Human Being, Language, And Mind An Introduction To Cognitive Linguistics

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人工智能时代人文学科重要性英语作文

人工智能时代人文学科重要性英语作文The Importance of Humanities in the Age of Artificial IntelligenceIntroductionIn recent years, the advancements in artificial intelligence have transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. From self-driving cars to virtual assistants, AI has become an integral part of our daily lives. While AI has undoubtedly brought about many benefits, there are also concerns about its impact on human society and the future of work. In this essay, we will explore the importance of humanities in the age of artificial intelligence and how these disciplines can help us navigate the challenges and opportunities that come with AI.The Role of Humanities in the Age of AIHumanities disciplines such as philosophy, history, literature, and art play a crucial role in helping us understand the ethical, social, and cultural implications of AI. As AI systems become more pervasive in our society, it is important to critically examine the values and beliefs that underpin these technologies. For example, how do we ensure that AI is used in a way thatpromotes human welfare and social justice? What are the implications of AI on privacy, security, and governance? These are complex questions that cannot be answered solely through technical expertise; they require a multidisciplinary approach that integrates insights from the humanities.Furthermore, humanities disciplines can help us anticipate and address the societal impacts of AI on jobs, education, and inequality. As AI technologies automate routine tasks and reshape industries, there is a growing concern about the future of work and the displacement of human workers. Humanities scholars can help us understand how these changes will affect individuals, communities, and economies, and develop strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of AI-induced job loss. By studying the history of technological change and its social consequences, we can better prepare for the challenges that lie ahead.In addition, humanities disciplines can foster creativity, critical thinking, and empathy – qualities that are essential for navigating the complexities of the AI age. As AI systems become more sophisticated and autonomous, there is a need for human creativity and imagination to guide the development and deployment of these technologies. Humanities scholars can helpus think outside the box, challenge assumptions, and envision new possibilities for the future of AI. Moreover, by studying literature, art, and film, we can explore the human experience in the age of AI and reflect on what it means to be human in a world dominated by machines.ConclusionIn conclusion, the humanities have a vital role to play in shaping the future of AI and ensuring that these technologies are used in a way that benefits humanity. By integrating insights from philosophy, history, literature, and art into the development and deployment of AI systems, we can address the ethical, social, and cultural challenges that come with these technologies. Humanities scholars can help us navigate the complexities of the AI age, anticipate its societal impacts, and foster the creativity and empathy needed to build a more inclusive andhuman-centred future. As we continue to advance AI technologies, let us not forget the importance of the humanities in guiding us towards a more ethical and sustainable future.In conclusion, the humanities have a vital role to play in shaping the future of AI and ensuring that these technologies are used in a way that benefits humanity. By integrating insights from philosophy, history, literature, and art into the developmentand deployment of AI systems, we can address the ethical, social, and cultural challenges that come with these technologies. Humanities scholars can help us navigate the complexities of the AI age, anticipate its societal impacts, and foster the creativity and empathy needed to build a more inclusive andhuman-centered future. As we continue to advance AI technologies, let us not forget the importance of the humanities in guiding us towards a more ethical and sustainable future.。

psycholinguistics

psycholinguistics:psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example. It is the study of psychologial aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language.Semantics:It’s simply defined as the study of more constant, more inherent side of meaning in abstraction. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistics units, words and sentences in particular.Sociolinguistics: sociolinguistics, as an interdisplinary study of language use, attempt to show the relationships between language and socitey. sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of their speakers ad these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.Phonetics: it studies speech sounds, including the production of speech, that is, how speech sounds are actually made, transmitted and received, the description and classification of speech sounds, words and connected speech, etc.Applied linguistics: the study of applications is generally known as applied linguistics. But in narrow sense,it refers to the application of linguistic principle and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second language.Arbitrariness:it means the forms of linguistics signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we cannot explain why the chinese call a book “书”，while the English call it "book".Phonology:briefly, it is the study of the sound patternss and sound systems of languages. Specifically,it studies the rules governing the structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. It deals with the sound system of a language by threating phoneme as the point of departure.Pragmatics: it is the study of meaning in context. It deals with particular utterances in particular situations and is especially concerned with the various ways in which many social contexts of language performance can influence interpretation.Language:it is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Design features:it refers to the features that define our human languages, including arbitrariness, duality, creativity and displacement.Competence:it is proposed by Chomsky. It refers to a language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules.Performance:it is proposed by Chomsky. It refers to the actual use of language in concrete situation.ngue:it is prososed by swiss linguist F. De. Saussure. It refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.14.parole: it is prososed by swiss linguist F. De. Saussure. It refers to the the relization of language in actual use.15.morphology: it is concerned with the internal organization of words. It studies the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation processes.。

(完整版)2018年英语专业八级真题听力minilecture原题,答案以及原文

2018年英语专业八级真题听力Mini-lecture原文(1)Language and Humanity语言和人类Good morning, everyone.大家早上好。

In today's lecture, we're going to discuss the relationship between language and humanity. As we all know, language is very powerful.在今天的课上，我们将讨论语言和人类之间的关系。

众所周知，语言是非常强大的。

It allows you to put a thought from your mind directly in someone else's mind.它可以让你把你的想法直接放在别人的大脑里。

Languages are like genes talking, getting things they want.语言就像会说话的基因，得到他们想要的东西。

And you just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound, it can get objects to move across a room as if by magic, and maybe even into its mouth.你可以想象，当一个婴儿第一次发现，仅仅通过发出一个声音，它就能让物体像中了魔法一样在房间里移动，甚至可能进入它的嘴里。

Now we need to explain how and why this remarkable trait, you know, human's ability to do things with language, has evolved, and why did this trait evolve only in our species?现在我们需要解释这个显著的特征，也就是人类用语言做事的能力，是如何进化的，为什么进化，为什么这个特征只在我们人类身上进化？In order to get an answer to the question, we have to go to tool use in the chimpanzees.为了得到这个问题的答案，我们必须研究黑猩猩的工具使用。

