非常重要——2004-2013英国出入境旅游详细数据q32014referencetable_tcm77-391773
你可能不知道的出境知识
你可能不知道的出境知识留学在外的同学人生地不熟，有时候意想不到的疏忽容易造成很多麻烦。
下面，小编就给留学生们准备了一些英国出入境的小贴士，以供参考。
去年4月8日起，英国开始记录出境乘客的个人信息。
所有乘坐商业航班、通过海路或者铁路离开英国的乘客都将被记录在案。
英国此前不记录离境者的信息。
英国政府表示，进行出境检查的目的是打击非法移民。
在第一个月里，所有出境乘客的护照都被扫瞄，但是，检查人员仅检查四分之一护照的真伪，第二个月，检查50%护照的真伪，6月中旬起，检查所有护照的真伪。
接受出境检查的乘客包括所有乘坐定期国际航班、通过海路和铁路离开英国的人，数据将由航空公司、铁路和渡船公司的工作人员收集和检查。
英国政府表示，出境检查主要是一个“移民和数据工具”，将使政府了解人们是否在该离开的时候离开英国，同时“改善我们发现和进一步紧缩最容易被钻空子的移民渠道和签证”，还有助于安全机构追踪已知和受到怀疑的罪犯和恐怖份子。
来自欧洲经济区国家16岁以下儿童乘坐的客车将免予受到检查。
预计，新开始的规定将影响到横跨英吉利海峡的渡船和途经海底隧道的车辆。
负责管理和运营海峡隧道的公司表示，他们从一开始就对所有的护照进行检查。
公司负责人表示，乘客不必担心可能会排长队等候检查，因为他们投资250万镑重新修缮了检查站，还新招募了50名工作人员。
P&O渡船公司表示，扫瞄护照的过程很简短，但是，检查护照的真伪需要稍长的时间，由于检查开始实行的第一天，乘客比较少，因此没有出现耽搁的情况。
英国过去几乎不对出境乘客进行检查。
1994年以前，只在主要的机场和港口进行有限的检查。
1998年出境检查被彻底取消。
2004年起，英国开始对乘坐航班入境和离境的乘客进行记录，记录的信息包括乘客的姓名、国籍、出生日期、性别、旅行文件的号码等。
4月8日起，进行的新检查对于航空乘客来说几乎没有显著的变化，因为大多数乘客已经通过航空公司提供了个人信息。
去英国旅游的攻略
去英国旅游的攻略全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英国是一个充满浪漫和历史底蕴的国家，拥有许多著名的景点和文化遗产，吸引着无数游客前往。
如果你计划前往英国旅行，不妨参考以下的旅游攻略，让你的旅程更加顺利和愉快。
一、签证和机票你需要确保办妥英国的签证手续。
中国游客前往英国旅游需要提前申请签证，因此需要提前准备好所需材料，并提前办理签证。
建议提前购买机票，以获得更优惠的价格。
二、交通英国的交通系统非常发达，从机场到市区之间有多种交通工具可供选择，包括地铁、巴士、出租车和火车。
如果你打算在英国自驾游，可以提前了解英国的交通规则和驾驶习惯，并准备好国际驾照。
三、住宿英国有各种类型的住宿选择，包括豪华酒店、经济型旅店和民宿等。
你可以根据自己的预算和喜好选择合适的住宿方式。
提前预订住宿可以获得更好的价格和更好的房间选择。
四、景点英国有许多著名的景点，如伦敦塔桥、大本钟、巨石阵等。
英国的博物馆、艺术馆和古迹也是必游之地。
在游览这些景点时，建议提前购买门票，以避免排队等候。
五、美食英国有许多美食值得一尝，如英式早餐、鱼与薯条、谢菲尔德布丁等。
英国还有许多特色的酒吧和茶馆，可以尝试当地的啤酒和茶点。
六、购物英国是购物的天堂，伦敦有许多购物街和名牌店，如牛津街、哈罗德百货等。
英国还有许多古董店和二手市场，可以淘到一些独特的宝贝。
七、安全注意事项在旅行过程中，一定要注意个人安全。
保管好贵重物品，警惕盗窃和诈骗行为。
遵守当地的法律和规定，注意交通安全和食品安全。
第二篇示例：英国是一个历史悠久、文化丰富的国家，拥有许多世界著名的景点和文化遗产。
无论是游览古老的城堡，参观世界知名的博物馆，还是品尝地道的英式下午茶，都能让人流连忘返。
本文将为你提供去英国旅游的攻略，帮助你更好地规划行程。
选择合适的时间去英国是非常重要的。
英国的气候多变，一年四季都有不同的风景。
夏季温暖宜人，是游览景点、参加户外活动的好时节；而冬季则是体验英国圣诞氛围、滑雪的最佳时间。
行前说明会(出境领队业务)
《中国公民出境文明行为指南》
中国公民，出境旅游，注意礼仪，保持尊严。 讲究卫生，爱护环境，衣着得体。请勿喧哗。 尊老爱幼，助人为乐；女士优先，礼貌谦让。 出行办事，遵守时间；排队有序，不越黄线。 文明住宿，不损用品；安静用餐，请勿浪费。 健康娱乐，有益身心；赌博色情，坚决拒绝。 参观游览，遵守规定；习俗禁忌，切勿冒犯
1、路线介绍
2、图片赏析
3、风俗习惯
4、气候说明
5、风物特产
6、食宿安排
路线介绍
我们将在伦敦停留三天，在这三天之中我们将去一些景点游 览： 1、大本钟，是伦敦的标志和英国的象征 2、伦敦塔，是全英最高的建筑，历史上曾用作城堡，王宫， 天文台…… 3、巨石阵，是欧洲著名的史前时代文化神庙遗址 4、巴斯古城，是英格兰唯一的天然温泉，世界最著名的温 泉胜地之一 5、威斯敏斯特教堂 6、自由活动，感受英国人的风土人情
Corus Hotel Hyde Park酒店拥有时尚的休息室和 健身中心，提供带免费无线网络连接的现代化客 房。酒店紧邻海德公园，距离帕丁顿车站有5分钟 步行路程。 Corus Hotel酒店温馨的空调客房设有私人浴室和 可收看点播电影的卫星电视。客房还配有办公桌 和沏茶/咖啡设施。 温室小酒馆供应采用时令农产品制作的现代欧洲 美食，酒店还设有一个咖啡厅。Olio酒吧提供小 吃和饮料，可欣赏到海德公园景色。
风物特产
除了悠久的历史，迷人的风景，法国还有许多吸引人的地 方。 文明全球的法国香水和时装是每个爱美女性的追求； 法国也是一个美食之国，诱人的法国大餐更是吸引了全世 界的饕餮之徒； 法国的葡萄酒也是醉倒了无数的酒徒…… 巴黎的时装、格拉斯香水、古董、巴卡拉水晶、手套、油 画、陶器、玻璃精工、花边编织、波尔多的红葡萄酒、勃 艮第的香槟…… 钱币兑换：1法郎=1.35人产
英国旅游市场调研报告(上)
英国旅游市场调研报告（上）2000-07-07英国无论从国土面积来看还是从人口来看都不是一个大国，244，100平方公里土地，5，900万人口。
但从旅游业的发达程度来看，却称得上一个大国。
旅游已经成为英国国民经济当中越来越重要的组成部分。
根据英国统计局数据，1998年旅游业在英国国民经济里所占份额为：GDP的3．6％，消费者消费额的5．7％，出口总额的4．5％，服务业出口总收入的26．5％。
尤其在解决就业问题方面，旅游业的地位举足轻重，从业人员达到170万左右(包括间接从业人员)。
英国每新产生5个就业机会，其中有1个就是旅游业提供的。
据英国旅游局数据，1998年旅游者(国内和海外)在英国境内的花费为267．01亿英镑。
其中住宿占35％，餐饮占23％，购物占20％，英国境内游占13％，娱乐占4％，服务占4％。
但是，就旅游资源来说，也有其先天不足的地方。
英国没有夏威夷的海滨沙滩，没有西班牙的阳光，没有法国那么好的气候。
因此，长期以来英国出境旅游人数高于入境旅游人数，造成了英国越来越大的旅游贸易逆差。
亿英镑一、出境旅游英国作为世界上一个重要旅游客源国，出境旅游业绩也颇为矫人。
据统计，每年英国有超过其总人口60％的人出门度假，其中到国外度假旅游的人数在1994年就超过了国内旅游人数。
1．英国人随着可以离开工作岗位个人可支配时间的增加，每次出游的时间也在延长。
自20世纪70年代以来，大约有59％至60％的人每年至少要有一个4夜以上旅游度假。
每年参加二个以上此类旅游度假的人数也在迅速上升，从70年代总人口的15％上升到90年代的25％。
2．另据Mintel公司调查，英国参加全包价(all—inclusiveholidays)旅游团队的人数也在稳步上升。
虽然与其它各种包价团相比所占份额仍然比较小，1995年为17万，1997年为70万，1998年82万。
其中短途包价增长速度高于远途包价。
1995年，短途包价人数仅有1．9万，远途为15．1万;而到1998年短途为45．5万，远途为36．5万。
00837自考旅游英语选读复习资料
旅游英语选读常见单词（复习资料）A boom resort兴旺发展的旅游胜地 A buoyant level of tourism蓬勃发展的旅游业A form of modern consumer behavior现代消费行为的一种形式A lay-over短暂停留 A leakage流失资金 A minor fiscal muisance一项小小的财政事务A net deficit净逆差 A strange international tourism sector实力强大的国际旅游服务部门A study tour考察旅游Accommodation and support facilities住宿和其他辅助设施Accounting department财务部Accreditation services审定工作Advertising agency广告公司Air fares航空票价Air France法国航空公司Air taxi出租飞机服务All and sundry全部,所有的人All walks of life各阶层All-inclusive package tours价格全包旅游An accelerator concept加速器原则An invisible payment on Britain’s balance英国账目上的无形支出Annual receipts年收入Arts and craft工艺美术As far as the demand for travel services is concerned就旅游服务的需求而言ASEAN countries东南亚国家联盟August Bank Holiday八月银行假日August bodies权威机构Back office system后台办公系统Baggage checks行李票Balance of payments with the outside world对外收支平衡Balance of payments收支平衡Basic point-to point air fares两地间基本航空运作Be tailored to each executive’s needs根据每个商务Bermuda百慕大群岛Boeing757波音757 British Airways英国航空公司Burgeoning tourism industry刚刚萌芽的旅游工业Business travel agent专门经办商务旅游的代理商Business traveler商务旅游者cable cars缆车Capital investment资本投资Car hire小汽车出租Carry capacity运载能力Charter aircraft包机Charter flights包机航班Chief engineer总工程师Come into service开始投入使用Commissions佣金Commuter airlines地方短距离运输航空公司Computer graphic package计算机图形包Conditions旅游中条件或服务项目Congloments联合大企业Contracting countries签约国Controller or chief accountant财务部总审计师或总会计师Convention hotels会议饭店Cottage industries家庭手工业Cross-border travel横穿边境的旅行CRS)Computer reservations system计算机预系统Cruise ships巡游船CTC )Certified travel counselors持有证书的旅游顾问Culinary arts烹调艺术Cultural visit文化旅游Customized services按要求提供的服务项目Dealers in dreams销售梦幻Densely crowed cities人口稠密的地方Design studio设计室Diagonal intergration斜向联合Domestic tourism 国内旅游Dorminant paradig, 主要形式Dwell on 详述Ecosysytems生态系统Education visits教育旅游，休学旅游Empty nesters没有孩子拖累的家庭（空巢效应）En route在途中End objective最终目标Enhancing human capital through training and education通过教育与培训来增强人力资本的势力Enjoy more preferential government policies享受政府更多的优惠政策Enter into the very fabric of life走入真正的生活当中去Entrepreneurial skills and ingenuity企业经营技巧与创新Ethnic minority groups少数民族European Community欧洲共同体Excluded by direct reference明确指出不包括Executive aircraft公务飞机Executive housekeeper客房部主管Exhaust fumes废气Exotic and unusual holidays 猎奇旅游Expert Statistical Group专家统计小组Extras各种额外费用Flag-carrier以国家航运为主业的国家航空公司Frequent flyer programmes飞行常客奖励计划Frontier formalities边境手续Games room游艺室Gard currency硬通货Gard-wired硬接线Generating areas旅游产生地Given no commensurate decline in living standards在不考虑生活水准大幅下降的情况下GNP) Gross national product国民生产总值High-spend visitors高消费游客Hold for old and new tourism用于旧旅游和新旅游Hotel chains饭店联号Impulse purchasing 冲动购买In the event of customer complaints如果顾客提出投诉In the form of holographs一全息照片的形式Inbound tourism入境旅游Income multiplie收入乘数Independent inclusive tour个体包价旅游Indulge in尽情享受Industry code of conduct行业行为规范In-flight magazines机上杂志In-house compute公司内部使用的计算机Instant culture文化快餐Insurance coverage保险范围Internal tourism境内旅游International tourism国际旅游Inter-office computer linkups办公室间的计算机连用Into its initial stage in the development cycle进入发展周期的初始阶段Invisible receipt无形收入Invisibles无形商品Itineraries旅游活动日程，旅游路线ITX)Inclusive Tour Excursion游览包价旅游Jet airliner喷气式飞机Jurisdictions管辖区Kurtaxe 疗养税Labor-intensive industry劳动密集型产业Lay analyst非专业分析Leisure time余暇Lesser developed countries较不发达国家Load factors飞机载客率，机座占有率Local color地方色彩Long-haul and short-haul长途和短途Long-haul domestic travel国内长距离旅游Make a profit 获得利润Make ends meet使收支相抵，量入为出Management know-how管理方面的实际技巧，经验Market oriented reforms以市场为导的改革Market segmentation市场细分Marketing tool市场营销工具Mass tourism大众旅游Monorails operated by magnetism靠磁力运行的单轨铁路More green更有环境保护意识Multi-stopover independent tours旅游中多次停留的散客National income国民收入National tourism国家级旅游Nature preserves/reserves自然保护区Need deficiencies需求不足Net discretionary incomes可以随意支配的收入Non-commodity currency非商品货币Non-profit overseas offices非营利性海外机构OECD)the organization for Economic cooperation and development经济合作与发展联盟On a case by case basis依据具体情况处理的原则Outbound tourism出境旅游Overseas Chinese海外华人Package tour包价旅游Paid holiday带薪假日Pay a premium交学费Peripheral environment周边环境Pleasure craft游乐船Police registration出境证明Potential travelers潜在的旅游者Preferential policies优惠政策Price inelastic无价格弹性Profit-making corporation盈利公司Publicity material 宣传品Purchasing agent采购员Purchasing power购买力pylons架线塔Quick access to information信息途径快捷Rare flora and fauna珍稀植物和动物Rates of inflation通货膨胀Recreation vehicles娱乐，行宿两用车Refusal to grant exit permits拒绝发放出境证明Relieving the pressure on other rural areas减轻时其他乡村地带的压力Repeat business回头客带来的生意Retail agencies 零售旅行社Return on sales销售回报Round trip往返旅行Round-the-world trip环球旅行Sales/distribution outlets销售网点Sand dunes沙丘Scale economies规模经济Scheduled liner定期客轮Scheduled or charter services不定期客运或包机服务Scope economies范围经济Severe environmental degradation from heavy usage由于使用频繁而造成的严重的环境恶化Ski pistes滑雪道skyscraper hotel syndrome摩天宾馆综合症society environmental needs社会环境需求source of revenue收入来源specialist operators专营某种旅游的经营商specialized tourism专项旅游stand-by fares候补票价subsidized exchange rates特别补贴兑换率Sunbathing日光浴tailor-made services特别服务项目target markets目标方面target sales目标销售额tax receipts税收收入terra cotta warriors and horses兵马俑tertiary industry第三产业the “Grand Tour”大旅游the aircraft is placed at the desposal of the operator飞机提供旅游自由支配the balance of payments on the tourism account旅游账目的收支平衡the budge market廉价市场the Caribbean Community加勒比共同体the deep-seated traditions根深蒂固的传统the done thing 合乎俗礼的事the drawing power吸引力the East Caribbean Common Market加勒比海共同市场the ecological balance生态平衡the Eurasian Continent欧亚大陆the Far East远东the foreign exchange receipts外汇收入the idea of prepotency优先原理The International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics联合国统计委员会the International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织the jargon of marketing营销学的术语the life cycle of the family家庭生命周期the local share of the market当地市场份额the luxury market豪华市场the midscale market中级市场the mode of travel旅行方式The National Travel Survey国民旅游调查the supply and demand equilibrium供求平衡关系the support services辅助服务the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development联合国贸易与发展The US Travel Data Center 美国旅游资料中心TIM)Tourism Income Multiplier旅游收入增值to give full exposures to China’s tourism resources以充分展现中国的旅游to have family reunions举家团聚to package their own tours组合自己的报价旅游tour basing fares航空包价旅游票价tour brochure旅游宣传册tourism boom旅游业的繁荣Tourist interests旅游者权益Tourist operators旅游经营商Transit travelers过境旅游者Travel for travel’s sake为旅游而旅游Travel principals旅游经营商Travel retailers旅游零售商/代理商Trunk route airlines干线航空公司Umbrella