反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)

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反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别

反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别
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反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别
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反倾销、反补贴和保障措施的区别
反倾销措施
实施的条件：以低价倾销，对进口国造成了实质性的损害。

适用对象：不公平贸易或不公平竞争。

具体实施形式：现金保证金、价格承诺、保函、以及最终加征相应的税赋。

实施期限：不超过4个月，特殊情况可延长至9个月。

反补贴措施
实施的条件：因政府补贴而具有价格竞争优势，对进口国造成了实质性损害。

适用对象：不公平贸易或不公平竞争。

具体实施形式：现金保证金、价格承诺、保函、以及最终加征相应的税赋。

实施期限：不超过4个月(不能延长)。

保障措施
实施的条件：进口产品的数量激增而挤占进口国的市场份额，并对进口国造成实质性的危害。

适用对象：公平条件下数量猛增。

具体实施形式：加征关税、实施配额数量限制或者最终加征关税或实行关税配额。

实施期限：临时保障措施不超过200天，一般不超过4年，最长可延至10年。

关税与贸易总协定概况及全文中英文对照

关税与贸易总协定概况及全文中英文对照关税与贸易总协定是一个旨在促进全球贸易自由化的国际条约。

该协定于1947年缔结，目前有164个缔约方，协定包括了多个领域，如农业、服务业、智力财产权等，并规定了各个国家之间的贸易原则以及贸易争端的解决机制。

此外，协定还规定了各国应该如何对待外国投资和知识产权等问题。

全文可在世界贸易组织的官网上找到，包括了英文和法文两个版本。

以下是部分关键条款的中英文对照：1. 关税总和(Tariff bindings)中文：缔约方对某个产品的关税设有一个上限，即关税总和。

英文：Each contracting party shall accord to the commerce of the other contracting parties treatment no less favourable than that provided for in the appropriate Part of the appropriate Schedule annexed to this Agreement.2. 最惠国待遇(Most-favoured-nation treatment)中文：每个缔约方都应当将其所有的贸易伙伴视为最惠国待遇。

英文：With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying such duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation.3. 国内支持措施(Domestic support measures)中文：缔约方不得采取扭曲市场的国内支持措施。

WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释

From Enbo edu由hediblue整理WTO 术语汉英对照和中文解释（自己整理的，供参考）1、“绿箱”措施、“黄箱”措施和“蓝箱”《农业协议》（Green Box measures/Amber Box measures /Balance-of-payments Provisions）Agreement on Agriculture, URAA“绿箱”措施是指由政府提供的、其费用不转嫁给消费者，且对生产者不具有价格支持作用的政府服务计划。

这些措施对农产品贸易和农业生产不会产生或仅有微小的扭曲影响，成员方无须承担约束和削减义务。

“绿箱”措施主要包括：一般农业服务支出，如农业科研、病虫害控制、培训、推广和咨询服务、检验服务、农产品市场促销服务、农业基础设施建设等；粮食安全储备补贴；粮食援助补贴；与生产不挂钩的收入补贴；收入保险计划；自然灾害救济补贴；农业生产者退休或转业补贴；农业资源储备补贴；农业结构调整投资补贴；农业环境保护补贴；落后地区援助补贴等。

“黄箱”措施是指，政府对农产品的直接干预和补贴，包括对种子、肥料、灌溉等农业投入品的补贴，对农产品营销贷款的补贴等。

这些措施对农产品贸易产生扭曲，成员方须承担约束和削减义务。

通常用综合支持量来衡量“黄箱”补贴的大小。

综合支持量是指，为支持农产品生产者而提供给某种农产品，或为支持广大农业生产者而提供给非特定产品的年支持水平，一般用货币单位表示。

《农业协议》规定，自1995年开始，以1986-1988年为基准期，发达成员在6年内逐步将综合支持量削减20%，发展中成员在10年内逐步削减13%。

对于发展中成员，一些“黄箱”措施被列入免予削减的范围。

主要包括农业投资补贴，对低收入或资源贫乏地区生产者提供的农业投入品补贴，为鼓励生产者不生产违禁麻醉作物而提供的支持等。

“蓝箱”措施是指，按固定面积和产量给予的补贴（如休耕补贴），按基期生产水平的85%或85%以下给予的补贴，按固定牲畜头数给予的补贴。

反倾销和反补贴

反倾销和反补贴中国贸易反倾销（Anti-Dumping）指对外国商品在本国市场上的倾销所采取的抵制措施。

一般是对倾销的外国商品除征收一般进口税外，再增收附加税，使其不能廉价出售，此种附加税称为“反倾销税”。

2010年我国出口商品遭遇反倾销案件43起、反补贴案件6起、保障措施案件16起、特保案件1起，涉案金额达71.4。

除了贸易救济措施外，美欧等主要贸易伙伴加大使用技术性贸易壁垒、进口限制等措施的力度，增加了我国出口企业的成本，提高了商品出口的门槛。

俄罗斯欧盟阿根廷以反倾销之名，2009年，欧盟开始对进口中国的钢铁扣件课以重税。

由于实在忍无可忍，2009年7月31日，中国在WTO起诉欧盟。

首先进行的是必经的磋商程序，但磋商无果。

同年10月12日，中国要求成立专家组进行审理。

巴西、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、印度、日本、挪威、中国台湾、泰国、土耳其和美国以第三方身份参加诉讼。

以反倾销之名，2009年，欧盟开始对进口中国的钢铁扣件课以重税。

由于实在忍无可忍，2009年7月31日，中国在WTO起诉欧盟。

首先进行的是必经的磋商程序，但磋商无果。

同年10月12日，中国要求成立专家组进行审理。

巴西、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、印度、日本、挪威、中国台湾、泰国、土耳其和美国以第三方身份参加诉讼。

一是欧盟原来的《反倾销基本法》的相关款项违反了WTO《反倾销协定》关于证据和征收反倾销税的规定，《关贸总协定》（1994）关于最惠国待遇和关于贸易管理措施透明度的规定，以及《WTO协定》关于严格履行条约义务的规定。

二是欧盟2009年1月26日下发的反倾销征税令是根据欧盟《反倾销基本法》相关条款下发的，不仅违反了上述WTO《反倾销协定》，还违反了其关于国内产业最低支持率的规定，关于倾销的界定、国内产业和产业损害的界定以及倾销和损害之间因果关系的界定等核心条款。

三是要求专家组在裁决的同时，对欧盟如何履行裁决提出具体的执行建议。

•首先，磋商阶段虽然是必经程序，但和申请成立专家组在性质上有质的不同；在磋商阶段没有提及的事项，只要与专家组申请书的事项同质，可以纳入专家组的管辖范围。

反倾销和保障措施

反倾销和保障措施反倾销（anti-dumping）和保障措施（safeguard measures）是国际贸易中常见的政策工具。

反倾销指的是一国通过对进口商品征收高额关税或限制其进口数量，以阻止低价倾销商品对国内市场的冲击。

保障措施则是一国为了保护本国产业，对进口商品实施额外的限制，例如限制进口数量或提高进口关税。

这两种措施都旨在维护国内产业的利益，但是也会对国际贸易和经济发展产生一定的影响。

首先，反倾销和保障措施可以帮助确保国内产业的竞争力。

在全球化的背景下，许多国家的市场上出现了低价倾销商品。

如果没有反倾销和保障措施的支持，本国的产业可能面临着严重的竞争压力，导致大量就业岗位的流失和产业的衰退。

这些政策工具可以帮助国内产业保护自身的利益，维持健康的竞争环境。

其次，反倾销和保障措施有助于维护国家的国家安全和经济安全。

有些关键的产业对国家的安全至关重要，例如军工、航空航天和能源等领域。

在这些领域中，国家需要保持自主供给，以确保国家在关键时刻不受外部的压力和干扰。

反倾销和保障措施可以帮助国家限制对关键产业的依赖，保持国家的经济安全和自主权。

然而，反倾销和保障措施也存在一些问题和争议。

首先，过度使用这些措施可能会导致贸易关系紧张和贸易争端的发生。

当一个国家对另一个国家的商品实施了反倾销或保障措施后，被影响的国家通常会作出反应，通过提起诉讼或采取报复措施来保护自身的利益。

这样的贸易争端往往会给国际贸易带来不确定性和不稳定性。

其次，反倾销和保障措施可能会导致跨国公司和全球价值链的重塑。

当一个国家对某种商品实施了反倾销或保障措施时，进口来源国可能会受到影响，他们可能会寻找其他市场来销售商品，或者调整自己的产业结构。

这可能对一些发展中国家和进口国来说是一个挑战，因为它们需要重新调整自己的经济结构和发展方向。

总的来说，反倾销和保障措施是国际贸易中常见的政策工具，它们有助于保护国内产业的竞争力和国家安全。

然而，在实施这些措施时应谨慎行事，避免产生贸易争端和不稳定性。

中华人民共和国进出口关税条例中英对照

中华人民共和国进出口关税条例中英对照中华人民共和国进出口关税条例Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Import and Export Duties第一章总则Chapter I General Provisions第一条为了贯彻对外开放政策，促进对外经济贸易和国民经济的发展，根据《中华人民共和国海关法》（以下简称《海关法》）的有关规定，制定本条例。

