: TQ426．94; TQ222．4+23 Document code: A Article ID: 1008-1143( 2015) 11-0860-06氯乙烯主要用于合成聚氯乙烯，而生产氯乙烯单体是合成聚氯乙烯的关键。
由于我国“富煤、少气、贫油”的能源结构，乙炔法生产氯乙烯单体已占我国氯乙烯总产能的80%［1］，但生产过程中催化剂的活性组分氯化汞流失率高达70%～80%［2］。
环氧乙烷英文文献翻译
制造环氧乙烷需要CAD图的请加QQ：315103156环氧乙烷已经商业化生产，由两个基本路线：1。
从乙烯氯。
2。
直接氧化过程。
氯醇法是在第一次世界大战期间由德国巴登苯胺和苏打Fabrik公司（BASF）首次推出。
这个过程包括乙烯与次氯酸的反应并伴随氯乙醇和石灰发生脱氯化氢作用生成环氧乙烷和氯化钙。
在美国的发展过程中，联合碳化物公司是第一个以商业化的公司。
氯醇法是不经济的竞争力，并很快被直接氧化法取代，直接氧化过程作为主导技术。
目前，所有的环氧乙烷生产，全世界都是是通过直接氧化过程。
直接氧化技术，顾名思义，是利用银催化剂催化氧化，乙烯与氧生成环氧乙烷。
该工艺可分为两大类，取决于氧化剂的来源。
基于空气的过程和氧化的进程。
在第一阶段，丰富的空气或空气与氧气送入直接系统。
在第二高纯度氧气流（> 98 mol％）的空气分离装置采用作为氧化剂的来源。
联合碳化物公司在1937年是第一个商业化的基于空气直接氧化过程的公司。
在1958年壳牌石油有限公司他的第一个氧气系统商业化诞生。
在过去15年建立的所有环氧乙烷厂进行氧的过程和一些工厂由由空气转化为氧的过程是同一个时期。
环氧乙烷的生产在1992年世界总能力约9.6×106公吨。
大多数的环氧乙烷生产消费由生产者作出衍生物。
所选择的工艺设计论文是氧的氧化过程，因为这是最新工艺生产环氧乙烷生产。
直接氧化过程：在美国和世界环氧乙烷的显着增长。
自1940年以来的生产能力和市场趋势向着大单列车的工厂，主要是由于商业上的成功直接氧化的过程。
氯醇法过程相比，直接氧化消除需要大量的氯。
也有不含氯烃类按产品要出售，加工设施，可简单，和运营成本较低。
直接的主要缺点氧化过程是产量较低或单位的乙烯氧化的选择性乙烯消耗的饲料。
在这个过程中结果的主要效率低下摩尔乙烯20-25％的损失，以二氧化碳和水。
因此，经营状况，必须认真控制，以最大限度地提高选择性。
所有的环氧乙烷工厂是基于原工艺化学•勒弗尔在1931年发现。
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Study of Hydrogenolysis of Xylite. of Temperature and Pressure By N. A. VASIUNEENA,
N. D. Zdeenskii of thN, Yu. MAMATOV
A. I. GELBSHTEIN, M.I. SEELEENG, G. A. SEBGEIYEVA, AND G. G. SHCEEGLOVA
L. Ya. Kar?nm Physfco-Chemical In.stitute
Institute of Organfc Chemistq of Sciences of U.S.S.R.
The results of adsorption of acetylene and of hydrogen chloride by the chlorides of mercury, bismuth, cadmium, and zinc, using activated carbon, AIM, as the carrier show the following: (1) The order of adsorptive capacity of the cations with respect to acetylene, He > Bi’+ > Cd’+ > Zn’, coincides with the order of their catalytic activity in the acetylene hydrochlorination reaction ; (2) The results of the adsorption measurements support the reaction mechanism proposed by the authors.
The effects of temperature (200”-245”) at a constant pressure (200 atm.) and of pressure (lOO250 atm.) at a constant temperature (230”) were studied in hydrogenolysis of xylite. This study was carried out in a specially-deaigned high pressure unit. At the conditions employed initiation of the reaction occurs at 200”. The rate of conversion and product yields (glycerin, ethylene glycol, l,!Spropylene glycol, and tetrahydrobutane) increase with the temperature. Raising the pressure to 250 atm somewhat decreases the rate of conversion of xylite and inhibits the secondary reaction of decomposition of glycerin to form 1,2propylene glycol. On the other hand, decreasing the pressure to 100-150 atm promotes the secondary reaction comprising splitting off of the end hydroxyls of the polyalcohols.
ABSTRACTS
257
I. The Effects
Catalytic Conversion of Acetylene in Vapor Phase: I. Adsorption of Acetylene and of Hydrogen Chloride on the Catalysts Used in Vapor Phase Hydrochlorination of Acetylene