brochure伞式宣传册Unit costs单位成本United Nations General Assembly联合国大会V AT)Value added tax增值税Vertical integration垂直合并Visual pollution视觉污染Wind erosion风蚀Word of mouth recommendation口头宣传Word of mouth 口碑World cultural heritage世界文化遗产Low countries低地国家vertical and horizontal integration垂直合并和水平式结合airline oligopolies 航线的寡头垄断the International Air Transport Association国际航空运输协会air carriers航空公司waybills运货单accreditation services审定工作ICAO)the International Civil Aviation Organization国际民航组织PATA) The Pacific Asia Travel Association太平洋亚洲旅行协会（太亚旅协）disposable income 可自由支配的收入non-residential travel 非居住地旅游natural reserve 自然保护区Sustainable development 可持续发展Discretionary time 可自由支配的时间Ethnic tour 民俗风情游Contrived attractions 人文旅游景点Invisible products 无形产品Cultural heritage 文化遗产Package tour 包价旅游Landscape poetry 山水诗Maritime commerce 海上贸易Outbound tourists 出境旅游者Complete harmony of man and nature天人合Foreign exchange income 外汇收入Nation of tourists 旅游容源国Temper one's wills 磨炼意志Offering sacrifices to Heaven and Earth 封禅Terracotta soldiers and horses 兵马俑A carefree journey 逍遥游Encyclopedic knowledge 渊博的知识（万事通）Cultural accomplishment 文化素养To be chest out and stomach in 挺胸收腹A land of protocol 礼仪之邦Customers foremost ,service best 宾客第一服务至上Eye contact 眼神交流Psychological qualities 心里素质Repeated customers 回头客Courtesy and etiquettes 礼貌礼仪Personal hygiene 个人卫生The Marble Archway 牌坊Spring at Su Causeway 苏堤春晓Three Pools Mirroring the Moon 三潭映月Peak Flown From Afar 飞来峰The Big Wild Goose Pagoda 大雁塔The Hall of Supreme Harmony 太和殿The Hall of Praying for Good Harvest 祈年殿Listening to Orioles Singing in the Willows柳浪闻莺The Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇兵马俑The Forest of Stone Tablets 西安碑林Buddhist Paradise 极乐世界To do service 做礼拜The Theory of Five Elements 五行学说Book of Changes 易经Do not to do others what you do not want done to yourself 己所不欲勿施于人The art of Buddhist figures 佛像艺术The Temple of Three Pures 三清宫The Temple of Town God 城隍庙Make a pilgrimage to Mecca 朝觐麦加Easter 复活节Sutra Library 藏经阁Old Homes in the southern Anhui 皖南古居The Palace of Earthly Tranquility 坤宁宫Glazed tiles 琉璃瓦Circular stone terrace 圆形汉白玉台基Timber structure 木结构Place of excellent geomantic quality 风水宝地The symmetrical plain layout 对称平面布局Stone animals and human statues 石像生The Main Buddha Hall 大雄宝殿Art of gardening 造园艺术Monastery gardens 寺庙园林Come back to nature 回归自然View borrowing 借景The Mountain-in-View Tower 见山楼The zigzag bridge 曲桥View hindering 障景The Bonsai Garden 盆景园Inscribed tablets 匾额楹联Water-side pavilions 水榭Vermicelli with Spicy Minced Pork 蚂蚁上树Traditional medicine and food share a common origin 衣食同源Savory and Crisp Duck 香酥鸡Clear Stewed Meatballs in Yangzhou清炖扬州狮头Stewed mixed vegetables 罗汉斋Chicken cubes with chili peppers 辣子鸡丁Vegetarian "chicken " 素鸡Table manners 餐桌礼仪Eight treasure porridge 八宝粥Melon carving arts 瓜雕艺术Bodiless lacquer ware 脱胎漆器Elegant modelling and lustrous color造型大方.色泽光润Hand-stitching work 挑花An embroidery bamboo scroll 刺绣竹卷轴画Glazing techniques 上釉技术Neolithic relics 新石器时代遗址Yixing Zisha (Purple Clay )ware 宜兴紫沙陶Veined porcelain 纹片瓷The double-sided embroidery 双面绣Chrysanthemum stone carving 菊花石雕The Autumnal Equinox 秋分Height Ascending Festival 登高节Nature walks in spring 踏青Dragon Boat Racing 龙舟赛Stamping on the Flower Hill Festival踩花山节Grain in ear 芒种Set off firecrackers 放鞭炮Cultural connotations 文化内涵Walk on stilts 踩高跷Enjoying the flourishing chrysanthemum 赏菊Intercultural communication 跨文化交际Interaction function 交互功能Verbal greetings 言语问候Intonation patterns 语调模式High context culture 高文化语境Language barriers 语言障碍Cultural difference factors 文化差异因素Drop one's voice to a low pitch 降低声调Culture shock 文化休克Behavior patterns 行为方式Look somebody in the eye 正视M-time and P-time 单一性时间观与多样性时间观Eye movement 眼部动作Touching behavior 触摸行为Culture acquisition 文化习得To kill time 消磨时间Nonverbal behaviors 非言语行为sit cross -legged翘二郎腿To save face 顾全面子Space orientation 空间取向Rule of protocol 礼仪规范Exchange pleasantries 寒暄Ethnic heritage 民族传统Put a burden on 增加负担A floral arrangement 饰有花卉图案的安排表Etiquettes and taboos 礼仪与禁忌Good quality wine 优质葡萄酒Lightly kissing on the cheeks 轻吻脸颊a token of affection 慈爱表现The extended family 大家庭Lesson 1 What is tourism?1.Four different perspectives of tourism(要考虑的四个不同方面)：The tourist / The business providingtourist goods and services / The government of the host community or area / The host community2.The importance of giving a definition of tourism(旅游定义的重要性)：Each of the many definitions thathave arisen is aimed at fitting a special situation and solving an immediate problem,and the lack of uniform definitions has hampered study of tourism as discipline.3.One has only to consider the multidimensional aspects of tourism and its interactions with other activities tounderstand why it is difficult to come up with a meaningful definition that will be universally accepted.4.WTO definitions(WTO 下的定义)1)The definitions of tourism(旅游)：Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and stayingin places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure,business and other purposes.2)The definitions of international tourism(国际旅游)a)Inbound tourism(入境旅游):visits to a country by nonresidentsb)Outbound tourism（出境旅游）:visits by residents of a country to another country3)The definitions of internal tourism（境内旅游）:visits by residents of a country to their own country4)The definitions of domestic tourism（国内旅游）: internal tourism plus inbound tourism(the tourismmarket of accommodation facilities and attractions within a country)5)The definitions of national tourism（国家级旅游）: internal tourism plus outbound tourism(theresident market tourism market for travel agents and airlines)5.Tourism as defined by...(其他国家或地区定义)1)The United States(美国)：A tourist is one who travels away from home for a distance of at least 50miles(one way) for business, pleasure, personal affairs,or any other purpose except to commute to work,whether he stays overnight or returns the same day.2)Canada（加拿大）:nonresident travelers, resident travelers, and other travelers.Both nonresidenttravelers and resident travelers include both same-day and business muters are included and are not distinguished from other same-day business travelers. Other travelers consist of immigrants, former residents, military personnel, and crews.3)The United Kingdom（英国）:It measures all trips away from home lasting one or night or more,takenby residents for holidays,visits to friends and relatives(non holiday), or for business, conferences, and most other purposes.4)Australia（澳大利亚）:A person visiting a location at least 40 km from his usual place of residence, fora period of at least 24 hours and not exceeding twelve months.5)China（中国）：The sum of all the phenomena and relations arising from the travel and temporary stayby people who have left home to go to other places to visit.Notes；Leisure time余暇 a study tour考察旅游 a wilderness park天然公园vital to对...至关重要the rail of a cruise ship游船栏杆make a profit获得利润tax receipts税收收入the foreign exchange receipts外汇收入the sum total收入乘数august bodies权威机构...arriving at a consensus达到统一round trip往返旅行narrow operational definitions只限于实际操作的定义come up with a meaningful definition that will be universally accepted做出一个能被普遍接受的定义The League of Nations联合国WTO：World Tourism Organization 世界旅游组织OECD：Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development经济合作与发展组织The International Conference on Travel and Tourism Statistics 国际旅游统计会议The United Nations Statistical Commission 联合国统计委员会International tourism国际旅游Inbound tourism 入境旅游Outbound tourism 出境旅游Internal tourism 国际旅游Domestic tourism 国内旅游National tourism 国家级旅游The National Travel Survey（美国）国民旅游调查The U.S. Travel Data Center 美国旅游资料中心Round trip 往返旅行Hospitality industry 旅游服务业One-way trip 单程旅游China Tourism Statistic Annual 中国旅游统计年鉴The United Kingdom Tourism Survey 英国旅游调查The National Tourist Board of England 英格兰国家旅游委员会Lesson 2 Mass tourism and New tourism1.Modern tourism1)The Grand Tour（大旅游）:A tour of certain cities in Western Europe undertaken primarily, but notexclusively for education and pleasure.2)The first package holiday built around air transport:This was undertaken by Vladimir Raitz, aRussian emigre educated at the London School of Economics.2.Mass tourism（大众旅游）1)The characteristics（特点）:standardization and rigidity2)Four conditions（4个条件）:a)The holiday is standardized, rigidly packaged and inflexible.No part of the holiday couldbe altered except by paying higher prices.b)The holiday is produced through the mass replication of identical units, with scaleeconomies as the driving force.c)The holiday is mass marketed to an undifferentiated clientele.d)The holiday is consumed en mass, with a lack of consideration by tourists for local norms,culture, people or the environment of tourist receiving destinations.3.New tourism（新旅游）1)The characteristics（特点）:one of the key characteristic s of the new tourism is flexibility---flexibleconsumers, flexible services and the flexibility of products to more with the market.2)Conditions（条件）:a)The holiday is flexible and can be purchased at prices that are competitive withmass-produced holidays.b)Production of travel and tourism-related services are not dominated by scale economiesalone.Tailor-made services will be produced while still taking advantages of scaleeconomies where they apply.c)Production is increasingly driven by the requirements of consumers.d)The holiday marketed to individuals with different needs, incomes, time constraints andtravel interests. Mass marketing is no longer the dominant paradigm.e)The holiday is consumed on a large scale by tourists who are more experienced travelers,more educated, more destination oriented, more independent, more flexible and more‘green’f)Consumers look at the environment and culture of the destinations they visit as a key partof the holiday experience.3)Five main impulses driving new tourism（5个推动力）:a)New consumersb)New technologiesc)New production practicesd)New management techniquese)Changes in the industry’s frame conditionsNotes:Harks back to可追溯到，开始于Low Countries低地国家package