Article 1. This set of regulations is formulated in line with the related provisions of the Customs Law of the People's Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Customs Law) to implement the policy of opening up and promote the development of the country's foreign economy and trade and national economy.第二条中华人民共和国准许进出口的货物、进境物品，除法律、行政法规另有规定外，海关依照本条例规定征收进出口关税。

Article 2. The Customs shall levy import and export duties in accordance with the provisions of this set of regulations on goods that are allowed to be imported into or exported from the People's Republic of China and on articles entering into China, unless otherwise specified in laws and administrative regulations.第三条国务院制定《中华人民共和国进出口税则》（以下简称《税则》）、《中华人民共和国进境物品进口税税率表》（以下简称《进境物品进口税税率表》），规定关税的税目、税则号列和税率，作为本条例的组成部分。

反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)

反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等（中英文对照）Anti-dumping, Subsidies, Safeguards,Contingencies, etc反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等英文来源：/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm8_e.htmBinding tariffs, and applying them equally to all trading partners (most-favoured-nation treatment, or MFN) are key to the smooth flow of trade in goods.约束关税及将其在全体贸易成员国之间平等地适用（即最惠国待遇，简称MFN）是保证商品交易过程畅通的关键。

The WTO agreementsuphold the principles, but they also allow exceptions — in some circumstances. Three of these issues are:世贸协议秉持着这些原则，但有时也有例外。

例如以下三种情况：actions taken against dumping (selling at an unfairly low price)1.反倾销（以不公平的低价出售商品的行为）措施；subsidies and special “countervailing” duties to offset the subsidies1.贸易补贴以及为抵消贸易补贴而征收的“反补贴”关税；emergency measures to limit imports temporarily, d esigned to “safeguard”domestic industries.1.为暂时限制进口以“保护”国内产业而采取的紧急应对措施。

Anti-dumping actions反倾销措施If a company exports a product at a price lower than the price it normally charges on its own home market, it is said to be “dumping” the product.如果某一公司以低于其在国内市场正常出售的价格出口某一产品，我们就称其“倾销”该产品。

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》中文翻译全文

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》中文翻译全文第一部分：概述第一条目的与范围第二条定义1.补贴：涉及政府提供的财政或经济支持措施，给予特定业务或产业以利益或福利的行为。

2.反补贴措施：为对进口补贴商品采取行动的措施。

3.企业：指对任何经济活动负责的规划、组织、集中和控制的任何实体。

4.政府：指各国政府或联邦、州、地方政府以及这些政府所辖任何公共机构。

5.补贴政策：指由政府实施的、有关补贴的相关法律、法规、法案和其他程序。

第二部分：补贴措施第三条补贴的性质补贴可以是直接支付的款项，包括政府赠款或贷款，以及政府提供的资金；或者是通过减免税收或特殊贷款条件等间接给予的经济支持。

第四条禁止的补贴措施1.对出口者或者特定商品的支付国内补贴。

2.鼓励产生、使用或者接受特定出口而支付的补贴。

3.对本国采购的特定商品支付的补贴。

4.补贴的支付与出口性质或者程度直接相关。

5.其他补贴措施，使产品在全球市场上得到不正当竞争优势。

第五条非禁止补贴措施本协议规定的禁止补贴措施以外的补贴措施被认为为非禁止补贴措施。

这些补贴措施可能带有一定的负面影响，但不被禁止。

第六条有害补贴如果另一WTO成员认为另一成员国的某种补贴对本国国内产业造成了实质损害，可以要求所涉及的补贴所属成员实施或维持的补贴措施符合本协议的规定。

第三部分：反补贴措施第七条损害证据和因果关系的确定采取反补贴措施之前，首先应当确立所涉及的补贴对本国产业造成了实质性损害，并确定补贴与损害之间的因果关系。

第八条临时反补贴如果经过初步调查，存在足够证据表明所涉及的进口商品得到了补贴支持，调查成员可以立即采取临时反补贴措施。

第九条临时反补贴措施的暂停如果最终调查发现实质上未发生补贴，或者存在其他证据证明补贴或其支付无法正式证明，成员应立即暂停临时反补贴措施。

第十条对进口商品的反补贴措施在调查发现进口商品得到了补贴支持，并对本国产业造成了实质性损害的情况下，成员可以采取正式的反补贴措施。

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》中文翻译全文(2024精)

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》中文翻译全文第一部分：总则第一条：立法背景本协议旨在针对补贴措施和反补贴措施进行规范和协商，以促进国际贸易的公平和自由。