Why language is human specific 为什么语言是人类特有的

Why language is human specific?Abstract:As for the view that language is specific for human beings, we can conclude it on the basis of the formation and the particular characters of human language. Therefore we can conclude that the formation of human language is the mutual effect of the internal changes and the external environment. Human language has a lot of unique characters such as creativity and productivity. Finally we can get the conclusion that language is specific for human beings.Introduction:The claim that language is human specific implies that humans can talk, but other animals can not. There must be something particular. To have a better understanding of this, we have had a father exploration from human development process and language features.Language is a unique human trait which has been a prerequisite for the development of human culture. In our viewpoint, why language is human specific is due to four reasons as follows.1. Special genes provide the possibility for the vocal ability.The research conducted by the scientists of British Academy found that human beings have the gene FOXP2. And its peculiar location on chromosome 7 has a great impact on the capacity of speaking. This gene is disrupted by translocation in an unrelated individual who has a similardisorder. Thus, two functional copies of FOXP2 seem to be required for acquisition of normal spoken language.2. Physiological basis is the fundamental factor for speaking.①Sophisticate brain structure.Our brain has a particular part for speaking, reading, and listening, which named speech center. Speech center is responsible for language expression and other senior activities. A famous research shown that if any part of your speech center is destroyed; unfortunately, you will get Aphasia or others diseases related to language.②Special speech organs .From the fore-language stage to mature language stage, human beings’ pronunciation organs has evolved well, people can be able to speak out complex syllables, words and sentences.The other reason for the claim that language is human specific is that there are certain characteristics of human language. They are not found in the communication systems of any other species.Linguists generally believe that language consists of a series of symbols and the combination rules of these symbols (syntax) composition, at least contains four important features:plex structure of human languageHuman language structure and language use are vastly more complex than any known animal communication system. Human language doesnot simply use sound to transfer the message, and they use sentence which concludes unit, table righteousness unit, pronunciation, vocabulary, syntax system and so on. However, the communication tool used by animals is the voice of indecomposable. It can not decompose a syllable, sound, and other units, even more vocabulary and grammar. So their sound is invariable, no social. For this reason, we say that language is human-specific.2. The creativity of human language.The creativity of human language is seen as the essence mark of communication between human and other species.Human beings have the ability to produce and understand an indefinite number of novel utterances. Some linguists call this property of language creativity. Human language is intelligent voice. It is produced as a result of human creativity. But animals can only express some things or situations which are simple and easy to convey. Not like human beings who can be in different conditions use different expressions. Also human can use different ways to express the same kind of content. However the animals’ communication does not have the ability of creativity.So the creativity of human language indicates that language is human-specific. 2.Acquired learning of human languageHuman language can't acquire through biological inheritance but learning. Human beings are higher animals which have complex socialsystem, so they need this complex communication ways---language to communicate mutually and spread knowledge. If human beings do not learn language, they can’t communicate with each other. The example of wolf child can prove this. However, animals obtain language through biological inheritance, and they can not get it by learning. For example, linguists have done a lot trying to teach animals such as chimpanzees to speak a human language but have achieved nothing inspiring.Gua was a chimpanzee raised as though it were a human child by prof. and Mrs. Kellogg alongside their son Donald. In tests Gua often tested ahead of Donald in reading and understanding. The parting difference came with language. Donald was about 16 months and Gua was a little over a year old when they had language testing. Gua could not speak, but Donald could form words.As for this, we can know that language is human-specific.4. Independent assortment of human language.Independent assortment of language is limitless .Or we can call it openness or productivity. Although most animals are assumed to communicate in some ways, they convey limited information and only express emotions such as fear and warnings. The information that animal sounds and actions can transfer is very limited, and it cannot be compared with language. Animal communication systems are closed, whereas human languages are open-ended. People can talk about anything theycan observe or imagine. What they can say on given topics is almost unlimited. For example, the use of more limited vocabulary, phrases and combination rules can form an infinite number of sentences. Only human beings can change meaningless speech according to various combination rules to become meaningful morpheme. The characteristics of human language that information transfer regardless of the local environmental restrictions.Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisti cated than any animal communication system. People’s ability of making an excellent speech use not only tongue and mouth, but also the smart and complicated human mind.With the four characteristics of human language, the complexity structure of language, creativity, acquired learning and independent assortment, language is human-specific.Reference:1.Nature418, 869-872 (22 August 2002) | doi: 10.1038/nature01025; Received 11 November 2001; Accepted 29 July 2002; Published online 14 August 20023./view/3ae077c10c22590102029de6.html4./view/94c8b42bcfc789eb172dc8cc5./view/9b70437ea26925c52cc5bfd6.html。