tours包价旅游Was equated with相等purchasing power购买力coupled with外加，加上Paid holidays带薪假日mass tourism大众旅游charter flights包机航班Vertical and horizontal integration垂直合并和水平式结合diagonal integration斜向联合Market segmentation市场细分airline oligopolies航线的寡头垄断takes hold固定下来，确立Customized cervices按要求提供的服务dominant paradigm主要形式geared to适应More green更有环保意识scale economics规模经济scope economics范围经济Tailor-made services特别服务项目at the various ports of calls在不同的停靠港holds for适用于Take hold抓住spur on飞驰Alexander the Great 亚历山大大帝Grand Tour 大旅游Low Countries 低地国家Thomas Cook 托马斯-库克Package tours 包价旅游Thomas Cook and Son托马斯-库克父子公司Purchasing power 购买力Paid holiday 带薪假日Charter tour 包机旅游Mass tourism 大众旅游Rigidly packaged 团体包机制Charter tourism 包机航班Airline oligopolies 航线的寡头垄断Mediterranean 地中海Market segment 市场细分Diagonal integration 斜向联合Customized services 按要求提供的服务项目Dominant paradigm 主要形式More green 更有环保意识Take hold 确定下来Scale economies规模经营Scope economies 范围经济Tailor-made services 特别服务项目Water transportation 水上运输Hellenistic urban system 希腊城邦制French Revolution 法国革命The Battle of Waterloo 滑铁卢战役Far East 远东Lesson 3 Tourism Organizations1.International Organizations（国际旅游）:1)World Tourism Organization---WTO 世界旅游组织，中国1983年10月加入It is the only organization that represents all national and official tourists interests.2)International Air Transport Association---IATA 国际航空运输协会，中国1999年加入It is the global organization for virtually all the international air carriers.3)International Civil Aviation Organization---ICAO 国际民航组织，1971年加入It is an organization of some 80 governments joined to promote civil aviation on a worldwide scale.2.Regional international Organizations（区域性国际组织）:1)Organization for Economic Cooperation Development---OECD 经济合作与发展组织2)Pacific Asia Travel Association---PATA 太平洋亚洲旅行协会，简称“太亚旅协”，中国已加入3.National Organization（国家组织）:1)The United States Travel and Tourism Administration美国旅行和旅游管理2)The China National Tourism Administration 中国国家旅游局Notes:Access to能进入，能适用tourist operators旅游经营商police registration出境证明Frontier formalities边境手续air carriers航空公司baggage checks行李票Accreditation services审定工作contracting countries签约国in accordance with根据Apply to适用于be of use有用的eligible for合格，够资格concentrate on集中于Rank ICAO：the International Civil Aviation Organization国际民航组织IATA：the International Air Transport Association国际航空运输协会PNS：Passenger Network Services乘客网络服务公司PATA：Pacific Asia Travel Association太平洋亚洲旅行协会USTTA：United States Travel and Tourism Administration 美国旅行和旅游协会CNTA：The China National Tourism Administration 中国国家旅游管理局ECOSOC：Economic and Social Council of the UN联合国经济组织及社会理事会Tourist operators 旅游经营商Frontier formalities边境手续（过境手续）Air carriers 航空公司Baggage checks 行李票Accreditation service审定工作Contracting countries签约国Set rate 统一汇率International Organizations 国际（性）组织Regional International Organizations地区性国际组织National Organizations国家级旅游组织On a worldwide scale 世界规模Police registration 出境证明as排名second to仅次于engaged in从事于Lesson 4 Defining the Person1.International travel1)The first recommendation made by the Committee of Statistical Experts（统计专家委员会第一次提出的建议）The first recommendation made in 1963 by the Committee of Statistical Experts of the short-lived League of Nations. Their definition described an international tourist as anyone visiting a country, other than that which is usual place of residence, for more than 24 hours.2)The modification made by the IUOTO（IUOTO的修改）：The International Union of Official Travel Organization(IUOTO) resurrected and modified the Committee’s definition in 1950 by including students on study tours as tourists and by specifying a new type of traveler called an international excursionist.3)Distinction between tourists and visitors drew by 1963 Conference on International Travel andTourism（1963联合国在罗马召开的国际旅游会议对游客和游客之间的区别）：It drew a distinction between tourists ,who stayed for more than 24 hours, and visiters, who stayed for less than 24 hours.4)The distinction made between tourists and day visitors or excursionists suggested by the ExpertStatistical Group（专家统计所建议的游客和游客或远足之间的区别）：They suggested that the distinction be made between tourists, who stayed overnight, and day visitors or Excursionists, who did not.5)Terms and associated definitions published by the WTO in 1981（1981年WTO公布的相关条款的定义）：International visiters are to be divided into international tourists and international excursionists:International tourists: visitors who spend at least one night in accommodation in the destination country.International excursionists: visitors who do not spend at least one night in accommodation in the destination country.2.Domestic travelWTO’s guidelines for the definition of domestic tourism（WTO对国内旅游定义的指导方针）：They urge national tourism organization to:a)Include both citizens and foreign nationals in their country as domestic travelers.b)Exclude travel associated with the pursuit of employment, such as commuting.c)Make a distinction between extended or permanent migration and short-term migration or travel.d)Make a further distinction between stays of more than 24 hours(or overnight) and less than 24 hours(ornot involving overnight stays).Notes:Evolved out of从...演变而来en route在途中transit travelers过境旅游者Expert Statistical Group专家统计小组in the capacity of以...的身份 a lay-over短暂停留Take up拿起be identical to与...相同impose on利用IUOUT：International Union of Official Travel Organizations 国际官方旅游组织联盟Expert Statistical Group 专家统计小组The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 联合国贸易与发展大会The East Caribbean Common Market 东加勒比共同市场The Caribbean Community加勒比共同体A lay-over 短暂停留International Travel 国际旅游Domestic Travel 国内旅游En route 在途中Transit traveler 过境旅游者International excursionist 国际短途旅游者Domestic excursionist国内短途旅游者Day visitor 当日往返者International visitor 国际游客International traveler国际旅游者In-transit passenger 途中游览者(途中旅游者)Domestic traveler国内旅游者Resident traveler 居民旅游者Non- resident traveler 非居民旅游者Business traveler 商务旅游者（商务旅行者）Pleasure travel 消遣旅游者（娱乐型旅游者）Destination country 目的国Permanent migration 永久移民Short-term migration 短期移民Tourism promotion 旅游宣传Intercontinental travel 洲际旅游Intracontinental travel跨国旅行Interregional travel 区域旅行Intraregional travel 地方旅行Cultural tourist 文化旅行者Lesson 5Determining Factors of Tourism1.objective conditions of tourism（客观条件）1)positive effects on demands（积极影响）: discretionary incomes/ increased educational standards/increased leisure time/ improved transport2)negative effects on demands（消极影响）: life cycle of the family2.motivation of tourism（旅游动机）1)The role of marketing（市场营销中的作用）：It is the role of marketing to suggest objectives---cruises,flights, or vacations---to satisfy needs, an awareness of which has already been created.2)Maslow’s hierachy of needs model（马斯洛的需要层次模型）：a)Physiological---hunger, thirst, rest, activityb)Safety---security, freedom from fear and anxietyc)Belonging and love---affection, giving and receiving loved)Esteem self esteem and esteem from otherse)Self-actualization---personal self-fulfillmentNotes:Net discretionary incomes可随意支配的净收入resultant promotion职位的提升indulge in尽情享受the life cycle of the family家庭生命周期the mode of travel旅行方式dealers in dreams销售梦幻Accommodation and support facilities住宿和其他辅助设施need deficiencies需求不足opt for选择end objective最终目标lay out设计（城市、花园等）hierachy of needs model需要层次模型submit to服从，听任in light of看作the idea of prepotency优先原理be embodied in体现Indulge in 尽情享受Dealers in dreams 销售梦幻Need deficiencies 需求不足End objective 最终目标Lay out 设计Opt for 选择Submit to 服从The idea of prepotency 优先原理Tourist resorts 旅游胜地International holiday国际假日Railway excursion 火车短程旅行Travel agent 旅行代理商Tourist motivation 旅游动机Off-peak period 旅游淡季Peak holiday period 旅游旺季Travel mode 旅行方式Tourist routs 旅行线路Net earning 净收入Spa vocation 在矿泉疗养地度假Bus and coach tour 公共汽车，旅行车观光游览Transportation mode 交通工具Lesson 6 Types of Tourists and Their Needs1.Types of tourists(旅游者类型)：rest and relaxation/ cultural visits/ educational visits/ exotic andunusual holidays/ travel as a norm of behavior/ business travel/ other travelers for pleasure2.Business travel1)Five points which influence decisions for business（影响商务决策的5点）：a)Type of customer to be visitedb)Type of industry to be visitedc)Locations of customers/industryd)Timing and duration of visitse)Reason or need for visit2)Business travel in the United States（美国的商务旅游）:In the USA about 10 per cent of all trip involveup to thirty nights in a hotel.3)Business travel in Britain（英国商务旅游）:Britain, with an international or export-orientated businessactivity was in the upper end of these figures.Notes:in that在...方面the jargon of marketing营销学术语be dictated by取决于on offer出售，提供the support辅助服务cultural/educational visits文化/修学旅游be of prime importance最重要的exotic and unusual holidays猎奇旅游in character with与...本质上一致balanced by被...抵消all and sundry所有人，全部rare flora and fauna珍惜植物和动物local color地方色彩is ascribed to因为...