Information StructurePPT教学课件
《信息技术基础》PPT课件
位图亦称为点阵图像或绘制图像,是由称作像素〔图片元素〕的单个点 组成的.这些点可以进行不同的排列和染色以构成图样.当放大位图时,可以看见 赖以构成整个图像的无数单个方块.扩大位图尺寸的效果是增多单个像素,从而 使线条和形状显得参差不齐.然而,如果从稍远的位置观看它,位图图像的颜色和 形状又显得是连续的.缩小位图尺寸也会使原图变形,因为此举是通过减少像素 来使整个图像变小的.同样,由于位图图像是以排列的像素集合体形式创建的,所 以不能单独操作〔如移动〕局部位图.四种常见位图格式分别是:bmp文件、 gif文件、pcx文件、jpng文件.
黑客存在的意义就是使网络变的日益安全完善,然而,也可能让网络遭受 到前所未有的威胁!
考点梳理
5、几个基本概念
WWW是环球信息网〔World Wide Web 〕的缩写,也可以简称为 Web,中文名字为"万维网".它是一个资料空间,在这个空间中:一样有用的事 物,称为一样"资源";并且由一个全域"统一资源标识符"〔URL〕标识.这些 资源通过超文本传输协议<Hypertext Transfer Protocol>传送给使用者,而 后者通过点击链接来获得资源.万维网常被当成因特网的同义词,不过其实万 维网是靠着因小:
163免费邮箱 2G 126免费邮箱 3G TOM免费邮箱 1.5G 搜狐邮箱 50,000 KB 新浪邮箱 2G 雅虎免费邮箱 3.5G Hotmail 2G QQ邮箱 1G 21CN邮箱 10G Gmail邮箱 2.8GB以上 搜狗邮箱 2G 网易Yeah!邮箱 260M 上海热线 4M
考点梳理
域名:企业、政府、非政府组织等机构或者个人在域名注册商上 注册的名称,是互联网上企业或机构间相互联络的网络地址.是与网络上的 数字型IP地址一一对应的字符型地址域名也是由若干部分组成,包括数idu"是这个域名的主体,而最后的标号"com"则是该域名的后缀,代表的 这是一个com国际域名,是顶级域名.而前面的是网络名, 为www的域名.
Chapter 16Information Structure信息结构
• 1.You won’t find such fine pupils anywhere else.
• —No where will you find such fine pupils. • 2.They tried in vain to persuade him into giving up. • —In vain did they try to pesuade him into giving up.
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• 16.5 Cleaving 分裂
• 分裂就是将一个句子分成两个分句的方法,有分裂句 cleft sentence和拟似分裂句pseudo-cleft sentence。
• eg: We shall call him traitor. • (1)Using fronting • eg:Traitor we shall call him. • (2)Using cleaving • eg:It is traitor that we shall call him.
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• 2.分隔 discontinuity
• 分隔就是把后置修饰语和被修饰的名词分隔开。
• eg:The time when anyone can afford a car will come. • ——The time will come when anyone can afford a car.
息,新信息则要靠听话人或者读者进行推测。
• eg: In rock music we find eat. Each song has an easily
recognizable rhythm. Its message is an overpowering
• eg: She is the only girl who can play the guitar in my class.
Information organization structure信息组织结构
H(key)= key MOD m =h
What is the range of the address?
Hash approach
[2.2]. Multiplication Given key=d1d2d3d4d5 are five digits in length
x
d1d2d3d4d5 d1d2d3d4d5
Inverted file
An inverted file is a directory structure in which each entry keyword is associated with the addresses of records containing that keyword. For information retrieval this means that given a keyword we can immediately locate the addresses of all documents containing that keyword. The inverted file requires that the addresses be normally kept in the record number order.
Inverted file
We need the definition of a directory of a file. Let F be a file whose records contain just m different keywords K1, K2,. . . , Km. Let hi be the number of records containing the keyword Ki, and ni be the number of Ki-lists in F. Furthermore, we denote by aij the beginning address of the jth Ki-list. Then the directory is the set of sequences.
信息培训PPT
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目录
CONTENTS
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Information structure 7
• 我们先猜想并不是所有的这些句法方式说 的都是完全一样的内容,那如果很多句子 同时有相同的语义意义的话,那它们的语 用意义也会不一样。的确, 在英语中,即 使是一个相当简单的命题都可以用很多不 同的方式来表达。然而,并不是所有的这 些方式在任何语境中都适用。 • e.g. They have all of these pots in the kitchen, and # in the tank are sitting all of these pots. They have all of these pots in the kitchen, and # in a tank are sitting all of these pots.