语言学教程胡壮麟考研笔记

Unit 1 invitations to linguistics1.Design features of language:The design features: the distinctive features of human language that essentially make human language distinguishable from languages of animals●ArbitrarinessThe absence of any physical correspondence between linguistic signals and the entities to which they refer. / The forms of linguistic signs bear no naturalrelationship to their meaning.✓Arbitrariness relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning.(e.g. murmurous / murderous)✓Arbitrariness at the syntactic levelFunctionalists hold that the most strictly arbitrary level of language existed inthe distinctive units of sounds by which we distinguish pairs of words like pinand bin, or fish and dish.(e.g. As the night fell, the wind rose.)✓Arbitrariness and conventionConvention: it is an idiom------it is a convention to say things like this way.(When in Rome, do as romans do.)●Duality:The structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (words and phrase) and meaningless segments(sound and letters)The secondary units are meaningless and the primary units are meaningful.✓Traffic light system does not have duality: it cannot be divided into meaningless units, so it only has primary level like animals.A large number of meaningful units can be formed out of a small number ofelements----productive power.●CreativityThe speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard.It’s potential to create endless sentences. (recursiveness)●DisplacementThe ability of language enable their users symbolize objects, events an d concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.2.Origin of language●The “bow-bow” theory: imitating of animal calls in wild environment●The “pooh-pooh” theory: they utter instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy.●The “yo-he-yo” theory: as primitive people worked together, they produced somerhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language.3.Functions of language：●Informative function: to tell and to give something out●Interpersonal function: (人際功能) by which people establish and maintain their statusin a society.For example, the way in which people address others and refer to themselves.Dear Sir……●Performative function: the performative function of language is primarily to change thesocial status of persons, such as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals andcursing of enemies●Emotive function: (also called expressive function) uttered without any purpose ofcommunicating to others, but essentially a verbal response to a person’s own feeling.●Phatic communion:It refers to social interaction of language.Broadly speaking it refers to expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations, such as slangs, jokes, jargon…….●Recreational function: The use of language for hearty joy of using it.●Metalingual function:Our language can be used to talk about itself. (self-reflexive) we human beings can talk about talking and can think about thinking.For example: To be honest, to make a long story short, in a word.4.Main branches of linguistics:●PhoneticsIt studies speech sound, including the production of speech, the description andclassification of speech sounds, words and connected speech……●PhonologyIt is the study of a subset of those sounds that constitute language and meaning.It studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and shape of syllables.●MorphologyIt is concerned with the internal organization of words.For example: The dog sees the rabbit. In English, different order gives different meaning. However, in Latin and also in Russian, dog and rabbit take on somemorphological endings depending on whether they are subject or object. So,different sentence order did not change its meaning.●SyntaxIt is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences.For example:✓The children watched [the firework from the hill].✓The children watched [the firework] [from the hill].●SemanticsExamine how meaning is encoded in a language.It is not only concerned with meanings of words as lexical items, but also with levels of language below words and above it, such as meaning of morphemes andsentences.●PragmaticsThe study of meaning in context.5.Macrolinguistics●Psycholinguistics (心理語言學)It investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producingutterances and in language acquisition for example.●Sociolinguistics （社會語言學）It is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of theirfunctions, and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact andchange within a speech community.●Anthropological linguistics （人類語言學）Anthropological linguist are concerned with the emergence of language and also thedivergence of language over thousands of years.●Computational linguistics （電腦語言學）The use of computers to process or produce human language.6.Important distinctions in linguistics●Descriptive and descriptiveThe distinction lies in prescribing how things are and how things ought to be.Descriptive:✓To make an objective and systematic account of patterns and use of a language or variety.✓People don’t say X.Prescriptive:✓To make authoritarian statement about the correctness of a particular use of language.✓Don’t say X●Synchronic and diachronicSynchronic (共時)✓Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical “point” of time.✓For example: the structure of Shakespeare’s English.Diachronic （歷時）✓Said of the study of development of language and languages over time.✓For example: Pejorative sense development in English●Langue and paroleLangue✓The language system shared by a “speech community”Parole✓The concrete utterances of a speaker.●Competence and performanceCompetence✓Unconscious knowledge of the system of grammatical rules in a language. Performance✓The language actually used by people in speaking and writing.Unit 2 phonetics and phonology1.The major branches of phonetics:●Articulatory phoneticsThe study of production of speech sounds●Auditory phoneticsIt studies the sounds from the hearer’s point of view, that is, the sound perceived by thehearer.●Acoustic phoneticsIt studies the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.2.Speech organs●Inside the throat: pharynx and larynx●Inside the oral cavity: upper lip, upper teeth, the alveolar ridge, the hard palate and thesoft palate, and the uvula.●The bottom part of the mouth contains the lower lip, lower teeth, the tongue and themandible(下頷).●In phonetics: the tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade, the front, the backand the root.●In phonology: the tongue is divided into coronal(tip and blade), dorsal(front and back)and radical(root)3.Manner of articulation (a picture is added here)●Stops:The sound is produced when the obstruction is complete, and the sound is producedwhen the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out against.●NasalsThe sound is produced by lowing the soft palate and the air pass through the nose.●Fricatives:It refers to sound produced when an obstruction is partial and the air is forced through anarrow passage in the mouth, so as to cause definite local frication at the point.●AffricativesIt refers to the sound produced when obstruction, complete at first, is released slowlywith the frication resulting from partial obstruction.●ApproximantsOne articulator is close to another but without the vocal tract narrow to cause aturbulent.●LateralsThe obstruction of airstream is at a point along the center of oral tract, with incompleteclosure between one or both sides of the tongue and the roof of the mouth.●TrillIt is produced when an articulator is set vibrating by air stream, such as /r/ in red.●TapWhen the tongue makes a single tap against the alveolar ridge to produce only onevibrate.●FlapIt is produced when the tip of the tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture anthen striking the roof of the mouth in the post-alveolar region as it returns to its positionbehind the lower front teeth.4.Place of articulation:It refers to wherein the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing or the obstruction of the air.5.Vowels:V owels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived.6.The criteria of the vowel ( a picture is added here)●The height of the tongue raising: high, mid, low●The position of highest part of the tongue: front, central, back●The length or tenseness of the tongue: long or short; tense or lax●The shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded7.Monophthongs diphthongs and tripthongs●They are those pure vowels with unchanging quality●If a single movement from one element of the tongue is involved, the combining vowelis called diphthongs●If two movements from one element to second, from the second to the third of thetongue is involved, the combining vowel is called tripthongs.8.CoarticulationIt refers to the process of simultaneous or overlapping articulations when sounds show the influence of their neighbors.●Anticipatory coarticulation: the sound becomes more like the following sound, such as inthe case lamb●Preservative coarticulation: the sound becomes more like the preceding sound, such as inthe case of map9.Narrow transcription and broad transcription:●Narrow transcription: we try to symbolize all the possible speech sounds, including eventhe minutest shades of pronunciation. It contains a set of diacritics.10.Phonological theory:●Minimal pairsWhen two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment in the same place in strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair For example, pin and pen; tip and tap●Phone, phoneme, and allophonesPhone: it is a basic unit of phonetic study, and it is a minimal sound segment that human speech organs can produce.Phoneme: it is a basic unit of phonological study, and it is an abstract collection of phonetic features. For example, /t/ /d/……The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. For example, [p h]●Complementary distributionWhen two or more than two allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguishen meaning and never occur in the same context, then the allophones are said to be incomplementary distribution.[p] and [p h]; [l] and [l]●Free variationIf two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution for another does not produce a different word form, but merely adifferent pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in free variation.For example, in cup the /p/ and /p/●Phonemic contrast and distinctive featuresPhonetic contrast: if two phonemes occurs in a minimal pair occur in the same place and distinguish meaning, these two phonemes are said to be in phonemiccontrast.Distinctive features: they are those features which are phonologically revant properties and can distinguish meaning, for example, plosiveness, bilabiality, andvoicelessness in English phonology. Some of the major distinctions includeconsonantal, sonorant, nasal and voiced. These are known as binary features whichhave two values denoted by “+” and “-”11.Phonological process●Any phonological process must has aspects to it:A set of sound to undergo the processA set of sound produced by the processA set of situation in which the process applies●Assimilation:Regressive assimilation: a following sound is influencing a preceding soundProgressive assimilation: a preceding sound is influencing a following sound●Devoicing:Voiced sounds become voiceless●Epenthesis:Insertion of a sound●Nasalization: a sound in a word is influenced by a nasal sound●Dentalization: a sound in a word is influenced by a dental sound●Velarization: it refers to the process in which a sound in a word takes on the features of avelar segment.●Deletion rule:A sound is deleted although it is orthographically representedFor example: sign: delete a /g/ in this word.12.Suprasegmental featuresThe features that occur above the level of segments and can distinguish meaning are called suprasegmental features.●Syllable structure: a syllable can be divided into two parts, the rhyme and the onset. Asthe vowel within the rhyme is nucleus, the consonants after it will be termed coda.Maximal onset principleOn set: at most 3; coda: at most 4●Stress: it refers to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.●Tones: tones are pitch variations, which are caused by differing rates of vibration ofvocal cords.●Intonation: when pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than theword in isolation, they are collectively as intonation.Falling toneRising toneThe fall-rise tone.。