造成的travel for travel’s sake为了旅游而旅游the foregoing前述各项the done thing合乎俗礼的事be addicted to沉溺于price inelastic无价格弹性appropriate for/to相称的be tailored to each executive’s needs根据每个商务人员的需要提供服务Support services 辅助服务Cultural visit 文化旅游Educational visits 教育旅游，修学旅游Exotic and unusual holidays 猎奇旅游On offer 出售，提供All and sundry 全部，所有的人Rare flora and fauna 珍惜植物和动物The Amazon River 亚马逊河The done thing 合乎俗礼的事Travel for travel’s sake 为了旅游而旅游Duration of trip 逗留时间Travel abroad 海外旅游Monte Carlo or Las Vegas 蒙特卡洛Price inelastic 无价格弹性Adventure holiday 探险旅游Culture tourist 文化旅游者Religious purpose 宗教目的Tourism market 旅游市场Non-seasonal 无季节性Full pension 全食宿Half pension 半食宿Trekking holiday 徒步旅行Local colour 地方色彩Five-star hotel 五星级饭店Lesson 7 Travel Agents（旅游代理）1.The role of travel agents1)Differences between the travel agent’s role and that of other retailers（旅行社和其他零售商的差异）：agents do not purchase a product for resale to their customers.2)Implications of these differences（差异影响）:a)The cost of setting up in business is comparatively small compared to that of other retailbusinessb)Agents are not seeking to dispose of products they have already purchased, so will thereforedisplay less brand loyalty towards a particular product or company3)The main role of the travel agent（主要角色）:to provide a convenient location for the purchase oftravel.4)Range of services（服务范围）:not only on the basis of the commission each earns but alsodepending upon the demand in an area, the degree of specialization of the agency and the preferences and marketing policies of the proprietor.2.Travel agency skills and competencies1)Factors in the agency’s success(成功因素):good management and good service.2)Functions of staff（职能）:a)Advising potential travelers on resorts, carriers, travel companies and travel facilitiesworld-wideb)Making reservations for all travel requirementsc)Planning itineraries of all kinds, including complex muitistopover independent toursd)Accurately computing airline and other farese)Issuing travel tickets and vouchersf)Communicating by telephone and letter with travel principals and customersg)Maintaining accurate files on reservationsh)Maintaining and displaying stocks of travel brochuresi)Interceding with principals in the event of customer complaints3)Counter-staff skills（技能）:a)The ability to read timetables and other data sourcesb)To construct airline faresc)To write ticketsd)To have sufficient knowledge of their customers to be able to match customer needs with theproducts availablee)Can competently operate computers, especially computer reservations systemsNotes:Travel principals旅游经营商travel retailers旅游零售商（代理商）retail agencies零售旅行社Sales outles---distribution outlets销售网点vie with与...竞争air fares航空票价Decide against决定不... decide on/upon就某事做出决定source of revenue收入来源Brand loyalty对某一特定品牌的信赖target sales目标销售额return on sales销售回报Look to...(for)指望...，希望（从）...得到car hire小汽车出租word of mouth口碑Word of mouth recommendation口头宣传the local share of the market当场市场份额Potential travelers潜在的旅游者in the event of如果basic point-to-point air fares两地间基本航空运价Suffice to say that只要说..就够了back office and front office后台和前台hard wired硬接线Capital investment资本投资come to terms with接受to package their own tours组合自己的包价旅游Is ideally suited for非常适合stands in the way of阻挡take on带上dispose of处理set up成立Tour wholesaler 旅游批发商Tour operator 旅游经营商。
英国旅游市场调研报告(上)(精)
英国旅游市场调研报告（上）2000-07-07英国无论从国土面积来看还是从人口来看都不是一个大国，244，100平方公里土地，5，900万人口。
但从旅游业的发达程度来看，却称得上一个大国。
旅游已经成为英国国民经济当中越来越重要的组成部分。
根据英国统计局数据，1998年旅游业在英国国民经济里所占份额为：GDP的3．6％，消费者消费额的5．7％，出口总额的4．5％，服务业出口总收入的26．5％。
尤其在解决就业问题方面，旅游业的地位举足轻重，从业人员达到170万左右(包括间接从业人员)。
英国每新产生5个就业机会，其中有1个就是旅游业提供的。
据英国旅游局数据，1998年旅游者(国内和海外)在英国境内的花费为267．01亿英镑。
其中住宿占35％，餐饮占23％，购物占20％，英国境内游占13％，娱乐占4％，服务占4％。
但是，就旅游资源来说，也有其先天不足的地方。
英国没有夏威夷的海滨沙滩，没有西班牙的阳光，没有法国那么好的气候。
因此，长期以来英国出境旅游人数高于入境旅游人数，造成了英国越来越大的旅游贸易逆差。
亿英镑一、出境旅游英国作为世界上一个重要旅游客源国，出境旅游业绩也颇为矫人。
据统计，每年英国有超过其总人口60％的人出门度假，其中到国外度假旅游的人数在1994年就超过了国内旅游人数。
1．英国人随着可以离开工作岗位个人可支配时间的增加，每次出游的时间也在延长。
自20世纪70年代以来，大约有59％至60％的人每年至少要有一个4夜以上旅游度假。
每年参加二个以上此类旅游度假的人数也在迅速上升，从70年代总人口的15％上升到90年代的25％。
2．另据Mintel公司调查，英国参加全包价(all—inclusiveholidays)旅游团队的人数也在稳步上升。
虽然与其它各种包价团相比所占份额仍然比较小，1995年为17万，1997年为70万，1998年82万。
其中短途包价增长速度高于远途包价。
1995年，短途包价人数仅有1．9万，远途为15．1万;而到1998年短途为45．5万，远途为36．5万。
普氏指数
Volume 6 / Issue 98 / May 22, 2012/PlattsSBBSteelClose/MidpointChange % Chg IODEX Iron ore fines 62% Fe ($/dmt)CFR North China133.50-134.50 134.000.250.19Please see Platts complete iron price/netbacks table, p.3Coking coal, premium low vol ($/mt)FOB Australia 223.00 223.00 +0.50 0.22CFR China238.00 238.00 -0.50 -0.21Please see full metallurgical coal price/freight table, p.4Ferrous scrap ($/mt)HMS FOB Rotterdam 392.50-397.50 395.00 0.00 0.00A3, FOB Black Sea 392.50-397.50 395.00 0.00 0.00HMS CFR Turkey 427.50-432.50430.000.000.00Ferrous scrap ($/lt)Shredded del Midwest US 420.00-425.00 422.50 0.00 0.00Shredded del dock East Coast 395.00-400.00 397.50 0.00 0.00HMS del dock East Coast380.00-385.00382.500.000.00Maryland—The various restrictions on scrap exports present in over 20 countries has had a greater impact on pricing than availability, according to Nucor’s CEO Dan DiMicco.The US is the leading exporter of scrap in the world exporting a record high 24.3 million mt in 2011.“The issue on scrap is not so much availa-bility because of exporting, but it does have an impact on price,” DiMicco said Tuesday during a press briefing at the American Iron and Steel Institute’s joint annual meeting with the Metals Service Center Institute in Maryland.“We let the rest of the world get away with putting either outright bans on the export of raw materials or severe restrictions on them,” DiMicco emphasized.He maintained that there are no scrap export restrictions in the US or Canada while countries like Russia, Ukraine and China have either export bans, quotas or taxes.Scrap restrictions elsewhere hit US prices“We are not in favor of putting barriers up on the export of scrap,” DiMicco said. “We are in favor of undoing the barriers around the world that create additional demand for our scrap. If they won’t let scrap come out of their country then we shouldn’t let their steel come in.”Earlier this year—in a closely watched case—the appeals panel of the WTO ruled China must dismantle its export taxes and quotas on nine industrial minerals including coke. “We see that as another favorable development demonstrating our countryshould expect our trading partners to live up to the agreements they make,” US Steel CEO John Surma said.US eyes are ‘watching’ CBMXMeanwhile, Surma and an executive of a major US-based global raw materials companyacknowledged Tuesday that their companies(continued on page 2)Scrap restrictions elsewhere hit US prices ... from page 1are in a wait-and-see mode regarding the recently launched physical iron ore trading platform in China.“There is going to be some trading done over that [the China Beijing International Mining Exchange (CBMX)],” Cliffs Natural Resources CEO Joseph Carrabba said during the same press briefing.“Whether it gains prominence or not, I think has a long way to go. Trying to find a counterparty for that trade is pretty difficult to do,” Carrabba noted. He added: “I think it is wait-and-see at this point and time; we are exploring all avenues.”US Steel’s Surma said his company is monitoring CBMX and others. “We are watching and observing the developments of these potential platforms,” he said. “We are just in the early stages of watching it.”— Nicholas TolomeoIron ore market...from page 1would be $2.258/dmtu and $2.185/dmtu, indicating a lump premium of $0.073/dmtu, according to Platts calcu-lations. Market talk suggested a Chinese mill was the buyer of this cargo, but this could not be confirmed.Elsewhere, market participants pegged the repeatable trading price of 61% Fe Pilbara Blend fines at $132-133/dmt CFR China. One Singapore-based trader felt the stronger price could be driven mainly by mills thatwere looking to replenish depleted inventories. “It is normal for [the] price of iron ore to take a breather and gain traction after falling constantly for the past week, and there are always mills who need to buy iron ore.”Most sources said they were seeing “significantly more inquiries for Australian ore” from mills, especially for Pilbara Blend fines and Newman fines. “I received quite a bit of interest for cargoes from north and south China mills today. The market seems to finally be edging its way up,” a Singapore-based trader said.But not all participants were as quick to embrace what others saw as the begin-ning of an uptick in spot prices. “The mar-ket is still waiting to see the direction spot prices will take before committing to any position. There is hardly any demand from end-users now, so sellers are finding it dif-ficult to market cargoes too,” a Beijing-based trader said.Mills in Tangshan, seen as generally representative of steelmakers across the country, were seeing losses due to poor steel margins, making it difficult to buy raw materials.“Steel is still terrible,” said a London-based trader. “It is neither acceptable nor possible for Newman fines to be traded repeatedly at $137/dmt CFR China, when both steel futures and billet prices are dip-ping lower together today,” concurred a Shandong mill source.Myriad Vale cargoes still on offerThere were still a number of Vale car-goes on offer. The Brazilian miner was offering a cargo co-loaded with 46,649 mt of 66.3% Fe Lump Ore Blast Furnace Urucum (LOAU) and 31,174 mt of 64.16% Fe Brazilian Standard Sinter Feed Tubarao (SSFT) for tendering. This shipment is slat-ed to pass Singapore May 28.The LOAU cargo, which contains 0.81% alumina, 2.98% silica, 0.054% phosphorus and 4.3% moisture, is the third such cargo Vale has offered in the spot market this year. The SSFT cargo contains 0.75% alu-mina, 4.87% silica, 0.06% phosphorus and 7.8% moisture. The results of the tender couldn’t be obtained before the assess-ment closed, though market talk suggest-ed the SSFT ore sold at $134.50/dmt.Vale was also offering 64.76% Fe Lump Ore Blast Furnace Non-screened Guaiba (LONS), 176,367 mt, with 1.236% alumina, 3.78% silica, and passing Singapore May 29. The tender was due to close May 22, 5 PM Beijing time (0900 GMT), according to traders who received the tender.A 167,068 mt cargo under the Vale63.5% Fe bracket traded at $135.10/dmt CFR China on the China BeijingInternational Mining Exchange Tuesday,according to a mill source and traders withaccess to the platform. But no furtherdetails or specifications were available.Sesa Goa continues to sellIndia’s Sesa Goa was back in the mar-ket offering 55,000 mt of 54% Fe finesTuesday—despite a company source say-ing earlier that the four fines cargoes SesaGoa sold last week would be its last priorto the Indian monsoon season. This latestparcel contains a maximum of 8% alumina,7% silica, 0.1% phosphorus, 0.03% sulfurand 15% moisture, and will load over May24-30 from Goa.The tender closes Tuesday, 10 pmIndian time (1630 GMT). The companysource did not wish to confirm if this wouldPlatts Daily Metallurgical Coal Assessments, May 22Coking coal price assessments ($/mt) FOB CFR CFR Change Australia China India Australia China IndiaHCC Peak Downs Region 222.50 237.50 240.00 +0.50 -0.50 -0.50Premium Low Vol 