Focusre for your politics, either. Marxist impressionism, he called it.(Just 2003)
后移句式
• 区分两个there
存在句中的there 区分 presentational there 要求后置成分为discourse-new 要求后置成分为hear-new 既要又要 dis/hearer-new 只要dis-new
She put the cameo inside a sock and put the sock in her purse. She would sell it, and with the money she would buy a new and fashionable suit.(Erdrich 2005) Topicalization OP缺成分 句子不缺成分
type dual reference the usual elderly patients the crispy fragrance of frying salt pork and soda biscuit token
Chapter 3 Information Structure
• When he or she chooses a certain syntactic form, the speaker or the writer is highlighting or de-emphasizing one particular piece of information instead of another according to the context. This is what we refer to as marking or encoding the information structure in a sentence
3.1.2 Marking or encoding the information structure in a sentence
• • • • • • • • John kissed Mary. Mary was kissed by John. It was john who kissed Mary. It was Mary who was kissed by John. What John did was kiss Mary. Who John kissed was Mary. Mary, John kissed her. Same propositional content expressed each time (that kissing went on and John did the kissing/that Mary was the one who was kissed).
3.2 Categories of information structure(信息结构的分类 信息结构的分类) 信息结构的分类
• 1) Purpose of studying categories of information structure • When inf. structure discussed in pragmatics, one first task: • To identify its categories. Why? • To know what ways or resources are available when people encode inf. structure in a discourse. • having known these ways or categories, better able to interpret how language functions from a pragmatic point of view,
Chapter15 Information structure
The given information is placed in the left side of the sentence (e.g., in the subject position), while new information is then introduced in the right side of the sentence. This pattern is then repeated through the text in a sort of logical chain. This type of structure helps readers to follow and understand the text. The structure of a series of sentences might be like the following chain of sentences, in which A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H are pieces of information contained in six sentences.
New information is information that is
assumed by the speaker not to be known to or assumed by the addressee, or previously established rsus new information
If for the moment we restrict our attention to simple declarative sentences, we can sometimes make a useful distinction between two kinds of information that may be provided by linguistic structures. The canonical objective of uttering a declarative sentence is to convey new information that the addressee is not already aware of. For addressees to attach this information to their existing knowledge, the speaker or writer may also convey a certain amount of given information that the addressee already knows. For instance,
《信息技术基础》ppt课件
机器学习算法广泛应用于图像识别、语音识别、自然语言处理、推荐系统等领域。例如,在图像识别领域,通过 训练深度神经网络,可以实现对手写数字、人脸等图像的准确识别。
人工智能在各领域应用前景预测
医疗健康领域 交通运输领域
教育领域 金融领域
人工智能将在医疗影像诊断、疾病预测、个性化治疗等方面发 挥重要作用,提高医疗服务的效率和质量。
多媒体在各行各业中应用案例分析
教育领域
多媒体课件制作、在线教育视频 制作、虚拟实验室等。
娱乐领域
电影制作、游戏开发、音乐制作 等。
商业领域
产品展示、广告宣传、电子商务 等。
其他领域
军事模拟演练、航空航天仿真等 。
文化领域
数字博物馆、数字图书馆、数字 艺术等。
科技领域
远程医疗、智能交通、智能家居 等。
传输介质
包括双绞线、同轴电缆、 光纤等,用于数据的物理 传输。
无线网络设备
如无线网卡、无线路由器 等,用于实现无线网络的 通信。
网络安全与防护措授权的访问和破坏。
常见网络安全威胁
包括病毒、木马、蠕虫、黑客 攻击等。
网络安全防护措施
包括防火墙、入侵检测、数据 加密、身份认证等。
安全意识和教育
提高用户的安全意识和技能, 加强网络安全教育和培训。
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办公自动化软件应用技巧
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
文字处理软件Word操作指南
文档创建与编辑
格式设置与排版
掌握新建、打开、保存文档的基本操作, 熟练进行文本输入、复制、粘贴、删除和 查找替换等操作。
网络通信定义
通过网络传输数据,实 现不同设备间的信息交
Information Structure
Information Structure作者:李丽梅来源:《速读·上旬》2019年第02期IntroductionInformation structure is one of the theories in textual function.Halliday refers that information unit is composed by language and information unit is the basic component of information exchange (Hu Zhuanglin et al,2005).People communicate to convey information.However,the author argues that information structure is closely associate with context.AnalysisHalliday (1967) categorized information structure as given and new information.Givenness classifies words and information in a discourse that are already known (or given) by virtue of being common knowledge,or by having been discussed previously in the same discourse,while new information refers the information is new and cannot be determined and defined according to context.In information structure,the new information is essential,while the given information is not.For example:A:Who broke