Unit 2 Language and Mind 高二英语(上外版2020选择性必修第二册)

Key Expressions
employ
vt. 雇用;使用,利用
n. 受雇;服务;工作
in the employ of 受雇于
It was the first commercially available machine to employ artificial intelligence. 这是第一台作为商品出售的采用人工智能技术的机器。
It is illegal and could endanger other people’s lives. 这是非法的, 可能会危及他人的生命。
endangered adj. 快要绝种的, 濒临灭绝的 These endangered gentle giants are highly social animals. 这些濒临灭绝的、性情温顺的大型动物属于高度群居的动物。
Europeans arrived in Australia in the late 1700s.
4. How many languages are considered “alive” and in daily use in Australia?
Only 60 of the languages are considered “alive” and in daily use.
Unit 2 Language and Mind
Your Views
talk: Do you think there will be more or fewer languages in the
world? Why? Do you think it is possible for all the human to speak the
same language? Do you hope so? If some of the language is endangered (for example,

英语本科语言学考前训练答案

英语本科语言学考前训练答案I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the blanks. (2% x 10 = 20%)1. C2. D3.A4. D5. B6. C7. C8.A9. A 10. B11. B 12. B 13. C 14. B 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C 19.D 20.A21. B 22. B 23. A 24. C 25. D 26. B 27. B 28. C 29. C 30. C31.A 32.D 33.B 34.AII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)1. coordinate2. Interlanguageplementary4. synonyms5. perlocutionary6. speech7. voiceless8. predication9. manner 10. taboo 11. inflectional 12. context 13. acronym 14. interference 15. sounds 16. homonymy 17. Cooperative 18. allophone 19. Bound 20. situational 21. descriptive 22. distinctive 23. sense 24. compounding 25. complexIII Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2% x 10 = 20%) I1. F. "Symbol" in this context refers to the linguistic elements like words or phrases.2. F. In view of language as an effective means of communication, no single dialect, be it standard or nonstandard, is any more correct, any more logical, or any purer than any other dialect of the language. All dialects of a language are equally effective in expressing ideas.3. T4. F. Prefixes modify the meaning of the original word (stem), but usually do not change the part of speech.5. T6. F. Some utterances like" Hi !" and "Ouch!" are not complete sentences. "Good morning" is an utterance, but it is not a sentence.7. F. English is a language in which stress is free in that it is not fixed on any particular syllable of a word; its position varies from word to word.8. T9. T10. F . Speech act theory is mainly studied in the field of pragmatics.11. T 12. T 13.T 14. T15. F. The meaning of an utterance, unlike that of a sentence, is concrete and context-dependent.16. T17. T18. F. In English, tones can not distinguish meaning, and therefore it is not a tone language.19. F. According to its position, not function, in the new word, affixes are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. F. The locutionary performed by the speaker is that he has uttered all the words and expressed what the words literally mean.21. T22. F. Illocutionary act expresses the intention of the speaker, while locutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance.23. T24. F. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via nonverbal signals and other systems of expressions may be used, such as musical notes, lines and colors to express thought.25. F. The contrary is true. The writing system is always a later invention.26. T27. F Some compounds contain more than two words.28.（F）As there is an essential difference between the consonants and the vowels, i.e. there is some kind of obstruction of air in the production of the former, but there is not in the production of the latter, it is impossible to use the same criteria in their classification.29.（F）We cannot always tell by the words a compound contains what it means because the meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts.30.（T）31.（F）In first language acquisition children's grammar never models exactly after the grammar of adult language, because children usually construct their personal grammars by themselves and generalize rules from the linguistic information they hear.32.（F）Instruction and correction are not key factors in child language development. Linguists have found that for the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious instruction. Instruction and correction just play a minor role.33. F. Modem linguistics is mostly descriptive.34. T 35. T 36. T37. F. All living languages change with time. A language, like Latin which is no longer spoken by the general public of a society, does not change.38. TIV . Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3% x 10 = 30%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. To give the barest definition, language is a means of verbal communication. It isinstrumental, social and conventional.2. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language. It is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures. It consists of a set of rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences. Or simply, it is the study of the structure and the formation of sentences.3. Pragmatics studies how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. It is the study of language in use. Pragmatics is the study of speaker’s meaning, contextual meaning, how more gets communicated than is said, the expression of relative distance.4. Phonology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. It is a branch of linguistics which studies how sound are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.5. Morphology is a branch of grammar/linguistics which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Or simply it is the study of word structure and word formation.6. Linguistics is usually defined as the science of language or, alternatively, as the scientific study of language. It concerns with the systematic study of language or, a discipline that describes all aspects of language and formulates theories as to how language works.7. Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind, with focus on the process of language production, comprehension and acquisition. It is the study of psychological aspects of language. It usually studies the psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. It is concerned with the relationship between language and the human mind, for example, how word, sentence, and discourse meaning are represented and computed in the mind.8. Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It is concerned with all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages. It studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.It is concerned with all the sou nds that occur in the world’s languages.9. Semantics is a technical term used to refer to the study of the communication of meaning through language, or simply to the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.10. Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.11. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. For example, "pit" and "bit" or "pat" and "bat" 'are minimal pairs.12. The Sapir - Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf which states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. The strong version of the theory refers to the claim the original hypothesis makes, emphasizing the decisive role of language as the shaper of our thinking patterns. The weak version of this hypothesis is a modified type of its original theory, suggesting that there is a correlation between language, culture, and thought, but the cross-cultural differences produces in our ways of thinking are relative.13. Early in the 20th century the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole in order to single out one act of language for serious study. According to him, langue is the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof a speech community. In other words, langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by and, unlike parole, it is abstract and relatively stable.14. Competence was proposed in contrast to performance by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950's. It refers to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.15. Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For example, if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".16. Displacement, one of the design features which distinguish human language from animal systems of communication, refers to the fact that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. It means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at eh moment of communication.17. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people of diverse linguistic backgrounds. For this reason, a lingua franca must be an agree-upon "common tongue" used by people thrown into social contact for various purposes, such as for social or commercial purposes. A lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languages or dialects.18. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form; it is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. In other words, it does not refer to any particular thing that exists in the real world. 19. A speech community is a group of people who form a community, and share the same language or a particular variety of language. A speech community can be as small as a family or as large as a nation.20. Interlanguage refers to the approximate language system that a second language learner constructs which represents his or her transitional competence in the target language.21. Inflection indicates grammatical relations by adding inflectional affixes, such asnumber, person, finiteness, aspect and case; and when inflectional affixes are added, the grammatical class of the stems (to which they are attached) will not change.22. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable centre of head. Usually noun phrases, verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to this type.23. Exocentric construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable “centre” or “head” inside the group. It usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb + object) construction, and connective (be + complement) construction.24. Coordination is a common syntactic pattern by grouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, but and or. And these two or more words or phrases or clauses have equivalent syntactic status, each of the separate constituents can stand for the original construction functionally.25. Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they have different syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other. Thus the subordinate constituents are words which modify the head. Certainly, clauses can be used as subordinate constituents.26. Cohesion is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax, it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and defines it as a text. Discoursal/textual cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, substitution, etc.V. Directions: Answer the following questions. (10% x 2 = 20%)。

