压力与健康
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Aroused, focused
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Sympathetic nervous system releases the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from nerve endings in the inner part of the adrenal glands
Social support across the life span
Percentage with high support 100%
90
80
70
60
50
12-14
18-19
25-34
45-54
65-74
15-17
20-24
35-44
55-64
75+
Age in years
Life events
“Executive” rat
“Subordinate” rat
Control rat
To shock control To shock source
No connection to shock source
Perceived Control
Equality and Longevity
Stress and the Heart
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
Stressful Life Events
Chronic Stress by Age
Perceived Control
Health consequences of a loss of control
CS (sweetened water)
UCR (immune suppression)
UCS (drug)
Conditioning of immune suppression
UCR (immune suppression)
CR (immune suppression)
Stress and Disease
Release of stress hormones
Immune suppression
Autonomic nervous system effects
(headaches, hypertension)
Promoting Health
Depression 14 score 13
No-treatment group
Negative emotions and health-related consequences
Heart disease
Persistent stressors and negative emotions
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep)
1
Relative risk 0.8
of dying
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious
Men Women
attendance
Promoting Health
Religious Attendance
Promoting Health
Cerebral cortex (perceives stressor)
Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland to release the stress hormone cortisol
Lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
Stress and Illness
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events,
called stressors,
that we appraise as threatening or challenging
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Stress and Disease
UCS (drug)
CS (sweetened water)
Hopelessness 3.5 scores
3 2.5
2 1.5
1 0.5
0
Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death
Heart attack
Death
Low risk
The religion factor is mulitidimensional
Religious involvement
Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking)
Social support (faith
communities, marriage)
Health Psychology
subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
Stress and Illness
Leading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 2000
Phase 2 Resistance (cope with
stressor)
Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted)
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
Good nutrition
Smoking Sedentary Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring
Lacking
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
Promoting Health
Predictors of mortality
Stress Appraisal
Stressful event (tough math test)
Appraisal
Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”)
Challenge (“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Response
Panic, freeze up
some forms of hypertension some headaches
distinct from hypochondriasis-misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
Stress and Disease
Coronary Heart Disease
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries
Stress and the Heart
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 14
Stress and Health
Stress and Health
Behavioral Medicine
interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Aerobic Exercise
12
11
10
Relaxation
9
treatment
group 8
Aerobic
7 exercise
group 6
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
5
4
3 Before treatment evaluation
Moderate risk
High risk
Stress and the Heart
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
average) 3
2
1
0 1978
Control patients
Modifying life-style reduced recurrent
heart attacks
Life-style modification patients
1979
1980
Year
1981
1982
Promoting Health
Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events
earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes
death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion
Daily Hassles
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easy going Nondepressed
Optimistic
Hostile Depressed Pessimistic
Personality habits
Nonsmoking Regular exercise
After treatment evaluation
Promoting Health
Biofeedback
system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
blood pressure muscle tension
Promoting Health
Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks
Percentage 6 of patients with recurrent 5 heart attacks (cumulative 4
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Stress and the Heart
Stress and Disease
Psychophysiological Illness
“mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness
Adrenal glands
Stress and Illness
The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stress resistanceBiblioteka Stressor occurs
Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Sympathetic nervous system releases the stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from nerve endings in the inner part of the adrenal glands
Social support across the life span
Percentage with high support 100%
90
80
70
60
50
12-14
18-19
25-34
45-54
65-74
15-17
20-24
35-44
55-64
75+
Age in years
Life events
“Executive” rat
“Subordinate” rat
Control rat
To shock control To shock source
No connection to shock source
Perceived Control
Equality and Longevity
Stress and the Heart
rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
Stressful Life Events
Chronic Stress by Age
Perceived Control
Health consequences of a loss of control
CS (sweetened water)
UCR (immune suppression)
UCS (drug)
Conditioning of immune suppression
UCR (immune suppression)
CR (immune suppression)
Stress and Disease
Release of stress hormones
Immune suppression
Autonomic nervous system effects
(headaches, hypertension)
Promoting Health
Depression 14 score 13
No-treatment group
Negative emotions and health-related consequences
Heart disease
Persistent stressors and negative emotions
Unhealthy behaviors
(smoking, drinking, poor nutrition and sleep)
1
Relative risk 0.8
of dying
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Not smoking Regular exercise Weekly religious
Men Women
attendance
Promoting Health
Religious Attendance
Promoting Health
Cerebral cortex (perceives stressor)
Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulates the outer part of the adrenal gland to release the stress hormone cortisol
Lymphocytes
two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
Stress and Illness
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events,
called stressors,
that we appraise as threatening or challenging
T lymphocytes form in the thymus and, among other duties, attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
Stress and Disease
UCS (drug)
CS (sweetened water)
Hopelessness 3.5 scores
3 2.5
2 1.5
1 0.5
0
Men who feel extreme hopelessness are at greater risk for heart attacks and early death
Heart attack
Death
Low risk
The religion factor is mulitidimensional
Religious involvement
Healthy behaviors (less smoking, drinking)
Social support (faith
communities, marriage)
Health Psychology
subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
Stress and Illness
Leading causes of death in the US in 1900 and 2000
Phase 2 Resistance (cope with
stressor)
Phase 3 Exhaustion (reserves depleted)
General Adaptation Syndrome
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
Good nutrition
Smoking Sedentary Poor nutrition
Level of social support
Close, enduring
Lacking
Tendency toward
Health
Illness
Promoting Health
Predictors of mortality
Stress Appraisal
Stressful event (tough math test)
Appraisal
Threat (“Yikes! This is beyond me!”)
Challenge (“I’ve got to apply
all I know”)
Response
Panic, freeze up
some forms of hypertension some headaches
distinct from hypochondriasis-misinterpreting normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease
Stress and Disease
Coronary Heart Disease
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
leading cause of death in many developed countries
Stress and the Heart
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter 14
Stress and Health
Stress and Health
Behavioral Medicine
interdisciplinary field that integrates behavioral and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease
Aerobic Exercise
12
11
10
Relaxation
9
treatment
group 8
Aerobic
7 exercise
group 6
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
5
4
3 Before treatment evaluation
Moderate risk
High risk
Stress and the Heart
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
average) 3
2
1
0 1978
Control patients
Modifying life-style reduced recurrent
heart attacks
Life-style modification patients
1979
1980
Year
1981
1982
Promoting Health
Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events
earthquakes, combat stress, floods
Life Changes
death of a loved one, divorce, loss of job, promotion
Daily Hassles
Personal appraisal
Challenge
Threat
Personality type
Easy going Nondepressed
Optimistic
Hostile Depressed Pessimistic
Personality habits
Nonsmoking Regular exercise
After treatment evaluation
Promoting Health
Biofeedback
system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state
blood pressure muscle tension
Promoting Health
Modifying Type A life-style can reduce recurrence of heart attacks
Percentage 6 of patients with recurrent 5 heart attacks (cumulative 4
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Stress and the Heart
Stress and Disease
Psychophysiological Illness
“mind-body” illness any stress-related physical illness
Adrenal glands
Stress and Illness
The body’s resistance to stress can last only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stress resistanceBiblioteka Stressor occurs
Phase 1 Alarm reaction (mobilize resources)