the vase?B: Tom.In this conversation,“Tom” is the new information and “broke the vase” is the given information.But B only gives new information,and A understands what B is talking about.This principle can be used in Chinese.Hu Zhuanglin (2005) said given and new information form an information unit together,and givenness is supposed to be ahead of the new information.In some context,their places can be changed for special purposes.However,it’s not necessary to determine the positions of given and new information.Since new information is the message people want to emphasize,the positions of given and new information are flexible based on different situations.For example:(1)A: who broke the vase? B: Tom broke the vase.(2)A: what did Tom do? B: Tome broke the vase.In dialogue (1),“Tom” is new information while “broke the vase” is giveninformation.However,in dialogue (2),their positions switched.When there is too much special situation,the special situation becomes common.In reality,people distinguish given information from new information according to context to some extent.Nearly all conversations and texts occur in certain context.In certain context,it is much more convenient to analyze the informationstructure.For example,“In this job Anne we’re working with silver.Now silver needs to have love”,in this text,a female manager in a company which sells silver told her new employee about the essence of business.And,“needs to have love” is the new information.Hu Zhuanglin (2005) introduces another way to determine given information and new information —— prominence.The most prominent part is information focus,the culmination of new information,symbolizing the end of the new information in an information unit.The information focus conveys the main and most important message in a context.For example,“//Now/ silver/ needs to have/ love//”,in this sentence,the tonic prominence is “love”,which means the information focus is “love”;according to the context,the new information starts on “needs”.Therefore,“needs to have love” is the ne w information in this sentence.In Chinese,the new information and given information are also affect by the tones.For example,the simple sentence “我喜欢你”,we can analyze it into the three different situation:Situation 1://我/喜欢/你//.Situation 2://我/喜欢/你//.Situation 3://我/喜欢/你//.In situation 1,“我”is information focus and the new information starts from “我” and ends with “我”.In situation 2,the tonic prominence is “喜欢”,and new information is“喜欢”.Likewise,“你” is the new information in situation 3.ConclusionIn general,the information can be identified through the tone and context of the sentence.The most prominent tone is always the information focus.Generally,we can define the positions of given information and new information based on the context.In some reading texts,context is the best way to identify information.But in spoken language,we can pay attention the the tones of the speaker and the actual situation to identify information.Reference[1]Halliday,M.A.K.Notes on Transitivity and Theme in English (part II)[J].Journal of Linguistics,1967(3):199-244.[2]胡壮麟,朱永生等.系统功能语言学概论[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:171-176.作者简介李丽梅(1993.01—),女,汉族,四川成都人,硕士研究生,研究方向:商务英语。
19《Information Technology》 PPT教学课件(第4课时)
Activate and share
1. What problems might your parents / grandparents have when shopping online? 2. What problems have you met?
download an app set up an account browse goods
problem and Barbara’s problem.
Listening
Steps to solve Dad’s problem:
1. Press “Sign Up” button . 2. Put in his information . 3. The last step is to press “Finish” button.
Activate and share
place an order receive the package
Listening
1. What help does Dad ask for? Dad asks for help in setting up an account on a shopping app.
After listening
Answer the questions.
4. If you are able to develop an app to solve a real-world problem, what problem would you like to solve? And how? I always feel stressed when thinking about what food to cook and what ingredients to buy in a grocery to prepare for meals.
《InformationTechnology》PPT(第4课时)
Listening
Listen and take notes of the steps to solve Dad’s
1. Why are apps so popular? Apps are popular because they are useful and make life easier.
2. What are the difficulties in developing an app? The difficulty is in solving real-world problems and finding what people need.
to subscribe to newspapers and magazines
Activate and share
1. Why are apps so popular? 2. What are the difficulties in developing an app? 3. What are the latest technologies used in apps?