语言学入门——精选推荐

Chapter OneLanguages and LinguisticsThere are some ideas about language, are they right or wrong?1. Everyone speaks a dialect. Idiolect个人语型T2. The function of language is to exchange information. F3. Black English is not standard and should be reformed. FEG:Omit the copulaDouble negationPast deskSideborrowedHe doesn’t know nothing.4. Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. T5.Writing is a derivative派生物of speech. TThe meaning of learning language:Linguistics can be used as a way of finding out 1.more about how the brain works;2.how children learn language;3.how people learn and teach language;4.why people use different variety of language;5.why there are linguistic difference between different groups;6.how scientists make the computer work in a more human-like manner ,etc.Ⅰ.On language1.What is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.The five important points in this definition are: system, arbitrary, vocal, symbols, human.(1)System means elements in language are arranged according to certain rules. They can’t be combined at will.e.g. “bkim”He table a green.(2) Arbitrary means that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds.(3) Symbols: words are the symbols for objects, actions, ideas and they are associated with them by convention.“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet”(4) vocal: the primary medium is sound for all languages no matter how well developed their writing systems are.(5) Human means language is human-specific人特有的.“No matter how eloquently善辩地；富于表现力地a dog may bark, he can’t tell you that his parents were poor but honest.2.The Design features of languageDesign features refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are:(1) arbitrariness :Arbitrariness is the core核心feature of language , which means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. Arbitrariness is a matter of degree.a.arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme词素and its meaningb.arbitrariness at the syntactic levelCompare:(a) He came in and sat down.(b)He sat down and came in.(c) He sat down after he came in.According to functionalists,language is not arbitrary at the syntactic level. The most strictly arbitrary level of language exists in the distinctive units of sounds by which we distinguish pairs of words like pin and bin, or fish and dish.c.arbitrariness and conventionThe link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.e.g.Diamond cut diamondArbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality makes learning a language laborious困难的费力的.(2)duality:Duality of structure refers to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure. At higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units(such as morphemes, words, sentences, discourse etc.)At lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments (sounds) which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning.(3) productivity(creativity): Productivity refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that one has never heard before. Language is productive because of its duality and recursiveness递归性.e.g.He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who…1.Short Essay Question：1.What is language? The definition&the 5 elements &their explaination2.What is duality? Two level &explanation&examples2.True or False Question:nguage has a form-meaning correspondence. F2.The reason for French use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable无法解释的. F3.Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation清晰度.(4)displacement:Displacement refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of past, of the present, of the future. The feature of displacement enables people to abstract抽象and generalize归纳their ideas.(5) cultural transmission: language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation. The details of the linguistic system must be learned by each speaker.(6) interchangebility: Interchangebility means that any human beingcan be both a producer and a receiver of messages.(7)biological foundation: It means that to develop language ability we should have biological foundation such as brain, vocal organs, and corresponding intelligence level.3. Origin of LanguageThere are wow-wow theory, pooh-pooh theory and “yo-he-ho ”theory and so on but up to now all the theories remain to be fruitless没有成果的researches.4.Functions of Language（basic functions )(1)The informative function信息功能is regarded as the most important function of language. Language is the instrument工具of thought and people often feel need to speak their thoughts aloud, for instance, when they are working on a math problem. The use of language to record the facts is prerequisite前提of social development.(2)The interpersonal function人际功能is the most important sociological use of language by which people establish and maintain their status in a society. The interpersonal function is such a broad category that it is often discussed under various other terms asperformative, emotive, expressive and phatic交流情感的；仅仅是交际性的function of language.(3) The performative function行为功能: This concept originates from the philosophical study of language represented by Austin and Searle, whose theory now forms the backbone of pragmatics. It means people speak things or to perform actions. It is primarily to change the social status of persons, as marriage ceremonies. The language used is quite formal and even ritualized.(4)The emotive function changes the emotional status of an audience for or against sb or sth. It is similar to expressive function but the latter can be totally without any implication of communication to others.(5) The phatic function enables people to maintain a comfortable relationship without involving any factual content. Rundi women (In Burundi, central Africa)upon taking leave, politely say:‘I must go home now, or my husband will beat me.’(6)The recreational娱乐function refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting.(7) The metalingual function元语言功能means that we can use language to talk about language.Ⅱ. On linguistics1.what is linguistics?Linguistics is the systematic and scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. The four principles that make linguistics a science are exhaustiveness详尽性, consistency前后一致, economy简洁性and objectivity客观性.2. Branches of Internal Linguistics(microlinguistics)There are at least six branches: phonetics语音学, phonology语系学, morphology词汇学, syntax句法学, semantics语义学and pragmatics 语用学.Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.Phonology is the study of sound patterns.Morphology studies the form of words.Syntax studies the sentence structure.Semantics studies the meaning of language.Pragmatics is the study of language in use and linguistic communication.3.Branches of External Linguistics(Macrolinguistics)The braches of study which relate linguistics to the research of other areas are applied linguistics, such as, psycholinguistics心理语言学, sociolinguistics社会语言学, anthropological linguistics人类语言学, computational linguistics计算机语言学, and so on. In a narrow sense, it refers to the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially, the teaching of foreign and second language.Psycholinguistics investigates the interrelation of language and mind, in processing and producing utterances and in language acquisition for example.Sociolinguistics covers a variety of different topics on language and society, including the social functions of language and the social characteristics of its users.Anthropological linguistics investigates the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages, the emergence of language and the divergence of languages over years.Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field which centers on the use of computers to process or produce human language . e.g, machine translation机械翻译4. Major Distinctions in Linguistics 语言学的对立(1)Traditional grammar and modern linguistics传统语法VS现代语言学The publication of Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics in 20th century marked the beginning of modern linguistics. Before that Europe grammarians and philosophers had studied language based on literary文学性的and religious宗教性的written records in the way which we called traditional grammar. They differ in several ways:Firstly, Modern linguistics is descriptive描述性的while traditional grammar is prescriptive约定俗成的.Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.Thirdly, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.(2)Speech and Writing口语VS书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modern linguistics sees speech as the primary medium of language because:a. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech existed long before writing system came into being. Even today many well-developed languages do not have writing system. All written forms cut in at some point on the stream of spoken language.b. In everyday communication, speech is more important thanwriting in terms of the amount of information conveyed. Children learn to speak much earlier than they can read and write.(3) descriptive vs. prescriptiveA linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyzes facts observed; It is prescriptive if it tries to establish rules for “correct behavior”.It’s I.It’s me.She was told to attend classes regularly.She was told to regularly attend classes.(4)synchronic一时的vs. diachronic历时的The description of a language at some point of time is a synchronic study; The description of a language through time is a diachronic study.A Grammar of Modern Greek SThe structure of Shakespeare’s English STwo centuries of Comment on the Mother-Tongue D(5) langue语言and parole言语The distinction is discussed by Saussure in Course in General Linguistics. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared and abided by遵守all the members of a speech community and parole refers to the actual or actualized language, or the realizationof langue.Langue is an abstract system, abstract, regulated, unique, lasting, static静态的Parole is actual use of langue, concrete, individual, various, transient 短暂的, dynamic不断变化的(6) competence and performanceThe distinction is discussed by Chomsky乔姆斯基in His Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.Saussure’s langue is a social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure looks at language more from a sociological perspective while Chomsky looks at it more from a psychological perspective.。

