托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
托福阅读指代题虽然考的是代词，却暗含着对指代关系、语篇规律的深层考察，并非单纯词汇层面的考察。

下面我就和大家共享托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理,盼望能够关心到大家，来观赏一下吧。

托福阅读指代题四大类代词关系梳理
那么我们如何明确推断代词所指代的对应内容呢?我们可以依据
代词的不同类别，把指代题分成四大类型：人称代词类、指示代词类、关系代词类和不定代词类。

然后就可以依据不同类别的代词特征一一解答了。

下面我们来详细看一下四大类代词的特征及帮助解答托福阅读指代题的策略。

第一类，人称代词
人称代词主要包括：I，you，he，she，it，we，they，me，him，them，yours，his，her，its，their等。

此类题型应在做题时依据代词的单复数及其所能指代的名词来推断，通常是往前找最近的核心名词。

例如：
“An auction is a popular way of buying and selling. It is a useful
way of deciding the value of things。

”
The word It in the passage refers to __________。

A. theory
B. price
C. process
D. auction
往前追溯单数形式的核心名词，并且能用在其次句的主语位置的
词，就只能是第一句中消失的auction一词了，所以正确答案选D。

其次类，指示代词
指示代词主要包括this, that, these, those等。

在这种句子中，this 和that通常指代某个观点事物或现象，而these和those通常指复数形式下的某些观点事物或意见，并且该类题也遵循往前找的原则。

例如：
“The dragon also has large claws that are used when it is younger. It uses these to climb trees to escape from the jaws of older dragons. But when they get older，these claws are used mainly as weapons。

”
The word these in the passage refers to __________。

A. claws
B. trees
C. jaws
D. weapons
该题中的these肯定是指之前已经消失过的名词，所以现在才能用代词进行指示，因此我们首先可通过往前追溯的原则进行排出，B、C、D瞬间就都被排解了。

再将A选项带入原句验证，看规律和意思是否与句意相符，最终验证表明，答案正是A选项。

第三类，关系代词
主要包括which, that, who, whom等。

在这种句子中，通常采纳就近原则。

尤其是由“，which”格式引导的从句，一般都是非限制性定语从句，通常就是指该词前面紧挨着的名词。

但需要留意的是，当关系代词前有插入语时，需要先去掉插入语，再使用就近原则。

例如：
“Scientists have been looking for energy sources to replace oil. They have studied wind，ethanol，and nuclear energy. They have also started to look at coal again. Coal，which is the cheapest energy source，is found in many parts of the world. However，it is dangerous to mine. It also pollutes the environment。

”
The word which in the passage refers to __________。

A. nuclear energy
B. ethanol
C. wind
D. coal
一看词句考察的是由which引导的非限制性定语从句，则毫不迟疑得把答案定位到which前的名词“coal”上，所以一眼就能选出该题的正确答案D选项。

第四类，不定代词
主要包括some，any，every，each，none，some...others...，one...,another等。

这类代词通常指的都是该词前后与其关系最紧密的名词主语，并且留意词的单复数形式。

例如：
“Some studies show that one in eight plant species is threatened with extinction. It is estimated that 140000 species of plants are lost each year. Many of these lost plants could have been very useful in creating new drugs to combat disease。

”
The word Many in the passage refers to __________。

A. studies
B. plant species
C. lost plants
D. new drugs
首先确定该题的“Many”所在句主语应当是指“lost plants”，并且“of”是表示所属的关系，所以“Many”应当是属于“these lost plants”中的一部分，所以很明显“Many”指的就应当是“lost plants”，因此答案选C。

需要留意的是这四大类代词只能大致涵盖托福阅读指代题中所涉及的大致类型，要想全面把握托福阅读指代题，我们还是需要把握好真题，结合解题技巧与策略进行有针对性的练习与总结，循序渐进提高托福阅读水平与分数。

托福阅读真题原题+题目
As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing agricultural hinterland.
Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs, vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.
Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example, were popular items.
Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs.
Although governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants side, as increasing business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.
One of the reasons Philadelphias merchants generally prospered was because the
surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the courts of justice.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Philadelphias agriculture importance
(B) Philadelphias development as a marketing center
(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia
(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia
2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because
(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets
(B) the High Street Market was forced to close
(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population
(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.
3. The word hinterland in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) tradition
(B) association
(C) produce
(D) region
4. The word it in line 6 refers to
(A) the crowded city
(B) a radius
(C) the High Street Market
(D) the period
5. The word persisted in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) returned
(B) started
(C) declined
(D) continued
6. According to the passage , fairs in Philadelphia were held
(A) on the same day as market says
(B) as often as possible
(C) a couple of times a year
(D) whenever the government allowed it
7. It can be inferred that the author mentions Linens and stockings in line 12 to show that they were items that
(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell
(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia
(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia
(D) could easily be transported
8. The word eradicate in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) eliminate
(B) exploit
(C) organize
(D) operate
9. What does the author mean by stating in lines 15-16 that economic development was on the merchants side ?
(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.
(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.
(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence
(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.
10. The word undergoing in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) requesting
(B) experiencing
(C) repeating
(D) including
托福阅读背景学问汇总之达达派
达达派(Dada)
第一次世界大战后, 达达派(Dada)由瑞士向欧洲扩散了出来. 当时的环境是: 后期印象派(Post Impressionism)到了后期, 其他还有立体派, 表现派, 将来派等画派在欧洲盘据地盘, 但每一个都逃不出达达派的批判. 由于达达派如表现派般厌恶战斗而厌恶过去, 但程度上比将来派还要激进. 他们大胆的摧毁一切旧有的传统, 而实行无理性的表现方式. 达达派的表现方式着重在自然形成与自由涂写. 他们喜爱用不同的材料用自然排列的方式成为一个新的艺术. 例如, 把色纸剪成块状(有一点儿像野兽派大师马蒂斯后期的表现方法)然后让他们自由飘散在地上, 而取得灵感. 达达派的文学家把报纸的字母写下, 然后抖动他们再依字母的自然排列成了一首新诗(这又有点像台
湾的乩童在上身后鬼画符一番, 之后再由旁人解说). 所以达达派的创作是象征的且无定形的呈现(由于他们也不知道抖完后会成什么样子). 我想达达派最大的成就, 应当是让当时的人有完全逆向思索的机会. 大战结束后, 德国, 法国, 甚至隔海的US都有不少人从事此风格的创作.。