Listen and complete the information.
Apps
General functions
• find popular restaurants • call for taxis • find directions to different places
While listening
After listening
Unit 4 Information technology Lesson 课件-高中英语必修第二册
词汇升级 ⑦How is everything going? I am writing to ask you to help me. →How is everything going? I am writing to ask you to _d_o__m_e__a_f_a_v_o_u_r_. 【文化浸蕴】 Jiaozi, a steamed dumpling, is popular in the north, while southerners favour a sticky sweet glutinous rice pudding called niangao. 通常北方人吃饺子,而南方人则吃美味可口的年糕。
知识点讲解
1. subscribe vi. 订阅,订购 【教材】to subscribe to newspapers and magazines订报纸和杂志 【要点】subscribe to 订阅;同意;捐款
【练透】 单句语法填空/补全句子 ①However, I definitely subscribe t_o_ the success being 1% inspiration and
1. en+sure=ensure vt. enable;enlarge 2. press v.-pressure n. 3. good adj.-goods n. 4. favour n.-favourite adj.-favorable adj. 有利的;赞成的 5.deliver v.-delivery n.
(2) account v.认为是;解释 account for ...解释;说明;(数量上、比例上)占
单句语法填空/补全句子 ①In sixth grade, adults excluding parents account _f_o_r only 25 percent of
教科版高中信息技术必修课件-4.1.3 文本信息的结构化和形象化
3、结构图表达:
2、表格表达
A组 B组 小组赛
半决赛 决赛:
第一小组
1、 文字是很好的信息表达方式,但是在某些特定 的场合,我们要常常借助结构化和形象化的方式使 表达更直观、更清晰。 2、 结构化和形象化的表达形式多种多样,有流程 图、结构图、表格、项目、图形等,它们都有不同 的适用范围,需要我们根据实际需要做出适当的选 择。 3、 有时,同一种表达方式还可以同时具有结构化 和形象化的两种特点。 4、 不是所有的文本信息都可以采取结构化或者形 象化的方式来表示的。
哪一种表达意思更清晰?为什么?
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
1、文字表达:
在某个音乐网站上,将音 乐分为中国音乐和外国音乐, 在中国音乐里面分了港澳台音 乐和大陆音乐两种,在外国音 乐里分了欧美音乐和日韩音乐, 大陆音乐里面又分为男歌手, 女歌手和组合乐队,在女歌手 里面有宋祖英、彭丽媛等歌手 的作品。
2、项目式表达
3、表格表达 4、结构图表达
2、李小明家除了爸爸(李爱民)、妈妈(张新), 哥哥(李强)以外,还有和爷爷(李长庭)、奶奶 (郭琪)和叔叔(李爱国)、婶婶(曾媛媛)。 (请用一种更好的表达方式表达)
3、NBA季后赛对阵情况: 东部:A(东部公牛1-步行者8);B(热火2-76人7); C(凯尔特人3-尼克斯7) D(魔术4-老鹰5) 西部:E(马刺1-灰熊8); F(湖人2-黄蜂7); G(小牛3-开拓者6); H(雷霆4-掘金5)。 甲(A胜对B胜)乙(C胜对D胜)丙(E胜对F胜) 丁(G胜对H胜),东部决赛:甲对乙, 西部决赛:丙对丁,东西部决赛胜者争夺总冠军。 (请用一种更好的表达方式表达)
主述位结构与信息结构的比较 ppt课件
主述位结构与信息结构的
比较 ♥ 关于信息结构需要说明的是
1.人们传递信息起于信息止于信息,句子只是传递信息的中间环 节或中介,句子的形式和句子内容都不等于信息内容。说话人 和听话人都只对信息内容进行加工处理或存储,对句子的形式 和意义则随听随忘。
2.编码过程是说活人用头脑中的信息构建信息结构,然后再主位切分为单项主位(simple theme),多项 主位(Multiple theme)和小句主位(Clause theme)。 几种主位都是信信息的出发点是句子的开端。
♥ 单项主位---句子中的主位成分只体现一种元功能(如概念
功能,人际功能,语篇功能中的一种),不论这个主位成 分是由一个词语或 一个以上的词语表示。主要表现形式 有一个名词词组毒刺词组或借介词短语。
主述位结构与信息结构的 比较
3)主位表示新信息 在话语中,为了某种修辞效果,人们有可能把不 经常起主位作用的某些成分 充当句子的主位。在 英语中,这些情况常出现下列结构中:
(1)简单陈述的主位前置(例如被动语态中) (2)倒装句中的主位 (3)断裂句中的主位 (4)wh-疑问句中的主位 (5)感叹句中的主位前置 (6)主从复合句中的主句前置
♫ 已知信息是受话者已经知道的信息或根据语境可以判断的成
分,新信息是其不知道的信息或根据语境不能判断的成分。 一般来说新信息在前,旧信息在后,这符合听话人的心理认 知过程的信息处理方式。
♫ 人们还认为已知信息和未知信息可以有多种组织模式。张今
等人归纳了六种,已知+未知;未知+已知;已知+未知+已 知;未知+已知+未知;未知+未知;已知+已知。
• 主位同一性(平行型或放射型,主位相同述位不同)
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二 后置 Postponement
• 在写作时按末端重量原则把认为重要的 内容置于句末,这种修辞手段叫做后置() (一)Passive voice
• The rain destroyed the flowers. • The flowers were destroyed by the rain.