人类语言学英语

人类语言学英语English:The study of human language, linguistics, is a vast and diverse field that encompasses the analysis of the structure, use, and evolution of languages across the world. In the English language, linguists study its phonetics (sounds), phonology (sound patterns), morphology (word structure), syntax (sentence structure), semantics (meaning), and pragmatics (language use in context). They also examine the social and cultural factors that influence language, such as dialect variation, language acquisition, and language change over time. Additionally, linguists are interested in the cognitive processes involved in language production and comprehension, as well as the relationship between language and society. Overall, the study of English linguistics provides valuable insights into how language shapes our thoughts, interactions, and identities.中文翻译：人类语言学研究的是一门广阔而多样的领域，概括了对世界各地语言结构、使用和演变的分析。

human language的理解

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人类对语言的看法英语作文

人类对语言的看法英语作文Language, a complex and multifaceted tool of communication, has been a subject of fascination and study for humans throughout history. It is not merely a means of expressionbut a reflection of culture, identity, and thought processes. Here's an essay on human perspectives on language:The Human Perception of LanguageLanguage is a remarkable phenomenon that sets humans apartfrom other species. It is a system of communication that transcends mere words; it is an art, a science, and a window into the human soul. The way humans perceive language is as diverse as the languages themselves, shaped by cultural, social, and individual factors.Cultural SignificanceEach language carries the weight of its culture,encapsulating the values, traditions, and history of its speakers. For many, language is a source of pride and asymbol of their heritage. It is through language thatcultural stories are passed down, and traditions are kept alive. The preservation of indigenous languages, for instance, is often seen as a crucial step in maintaining the cultural identity of communities.Communication and ConnectionLanguage is the glue that binds societies together. It enables people to share ideas, emotions, and experiences. The ability to communicate effectively is essential for building relationships, whether personal or professional. The rise of global communication has highlighted the importance of learning multiple languages to foster international understanding and cooperation.Language as a Tool for LearningLanguage is also a key to knowledge. It is through language that we learn about the world, express our thoughts, and engage in intellectual pursuits. The mastery of a language opens up a wealth of literature, science, and philosophy, enriching the mind and broadening perspectives.Language and IdentityOn a personal level, language is closely tied to one's identity. Bilingual or multilingual individuals often navigate between different linguistic identities, each associated with different aspects of their personality and experiences. The choice of language can be a statement of identity, a way to assert one's place in a community or society.Challenges and OpportunitiesHowever, language is not without its challenges. Language barriers can lead to misunderstandings and isolation. The digital age has also brought about new forms of communication that sometimes bypass traditional language structures,leading to debates about the impact of technology onlinguistic integrity.The Future of LanguageLooking to the future, the perception of language is likelyto evolve as technology and globalization continue to reshape our world. The rise of machine translation and artificial intelligence raises questions about the role of language in a world where communication can transcend linguistic boundaries.In conclusion, the human perception of language is multi-layered and ever-changing. It is a testament to our abilityto communicate, connect, and create. As we continue toexplore and innovate, our relationship with language will undoubtedly become even more complex and fascinating.This essay touches upon various aspects of how humans view language, from its role in cultural identity to itsimportance in communication and learning, and the challenges and opportunities it presents in the modern world.。