223.00 238.00 240.50 +0.50 -0.50 -0.50HCC 64 Mid Vol 190.00 205.00 207.50 +1.50 +0.50 +0.50Low Vol PCI 152.00 167.00 169.50 +1.00 +0.00 +0.00Low Vol 12 Ash PCI 132.50 147.50 150.00 +1.00 +0.00 +0.00Semi Soft 128.50 143.50146.00 +1.00 +0.00 +0.00Met Coke - -361.00- -+0.00HCC Assessed SpecificationsCSR VM Ash S P TM Fluidity HCC Peak Downs Region 74% 20.7% 10.5% 0.60% 0.030% 9.5% 400Premium Low Vol 71% 21.5% 9.3% 0.50% 0.045% 9.7% 500HCC 64 Mid Vol64% 25.5% 9.0% 0.60% 0.050%9.5%1,700Penalties & Premia: Differentials ($/mt) Within % of Premium Low Vol FOBNet Value Min-Max Australia assessment price($/mt)Per 1% CSR 60-74% 0.50% 1.12Per 1% VM (air dried) 18-28% 0.50% 1.12Per 1% TM (as received) 8-11% 1.00% 2.23Per 1% Ash (air dried) 7-10.5% 1.25% 2.79Per 0.1%S (air dried) 0.3-1%1.00%2.23The assessed price of HCC Peak Downs® originates with Platts and is based on price information for a range of HCCs with a CSR > 67% normalized to the standard of HCC Peak Downs® (CSR 74%). Peak Downs® is a registered trade mark of BM Alliance Coal Operations Pty Limited “BMA”. This price assessment is not affiliated with or sponsored by BMA in any way.Dry bulk freight assessments RouteVessel Class Freight rate ($/mt)Moisture (%)Australia-China Panamax 15.00 9.50Australia-IndiaPanamax17.509.50East Australia: basis Hay Point port. North China: basis Qingdao port. East India: basis Paradip port.Detailed methodology and specifications are found here: /IM.Platts.Content/MethodologyReferences/MethodologySpecs/metcoalmethod.pdf Source: Plattsreally be the last fines cargo sold before the rainy season, but said it would be “fully dependent on weather conditions.”“The Indian monsoon season officially hits the Goan region around June 6, so tech-nically the Goan miners can still offer fines cargoes now, but come next week, it will be risky,” another Beijing-based trader said.Elsewhere, South Korean trading house Daewoo was offering 150,000 mt of high-sili-ca 58/57% Fe Mauritanian fines, according to a trader who received the offer. The ship-ment, which already loaded May 6, contains 1% alumina, 12.5% silica, 0.08% phospho-rus, 0.07% sulfur and 2% moisture.“It’s going to be hard for any mill to be able to take this cargo because the silica content is dangerously high. I think even a trade level of $100/dmt CFR China would be tough to fetch for it,” the trader said.— Celestyn Wong,Melvin Yeo and Keith Tanwith Annalisa Jeffries in LondonCoking coal marketAsian spot coking coal market ‘balanced,’ freight downSingapore—Spot coking coal prices into Asia were steady Tuesday, though lower freight rates had some effect on FOB Australia, and CFR India and China spot prices.In what was described by market players as a “balanced” premium low-volatile hard coking coal market, a $1/mt drop inassessed Panamax freight rates was shared equally between FOB and CFR prices. This resulted in a 50 cents/mt rise for the FOB Queensland price to $223/mt, and a 50 cents/mt fall for CFR China, to $238/mt.Indicative buy-side interest for premium low-vol HCC was reported by buyers and miners at $220/mt FOB or just below, across several regions including North Asia, India and China.No new transactions were heard done, however. “It’s a very thin spot market,” a producer of premium HCC said Tuesday, add-ing that sentiment in China was generally bearish. Traders agreed, with one Beijing source citing falling billet prices in China. Tangshan billet prices have eased Yuan 90/mt ($14.20) since last Friday to Yuan 3,520/mt ex-stock, sources said Tuesday.Another trader said even US miners were reluctant to cut their offers to China as they could see better demand compara-tively from buyers outside China.A third Beijing trader said buying of port stocks also remained lackluster. He said dockside coking coal inventories in Jingtangand Rizhao ports were steady at 4 million and 2 million mt, respectively. “I can’t see any improvement in demand,” he said.Highlighting the need to shift coal in ports, one trader said he was prepared to delay pay-ment and to bear the extra interest himself. He had just sold a small volume of Australia semi-hard coking coal at above Yuan 1,400/mt ex-stock, which had 40-50% coke strength after reaction (CSR), 27% volatile matter, low ash and low sulfur. After accounting for the interest paid by the seller, this equates to $179/mt CFR China after deducting Yuan 35/mt in port charges and 17% value-added tax.Meanwhile, higher indicative buying inter-est in India lifted second-tier coking coal, which rose $1.50/mt to $190/mt FOB Australia.“For second-tier, India is looking stronger because buyers are substituting premium coals. It’s nicely balanced,” an HCC producer said. He saw “tell-tale signs of jitteriness”because of the threat of more strikes at BHP Billiton-Mitsubishi Alliance mines.Nonetheless, he believed fundamen-tals were bearish and thought the BMA strikes would only delay a fall in the mar-ket. “If the BMA situation hadn’t been there, I believe we would have seen a con-tinuation of the [down]trend of recentmonths.” “Demand is indeed pretty weak,” another HCC producer also conceded.— Julien Hall with Helena Shengand Edwin Yeorussian PCI cargoesabundantly available: tradersSingapore —Several traders have seen an increase in the number of Russian pul-verized coal injection (PCI) cargoes beingoffered to China, for a range of qualities, they said Tuesday“We’ve seen a lot of high offers from Russia,” one trader told Platts SBB. The trader reported 12% volatile matter, 12% ash PCI was offered as high as $160/mt CFR, and 12% VM, 10% ash at around $165/mt CFR.With the exception of a few high-quality PCIs, most Russian low-vol PCIs tend to be harder to grind than similar Australian products. Russian PCIs generally have a Hardgrove Grindability Index (HGI) of below 70, compared with Australian grades in the 70s or 80s.Low grindability can be a limiting factor for mills with constrained grinding ability, according to market participants.Though offers were perceived as high, the trader said Chinese buyers preferred the smaller vessel sizes available from Russia than the larger ships fromAustralia. “It’s a high-risk market. It’s diffi-cult for one buyer to accept a whole Panamax,” he explained.Nonetheless, large Chinese mills locat-ed near ports would be likely to accept top Australian low-vol PCIs at $165-170/mt CFR, another Chinese trader said.Tuesday’s low-vol PCI assessment increased $1 to $152.00/mt FOBAustralia, and low-vol with 12% ash was also up a dollar to $132.50/mt FOB.Prices to China and India were unchanged, however, offset by lower freight rates: Low-vol PCI was steady at $167.00/mt CFR China and $169.50/mt CFR India. Low-vol, 12% ash PCI held Tuesday at $147.50 CFR China and $150.00 CFR India.— Julien Hall and Helena ShengScrap marketUK heavy melting scrap offer to Turkey unchangedLondon —A UK recycler was offering a cargo of heavy melting scrap I/II (80/20 blend) to Turkish mills at $430/mt CFR Tuesday, level on implied prices in recent composite transactions for premium quality HMS blend.Some recyclers achieved sales to North Africa. One Benelux recycler ended up selling its cargo to Egypt rather than Turkey last week as demand proved more potent in North Africa than the EastMediterranean. Other sales were reported from France into Morocco, with major exporters operating out of WesternEuropean ports reducing some supplies.In addition, Turkish mills were chasingcargo for prompt delivery—something recy-clers long-believed the producers needed. This has calmed sentiment after the sud-den fall that took place towards the end of last week. Limited availability has also been a factor, with few merchants having prompt material available.“The fact that Turkish steelmakers are coming and asking for prompt deliveries makes us a little more relaxed,” oneEuropean exporter said. “Our domestic mar-ket only fell away a few euro [for May], so we can’t bring down our export prices—even with today’s more favorable exchange—to the level desired by some mills in Turkey.”Indeed, with the euro strengthening marginally on the US dollar compared to its weakest levels at the end of last week, coupled with slightly stronger freight from Benelux ports to Turkey, recyclers doubted much further weakening was possible for the time being on scrap.Lower US East Coast offer prices to India The Platts SBB daily assessment remained flat Tuesday at $430/mt CFR Turkey basis. Talk persisted from US market participants that US East Coast exporters were seeing less interest from Turkey and are now focusing some effort on India.Dealing with rising inventories and declining interest from Turkish steel mills, two major US East Coast (USEC) exporters came into the market early this week with lower offer prices on bulk cargoes of shred-ded scrap to India.Offers were heard from the USEC at $460/mt CFR Nhava Sheva and $470/mt CFR Chennai. The exporters are said to be awaiting a response from the mills. The offers represent a $20-30/mt drop from two weeks ago.USEC exporters are dealing with a declining domestic scrap market and waning interest from Turkish mills. One USEC exporter with considerable scrap supply on hand was heard to be declin-ing substantial tonnage deals from scrap yards last week, and in turn offering to US-based mills.— Ciaran Roe with Nicholas Tolomeo in Pittsburgh Major eastern Chinese mills cut scrap prices $8/mtSingapore—Domestic scrap prices have fallen further in China’s eastern regions since Shagang Group in Jiangsu province cut its buying costs again by Yuan 50/mt ($7.92) Tuesday.The latest reduction took Shagang’s buying price for heavy melting scrap (over 6 mm thick) to Yuan 3,040/mt ($480) including 17% VAT. The mill has cut its scrap prices four times since May 11, by a total of Yuan 200/mt (about $32/mt).