本协议适用于世界贸易组织（WTO）成员之间的贸易活动。

第二条：定义1.补贴措施（SubsidyMeasures）：根据本协议的规定，指提供给特定企业或产业的财务援助，包括补偿、减免或在其他形式上减轻其负担的措施。

2.直接补贴（DirectSubsidies）：指向企业或产业直接提供的财务援助，包括直接支付、贷款或担保等形式。

3.隐性补贴（HiddenSubsidies）：指以不直接给予财务援助的形式，通过减轻企业或产业的负担或提供特殊待遇的措施。

4.反补贴措施（CountervlingMeasures）：根据本协议的规定，指针对其他成员国的补贴措施采取的合法行动。

第三条：原则1.公平贸易（FrTrade）：成员国应在贸易活动中遵循公平原则，不得利用补贴措施给其他成员国的企业或产业造成不正当的竞争优势。

2.透明度（Transparency）：成员国应保持透明，及时通报补贴措施和相关信息，确保其他成员国了解措施的性质和影响。

3.互惠原则（Reciprocity）：成员国之间应相互尊重和平衡的参与补贴措施，平等对待其他成员国。

第二部分：补贴措施的规定第四条：补贴措施的禁止1.除非符合例外规定，补贴措施应被视为禁止。

2.隐性补贴应被视为直接补贴。

3.例外规定包括国家发展计划、环保和区域发展等特殊情况。

成员国若认为其他成员国的补贴措施对其企业或产业造成不利影响，应提供充足的证据支持其主张。

第六条：补贴措施的通知成员国应及时向WTO通报其所有的补贴措施，包括直接补贴和隐性补贴的信息。

第七条：补贴措施的审查1.成员国可向WTO请求对其他成员国的补贴措施进行审查，如发现有利于企业或产业的不公平补贴。

2.审查应基于提供的证据，并遵循透明和公正的原则。

第八条：补贴措施的争端解决如发生争端，成员国应使用争端解决机制解决补贴措施的争议。

国际商贸术语中英对照表

anti-corn law league international trade ☆反谷物法同盟☆国际贸易对外贸易foreign trade ☆重农主义physiocracy世界贸易world trade D. Humo ☆休谟【英】海外贸易Report on Manufacture ☆制造业报告oversea trade☆国内贸易domestic trade passive policeman ☆被动的警察☆有形商品贸易TheGeneral☆《就业、利息和货币通论》Theory visible trade of☆无形商品贸易andEmployment, invisible trade Interest☆国际服务贸易Money international service trade☆国际技术贸易second best theory ☆次佳原理international technology trade☆出口贸易☆关税customs duties / tariff export trade☆进口贸易☆关境customs frontier import trade☆过境贸易☆海关customs house transit trade☆复出口customs union ☆关税同盟re-export trade☆复进口revenue tariff re-import trade ☆财政关税☆可兑换protective customs duties convertible ☆保护关税☆易货贸易☆进口税import duties barter☆总贸易export duties ☆出口税general trade☆专门贸易transit duties ☆过境税special trade☆有纸贸易☆从量税/单证贸易documentary trade specific duties☆无纸贸易☆从价税advalorem duties electronic data interchange, EDI☆贸易差额duty paid value ☆完税价格balance of trade☆净出口customs value ☆海关估价net export☆净进口alternative duties net import ☆选择税☆进口值☆混合税mixed / compound duties QM☆出口值import surtax ☆进口附加税QX☆国民生产总值counter-vailing duty ☆反补贴税Gross National Product, GNP☆贸易条件anti-dumping duty ☆反倾销税terms of trade, TOT☆出口价格指数retaliatory duties PX ☆报复关税☆进口价格指数PM scientific tariff ☆科技关税☆国际贸易商品结构tariff schedule / customs tariff composition of international ☆关税税则/ 海关税则tariff No./heading No./tariff item trade☆税则序列（税号）☆《联合国国际贸易标准匪类》Standard description of goods International Trade ☆货物分类目录Classification, SITCrate of duty☆税率☆《商品名称和编码协调制度》the Harmonized Commodity ☆《关税合作理事会税则目录》Customs Cooperation Council Description and Coding System, 《协调制度》Nomenclature, CCCNHS《布鲁塞尔税则目录》Brussels Tariff Nomenclature,direction of foreign trade ☆对外贸易地理方向BTN☆税目号heading No.direction of international trade ☆国际贸易地理方向☆《国际贸易标准分类》☆亚当·斯密【英】International Standard Trade Adam Smith☆大卫·李嘉图David Ricardo Classification, SITC 【英】☆编码Eil Filip Heckscher code ☆赫克歇尔【瑞典】☆单式税则/ single tariff 一栏税则【瑞典】Beltil Gotthard Ohlin ☆俄林☆复式税则☆要素禀赋学说/多栏税则factor endowment theory complex tariff☆非关税壁垒-赫克歇尔俄林原理Non-Tariff Barriers, NTBs the Heckschor-Ohlin theorem☆进口配额制/进口限额制import quotas system ☆里昂惕夫【美】W. W. Leontieffactor ☆绝对配额absolute quotas scarcethe☆里昂惕夫稀少生产要素之谜Leontief☆全球配额paradox / the Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫反论global quotas【美】☆弗农R. Vernon unallocated quotas☆国别配额☆威尔士【美】L. T. Wells country quotas☆自主配额☆产业内贸易/单方面配额autonomous quotas intra-industry trade☆协议配额☆新兴工业化国家/agreement quotas/bilateral quo. NIC双边配额dumping☆商品倾销☆弗里德里希·李斯特【德】Friedrich Listsporadic / occasional dumping 】J. M. Keynes☆偶然性倾销☆凯恩斯【predatory dumpingvoluntary export quotas ☆自动出口配额☆掠夺性倾销period dumping / intermittent voluntary restriction of export 自动限制出口☆短期/间歇性倾销long period /persistent dumping ☆长期self-restraint agreement ☆自限协定/持续性倾销orderly marketing agreement ☆有秩序销售协定exchange dumping ☆外汇倾销principle of non-discrimination export visa ☆出口配额签证制☆非歧视性原则most favoured nation treatment ☆进口许可证制import licence system ☆最惠国待遇national treatment ☆国民待遇open general licence ☆公开一般许可证as ☆关税保护原则customs specific licence ☆特种进口许可证duties principle ofAgreement on ☆《进口许可证手续协议》Import means of protection Licensing☆透明度原则principle of transparency Procedures☆外汇管制principle of fair trade ☆公平贸易原则foreign exchange controlbeneficial ☆互惠贸易原则mutually official exchange rate principle of ☆官定汇率system of trade multiple exchange ☆复汇率制principle of market access rates ☆市场准入原则of of principle government ☆公平解决争端原则☆歧视性政府采购政策fair discriminatory settlementdisputesprocurement policy☆国际贸易惯例☆《购买美国货法案》international trade practice Buy American Actcommercialinternational 国际商业管理internal taxes ☆国内税practice☆增值税value added taxon United minimum priceNations ☆《联合国国际货物销售合同Convention ☆进口最低限价制International Contracts 公约》for ☆启动价格制the trigger price mechanism, TPMspecial summary steel Sale of Goods ☆钢品特别摘要发票invoice,SSSIonThe☆《国际货物买卖统一法》UniformLawprohibitive import ☆禁止进口International Sale of Goodsadvanced deposit Uniform The Law ☆《国际货物买卖合同成立统on 进口存款制☆进口押金制/ thecustoms valuation system for the Formation of 一法》Contracts ☆海关估价制American selling price system International Sale of Goods ☆美国售价制Agreement on Implementation Fules International for 《关于实☆《海关估价协议》/the ☆《2000年国际贸易术语解释General of Terms, of Interpretation Trade 施关税与贸易总协定第七条通则》Article of the VIIAgreement on Tariffs and Trade 2000的协议》transaction value☆成交价格☆《1941年美国对外贸易定义Revised American Foreign Tradeidentical of transaction Definitions, 1941☆相同商品成交价格修正本》valuegoods 1932 牛津规则》-1932☆《年华沙Warsaw-Oxford Rules，☆《跟单信用证统一惯例》similar of value Practice Customs ☆类似商品成交价格Uniform and transactiongoods Commercial for Documentarycomputed value ☆计算价格Creditsreasonable means☆《托收统一规则》☆合理办法Uniform Rules for Collectionstechnical barriers to trade, TBT ☆技术性贸易壁垒安特卫普规则》-☆《约克York-Antwerp Rules2000☆《年国际贸易术语解释technical standard ☆技术标准Incoterms 2000health and sanitary regulation ☆卫生检疫规定通则》and☆商品包装和标签规定packaging ex-point of origin ☆产地交货labelingregulation ☆船上交货，离岸价格free on board, FOB☆在运输工具旁交货☆红霉素free along side, FAS Ery ThrocinFood,☆《联邦食品、药品及化妆品Federalcost and freight , CFR ☆指定目的港成本加运费and DrugCosmetic Act \ 法》☆指定的目的港成本加保险费cost insurance and freight, CIFexport credit ☆出口信贷和运费s credit ' ☆买方信贷supplierex-dock ☆目的港码头交货☆国际商会ICCtied loan ☆约束性贷款export credit guarantee system ☆电子数据交换，electronic Data InterchangeEDI 无纸贸易/ ☆出口信贷国家保证制度FPA free carrier, FCA ☆平安险☆指定地点货交承运人carriage and insurance paid medium to, ☆运费和保险费付至指定目的☆中号smallCIP☆小号地sale by standard carriage paid to, CPT ☆运费付至……指定目的地☆凭标准买卖British Standard, BS☆工厂交货ex-works, EXW ☆英国标准Standards National American ☆费用付至船边…指定装运港☆美国国家标准化组织free alongside shipANSI ☆船舶吊货机Institute, winchesNF ☆法国标准☆装具索具s loading tackle ship'DINcrane☆德国标注☆吊货起重机，Standards ☆日本工业标准☆驳船上交货Japanese Industrial free on lighterJIS lighter'☆驳船船舷栏杆s railIE☆国际电工委员会指定地点☆边境交货() delivered at frontier, DAFfair average quality, FAQ ☆良好平均品质unloading costs ☆卸货费用quality,through document of transport ☆上好可销品质merchantable☆联运单证goodGMQ☆目的港船上交货delivered ex ship, DES☆目的港码头交货☆凭牌名或商标买卖delivered