心理过程英语

心理过程英语The Psychological ProcessThe human mind is a complex and fascinating subject of study, encompassing a wide range of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes. Understanding the psychological process is essential for gaining insight into the way individuals perceive, think, and interact with the world around them.At the core of the psychological process lies the concept of cognition, which refers to the mental activities involved in acquiring, processing, and storing information. This includes processes such as perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving. Perception, for example, is the way in which the brain interprets and organizes the sensory information it receives from the environment. Attention is the ability to focus on specific stimuli while filtering out irrelevant information, while memory is the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information.Problem-solving, on the other hand, is the cognitive process of finding a solution to a particular problem or challenge. This often involves a series of steps, such as identifying the problem, gathering relevant information, generating possible solutions, evaluating theoptions, and implementing the chosen solution. Effective problem-solving skills are essential for navigating the complexities of daily life and achieving personal and professional goals.Emotions are another integral component of the psychological process. Emotions are subjective experiences that are often accompanied by physiological changes, such as changes in heart rate, breathing, and muscle tension. Emotions can have a significant impact on an individual's behavior, decision-making, and overallwell-being. For example, feelings of happiness, sadness, anger, or fear can influence the way an individual perceives and responds to their environment.The psychological process is also shaped by individual differences, such as personality traits, genetic factors, and environmental influences. Personality traits, for instance, are relatively stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that can influence an individual's emotional and cognitive responses to various situations. Genetic factors, on the other hand, can play a role in shaping an individual's temperament and predisposition to certain psychological traits or disorders.Environmental factors, such as family, culture, and societal norms, can also have a significant impact on the psychological process. For example, the way an individual is raised and the values they areexposed to can shape their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Similarly, the social and cultural context in which an individual lives can influence their perceptions, emotions, and decision-making processes.The study of the psychological process has important implications for a wide range of fields, including psychology, education, healthcare, and business. In psychology, researchers seek to understand the underlying mechanisms that drive human behavior and mental processes, with the goal of developing effective interventions and treatments for psychological disorders. In education, an understanding of the psychological process can inform teaching methods and curriculum design to better support student learning and development.In healthcare, the psychological process is crucial for understanding the relationship between mental and physical health, and for developing effective treatments for various mental health conditions. In business, an understanding of the psychological process can inform marketing strategies, organizational design, and employee management practices to enhance productivity, job satisfaction, and overall organizational performance.In conclusion, the psychological process is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that encompasses a wide range ofcognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes. Understanding the psychological process is essential for gaining insight into the way individuals perceive, think, and interact with the world around them, and has important implications for a variety of fields and disciplines.。

谈谈你对人文学科的理解英语作文

谈谈你对人文学科的理解英语作文Understanding the HumanitiesThe humanities are often defined as the study of human culture, art, literature, philosophy, history, and language. It is a broad field that encompasses a wide range of subjects, all of which are dedicated to understanding the human experience. While the natural sciences focus on the physical world and seek to explain natural phenomena through empirical evidence and experimentation, the humanities are concerned with exploring the complexities of human life and society through critical analysis, interpretation, and reflection.One key aspect of the humanities is their emphasis on creativity and imagination. Through the study of literature, art, and music, we are able to explore different ways of perceiving the world and expressing our thoughts and emotions. The humanities help us develop our capacity for empathy and expand our ability to understand and appreciate diverse cultures, perspectives, and beliefs. By engaging with works of literature, art, and philosophy from different time periods and cultures, we are able to transcend our own experience and gain insights into the universal aspects of human existence.Furthermore, the humanities enable us to critically examine the social, political, and ethical dimensions of human life. Through the study of history, philosophy, and sociology, we are able to analyze complex societal issues and question prevailing norms and values. The humanities encourage us to think critically about the world around us and to consider the implications of our actions on others. In a rapidly changing and increasingly interconnected world, the humanities play a crucial role in fostering dialogue and understanding among individuals and communities with diverse backgrounds and perspectives.Overall, the humanities are essential for cultivating awell-rounded, compassionate, and informed citizenry. They provide us with the tools we need to navigate the complexities of the modern world and to engage with others in a meaningful and respectful way. By studying the humanities, we are able to develop our capacity for critical thinking, creativity, and empathy, and to shape our own identities and values in a global context. The humanities help us make sense of the world, connect with others, and find meaning and purpose in our lives. Ultimately, they remind us of the richness and diversity of the human experience, and inspire us to strive for a more just and humane society.。

人文学科是一个把美具象化的学科英语作文

人文学科是一个把美具象化的学科英语作文Humanities is a field of study that seeks to understand and interpret the beauty of human expression. It encompasses subjects such as literature, philosophy, history, art, music, and culture, all of which help to illuminate the complexities and nuances of human experience.One of the primary purposes of the humanities is to provide a space for the exploration and celebration of the human spirit. Through the study of literature, for example, we can delve into the minds and hearts of characters from various time periods and cultures, gaining insight into their hopes, dreams, fears, and struggles. By reading poetry, we can immerse ourselves in the rhythm and cadence of language, experiencing the power of words to evoke emotion and provoke thought. Through the study of art, we can appreciate the ways in which artists have captured and conveyed the beauty and pain of the human condition.The humanities also serve as a mirror, reflecting back to us our own beliefs, values, and prejudices. Through the study of history, we can learn about the triumphs and tragedies of humanity, gaining a greater understanding of the forces that have shaped our world. By engaging with philosophy, we canwrestle with fundamental questions about existence, morality, and the nature of reality, challenging and expanding our own perspectives.In essence, the humanities are a lens through which we can view and interpret the world around us. They provide us with the tools to analyze, critique, and appreciate the cultural artifacts that define and shape our society. By examining literature, art, music, and philosophy, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity and richness of human experience.Ultimately, the humanities help us to cultivate empathy, curiosity, and critical thinking skills. They encourage us to engage with different ways of thinking and being, fostering a deeper appreciation for the complexity and beauty of the world. By studying the humanities, we can better understand ourselves and our place in the world, and develop a greater capacity for empathy and compassion.In conclusion, the humanities are a vital and essential field of study that offers us the opportunity to explore and celebrate the beauty of human expression. By studying literature, philosophy, history, art, music, and culture, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the diversity and complexity of human experience. The humanities provide us with the tools to analyze,critique, and appreciate the cultural artifacts that define and shape our society, and help us to cultivate empathy, curiosity, and critical thinking skills. In a world that is becoming increasingly polarized and divided, the humanities offer us a path towards greater understanding, connection, and compassion.。