“We have to lower raw materials costs since our rebar prices have kept declin-ing,” a Shagang official said. The mill has slashed its rebar prices by an accumulated Yuan 230/mt since the beginning of this month. “There is still a possibility for us to further cut the scrap prices, but the margincould be limited,” the official told Platts Steel Business Briefing.The province’s smaller mills, includ-ing Huaigang Special Steel, immediate-ly followed Shagang by shaving their scrap prices by Yuan 30-50/mt, and more mills are expected to follow in the next few days.Meanwhile, major steelmakers in neighboring Shandong province also low-ered their scrap prices. On Tuesday Xiwang Special Steel reduced its buying price for HMS (>6 mm) to Yuan 3,090/mt from Yuan 3,140/mt with VAT. “Themarket is very dismal, and we are stillstruggling to avoid losses, although itseems more and more difficult,” a majorShandong trader said.Market prices for HMS were prevail-ing at Yuan 3,040-3,150/mt ($481-498)with the VAT in the country’s eastregions, around Yuan 50/mt lower thanprices on Monday.— Della FuJapanese scrap exportprices to Korea keep fallingSingapore—Japanese scrap exportprices to Korea have dropped by Yen1,000-1,500/mt ($12.5-18.80) over thepast week as demand from foreign buyerssuch as Chinese mills has declined.“Korean mills seem the only buyersfor Japanese scrap for the moment,” asource with a major steelmaker inPlatts steel industry assessments, May 22Close/MidpointChange% ChgAsiaHot-rolled coil $/mtFOB Shanghai*630.00-635.00632.50 -5.00 -0.78Reinforcing bar $/mt FOB China* 615.00-625.00 620.00-10.00-1.59* Assessed May 17, 2012Europe Hot-rolled coil Eur/mtEx-works, Ruhr 542.50-547.50 545.00 -2.50 -0.46CIF Antwerp 520.00-530.00 525.00 0.00 0.00$/mtFOB Black Sea 585.00-595.00 590.00 0.00 0.00PlateEur/mtEx-works, Ruhr 605.00-615.00 610.00 0.00 0.00CIF Antwerp 535.00-545.00 540.00 0.00 0.00Reinforcing bar Eur/mtEx-works, NW Eur 522.50-527.50 525.00 0.00 0.00$/mtFOB basis Turkey 642.50-647.50645.00 0.00 0.00Billet$/mt FOB Black Sea 585.00585.000.000.00North America Hot-rolled coil $/stEx-works, Indiana 650.00-660.00 655.00 0.00 0.00CIF, Houston 630.00-650.00 640.00 0.00 0.00Plate$/stEx-works, US SE 880.00-900.00 890.00 0.00 0.00CIF, Houston 800.00-820.00 810.00 0.00 0.00Reinforcing bar $/stEx-works, US SE 720.00-725.00 722.50 0.00 0.00CIF, Houston610.00-620.00 615.000.000.00Europe and US cold-rolled coil assessments, May 22Eur/mtClose/MidpointChange % Chg Ex-works, Ruhr 622.50-627.50 625.00 -2.50 -0.40CIF Antwerp 585.00-595.00 590.000.00 0.00$/mtFOB Black Sea 695.00-705.00 700.00 0.00 0.00$/stEx-works, Indiana 750.00-770.00 760.00 0.00 0.00CIF, Houston740.00-760.00750.000.000.00Korea said Tuesday.Hyundai Steel, the country’s largest scrap buyer, booked Japanese H2 grade scrap at Yen 31,000-31,500/mt FOB($389-395) this week, market sources told Platts SBB.This compares with contract prices concluded earlier last week of Yen32,500/mt FOB for the same grades. “We have secured sufficient scrap inventories so for now we’re taking a wait-and-see atti-tude in terms of booking import materials,” a company source said.Another Korean mill source also said that his company had booked enough imported scrap up until June arrivals. “Thus we’re taking our time to monitor market sentiment closely before booking for July shipment,” he noted.Korean steelmakers contacted by Platts SBB said that Japanese export pric-es of scrap are unlikely to drop much fur-ther from the current levels in the near term. “However, there seems no momen-tum for a significant price hike in Japanese scrap for export,” the third mill source said. Sales of finished steel products in both the Japanese and Korean markets have remained depressed so far this year, as reported.“Besides, Japanese scrap traders fear unstable market conditions caused by ongoing global economic turmoil so raising prices will be difficult for them,” he added.— Hera OhExchangesIron ore swaps prices rally as physical losses ceaseLondon—Iron ore swaps pricesincreased more substantially Tuesday on the back of an arrested decline in the physical market, brokers and traders in London and Singapore said.There was a flurry of trades on Q3, basis The Steel Index’s reference price for 62% Fe material CFR North China, which moved up to trade at $130/dry mt several times. July traded at $128.75/dmt and moved up to $129.50/dmt, while a Q3/Q4 spread changed hands at $1.50/dmt.Several physical cargoes were done at levels suggesting slightly higher prices, reflected in the upward movement of both IODEX and TSI 62% Fe fines. The latter gained 20 cents to $131.10/dmt, while the former was up 25 cents to $134/dmt.The tenders were the “first positive news for two weeks” so it made sense that they would lead to some gains, a trader inSingapore said. “I think physical prices havecome to the bottom, it’s a good time to cover a short,” said a trader in London.The decline in China’s billet price con-tinued, but at a slower pace. In Tangshan city, ex-works prices for 150x150 mm Q235 slipped Yuan 10/mt to Yuan 3,520/mt ($557) with 17% VAT on a cash basis. Physical rebar was unchanged.Wary about downstream steel weaknessBut not all sources believed the phys-ical increases could be seen as a turning point in the market, alluding to down-stream steel weakness. “As long as the government has not loosened its tight grip on the real estate market I don’t think the economy will show any substan-tial improvement,” one Tangshan-based billet trader said. And dockside ore inven-tories in China lost another Yuan 10-20/mt, TSI reported.Market weakness was being confound-ed by Chinese mills continuing to pump out “massive” amounts of steel in a bid to keep costs low and maintain market share, one analyst said.Wavering and confused sentiment was reflected by a Yuan 16/mt fall in the most active October rebar contract in Shanghai, which had gained some ground Monday after broadly supportive comments over the weekend by China’s Premiere Wen.Indicative forward curves from London-based brokers also pointed to some confusion over market direction. Two curves both had prices up through-out, but the increases ranged from 50 cents to $3/dmt.— Colin RichardsonFerroalloys market Asian manganese ore prices move up on tight supply London—Seaborne manganese ore bound for Asia gained ground Tuesday on the back of tight supply in the spot market, sources said.The Platts 44% Mn ore lump assess-ment moved up 5 cents from the previous day to $4.90/dry mt unit CIF Tianjin, China.“Demand for silicon manganese is pretty stable, but alloy producers are pushing up prices due to higher ore pric-es,” said a producer who was working at 40% capacity.Other market participants said there was growing uncertainty for ore demand levels, citing negative steel margins. The weak steel market has been weigh-ing on manganese ore, and there has been talk some mills may cut crude output amid weak margins, accordingto an Inner Mongolia based trader. That will further crimp manganese ore demand, he added.A China based producer source said she would not be purchasing manganese ore until the steel market showed signs of strengthening and the direction of sili-comanganese prices is clearer. “I am wait-ing to see what happens with the sili-comanganese price. I think if it doesn’t increase plants will close their furnaces,” she said.“Demand is not good, ore is tight and alloy prices weak. It all depends on sili-comanganese now but ore prices are firm. Miners aren’t negotiating,” the pro-duce concluded.Sources said major French ore miner Eramet was not offering June shipments due to port loading issues at its Gabon operations, which is creating tightness in the ore market.China’s manganese alloys producers reported the price of silicomanganese 65:17 at Yuan 8,000/mt ($1,269.60) ex-works, an increase of Yuan 100/mt over the previous week. The China based producer source saidsilicomanganese could be purchased ataround Yuan 7,500-7,800/mt DDP.— Jitendra GillAsia moly oxide offers stablebut further falls fearedSingapore—Asian offers of molybde-num oxide were at $13.70-13.80/lb CIFTuesday, unchanged on day, in a marketsubdued by fears of further falls due tohigh inventories in Japan and Europe aswell as a bearish tender result and con-cerns about the eurozone.Offers mostly originated from Chinesetraders, South Korea traders said, butwere with no firm bids, although someSouth Korean ferromolybdenum converterssaid their price ideas were around$13.65/lb CIF Busan for powder in bags.Buyers in South Korea showed littleinterest, partly due to low demand andpartly because they were waiting foroffers to drop to about $13.50/lb. AJapanese trader heard deals done at$13.70-13.75/lb CIF Japan for powder inbags by Chinese traders.The Posco Specialty Steel ferromolybuy tender for 50 mt Monday was award-ed at Won 38,000-39,000 ($32.67-33.51)/kg duty and delivery costs paid.The cost of moly oxide powder feedstockis believed to be around $13.30/lb, saidsome market participants, while one esti-mated feedstock cost higher at above$13.50/lb.The latest tender result has led togrowing concern about further falls in molyoxide prices among the Chinese traders.“It is true that usually tender prices arelower than the prevailing market level, butgiven that market demand has been dis-mal recently, it seems very likely that molyoxide prices will continue to slide down-ward,” a trader in northeast China’sLiaoning province said.Japan has sufficient stocks of molyoxide and European customers may stillhave enough inventories to last till earlyJune, market sources said.Most South Korean ferromoly plantshave been operating at less than 50% ofcapacity this month and their operatingrates may be even lower in June in antici-pation of lower ferromoly orders, a SouthKorean trader said.Some Chinese traders have reviseddown their earlier forecasts for the molyoxide’s price low this year to below$13.00/lb from $13.00-13.50/lb.