ex quay, DEQ sale by brand or trade mark☆码头交货（税迄）☆商品的牌名DEQ(duty paid) brandtrade mark ☆码头交货（关税未付）DEQ(dutiesonbuyer's ☆商标sale ☆凭产地名称或凭地理标志买of origin, account/duty unpaid) of sale by nameby geographical indication 卖☆未完税交货（目的地的指定delivered duty unpaid, DDUFrance perfume 地点）☆法国香水German beer delivered duty paid, DDP ☆完税后交货☆德国啤酒China plum ☆中国梅酒self-reference criterion ☆自我参照准则andby☆贝塔斯曼【德国】descriptionsale☆凭说明书和图样买卖Bertelsmann☆搜索引擎illustration search engine☆质量公差mailing lists ☆邮件列表quality toleranceweight DBMS ☆数据库管理系统☆重量☆公吨DDL☆数据定义语言metric ton☆长吨☆品名name of commodity long ton☆短吨☆品质quality of goods short tondescription ☆商品说明☆公斤kilogramInternational ☆国际标准化组织Organization for ☆磅poundounce Standardization，☆盎司ISOChina National Accreditation number ☆数量☆中国进出口商品生产企业认Import/Export ☆件piece 证机构认可委员会Boardfor☆双pair Enterprise Certifiers, CNABsale by sample set ☆套☆凭样品买卖sale by seller' s sample dozen ☆打☆凭卖方样品买卖sale by buyer gross ☆罗☆凭买方样品买卖's sampleoriginal sample /☆原样标准样品☆长度lengthkeep / duplicate sample /☆留样复样☆米meterreturn / counter sample ☆英尺foot 对等样品☆回样/sealed sample yard ☆码☆封样color sample ☆色彩样品area ☆面积pattern sample ☆花样款式样品☆平方米square metersale by description ☆凭文字说明买卖square foot ☆平方英尺sale by specifications ☆凭规格买卖volume ☆体积sale by grade ☆凭等级买卖/ cubic meter ☆立方米立方公尺superior quality ☆优等cubic foot ☆立方英尺ordinary quality ☆立方码☆中等cubic yardinferior quality ☆容积☆低等capacityindicative mark gallon ☆加仑☆指示标志protective mark /操作标志☆蒲式耳bushel 保护标志handle with care the metric system ☆小心搬运☆公制use no hooks the British system ☆英制☆请勿用钩warning mark ☆警告标志☆美制the U.S. systemseaworthy packing International system ☆国际单位制of ☆海运包装thecustomary packing 习惯包装Units, SIunit price ☆毛重☆单价gross weightnet weight ☆净重☆基础价格basic price☆以毛作净cost gross for net ☆成本freight tare ☆皮重☆运费commission ☆佣金☆实际皮重actual tare / real tareaverage/standard tare ☆净价net price /☆平均皮重标准皮重☆习惯皮重discount / rebate customary tare ☆折扣☆交货delivery computed tare ☆约定皮重☆纯净重shipment net net weight, NETT ☆装运time of delivery conditioned weight ☆交货时间☆公量☆理论重量time of shipment ☆装运时间theoretical weight ☆溢短装dates for shipment more or less ☆装运日期☆数量增减loading on board vessel ☆装船plus or minus☆约量☆发运dispatch about or circa or approximate☆机动幅度delivery tolerance ☆收妥待运accepted for carriage☆邮局收据日期date of post receipt cargo in bulk ☆散装货物nuded cargo ☆裸装货物☆收货日期date of pick uppacked cargo ☆包装货物☆接受监管taking in chargeconstructive delivery ☆全部包装full packed ☆推定交货actual delivery ☆局部包装part packed ☆实际交货spacesubjecttocase ☆以取得舱位为准☆箱shippingdrum ☆桶availablebag ☆获得出口许可证为准of ☆袋export subject to approval☆包license bale☆捆port of shipment bundle ☆装运港cargo afloat ☆路货☆纸箱carton☆木箱wooden case ☆目的港port of destinationEuropean main ports, EMP ☆铁桶☆欧洲主要港口iron drumAfrican main ports, AMP wood cask ☆非洲主要港口☆木桶Victoria plastic cask ☆塑料桶☆维多利亚paper bag ☆纸袋☆的黎波里Tripoli☆麻袋☆波特兰gunny bag PortlandBoston ☆塑料袋plastic bag ☆波士顿☆悉尼Sydney container ☆集装箱optional ports☆选择港☆标准箱unit,foot twenty equivalentshipment by installments 分期装运/TEU ☆分批装运liner transport ☆班轮运输☆托盘pallet☆班轮费率表freight tariff 集装包/☆集装袋flexible containerliner / berth term ☆班轮运输条件☆平板托盘flat pallet☆箱型托盘open rate box pallet ☆议价运费☆起码费率条码UPC☆universal product code, UPC minimum rate European article number 条码☆EANbasic freight rate ☆基本费率☆附加费identification mark additionals / surcharges ☆识标标志/ ☆燃油附加费main mark / shipping mark 唛头/☆主要标志adjustment bunker factor bunker surcharge, BAF/BSorder B/L ☆指示提单☆港口附加费port surchargeto order ☆港口拥挤附加费port congestion surcharge ☆凭指示☆货币贬值附加费currency adjustment factor, CAF ☆凭托运人指示to the order of shipperto the order of consignee deviation surcharge ☆凭收货人指示☆绕航附加费……bank ☆凭进口方银行指示☆转船附加费transshipment surcharge to the order of theendorsement ☆背书☆直航附加费direct additionalstraight B/L ☆记名提单☆选卸港附加费additional foroptionalbearer B/L destination ☆不记名提单clean B/L☆清洁提单for alteration of ☆变更卸货港附加费additionalunclean B/L / foul B/L ☆不清洁提单destinationshort form B/L ☆简式提单☆超重超长附加费heavylift,longlengthlong form B/L additionals☆全式提单stale B/L ☆货物分级表classification of commodities ☆过期提单on deck B/L for ☆甲板货提单加拿大航线等级费率scaleofclassrates☆中国-charter party B/L 表China-Canada service ☆租船合同下的提单house B/L shipping by chartering ☆运输代理行提单☆租船运输ante-dated B/L tramp ☆倒签提单不定期船运输advanced B/L ☆租船人charterer ☆预借提单☆船东ship's owner ☆集装箱运输container transportdry container ☆租船合同charter party ☆杂货集装箱☆冷藏集装箱refrigerated container ☆代表船东的经纪人ship broker☆代表租船人的租船代理chartering agent ☆散货集装箱solid bulk containeropen top container voyage charter ☆开顶集装箱☆定程租船flat rack container ☆框架集装箱/☆单程租船航次租船single voyage charter☆装货或卸货数量in taken or outturn quantity ☆罐状集装箱fank containercontainer freight station, CFS lump sum freight ☆集装箱货运站☆整船包干装费☆港站收据dock receper ☆来回程租船round trip chartercontainer yard, CY ☆连续航次租船consecutive trip charter ☆集装箱堆场☆内陆站inland deport ☆航次期租船voyage charter on time basisscheduled airline contract of affreightment ☆包运合同租船☆班机运输☆包机运输time charter chartered carrier ☆定期租船consolidation deadweight ton, Dwt ☆载重吨☆集中托运方式☆航空急件传送方式air express service ☆光船租船bare bat charterdesk to desk service 桌到桌运输rate of freight ☆运费率parcel post receipt ☆邮政包裹收据☆整船包价lump-sum freightfree out, F.O. ☆保险insurance ☆不负担卸货费☆不负担装货费free in, F.I.insurer ☆保险人insured free in and out, F.I.O. ☆不负担装货和卸货费☆被保险人/and stowed ☆海上风险海难perils of the sea out in ☆船方不管装卸、理舱和平舱free andextraneous risks trimmed, F.I.O.S.T. ☆外来风险natural calamities ☆速遣费dispatch money ☆自然灾害fortuitous accidents ☆滞期费demurrage ☆海上意外事故marine losses ☆海损☆海运提单ocean bill of lading, B/L/receipt for goods ☆货物收据☆纯粹风险单纯风险pure risksspeculative risks ☆投机风险evidence of contract ☆运输合同的证明☆物权凭证physical risks documents of title ☆自然风险☆许可转让quasi-negotiable ☆经济风险economic risks social risks ☆社会风险on board or shipped B/L ☆已装船提单property risks ☆财产风险received for shipment B/L ☆备运提单direct B/L ☆人身风险personal risks ☆直达提单liability risks ☆责任风险through B/L ☆联运提单S.B. policy ☆船、货保险单transshipment B/Ltheft, pilferage and non-delivery, ☆偷窃、提货不着险natural calamities ☆自然灾害TPNDheavy weather ☆恶劣气候damage, fresh ☆理舱不当faulty stowage ☆淡水雨淋险water &/or rainFWRD lightning ☆雷电and☆海啸risktsunami of☆混杂、玷污险intermixturecontamination washing overboard ☆浪击落海☆洪水flood risk of leakage ☆渗漏险☆地震☆碰损、破碎险earthquake risk of clash and breakagerisk of odour ☆串味险☆火山爆发volcanic eruptionhook damage ☆钩损险☆爆炸explosioncaused by sweating and damage stranding ☆搁浅☆受潮受热险on the rocks ☆触礁heatingsunk breakage of packing ☆包装破裂险☆沉没☆锈损险collision ☆碰撞risk of rustcapsized failure to delivery ☆交货不到险☆倾覆import duty risk jettison ☆投弃☆进口关税险sling loss ☆吊索损害on deck risk ☆舱面险piracy ☆海盗行为☆拒收险rejection risk☆黄曲霉毒素险☆船长、船员的不法行为aflatoxin barratry of master and mariner☆出口货物到香港（包括九龙）fire risk theft / pilferage extension clause ☆盗窃fordestination short-delivery and non-delivery at ☆短少和提货不着storage 或澳门存仓火险责任扩展条of cargo Kowloow ☆渗漏including leakage HongKong, 款shortage in weight or Macao ☆短量ocean