• 由此, 形成了英语相对固定的正常语序 (Regular word order): 主语+谓语
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• 因此,新信息中最为关键的部分常出现 在句子末端, 称之为末端中心(End Focus)。
• 凡是语法结构较复杂的词数较多的信息 片段(Piece of information)一般出现在 句末,称之为末端重量(End weight)
• Her appearance all admired, while her personality few praised.
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• A scandal I call it. 丑闻!我把这叫丑闻。
• Very strange it seemed.这可真怪了,让人 觉得。
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三 前移 Fronting
• 把在正常语序中出现较晚的成分,通常 是宾语,宾语补语,主语补语,前移到 句首,给人一种突然地感觉, 这种修辞 叫前移。
• Upon the education of the people of this country the fate of this country depends.
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• (二)外位 Extrapostion • (1) 不定式词组做真正主语 To get there by bus takes him an hour. It takes him an hour to get there by bus Not to publish my book might be better. It might be better not to publish my book.
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• 倘若改变了上述英语中相对固定的正常 语序,即采用后移(Postponement),外位 (Extra position),分隔(Discontinuity), 前 置(Fronting ),倒装(Inversion ), 分裂 (Cleaving)等修辞手段所产生的非正常语 序(Irregular word order) 就可以达到种种 不同的强调的修辞效果。
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• It is quite clear that… • It is must be pointed out that… • It is often said that… • It is well known that… • It can be easily proved that… • It will be seen from this that… • It is generally considered that…
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四 倒装Inversion
• (一)全部倒装(主谓倒装)
• 1. 地方状语( 如there,here)时间状语 (then,now) 方式状语(thus,hence) 位于句首,谓语为come, go, be等短语, 主语很长时, 要全倒装。
• 如:Then came the time to part.
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• (三) 分隔 Discontinuity • 1. 宾语从句的分隔
• Just then I noticed, for the first time, that Monsieur Hamel wore his fine green coat.
• I believe, too, that I had never listened so attentively.
Information Structure
信息结构
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一 信息结构概览
• 人们在交际中所传递的信息通常由已知 信息和新信息组成。已知信息通常由主 语表示, 即说话人或写文章的人认为对 方已知的人或事或物,这是传递信息的 出发点
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• 新信息通常由谓语表示, 即说话或写文 章的人认为对方还不知道的新内容, 是 信息传递的着重点。
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• (2)动名词词组作真正主语 • Playing with fire is dangerous. • It’s dangerous playing with fire. • Hartley: Gentlemen, it has been a privilege
playing with your tonight.
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• (3)主语从句作真正主语 • It says on papers that… • It is hoped that… • It is said that… • It goes without saying that… • It is supposed that…
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• 末端中心和末端重量是排列英语语序的 重要原则:要求把新的中心信息和中心 信息和重量信息安排在句子尾部。
• 在英语造句中极力避免头重脚轻,即避 免主语过长的句子,谓语部分在正常句 式总要比主语长一些。
• He rested
• He took a rest (AmE) / He had a rest ( BrE)
• Here are some letter for you to type
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• 2. 方位副词( in, out, up等) 及象声 词位于句首时表示出乎意料,要全倒装。
• Out flew a bird from the teacher’s chalkbox.
( A bird flew out from the teachers’ chalk-box)