“We have not spotted any positivesigns so far. European economies,Greece in particular, have been doingworse than we expected at the beginningof this year; it may be time for us toreview our market forecasts,” a secondLiaoning trader said.— Hongmei LiChina imported 714 mt ofmoly ores and conc in AprilSingapore—China imported a total of714 mt of molybdenum ores and concen-trates in April, down 25.5% year on year,figures released Tuesday by the GeneralAdministration of Customs showed.Of the total imported volume, 592 mtwas roasted moly ores and concentrates.China also exported a total 1,430 mt ofmoly ores and concentrates in April, down0.1% year on year. Of this, roasted orescomprised 1,398 mt.For the first four months, imports ofmolybdenum ores and concentrates totaled3,762 mt, down 24% from a year ago,while total moly ores and concentratesexports amounted to 5,747 mt, down37.4% from last year.Meanwhile, China imported 20,000 kgof ferromolybdenum in April, which was flatfrom a year ago. The figure, however, wasa sharp jump from the 4,480 kg importedin March.Ferromoly exports in April totaled 21,000kg, which was down 19.2% from April 2011,and also down 41.7% on the month. Importsof ferromoly in the first four months of 2012reached 45,485 kg, down 58.2% year onyear, while exports stood at 77,000 kg,down 26.3% from 2011.— Yuencheng MokBHP Billiton to restartAustralian ferroalloys smelterMelbourne—BHP Billiton plans torestart its TEMCO manganese alloy plantin early July following a review of its eco-nomic viability, the miner said Tuesday.Operations at the ferroalloy smelterlocated at Bell Bay in Tasmania were sus-pended for 90 days on February 23.BHP said it will ramp up operationsto have all four furnaces back in opera-tion by the end of August. Over the pastthree months, BHP identified ways toreduce costs to return the plant to a“globally competitive position,” the com-pany said.“One of the key changes as we restartwill be the operational separation of theTEMCO alloying facility from the GEMCOmine, located in the Northern Territory.This separation introduces the ability toblend in other ore sources, which will。
公务员行测之年均、平均数增长率、比重差
年均增长率和平均数增长率和比重差的比较一、年均增长率：公式：实例：某市2001年第三产业产值为991.04亿元，2004年为1762.5亿元，问2001-2004年的年均增长率？解：（1762.5/991.04）^1/3-1=21.1%！！！年均增长率=报告期/基期^1/N-1,其中:1/N 为开N次方,N为报告期与基期间隔的年限(一)年均增长率、平均增长率区别对于年均增长率很多人容易将其与平均增长率混为一谈，举一个具体的例子就很好理解了，假设基期量A，经过N年之后变为现期量B，年均增长率为r则有(二)年均增长率具体题型1、年均增长率----隔年现期量【例1】今年某省的旅游业收入是398万元，若年均增长率是30.4%。
那么8年之后该省的旅游业的收入大约是今年的多少倍?A.3.6B.6.4C.7.8D.8.4【解析】已知基期、年均增长率、年限数，求现期/基期因此，对于此类题目一定要熟练记住1-30的平方数。
2、年均增长率----转化为增长量【例2】 2010年1~4月全国入境旅游部分市场客源情况统计表若保持同比增长率不变，预计哪一年4月入境旅游的法国游客人数将会超过英国?A. 2011B. 2012C. 2013D. 2014【解析】已知某两个量的基期以及对应的年均增长率(其中一增一减)，求几年能够追赶上。
此类题目一般把年均增长率转化为年均增长量来求解。
英国-法国=0.59，11年英国增长5.03×2.37% =0.118法国下降4.44×6.8% =0.301 10年缩小0.419还剩0.59-0.419=0.171 明显2年法国能超过英国，答案选择B。
3、求年均增长率【例3】2003~2007年间，SCI收录中国科技论文数的年均增长率约为：A. 6%B. 10%C. 16%D. 25%【解析】已知基期、现期求年均增长率。
此类题目一般采取代入排除法。
综上所述，在考试当中，首先要弄清楚年均增长率、平均增长率的的区别，年均增长率为几何平均数、平均增长率为算数平均数。
英国旅游市场调研报告(下)
英国旅游市场调研报告（下）2000-07-07二、英国出境旅游市场预测2000年对于英国出境旅游市场来说应该又是一个好年头，由于措施比较及时、得力，英国经济很快从滑坡的谷底走出来。
根据英国统计局公布的数字，英国1999年前三个季度GDP分别增长0．2％、0．6％、0．9％。
政府预测1999年英国经济增长率可以达到1．75％。
根据英国情报所资料，1999年是英国近二十年失业率最低的一年，按10月份统计数字，英国失业串只有4．1％。
英国政府对2000年英国经济增长率预测为2．5％至3％。
而一些经济专家的预测是2．5％至4％。
一些经济专家对英国目前经济形势和部分经济指数，例如：消费者需求、房产交易状况、出口形势进行分析之后认为，英国经济在2000年会强劲增长3％。
英国统计局1999年11月25日发布的材料公布，98—99年度英国人每月花在购买休闲商品和休闲服务上的钱在历史上首次上升到家庭消费的第一位。
自1968年到1998年30年当中从占家庭总消费的9％，上升到17％。
而这当中有71％花在了购买休闲服务上。
英国人的月平均毛收入从97—98年度的1680英镑上升到98—99年度的1840英镑。
平均上涨9％。
其中有240英镑花在了购买休闲商品和休闲服务上。
占家庭消费的第一位。
花在餐饮上的为228英镑，退居第二位。
据(星岛日报)报道，经济学家智囊组织每两年对世界主要城市生活指数进行一次调查。
此次调查比较了全球126个城市的物价和产品，伦敦榜上排名第7，英国的曼彻斯特也超越了阿姆斯特丹、赫尔辛基和德国的所有城市排在第20位。
这对英国的整体经济发展并不是什么好事，但造成这种情况的直接原因却是欧元对英镑的持续疲弱。
英镑坚铤毫无疑问会对英国的出境旅游带来正面影响。
一正、一负，英国生活指数上扬这一因素可以忽略不计。
根据Mintel公司的调查并预测，英国出境旅游从1999年到2003年将增长9．5％。
到欧洲的旅游将增长19％。
大学英语四级阅读单选题讲解「推论题」
大学英语四级阅读单选题讲解「推论题」大学英语四级阅读单选题讲解「推论题」大学英语四级阅读单选题【推论题】一In recent years，Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as they've become wealthier and more worldly-wise. Foreign travel is a national passioni this summer alone,one in 10 citizens will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as KFC, McDonald's and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service，using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the American habit of telling departing customers to “Have a nice day” has caught on all over Israel, uNobody wakes up in the morning and says,‘Let’s be nicer，,” says Itsik Cohen, director of a consulting firm. “Nothing happens without competition. ”Privatizationfor the threat of it,is a motivation as well. Monopolies (垄断者)that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry,a marketing professor，calls “the revengeful (报ft的)consumer”. When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company its international branch lost 40% of its market share, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, “People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service?” The electric company whose monopoly may be short-lived* has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now,appointments are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless ￡1 A1 Airlines, which is already at auction (拍卖)，has retrainedits employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan “You can feel the change in the air. ” For the first time?praise out numbers complaints on customer survey sheets.6. It may be inferred from the passage that_.A. customer service in Israel is now improvingB. wealthy Israeli customers are hard to pleaseC. the tourist industry has brought chain stores to IsraelD. Israeli customers prefer foreign products to domestic ones7. In the author’s view,higher service standards are impossible in Israel__?A. if customer complaints go unnoticed by the managementB. unless foreign companies are introduced in greater numbersC. if there’s no competition among companiesD. without strict routine training of employees8. If someone in Israel today needs a repairman in case of a power failure,--?A. they can have it fixed in no timeB. it,s no longer necessary to make an appointmentC. the appointment takes only half a day to makeD. they only have to wait half an hour at most9. The example of El AI Airlines shows thatA. revengeful customers are a threat to the monopoly of enterprisesB. an ad campaign a way out for enterprises ill financial fiffictiltyC. a good slogan has great potential for improving serviceD. staff retraining inessential for better service10. Why did Bezaq's international branch lose 40% mitflriarket share?A. Because the rates it offered were not competitive enough.B. Because customers were dissatisfied with its past service.C. Because the service offered by its competitors was far better.D. Because it no longer received any support from the government.讲解答案：6.A由短文主题及第一段要点，尤其是第一段第三不难推出答案为A，而本埋中选項B、C、D干扰系数并不大，故本题虽推论题，但并不难。
英国旅行注意事项攻略
英国旅行考前须知攻略英国旅行考前须知一、出发前物品准备A、证件护照、机票行程单、保险、护照照片、自驾的话需要带驾照和公证、商务签证需要随身携带邀函原件或复印件资金证明等及英国住址、等重要资料。
护照建议每位团员均应在出国前将护照、签证复印3份，并且准备3张二寸护照照片，以备发生护照丧失时向警察局报案和到我国驻当地使馆申补发。
机票行程单打点登机牌只用护照就可以，但也建议您打印一份电子机票行程单，并仔细确认姓名、护照号、出发日期、时间和路线，以备不时之需。
B、欧洲酒店因环保原因，不备洗漱用品、拖鞋等一次性用品，所以以上用品、雨具和转换插座均自备(英国的插头与国内并不相同，而且酒店并无转换播头，建议提前购置英标转换插头)。
E、随身携带医生开的重要药物，以及蚊虫消肿药、阿斯匹林、绷带、止泻药、创可贴和防晕车药等日常药品。
另带一份医生开的解释各处方用途说明书，以备海关人员询问带药的原因。
最好也医生列一张个人的用药须知(过敏症、慢性病、一般处方药)，把它跟其它身份证件放在一起。
万一发生了意外，这类资料对于救助你的医护人员会有极大的帮助。
F、其他衣物衬衫、T 恤衫、内衣、袜子、毛衣、折叠伞、 Sim 卡托针、充电宝等;特别提醒您，英国的雨很多，下的也很随意，一定要记得随时携带雨具，因为多雨即使夏天也有可能会比拟阴冷，建议准备一件毛衣或厚外套。
如果您需要出席正式商务活动或特殊场合的活动，备一身正装。
根据海关规定并从平安因素考虑不建议携带大量现金，准备2张信用卡和1张银联卡。
多带一张信用卡，以便在刷卡不顺畅时有备用卡可使用，方便您的消费需要。
有些商场已经支持银联支付，可以节省汇率手续费。
英国旅行考前须知二、国际航班出发流程国际航班建议至少提前3小时抵达机场，打点各种出关手续，尤其是在人流顶峰期，尽早抵达，以免误机。
1、海关检查如有物品申报 , 走红色通道打点海关手续 ; 无申报者可走绿色通道(参照本须知一、1、A 内容)。
关于海外游客到欧洲旅行的数据对比英语作文
关于海外游客到欧洲旅行的数据对比英语作文The global tourism industry has seen a significant surge in recent years, with travelers from all over the world exploring new destinations and cultures. One of the most popular regions for international tourism is Europe, which offers a rich tapestry of history, architecture, cuisine, and natural wonders. In this essay, we will examine and compare the data on overseas visitors to Europe, providing insights into the trends and patterns that have emerged.Europe has long been a magnet for travelers seeking to immerse themselves in the continent's diverse heritage and vibrant cities. According to the latest data from the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), Europe welcomed over 746 million international tourist arrivals in 2019, accounting for 51% of global tourism. This figure represents a remarkable growth from the 489 million arrivals recorded in 2009, highlighting the increasing appeal of Europe as a premier travel destination.When we delve deeper into the data, we can observe some notable trends. The top destination countries in Europe for overseas visitors include France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom. These countries have consistently maintained their position as the most popular choices for international travelers, owing to their rich cultural heritage, iconic landmarks, and well-developed tourism infrastructure.France, for instance, has long been a favorite among overseas visitors, attracting a staggering 89.4 million international tourists in 2019. This figure represents a significant increase from the 76.8 million visitors recorded in 2009, underscoring the country's enduring appeal. The city of Paris, with its iconic Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum, and the charming Montmartre district, remains a top draw for tourists from around the world.Spain, on the other hand, has experienced a remarkable surge in overseas visitor numbers in recent years. In 2019, the country welcomed 83.7 million international tourists, a remarkable increase from the 52.2 million recorded a decade earlier. The country's diverse offerings, from the vibrant cities of