marine cargo war risk clashing ☆碰损☆海运战争险additional expenses war risks breakage ☆破碎☆海运货物战争险的附加费用hook damage 险☆钩损fresh and rain water damage strikes risk ☆淡水淋雨☆罢工险covers rusting insurance contingency ☆卖方利益险☆生锈seller contamination '☆玷污s interest onlyinstitute cargo clauses, ICC sweating and heating ☆受潮受热☆协会货物条款overland transportation risks taint of odour ☆串味☆陆运险overland transportation all risks ☆陆运一切险☆全部损失（全损）total losscargo overland ☆路上运输货物战争险TL actual total loss, A transportation 绝对全损☆实际全损/war risks (by train) constructive total loss, CTL ☆推定全损（火车）air transportation risks ☆委付☆航空运输险abandonmentair transportation all risks ☆航空运输一切险notice of abandonment ☆委付通知air transportation cargo war risks partial loss ☆航空运输货物战争险☆部分损失（分损）☆邮包险☆共同海损parcel post risks general averageparcel post all risks ☆邮包一切险York-Antwerp Rules ☆约克·安特卫普规则particular average parcel post war risks ☆邮包战争险☆单独海损投保单☆不计免赔率☆要保书irrespective of percentage, IOP /application for insurancefloating policy ☆流动保险单诉讼及营救费用/☆施救费用/ sue & labour charges损害防止费用☆注销条款cancellation clausesalvage charges 开口保险单/☆救助费用open policy ☆预约保险单☆无效果无报酬no cure, no pay valuation clause ☆估价条款blanket policy / closed policy ☆《中国保险条款》China Insurance Clauses, CIC 闭口保险单/☆总括保险单☆恢复条款free from particular average,FPA ☆平安险reinstatement clauseparticularpolicy, insurance policy ☆保险单险☆水with average,insurance certificate W A/WPA☆保险凭证☆一切险combined certificate all risks☆联合凭证acceptance, documents drawee / payer ☆受票人/付款人☆承兑交单againstD/Apayee ☆收款人/收款人trust receipt, T/R ☆银行汇票☆信托收据banker's billT/R☆商业汇票D/Pcommercial bill ☆付款交单凭信托收据借单·☆即期汇票seller' sight bill / demand draft ☆卖方利益险s contingent interest risk☆货运单据shipping documents time bill / usance bill ☆远期汇票letter of credit, L/C ☆光票clean bill ☆信用证/信用状documentary bill ☆正本☆跟单汇票original☆商业承兑汇票copy ☆副本trader's acceptance billtriplicate ☆三份banker☆银行承兑汇票's acceptance billprimary liabilities for payment inland bill ☆国内汇票☆首要付款责任arrangement ☆约定foreign bill ☆国外汇票issue ☆严格符合的原则☆出票the doctrine of strict compliance☆自足文件self-sufficient instrument ☆提示presentationdocuments acceptance ☆承兑☆单据applicant ☆开征申请人payment ☆付款being opening bank / issuing bank ☆开征行☆付一不付二second of exchange☆受益人unpaid beneficiaryaddressee special endorsement ☆收件人正式☆记名//完全背书☆通知行advising bank / notifying bank endorsement in fullendorser ☆代理行correspondent bank ☆背书人endorsee☆转递行transmitting bank ☆被背书人negotiating bank endorsement blank ☆议付行☆空白背书paying bank holder ☆持票人☆付款行drawee bank ☆受票银行☆见票sightdiscount ☆贴现☆代付行paying bank agent☆保兑行☆拒付confirming bank dishonorbona fide holder ☆偿付行confirming bank ☆善意持有人clearing bank 信有证清银行☆拒绝证书protest notary public ☆当地公证人☆转让行transferring bank☆不受追索☆第一受益人first beneficiary without recourse☆本票promissory note 可转让信用证的转让人transferorsecond beneficiary ☆支票check / cheque ☆第二受益人transferee crossed check 可转让信用证的受让人☆划线支票certified check ☆保付支票☆承兑行accepting bank☆跟单信用证☆保付documentary credit to certifyremittance ☆光票信用证clean credit ☆汇付☆不可撤销信用证mail transfer, M/T ☆信汇irrevocable credit☆可撤销信用证☆电汇revocable credit telegraphic transfer, T/Tpayment in advance ☆预付货款☆保兑信用证confirmed credit☆货到付款payment after arrival of goods confirmed bank ☆保兑行first drawee ☆第一性付款人collection ☆托收unconfirmed credit ☆不保兑信用证☆委托人principal☆托收行sight credit ☆即期信用证remitting bankreimbursement ☆电汇索偿条款☆代收行T/T with L/C collecting bankpresenting bank ☆提示行clauseusance credit ☆远期信用证s representative in case principal' ☆委托人的代表☆银行承兑远期信用证of need bankers acceptance credit ' ☆托收委托书☆延期付款信用证collection order deferred payment credit ☆付款交单☆假远期信用证documents against payment, D/P usance credit payable at sightbuyer ☆买方远期信用证☆即期付款交单D/P at sight s usance credit ' payment credit ☆付款信用证D/P after sighttransshipments are permitted acceptance credit ☆承兑信用证☆允许转运inspection of the goods negotiation credit ☆货物的检验☆议付信用证commodity inspection available by negotiation 商品检验☆议付兑现delivery restricted negotiation credit ☆交付☆限制议付信用证inspection or examination open negotiation credit ☆检验或察看☆公开议付信用证freely negotiation credit ☆接受或拒收acceptance or rejection 自由议付信用证☆收到received transferable credit ☆可转让信用证☆商业单位commercial unit ☆可分割divisibleFGESfractionable ☆美国粮谷检验署☆可分开administration, food and drugs ☆可过户assignable ☆美国食品药物管理局FDAtransmissible ☆可转移underwriters laboratory, UL ☆美国保险人实验室☆不可转让信用证non-transferable creditLloyd's surveyor revolving credit ☆循环信用证☆英国劳合氏公证行Japan marine surveyors & sworn ☆可积累使用的循环信用证☆日本海事鉴定协会cumulative revolving credits association, NKKK measurer☆非积累使用的循环信用证'non-cumulative revolving creditAdministration of /☆背对信用证背对背信用证Import back to back credit ☆中或人民共和国国家进出口State CommodityExportsubsidiary or secondary credit 从属信用证商品检验局ands ' Inspection of the People☆对开信用证reciprocal creditRepublic of China, SACI anticipatory credit/prepaid credit ☆预支信用证Exportand☆中国进出口商品检验总公司☆全部预支信用证ChinaImportclean payment creditInspection☆红条款信用证Commodity red clause creditCorporation, CCICstandby L/C ☆备用信用证State Administration of Exit and commercial L/C 商业票据信用证☆中华人民共和国出入境检验Entry Inspection and Quarantine guarantee L/C 检疫局（国家出入境检验检担保信用证of the People's Republic performance L/C 疫局）履约信用证ofChina, CIQ bonding company ☆担保公司inspection certificateguarantee,bank ☆检验证书☆银行保证函letterofguarantee, L/C ☆品质检验证书inspection certificate of qualityinspection certificate of quantity ☆受益人☆数量（重量）检验证书beneficiary/ weight guarantor ☆担保人inspection certificate of packing ☆包装检验证书☆反向担保counter guarantee veterinary inspection certificate ☆兽医检验证书☆投标保函tender guaranteesanitary inspection certificate / ☆卫生（健康）检验证书☆履约保函performance guarantee☆还款保函inspection certificate of health repayment guaranteeinspection disinfection ☆前提条件condition precedent ☆消毒检验证书certificate ☆押金marginofcertificateopen by airmail ☆信开☆熏蒸证书inspectionfumigation☆电开open by telecommunication☆预通知信用证pre-advised credit ☆温度检验证书certificate of temperatureinspection certificate of origin confirmation ☆产地检验证书☆证实本inspection certificate of value negotiation☆价值检验证书☆议付oncertificate☆偿付授权书inspection reimbursement authorization ☆残损检验证书damaged cargo ☆索偿书reimbursement claim ☆偿付reimbursement/ tanks ☆保理factor☆验舱证书inspection certificate onholds☆国际保理服务international factoringcargo inspection on certificate ☆出口保理商export factor ☆货载衡量证书☆进口保理商weight and measurement import factordisputesforfaiting ☆福费庭☆争议☆无追索权without recourse ☆违反要件breach of conditionbreach of warranty ☆保函☆违反担保guarantee letterinnominate terms ☆无名条款promissory notes☆本票．intermediate terms material breach 中间条款☆重大违约minor breach ☆轻微违约☆根本违约fundamental breach☆非根本违约non-fundamental breachfrustration of contract 情势变迁☆合同落空/ ☆仲裁arbitration award☆裁决arbitration clause ☆仲裁条款submission ☆协议☆授引referencerecognition on ☆《承认和执行外国仲裁裁决the Convention公约》/ 《1958年纽约公约》and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awardsbooking note ☆托运单shipping order ☆装货单mate's receipt ☆收货单letter of indemnity ☆担保书☆．。