心理学与生活英文版

心理学与生活英文版Title: Psychology and Life: Understanding the Human Mind。

Psychology plays a crucial role in understanding human behavior and the way we interact with the world around us. It encompasses a wide range of topics, from understanding the complexities of the human mind to exploring the impact of our emotions and behaviors on our daily lives. In this article, we will explore the ways in which psychology influences our everyday experiences and how it can help us navigate the challenges of life.One of the key aspects of psychology is understanding the human mind. Our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are all shaped by the intricate workings of our brain. By studying the processes that govern our cognitive functions, psychologists can gain valuable insights into how we perceive the world, make decisions, and form relationships with others. This understanding can help us to better comprehend our own actions and those of others, leading to improved communication and more effective problem-solving.In addition to understanding the mind, psychology also delves into the realm of emotions. Emotions play a significant role in shaping our experiences and influencing our behavior. By exploring the ways in which emotions are generated and expressed, psychologists can help individuals to better manage their feelings and cope with the challenges of daily life. This can lead to improved mental well-being and a greater sense of emotional resilience.Furthermore, psychology offers valuable insights into human behavior. By studying the factors that influence our actions, psychologists can help us to understand why we behave in certain ways and how we can change our behaviors for the better. This understanding can be particularly useful in areas such as addiction, relationships, and self-improvement, as it can provide us with the tools to make positive changes in our lives.Ultimately, psychology is a powerful tool for understanding and navigating the complexities of life. By gaining insights into the workings of the human mind, emotions, and behavior, we can develop a deeper understanding of ourselves and others. This understanding can lead to improved relationships, better mental health, and a greater sense of fulfillment in our daily lives. In this way, psychology truly has the potential to enrich and enhance our experiences, making it an invaluable resource for navigating the challenges of life.。

关于音乐的英文句子

关于音乐的英文句子Music is an essential part of human life, and it has the power to evoke emotions, express feelings, and bring people together. Whether it's the soothing melody of a classical symphony, the energetic beats of a pop song, or the soulful tunes of a jazz improvisation, music has the ability to transcend language barriers and connect people from different cultures and backgrounds. In this document, we will explore the significance of music and its impact on our lives.First and foremost, music is a universal language that can be understood and appreciated by people from all walks of life. Regardless of whether you speak English, Chinese, Spanish, or any other language, the beauty of a musical composition can be felt and understood by anyone with an open heart and mind. This universal appeal of music makes it a powerful tool for communication and expression, allowing artists to convey their emotions and experiences to a global audience.Furthermore, music has the ability to evoke a wide range of emotions, from joy and excitement to sadness and nostalgia. A lively and upbeat tune can lift our spirits and energize us, while a soulful ballad can touch our hearts and bring tears to our eyes. The emotional impact of music is undeniable, and it has the power to comfort, inspire, and heal us in times of need.In addition to its emotional impact, music also plays a significant role in shaping our cultural identity and heritage. Traditional folk songs, national anthems, and indigenous music styles are all important elements of a culture's musical heritage, reflecting the values, beliefs, and traditions of a particular community. Through music, we can gain a deeper understanding of different cultures and appreciate the diversity of human expression.Moreover, music has the ability to bring people together and create a sense of unity and belonging. Whether it's a concert, a music festival, or a spontaneous jam session, music has the power to unite people and foster a sense of community. In these sharedmusical experiences, people from diverse backgrounds can come together to celebrate their common love for music and create lasting memories.In conclusion, music is an integral part of human experience, with the ability to transcend language barriers, evoke emotions, shape cultural identity, and bring people together. Its universal appeal and emotional impact make it a powerful force for communication, expression, and unity. As we continue to appreciate and celebrate the beauty of music, let us remember its profound impact on our lives and the world around us.。

心理课英文

心理课英文IntroductionPsychology is the study of the human mind and behavior. It is a fascinating subject that helps us understand the complexities of the human psyche. In recent times, psychology has become increasingly popular as people recognize the importance of mental health and well-being. In this article, we will explore the different types of psychology classes that are taught in English.Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental psychology is the study of how humans grow and change throughout their lives. This field of psychology focuses on the physical, social, and emotional changes that occur from birth to old age. Students who take developmental psychology classes will learn about the different stages of development, including infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. They will also study the factors that influence development, such as genetics, environment, and culture.Cognitive PsychologyCognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as perception, attention, memory, and language. This field of psychology focuses on how humans process information and make decisions. Students who take cognitive psychology classes will learn about the different theories ofcognition, such as information processing, connectionism, and cognitive neuroscience. They will also study the different methods used to study cognition, such as experiments, observations, and computer simulations.Abnormal PsychologyAbnormal psychology is the study of mental disorders and abnormal behavior. This field of psychology focuses on the causes, symptoms, and treatments of various mental illnesses. Students who take abnormal psychology classes will learn about different mental disorders, such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and personality disorders. They will also study the different approaches to treatment, such as psychotherapy, medication, and alternative therapies.Social PsychologySocial psychology is the study of how humans interact with each other. This field of psychology focuses on how social factors such as culture, norms, and attitudes influence behavior. Students who take social psychology classes will learn about different social phenomena, such as conformity, obedience, and group dynamics. They will also study the different methods used to study social behavior, such as experiments, surveys, and observations.ConclusionPsychology is a fascinating subject that provides insights into the humanmind and behavior. Students who take psychology classes in English will learn about the different fields of psychology, including developmental psychology, cognitive psychology, abnormal psychology, and social psychology. These classes will equip them with the knowledge and skills needed to understand the complexities of human behavior and to contribute to the field of psychology.。

Language is human-specific？

Language is human-specific？It’s not easy for everybody to answer this question, neither me. From our text-book, the definition of language is “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication”, maybe it is right. But I also have my idea of it, I don’t think that language is human-specific, animals also have language, for the following reasons.Firstly, as we can see in the definition of language that language is systemic, it means that there are rules in human-beings language; every word has its meaning and the fixed combination with other words. It also happens in the animal worlds. Take the wolf, usually it will screech, it’s normal; but when it is lost, its sound will be in low voice, which sounds more mature to pretend it as an adult one to protect themselves and to tell their mothers where they are. They also have the specific meaning of their different sounds just like our human-beings.Secondly, our human-beings language is arbitrary, so animals are. The animals have their language from their forefather as us; also the same “sounds” for different animals has the different meaning. Thirdly, we, human-beings can use the language to communicate with each other, to express what we want to, to have the international culture exchange, ect. The animals can also do that, for example, in the Amazon Rainforest, there are two kinds of birds named wattle crow and shrike. When the eagle come from the high, the wattle crow will alarm the other birds, and if the eagle comes from the low, the shrike will alarm, too. Then the birds will fly away. From these, we can know that though they are different kind of birds, they can know what others “say”, they also can exchange information with each other. If not, how they can know the sounds mean, how they can escape.What’s more, all the animals have their ways to have their loves, to have their families, to protect themselves from the other worlds. If they do not have their language, how they can do these. In my opinion, language is not human-specific, animals also have it.。