Barcelona and Madrid to the stunning beaches of the Balearic and Canary Islands, have made it a premier destination for sun-seekers, culture enthusiasts, and adventure travelers alike.Italy, renowned for its rich history, art, and cuisine, has also maintained its position as a top European destination. In 2019, the country welcomed 64.5 million international visitors, up from 43.7 million in 2009. The country's iconic landmarks, such as the Colosseum in Rome, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, and the canals of Venice, continue to captivate travelers from across the globe.Germany and the United Kingdom have also seen significant growth in overseas visitor numbers over the past decade. Germany welcomed 39.6 million international tourists in 2019, up from 24.2 million in 2009, while the United Kingdom attracted 39.4 million visitors, an increase from 28.2 million a decade earlier. These countries offer a diverse range of attractions, from the historic cities and picturesque countryside of Germany to the vibrant cultural hubs and iconic landmarks of the United Kingdom.The data also reveals interesting patterns in the source markets for overseas visitors to Europe. While traditional source markets like North America and Western Europe continue to be significant contributors, there has been a noticeable rise in the number of travelers from emerging markets such as China, India, and Russia. This shift reflects the growing economic power and increasing propensity for international travel among these populations.For instance, China has become a major source market for Europeantourism, with Chinese visitors accounting for over 14 million arrivals in 2019, up from just 4.5 million in 2009. The growing middle class and rising disposable incomes in China have fueled this surge, as more Chinese travelers seek to explore the cultural and historical richness of Europe.Similarly, India has also emerged as a significant source market, with6.8 million Indian visitors to Europe in 2019, compared to 3.3 milliona decade earlier. The burgeoning Indian middle class, coupled with an increasing interest in international travel, has contributed to this growth.The data also highlights the seasonal nature of European tourism, with the summer months typically experiencing the highest influx of visitors. This pattern is largely driven by the favorable weather conditions, school holidays, and the appeal of outdoor activities and events during the peak season.However, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the tourism industry, including the flow of overseas visitors to Europe. The global travel restrictions and lockdowns imposed to curb the spread of the virus have resulted in a significant decline in international arrivals to the continent. According to the UNWTO, Europe saw a 70% drop in international tourist arrivals in 2020 compared to the previous year.As the world gradually recovers from the pandemic, the tourism industry in Europe is poised to rebound. However, the long-term implications of the crisis remain uncertain, as the industry grapples with the challenges of adapting to the new normal and addressing the changing preferences and concerns of travelers.In conclusion, the data on overseas visitors to Europe paints a compelling picture of the continent's enduring appeal as a premier travel destination. The top destination countries have consistently attracted large numbers of international tourists, with emerging markets like China and India contributing to the growth in recent years. While the COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges, the resilience and adaptability of the European tourism industry will be crucial in shaping its future trajectory. By understanding these trends and patterns, policymakers, tourism operators, and travelers can better navigate the evolving landscape of European tourism.。
英国海关对外贸易统计介绍
英国海关对外贸易统计介绍裔昭荣袁子伟英国海关负责国家的对外贸易统计工作。
海关提供的贸易统计数字是官方统计资料中的重要部分，每周公布的进出口贸易数据，被视为经济状况的重要指标，每个政府部门和金融机构都监视着这个数据。
它影响外汇和英国的利率，以至住房抵押借款，公民国外度假的费用、买日用品的支出等。
全国有5,000多个商会和行业工会利用这些数字来了解新的出口市场，监测进口商品打进市场的程度。
海关统计资料对欧盟对外贸易政策的制定，欧盟共同关税协定的管理，例如实行配额或者征收反倾销税等，都非常重要；国内重要的政府部门如贸易部、交通部、农业部等，都是统计资料的重要使用者。
一、组织机构英国海关的关税统计司成立于1991年，是中央理事会的组成部分。
为英国外贸提供咨询和服务，主要职能是提供英国对外贸易统计数据，为商业团体、公共机构和国际组织提供统计和关税方面的信息。
司内有四个处负责统计工作，约有500个员工。
主管司长1名，下设一个“共同管理组”，协助管理四个处。
（一）运行处：负责数据加工、分类和有效检查、数据管理、贸易质询、税则分类（含咨询热线）。
（二）客户服务和数据分析处：负责客户服务、数据分析、国际协助。
为海内外不同客户提供商品统计数据，包括欧盟统计局和政府部门、企业、个人等。
服务形式包括：光盘、微缩胶片、磁盘、硬盘等。
还设有服务热线，为客户提供统计信息服务。
（三）政策与国际处：负责处罚管理、体制协调、体制发展、贸易商管理、内贸手续和公众事务。
（四）支持处：负责人事管理、帐目管理、交流、培训、信息服务等。
二、统计制度英国海关编制对外贸易货物统计已有300多年的历史，这些统计资料包括：与欧盟以外国家的进出口统计，以及与欧盟成员国的进出口统计。
（一）内贸统计系统自1993年起与增值税相联接，欧盟成员国大致相同。
在英国，所有VAT（增值税）注册商人每季必须完成并提交增值税单的两个额外项目，说明与成员国的进出口总值。
“脱欧”英国成了旅游大热门
英国“脱欧”持续发酵的影响对旅游市场带来了众多利好。
从各大旅行社了解到，由于签证等赴英流程环节和以往并没有变化，同时英镑的暴跌又能为游客节省赴英旅游成本，预订英国旅游产品的人数较往年都有所上升，因此今年暑期至下半年，英国游将成为出境游市场中的一大热点。
英国“脱欧”当日，英镑就下挫近10%，英镑兑美元跌至逾三十年最低。
与英镑贬值相伴的是，消费者赴英购买的热情高涨，公开资料显示，赴英国的中国消费者中超过七成人至少购买了一件价值超过500英镑的奢侈品，还有近两成的人购买奢侈品多达五件或五件以上，预计今年暑期旅游+买买买可能比淡季还便宜。
英国一直没有加入申根协定，因此在签证方面，“脱欧”后对中国人赴英旅游毫无影响。
从今年1月起，中国游客可申请有效期为两年的全新访客签证。
同时，英国还增设了在华签证中心。
业内人士表示，随着赴英游客量的增长，英国一地深度游也将成为今后英国旅游的主流。
很多朋友会问去英国旅游怎么玩？于是小编请来旅游大咖南山Nathan，和大家一起聊聊英国深度游的那些事。
成了旅游大热门文丨南山Nathan 团子 图丨南山Nathan时尚生活Life Style千禧桥上看圣保罗教堂时尚生活Life Style去过许多国家，拜访过无数名城，我可以轻描淡写，故作不经意地说，景点大可以不去，感受当地纯粹的生活更重要。
可在伦敦，我不敢，也不可能这么说，因为伦敦历史与文化，艺术与建筑的精华都在这里浓缩，而你总会找到一处让你心动的。
圣保罗大教堂（St.Paul’s Cathedral）：圣保罗大教堂是伦敦最宏伟的标志性建筑之一。
相比于大教堂丰富多彩的历史和令人难忘的英国巴洛克式内饰，我反而对攀登穹顶更感兴趣，因为从那里可以欣赏到伦敦最美丽的景色之一，尤其在我没有乘坐伦敦眼的打算下，这里也许是我眺望伦敦最佳地点之一。
不过想要攀登到顶需要528级台阶，越往上越狭窄，但确实值得努力一试，因为登顶就可以欣赏到极为壮观的360度伦敦城市全景。
英国出入境须知_英国出入境注意事项
英国出入境须知_英国出入境注意事项英国出入境须知入境须知来英入境时，要随身携带护照、机票、资金证明等及英国住址、电话等重要资料，不能将它们放在托运行李中。
在飞机即将抵达英国时，空中服务人员一般会向您提供英国入境卡和海关申报书。
请填妥后将它们与护照、签证等放在一起，到入境口岸时一并提交给英国移民官员查验。
英国入境口岸设有3种通道英国公民通道（BRITISH PASSPORT）、欧共体国家公民通道（ECCOUNTRIES）和其它国家公民通道（OTHER PASSPORTS）。
中国公民一般应选择其它国家公民通道办理入境手续。
移民官一般会先核查入境者的来英身份或事由（如学生、商务、探亲等），然后要求提供相关证明文件。
请到所搭飞机班次的行李输送带上提取行李，如发现行李遗失，应当时凭行李托运条向航空公司报告，取得遗失申报证明文件后，方可出关入境。
海关一般规定非英国公民可免税携带以下物品入境200支香烟，100支小雪茄或50支雪茄或500克烟草；烈性酒一瓶或两瓶酒精含量不超过22%的葡萄酒；50毫升香水和250毫升花露水及其它总值32英镑物品。
17周岁以下人员不得携带烟草和酒精制品入境。
在数量或品种上超过上述限量规定的，应走红色通道并按规定交纳关税。
个人物品和携带入境的旅费在合理范围内一般不受限制。
不准携带进入英国的物品有植物、蔬菜、鲜肉、动物、管制药品、毒品、弹药、军火。
需要申报的物品电脑、高级相机、摄像机。
如果入境时未播啊管，出境时可能被课税。
海关通道蓝色通道：欧盟国家通道，不要去排这条队。
绿色通道：无申报通道，如果没有携带需要申报的物品，可以走绿色通道。
红色通道：申通通道，如果懈怠了需要申报的物品，或者不知道应不应该申报，就要走红色通道。
伦敦奥运旅游线路推荐：感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
英国留学入境需要注意些什么.doc
英国留学入境需要注意些什么现在去英国留学的人还是蛮多的，不知道同学们准备得怎么样呢？那么今天就和的我一起来了解一下英国留学入境需要注意些什么？可以携带多少现金？根据英国海关规定，从欧盟以外的国家入境英国，你不能携带超过或者等同于1万欧元的货币（约为8392英镑金额），只要携带超过1万欧元（包括1万欧元），入境就要申报。
注意，其中所指的货币包括：1. 纸币、硬币2. 银行汇票3. 任何形式的支票（包括旅行支票）英国留学入境携带现金如何申报如何申报下面说一下申报的步骤：1. 首先你需要下载并且填写C9011表格，或者你也可以在机场或者入境处拿到这份表格。
2. 填写好后并复印一份，如果你是在机场填写的，会有复写纸自动生成备份。
3. 把那份复印件投进在机场或入境处的dro-box里，携带另一份，交给海关工作人员查看。
入境检查跟随“Arrivals”标志牌走，除非你在该机场转机；如果中途需要在伦敦、法兰克福、阿姆斯特丹等机场转机，则应跟随”Transfer”（转机）标志牌走到相应的航空公司柜台，办理相关手续并等候转机。
“Arrivals”会指引你到入境检查处（Immigration Control）；入境检查处有电子显示屏告诉你应该通过哪个通道；所有乘客必须从指定通道办理其所乘航班入境手续；入境官员会检查你的文件是否齐全，以及是否持有签证及有效护照；检查无误后，入境官员会在你的护照上盖章标明入境日期。
英国海关禁止携带的物品违反者物品会被没收，同时可能被罚款：0.肉类，牛奶或者其他动物产品！（这个是英国海关重点查中国人的，烤鸭/火腿肠都不要带哈！）1.非法药物（中药类可能会有问题，如果查到的话）2.武器（包括某些有攻击型刀具，胡椒喷雾等自卫型武器）3.淫秽物品4.假冒或者盗版商品5.珊瑚，亚马逊森林的木材，象牙，海龟壳等濒临物种相关物品，宠物，以及某些水果的种子，根等6.用受保护动物皮毛做成的衣服，鞋等（属于限制类物品，不知道海关怎么查，所以咱不要穿这类衣服去UK哈）；7.禁止携带无线电传输装置英国留学入境需要哪些材料：1.有效护照与签证护照和签证的原件很重要，最好再复印和2或3份备用。
出境旅游调查报告
出境旅游调查报告出境旅游调查报告一、英国出境旅游及来华旅游简况根据英国国家统计署(national statistics) 公布的数据，近年来英国经济保持了稳增长、低物价、高就业、福利改善的运行态势。
20xx年英国出国旅游总人数为6145.3万人次(XX年英国全国总人口为5920万)，比上年同期增长3.5%。
出境旅游总消费为289.4亿英镑，比上年同期增长7.3%。
英国出国游中在欧洲内部旅游的人数为5063.5万人次，占其出国旅游者总人次的82.4%;欧洲以外的旅游人次为1081.8万人次，占其出国旅游总人次的17.6%。
其中赴亚洲的总人次为200万人次，占其出国旅游总人次的3.25%，比上年增长1.16%。
目前英国是中国在西欧地区的第一客大国。
20xx年至20xx年间，旅华人数累计达163.63万人次，占同期外国人市场的2.7%，年均增长10.16%。
XX年,英国赴华旅游市场从第二季度起开场恢复，到第三季度,商务、散客和其他客恢复良好，入境总人数甚至超过了20xx年同期程度。
全年旅华人数为41.81万人次，比上年增长45.03%。
应该说有良好的经济开展为支撑，英国来华旅游市场的潜力是非常宏大的。
二、英国出境旅游市场的几个特点(一)英国出境旅游主要由主流旅游运营商运作旅游运营商通常被认为是中间人，他的作用就是联络买方和卖方，将两种或以上的旅行效劳组合起来作为一种产品或称打包旅游并通过旅行社或直接销售给最终消费者的企业。
从XX年开场，英国的四大主要旅游运营商(tui uk, my travel, thomas cook and first choice)控制了全英国超过75%的出境团队业务。
实际上，英国的12家旅游运营商结合会的成员控制了超过90%团队出境市场。
这种情况在欧洲的旅游兴旺国家非常普遍。
旅游运营商通常从旅游目的地形象设计，产品设计和分销，以及价格等方面入手，很大程度上影响顾客在可选旅游方案中进展选择。
英国旅游实用信息介绍
英国旅游实用信息介绍不少中国人会选择去英国旅游，那么去英国旅游要知道哪些注意事项呢?下面和一起来看看英国旅游实用信息介绍，欢迎阅读。
一、最佳旅游时间英国属海洋性温带阔叶林气候，总体比较温和，冬暖夏凉，雨水较充足，季节温度变化不显著，但天气变幻无常，经常阴云多雨。
每年3月至8月比较干燥，9月至次年2月多雨，通常最高气温不超过32°C，最低不低于-10°C。
一年中最美的时间是5月和6月，万紫千红的各种花草一齐绽放。
这里的春夏季(4-9月)天气晴朗少雨，5月和6月之后，较为理想的日子是7月和8月。
一年中以这两个月天气最好，白昼长，晴天也多，十分适合旅行。
二、注意事项1、小费：英国人有付小费的习惯。
通常在餐厅如果帐单内没有包含服务费，要按账单的10%左右付，行李员小费按件付，出租车司机可以按票价的10%-15%付，饭店旅馆等若账单中不含服务费，应将10%的费用分别付给对你有帮助的工作人员。
影剧院、加油站等场所无需付小费。
2、拨打电话：中国移动和中国联通的国际漫游在英国都可以使用，与国内通话可使用购买的电话卡或酒店房间内的电话。
3、国家电话区号：444、电压：英国标准电压是240伏，50赫兹。
5、电视制式：通常用电器都使用标准三相方形插座插头。
6、英国紧急电话(报案、火灾、急救等)：999。
三、住宿贴士1、关于预定房间。
在英国，一般不需要提前数目预订房间，当然，艺术节期间的爱丁堡及一些古城堡饭店例外。
在自己想游览的城镇中，找到适合自己爱好的旅店，支付自己可以接受的价格便可住宿。
2、关于住宿费。
游人可以自己交涉，也可以请咨询处帮忙，但一定要在入住之前确实解决好这个问题。
首先，要向对方讲清楚自己要住哪类房型;知道房价后还要询问此价格中是否含有早餐费(B&B除外)。
此外，特别是在都市饭店中结账时，对方常会要求另付VTA(即17.5%的消费税)，所以入住时还要核实住宿费中是否含有VTA。
英国旅游安全吗
英国旅游安全吗今天将给大家介绍一下英国旅游，希望对大家有帮助。
英国旅游小知识气候：伦敦及曼彻斯特的天气狻相似，一至三月的均温度约为摄氏8度，雨量为35毫米，到了七至九月的夏季，平均气温则升至摄氏20度左右，雨量约为52毫米。
语言：主要语言为英语。
货币：英镑(1￡=100pence)出/入境：没有限制。
机场：伯明翰机场市区东南面13公里伦敦希斯路国际机场距市中心24公里曼彻斯特国际机场市区西南面15公里机场交通：伦敦希斯路国际机场：地下铁- 3.2镑，计程车- 40镑曼彻斯特国际机场：巴士- 1.95镑，火车- 2.35镑，计程车- 12镑机场税：伦敦希斯路国际机场：国际航班- 20镑，内陆航班- 10镑(已包括在机票费用内)曼彻斯特国№机场：国际航班- 10镑，内陆航班- 5镑(已包括在机票费用内)海关：香烟200支或雪茄50支或小雪茄100支或250克烟草，50克香水。
时差：比中国标准时间慢8小时食水：自来水可饮用。
电器：伏特交流电50赫电话：长途电话国家号码：44地区字头：伯明翰- 121、吉域- 1293、希斯路- 208、伦敦- 207、曼彻斯特- 161办公时间：商店之营业时间没有一定准则，一般时间如下：星期一至六：9:00AM ~5:30PM 星期日：10:00AM~4:00PM银行营业时间：星期一至五：9:30AM ~3:30PM;有些银行会在星期六早上开启。
英国的标准电源是220/240伏特，插头是方行3插，所以请自带电源转换器。
为了应对英国“来时快去时快的天气，可以带一把漂亮的雨伞或者色彩鲜艳的雨衣。
请在国内兑换好英镑，最好多备一些零钞。
英国信用卡业很发达，所以很多地方都能刷卡，一些商店也能使用银联卡，所以不用随身携带大量现金。
同时，按我国外汇管理的有关规定，公民出国游每人允许携带外汇量折美元五千元整。
在欧洲的药房买药必须凭医生处方，且医疗费用昂贵，请自备您所需的常用药品。
2.英国有什么值得带回国且可以通过海关的纪念品、土特产?英国的化妆品牌BODYSHOP大多女生都知道，在英国购买当地服装以及化妆品品牌比国内会便宜10%-20%。