新闻热词英语表达系列之58：“反倾销调查”

新闻热词英语表达系列之58：“反倾销调查”"反倾销调查"的英文表达为anti-dumping investigation。

欧盟委员会9月6日发布正式立案公告，对中国光伏电池发起反倾销调查。

这起涉案金额高达200多亿美元的案件，是中欧双方迄今为止最大的贸易纠纷，也是全球涉案金额最大的贸易争端。

2011年中国光伏电池对欧出口金额204亿美元，约占同期该产品出口总额的73%。

这意味着，一旦欧盟对中国光伏产品征收高额反倾销税，中国光伏产业将遭受灭顶之灾，竞争优势不复存在，约30万从业人员将受到冲击。

我们来看相关英文报道：The European Commission started Thursday anti-dumpinginvestigation into imports of solar panels and key components from China. According to a statement issued by the Commission, the charge was initiated by EU ProSun, an industry association, on July 25 2012. ProSun claimed solar panels and their key components imported from China enter the European market at prices below market value. The European Union (EU) said the case was the most significant anti-dumping complaint the European Commission has received so far in term of import value.周四，欧盟委员会开始对向中国进口太阳能光伏电池以及主要组件展开反倾销调查。

WTO允许的三大国际贸易救济措施的简要分析

WTO允许的三大国际贸易救济措施的简要分析(2012-08-01 21:42:04)转载▼标签：杂谈国际贸易救济措施，是指对影响国际贸易的行为所采取的减轻或消除其影响的措施，是维护国际贸易正常秩序的重要手段，是法律允许的救济措施。

国际贸易救济措施重要包括反倾销、反补贴、保障措施三种。

下面分别予以分析：一、反倾销反倾销是三种国际贸易救济措施中被采用最多的救济措施。

倾销，Dumping，是指出口商品以低于正常价值的价格出口到另一国市场的行为。

进口国一般都会对倾销行为采取限制措施，即反倾销措施。

因为：第一、倾销是一种价格歧视，在不同的国家的不同价格是不公平贸易的做法；第二、进口国一般会认为倾销行为有一定的企图，通过低价掠夺市场，会损害进口国相关产业；第三、倾销的低价往往是短期的，从长远看相关产品的价格会提高，会损害本国消费者的利益。

倾销一般具有以下四个特征：第一、倾销的形式上表现为出口商以不正常的低价向另一国市场出口商品。

第二、倾销产品价格的形成往往是人为的，如一国出口商自行压低其产品在进口国市场上的价格，以非正常的价格，甚至是低于生产成本的价格在进口国市场上销售其产品。

第三、倾销往往以扩大出口、争夺国外市场为主要动机和目的。

第四、倾销的实质是不公平贸易行为，这也是各国采取反倾销措施的原因。

反倾销，anti-dumping，是指在进口产品以低于其正常价值的方式进入一国市场，并对该国已经建立的国内产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害威胁，或者对该国建立国内产业造成实质性阻碍的情况下，该国采取应对措施，包括临时措施、价格承诺和征收反倾销税。

反倾销法是进口国为了本国利益对倾销行为进行限制和调整的法律规范的总称。

世界上最早的反倾销法是加拿大1904年的《海关关税法》。

《反倾销协定》是WTO协定中的多边贸易协定，是WTO一揽子协定的组成部分。

凡成员方或请求加入者都必须遵守，因此具有广泛而强大的约束力，以下内容也将按照《反倾销协定》等WTO法律文件对反倾销进行介绍分析。

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施标准协议》中文翻译全文

WTO《补贴与反补贴措施协议》中文翻译全文第一部分：总则第一条：目的与范围1.该协议旨在限制和规范成员对进口产品给予的补贴和对产品出口提供的反补贴措施。

2.该协议适用于所有成员。

第二条：定义1.补贴：指由政府或公共机构提供的财政贡献，以支持生产、加工或出口产品的行为。

2.反补贴措施：指对外国出口产品进行反补贴的行为。

3.正当证据：指在进行反补贴调查时，证明补贴存在并且损害了其他成员利益的证据。

第二部分：补贴措施第三条：一般规定1.补贴应当符合该协议中的规定。

2.补贴不应损害其他成员的利益。

第四条：禁止补贴1.补贴应当遵守该协议附录中列出的禁止补贴规定。

2.例外情况应当在附录中得到规定。

第五条：可允许的补贴1.可允许的补贴应当符合该协议中的规定。

2.可允许的补贴应当遵守该协议附录中列出的条件。

第六条：计数方法1.成员应提交补贴计数指南，以确保计算补贴金额的一致性。

2.补贴计数指南将列出计算补贴金额的方法和准则。

第七条：秘密补贴1.成员应对补贴提供者提出要求，以获得补贴信息。

2.成员应保护补贴信息的秘密性。

第八条：反补贴措施的使用1.反补贴措施应符合该协议的规定。

2.反补贴措施可以在正当证据的基础上使用。

第三部分：反补贴措施第九条：反补贴措施的应用1.可以在进口产品受到补贴的情况下，对该产品进行反补贴措施。

2.反补贴措施应符合该协议的规定。

第十条：临时反补贴措施1.可以在进行反补贴调查期间，临时实施反补贴措施。

2.临时反补贴措施应符合该协议的规定。

第十一条：反补贴调查1.成员可以进行反补贴调查，以确定是否存在补贴。

2.反补贴调查应根据该协议的要求进行。

第十二条：盘查1.成员可以进行盘查，以了解补贴情况。

2.盘查应符合该协议的规定。

第十三条：公告和咨询1.成员应对将进行反补贴措施的意向进行公告。

2.成员应根据该协议的规定进行咨询，并尽力解决争端。

第十四条：确定金额和征税1.反补贴措施的金额应根据补贴的损害程度确定。

解读国际贸易法中的反倾销与反补贴

解读国际贸易法中的反倾销与反补贴国际贸易法是规范国际贸易行为的法律体系，其中的反倾销与反补贴措施是保护国内产业免受不公平贸易行为侵害的重要手段。

本文将对国际贸易法中的反倾销与反补贴进行解读，以便更好地理解和应用相关规定。

一、反倾销措施的解读反倾销是指国家通过对进口产品征收反倾销税或采取其他限制措施，以应对其他国家出口产品价格低于其正当价值、且对国内产业造成实质损害的情况。

在国际贸易法中，世界贸易组织（WTO）的《反倾销协定》是最主要的规范性文件。

反倾销的核心目的是防止其他国家或地区通过不正当手段倾销产品，破坏本国产业的竞争力。

反倾销税作为其中的一种措施，可以使进口产品的价格提高，减少竞争压力，促进本国产业发展。

同时，反倾销措施也需要遵守相关国际规则，以确保措施的合法性和公正性。

在反倾销措施的实施上，国际贸易法要求各成员国进行充分的调查，以明确倾销的事实、倾销幅度和对国内产业的损害程度等相关情况。

只有在确有不正当行为存在且对国内产业造成实质损害时，成员国才能采取反倾销措施。

此外，反倾销措施必须符合非歧视原则，不能对特定国家或企业实施歧视性对待。

在反倾销争端解决方面，国际贸易法规定了一套争端解决机制，即通过WTO成员之间的谈判和争端解决机构的介入来解决争端。

这为各成员国在争端解决过程中提供了法律和程序保障。

二、反补贴措施的解读反补贴是指国家针对其他国家或地区向本国企业提供补贴导致国内产业受损的情况，采取的反制措施。

WTO的《反补贴协定》是国际贸易法中关于反补贴措施的重要法律文件。

反补贴措施的目的是防止其他国家或地区通过提供补贴导致本国产业无法与其竞争。

补贴可能包括直接给予财政援助、减少税收负担、提供低成本贷款等方式。

反补贴措施可以通过针对进口产品征收反补贴税、实施数量限制等方式实施，以恢复本国产业的公平竞争地位。

反补贴措施的实施也需要遵守相关的程序和原则。

各成员国需要进行充分的调查，确定补贴的事实、性质和对本国产业的损害程度。

(完整版)WTO术语中英对照

W T O 简明术语（中英文对照）Ad valorem tariff 从价税Anti-dumping duty反倾销税Appeal（争端解决）上诉ATC--Agreement on Textiles and Clothing《纺织品与服装协议》Bound level约束水平Compensation补偿Consensus协商一致Consultation磋商Countervailing duty反补贴税Customs valuation 海关估价DSB--Dispute Settlement Body争端解决机构Dumping倾销Export subsidy出口补贴GATS--General Agreement on Trade in Service《服务贸易总协定》GATT--General Agreement on Tariff and Trade《关税与贸易总协定》Government procurement政府采购Import licencing进口许可Import substitution进口替代Import surcharge 进口附加税Market access市场准入Market price support市场价格支持Material injury实质损害MFN--Most-favored-nation treatment最惠国待遇National treatment国民待遇Non-actionable subsidy（补贴协议）不可诉补贴NTMs--Non-tariff measures非关税措施Plurilateral agreement诸边协议Prohibited subsidy（补贴协议）被禁止的补贴Protocols议定书PSI--Preshipment inspection装运前检验Rules of origin原产地规则Safeguard Measures保障措施Schedule of concessions承诺减让表Specific tariff从量税SPS --Sanitary and phytosanitary measures动植物卫生检疫措施Subsidy补贴Tariff binding关税约束承诺Tariffication 关税化TBT--Technical barriers to trade技术性贸易壁垒TPRM--Trade Policy Review Mechanism贸易政策审议机制Transparency透明度TRIMs--Trade-related investment measures与贸易有关的投资设施TRIPS--Trade related intellectual property rights与贸易有关的知识产权TRQ--Tariff rate quotas/tariff quotas关税配额Waiver（WTO义务的）豁免WTO--World Trading Organization世界贸易组织Ad valorem Tariff 从价onTextiles and Clothing (ATC) 《纺织品与服装协议》Anti-dumping Duty 反倾销税Arbitration 仲裁Balance-of-payments（BOP）Provisions 国际收支条款Ceiling Bindings （关税）上限约束Conciliation 调解Compensation 补偿Consensus 协商一致Countervailing Duty 反补贴税Customs Valuation 海关估价de minimis 微量Export Subsidy 出口补贴GATT1994 《1994年关税与贸易总协定》General Agreement on Trade in Services（GATS）《服务贸易总协定》General Exceptions 一般例外Illustrative List 例示清单Import Licensing 进口许可Import Surcharge 进口附加税Infant Industry 幼稚产业Intellectual Property Rights（IPRs）知识产权Market Access 市场准入National Treatment 国民待遇Non-actionable Subsidy 不可诉补贴Non-tariffs Measures（NTMs）非关税措施。

反倾销、反补贴和保障措施

反倾销、反补贴和保障措施作者：张志豪来源：《时代金融》2016年第05期【摘要】贸易救济措施是在对外贸易过程中，国内产业由于受到不公平进口行为或过量进口的冲击，各国政府给予的帮助或救助的措施，主要包括反倾销、反补贴和保障措施。

三种措施的最终措施、针对对象、性质以及本质均有不同，在选择和使用时要仔细分析，选择最为合适的保护措施，以达到保护和发展我国对外贸易的效果。

【关键词】反倾销反补贴保障措施分析对策一、三大贸易救济措施概述WTO倡导自由贸易，消除成员国之间的贸易壁垒。

但随着国际贸易的发展，各国间的贸易竞争日趋激烈，为了使得国际贸易尽可能的公平、积极、顺利的发展，WTO还是在其法律框架下设置了一些例外。

反倾销、反补贴和保障措施，便是这些例外的主要部分，它们为保护各国的民族工业及当地产品起到不可忽视的作用。

（一）反倾销措施含义按《反倾销守则》规定，“反倾销”指对外国商品在本国市场的倾销现象采取的抵制措施。

一般是对倾销的外国商品除征收一般进口税外，再征收附加税，使其不能廉价出售，此种附加税称为“反倾销税”。

另外一种补救措施是价格承诺。

若出口商自愿作出了令人满意的承诺，修改价格或停止以倾销价格出口，则调查程序可能被暂停或终止，有关部门不采取临时措施或征收反倾销税。

（二）反补贴措施含义反补贴指一国实施与执行反补贴法规的行为与过程。

其中的补贴是指一国政府或者任何公共机构向本国的生产者或者出口经营者提供的资金或财政上优惠措施，包括现金补贴或者其他政策优惠待遇，使其产品在国际市场上比未享受补贴的同类产品处于有利的竞争地位。

（三）保障措施含义保障措施是指当某项产品进口急剧增长并造成进口方国内相关产业严重损害时，进口方政府可对该进口产品实施的限制措施。

实施保证措施无需证明进口产品存在倾销或政府补贴。

它是一种“进口限制”，主要通过增加关税、实施非关税措施、或两者并用来限制进口，以达到国内产业免受国外产品冲击的目的。

二、三大贸易措施的比较分析反倾销、反补贴以及保障措施在形式上以及作用上都有或多或少的相似之处，现将他们的不同之处做以比较分析。

欧盟反倾销总结英文(热门3篇)

欧盟反倾销总结英文第1篇中国作为“世界工厂”的崛起，对其它国家地区，尤其是发到国家的就业、工资和企业产生了显著的负面影响。

近年来，中国受到反倾销（anti-dumping，AD）和反补贴（anti-subsidy，AS）反制次数上升，1995年至2008年，中国占全球AD和AS反制的25%，但到了2008年至2014年，这一比例上升至40%，大部分来自美国和欧盟。

虽然国际贸易政策旨在保护国内产业，但同时也造成了损失，例如消费者面临的商品价格提高，进口企业的中间投入品成本上升。

本文使用PSM-DID方法，研究了1999年至2007年，欧盟对中国AD政策，对欧盟企业的影响（这里选择了法国作为欧盟代表国家）。

在欧盟的政治语境下，好企业是那些在确定的AD政策的4位代码行业内受保护的法国企业，坏企业是于确定的AD政策的4位代码行业上出口的中国企业，丑陋企业是于确定的AD政策的4位代码行业上进口中国产品的法国企业。

研究结果表明，一方面，AD政策使得好企业的生产率和就业上升，但这只局限于那些生产率水平较低的企业；另一方面，AD政策对丑陋企业的生产率和就业产生了负面影响，那些高生产率水平企业尤为突出，且不局限于进口中国产品的企业。

AD政策虽然迫使一部分坏企业，即中国出口商退出市场，但存活的坏企业似乎通过增加R&D，提高生产率水平，经营表现变得更好了。

本文认为，AD政策作为一种贸易政策是无效率的，短期内虽然可以保护好企业，但长期反而使得存活的坏企业的竞争力更强了。

此外，应当警惕保护主义，发达国家政府需谨慎使用AD政策，因为丑陋企业通过进口“物有所值”的中间品，提高附加值和本地就业。

欧盟反倾销总结英文第2篇AD政策数据，来自世界银行的Global Anti-dumpingDatabase（GAD），该数据库提供了全球自1980年以来详细的AD措施数据，例如HS8位信息。

双边贸易流量数据来自法国海关，企业数据来自Annual French Business Survey（ABS）数据库。

倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译(可编辑)

倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译（可编辑）倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译外文翻译原文Dumping and Anti-dumping MeasuresMaterial Source: international economics,July1984 Author: RichardSenti ZurichIn recent times, the number of dumping actions has shown a striking correlation with the respective level of economic activity, Thefollowing observations convey an overall picture of the dumping actions currently pending and the anti-dumping measures implemented, and lookinto the current problems faced by the international anti-dumping system.For years, dumping actions have been at the centre of discussions in the trade negotiations between the US, Canada, Japan and the member countries of the EC. At the end of 1977, there were twenty dumpingactions in progress in the USA. Tension eased in 1978 following the introduction of the trigger price system to regulate steel imports On confirmation of the modified cost criterion in the US Trade Act of 1979, the US steel firms once again took action against the EC steel producers. In 1980, the trigger price system briefly became temporarily inoperative but was applied again the same year with added force. Nevertheless, more dumpingactions followed,particularly in the years 1981 and 1982 At the beginning of 1983, the GATT Committee on Anti-Dumping Questions published a summary of theanti-dumping proceedings instituted during recent years in the USA, EC, Finland, Canada, Austria and Sweden,the provisional and definitive counter-measures and the price agreements reached cf. Table 1.The majority of actions are directed at the industrialised nations and only a few against the developing countries. Neither withdrawn actions nor those which resulted in a negative decision are included in these figures.Table 2 shows between which trade partners dumping negotiations took place during the years 1981/82, i.e. which countries instituted proceedings and which were sitting in the dock as far as was reported to GATT.US Anti-Dumping Legislation as a BasisIn 1945, immediately after the end of the war, the US State Department published the first proposals for a newworld trade order. According to these proposals, the members of an international trade organisation still to be created should, among other things,undertake "to 188 subscribe to a general definition of the circumstances under which anti-dumping and countervailing duties may properly be applied to products imported from other members".Only a year later, the Americans submitted the Charter for the Creation of an International Trade Organisation containing concretesuggestions on the anti-dumping settlement s which were later adopted by the Havana Charter s and GATT without undergoing significant alterations. Both the basic concept and many individual provisions are in line with the American antidumping legislation of that time.The first US anti-dumping provisions are to be found in the Revenue Act of 1916. 7 According to this law, the Americans imposed something akin to a fine 8 if 1 imports were offered in the USA at a lower price than in the country of origin and 2 as a result American industry was exposed to serious danger intent to destroy or injure. The two criteria "underpricing" and "infliction of damage" were later adopted by the actual anti-dumping laws of 1921 and 19309 and still apply todayfollowing the supplements and refinements made in 1974 and 1979.According to American Law of 1921 and 1930, dumping has occurred if the goods are offered more cheaply in the USA than on the home market price criterion. - Or, where there are no sales on the home market, if the goods are offered more cheaply in the USA than in a third country modified price criterion. - In case no sales are offered outside the country of destination, if the goods are exported below the costs of manufacture in the producing country cost criterion.The legal amendments of 1974 and 1979 brought with them an extension of the cost criterion to cover cases in which the domestic sales prices in the country of origin no longer cover the costs of productionOrigin of GATT Provisions and Anti-Dumping ConventionIn discussions surrounding the reshaping of the world trading system, 12 several delegates demanded going beyond the US regulation of price dumping of that time and incorporating service, exchange-rate and social dumping. Service dumping revolves around freight costs, i.e. the cheapening of exports by way of dumped transport services. Exchange-rate dumping is the cheapening of exports in the form of parity guaranteesand foreign exchange allowances. 13 Social dumping is constituted in cases where products from prison camps or prisons find their way ontothe world market at prices with which private entrepreneurs cannot compete. The negotiating delegations finally agreed on the price dumping in line with the US proposal.There were initial differences of opinion regarding the extent ofthe damage necessary for counter-measures to be taken. Must serious, material or indeterminate injury occur before counter-measures can be taken? Does the difference between domestic price and export price have to reach certain dimensions e.g. at least 5 % of the domestic price before counter-measures can be justified? Can serious injury caused be responded to with something like a punitive measure? Must the approvalof the ITO or of the contracting parties to GATT be obtained before counter-measuresare taken? The formulation finally agreed upon states thatcountermeasures may only be taken if the contracting partyestablishes "that the effect of the dumping.., is such as to cause orthreaten material injury to an established domestic industry, or is such as to retard materially the establishment of a domestic industry". TM In 1955, Article VI of GATT was supplemented the first and only amendment to the GATT wording on dumping to the effect that in cases where delay might cause "damage that would be difficult to repair", immediate measures are permitted without the need to seek the prior consent of the contracting parties to GATT. 15The dumping question experienced a revival during the Kennedy Round between 1964 and 1967. TheAmericans had tried to include also non-tariff barriers in the trade talks. Subsequently, they realised much to their annoyance that the negotiating parties werespotlighting the verybarriers to trade which applied in the USA, above all the US anti-dumping law. After brief hesitation, the Americans attempted to turn the antidumping controversy in their favour with the help of a detailed regulation. Thus emerged the Anti-Dumping Code of 1967 which, althoughit ties the Americans' hands in many a procedural question, otherwise hitsparticularly hard at Canada and Great Britain.Canada's anti-dumping legislation up to that time did not conform to GATT in that the taking of anti-dumping measures was not bound to the precondition of economic damage. Also in Great Britain - accordingto the American view- anti-dumping measures at that time were being misused for the protection of the domestic economy. From the US perspective, the advantages associated with the Anti-Dumping Codeoutweighed the resultant disadvantages which it was felt had to be accepted.The "Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Anti-Dumping Code" is dated 30th June, 1967.16 During the Tokyo Round, the 1967 Anti-Dumping Code underwent a two-fold amendment: firstly, there was the question of demarcation vis-a-vis the Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties which was in the process of formation; 17 secondly, changes were made to the existing agreement in terms of ascertainment of damage Art. 3: 1-4, theprivileged position of the developing countries Art. 13 and consultations, arbitration and settlement of disputes Art. 15. 18 The currently valid agreement on anti-dumping was reached on 12th April 1979 in Geneva. ~9 Wherever the antidumping agreement is mentioned in the following, reference is being made to the currently valid version of 1979.Definition of DumpingIn imitation of the American legal system of the 20s and 30s, GATT speaks of dumping when products of the same kind "of one country are introduced into the commerce of another country at less than the normal value of the products". Hence,dumping means that the "normal" domestic value of an article exceeds its export value. How does GATT define the "normal" domestic value? When is a product "of the same kind" when compared with another? How should we interpret export value?The "normal" value of an article is undercut according to Art. VI:Iof GATT "if the price of the product exported from one country toanother a is less than the comparable price, in the ordinary course of trade, for the like product when destined for consumption in theexporting country, or b in the absence of such domestic price, is less than either i the highest comparable price for the like product forexport to any third country in the ordinary course of trade, or ii the cost of proddction of the product in the country of origin plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit".Differences in terms and conditions of sale, varying taxation andother differentials influencing the price are to be given "due" consideration. On the other hand, however, if export prices are lower because of the reimbursement of domestic duties and taxes e.g. by way of the reimbursement of VAT, this does not, according to GATT, constitute dumping which would justify counter-measures. The "normal" domesticvalue is taken to be exclusive of duties and taxes The GATT definitionof dumping applies to all countries which are signatories to GATT -apart from one important exception. The US anti-dumping law contains divergent and partly narrower provisions than GATT in two specific areas: Should the export product come to be sold in the country of origin, GATT says that dumping is to be determined according to the pricecriterion irrespective of the extent of the costs of manufacture. According to American law, however, the costs of manufacture can also be taken into consideration as well as the domestic price. The costcriterion shall apply in cases where there is good reason to supposethat the domestic price remains lower than the costs of manufacture for substantial quantities of merchandise over a relatively long period of time In this way, the Americans succeed in shielding the market from merchandise which has been falsely priced as a result of any production cost contributions, or in taxing them with anti-dumping duties. They refute the GATT contravention of which they are accused with the argument that GATT talks in terms of "normal" domestic prices. Normal prices, however, cannot be lower than costs of manufacture over longer periods. This is why, in the case of price undercutting over longer periods, the cost criterion should be applied In applying the cost criterion, the export prices are, according to GATT, to be compared with the cost of production "plus a reasonable addition for selling cost and profit". The addition for profit "shall not exceed the profit normally realised on sales of products of the same general category in the domestic market of the country of origin". By way of contrast, the US anti-dumping law defines the costs taken as a basis for comparison as follows: 1 material andproduction costs, 2overheads of not less than 10 % of the material and production costs, 3 profit margin of not less than 8 % of the costs mentioned in points 1 and 2, and 4 packing and loading expenses as defined under the f.o.b, price.When are goods described as being of the same kind? The American proposal of 1 946 for the creation of a world trade organisation spokeof the "like" and "similar" products. 26 During the subsequent negotiations it was decided to limit the definition to "like" products, products which are identical, homogeneous In practice, however, this terminology proved to be impracticable. Slight divergences of quality or differing forms or colourings do not rule out competition nor hence the possibility of dumping. To make allowance for this fact, the Anti-dumping Code holds that such goods are also included which "although not alike in all respects, have characteristics closely resembling those of the product under consideration"译文倾销与反倾销措施资料来源: 国际经济学,1984年7月作者:Richard Senti Zurich在最近的时代,倾销行动的次数已经呈现出与各自的经济活动水平显着相关性,以下意见反映了目前未决诉讼和反倾销措施实施的总体情况,并查看到当前面临的国际反倾销制度问题。

反倾销、反补贴、保障和特殊情况处理等(中英文对照)

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新闻热词英语表达系列之58：“反倾销调查”

WTO允许的三大国际贸易救济措施的简要分析

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(完整版)WTO术语中英对照

反倾销、反补贴和保障措施

欧盟反倾销总结英文(热门3篇)

倾销与反倾销措施外文翻译(可编辑)

关税与贸易总协定概况及全文中英文对照