Column Generation for Extended Formulations-F. Vanderbeck

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计算机行业常见设备名称英语词汇汇总

计算机行业常见设备名称英语词汇汇总下面是计算机行业常见设备名称，大家可以参考下。

ATAPI(AT Attachment Packet Interface)BCF(Boot Catalog File，启动目录文件)BIF(Boot Image File，启动映像文件)CDR(CD Recordable，可记录光盘)CD-ROM/XA(CD-ROM eXtended Architecture，唯读光盘增强形架构)CDRW(CD-Rewritable，可重复刻录光盘)CLV(Constant Linear Velocity，恒定线速度)DAE(digital Audio Extraction，数据音频抓取)DDSS(Double Dynamic Suspension System，双悬浮动态减震系统)DDSS II(Double Dynamic Suspension System II，第二代双层动力悬吊系统)PCAV(Part Constant Angular Velocity，部分恒定角速度)VCD(Video CD，视频CD)AAS(Automatic Area Seagment?)dpi(dot per inch，每英寸的打印像素)ECP(Extended Capabilities Port，延长能力端口)EPP(Enhanced Parallel Port，增强形平行接口)IPP(Inter Printing Protocol，因特网打印协议)ppm(paper per minute，页/分)SPP(Standard Parallel Port，标准并行口)TET(Text Enhanced Technology，文本增强技术)USBDCDPD(Universal Serial Bus Device Class Definition for Printing Devices，打印设备的通用串行总线级标准) VD(Variable Dot，变点式列印)TWAIN(Toolkit Without An Interesting Name)协议AAT(Average aess time，平均存取时间)ABS(Auto Balance System，自动平衡系统)ASMO(Advanced Storage Mago-Optical，增强形光学存储器) AST(Average Seek time，平均寻道时间)ATA(AT Attachment，AT扩展型)ATOMM(Advanced super Thin-layer and high-Output Metal Media，增强形超薄高速金属媒体)bps(bit per second，位/秒)CAM(Common Aess Model，公共存取模型)CSS(Common Command Set，通用指令集)DMA(Direct Memory Aess，直接内存存取)DVD(Digital Video Disk，数字视频光盘)EIDE(enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics，增强形电子集成驱动器)FAT(File Allocation Tables，文件分配表)FDBM(Fluid dynamic bearing motors，液态轴承马达)FDC(Floppy Disk Controller，软盘驱动器控制装置)FDD(Floppy Disk Driver，软盘驱动器)GMR(giant magoresistive，巨型磁阻)HDA(head disk assembly，磁头集合)HiFD(high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘)IDE(Integrated Drive Electronics，电子集成驱动器)LBA(Logical Block Addressing，逻辑块寻址)MBR(Master Boot Record，主引导记录)MTBF(Mean Time Before Failure，平均故障时间)PIO(Programmed Input Output，可编程输入输出模式)PRML(Partial Response Maximum Likelihood，最大可能部分反响，用于提高磁盘读写传输率)RPM(Rotation Per Minute，转/分)RSD：(Removable Storage Device移动式存储设备)SCSI(Small Computer System Interface，小型计算机系统接口)SCMA：(SCSI Configured Auto Magically，SCSI自动配置)S.M.A.R.T.(Self-Monitoring， Analysis and Reporting Technology，自动监测、分析和报告技术)SPS(Shock Protection System，抗震保护系统)STA(SCSI Trade Association，SCSI同业公会)Ultra DMA(Ultra Direct Memory Aess，超高速直接内存存取) LVD(Low Voltage Differential)Seagate硬盘技术DiscWizard(磁盘控制软件)DST(Drive Self Test，磁盘自检程序)SeaShield(防静电防撞击外壳)3DPA(3D Positional Audio，3D定位音频)AC(Audio Codec，音频多媒体数字信号编解码器)Auxiliary Input(辅助输入接口)CS(Channel Separation，声道别离)DS3D(DirectSound 3D Streams)DSD(Direct Stream Digital，直接数字信号流)DSL(Down Loadable Sample，可下载的取样音色)DLS-2(Downloadable Sounds Level 2，第二代可下载音色)EAX(Environmental Audio Extensions，环境音效扩展技术) Extended Stereo(扩展式立体声)FM(Frequency Modulation，频率调制)FIR(finite impulse response，有限推进响应)FR(Frequence Response，频率响应)FSE(Frequency Shifter Effect，频率转换效果)HRTF(Head Related Transfer Function，头部关联传输功能) IID(Interaural Intensity Difference，两侧声音强度差异) IIR(infinite impulse response，无限推进响应)Interactive Around-Sound(交互式环绕声)Interactive 3D Audio(交互式3D音效)ITD(Interaural Time Difference，两侧声音时间延迟差异) MIDI：( Musical Instrument Digital Interface乐器数字接口)NDA：( non-DWORD-aligned ，非DWORD排列)Raw PCM：( Raw Pulse Code Modulated元脉码调制)RMA：( RealMedia Architecture实媒体架构)RTSP： (Real Time Streaming Protocol实时流协议)SACD(Super Audio CD，超级音乐CD)SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio，信噪比)S/PDIF(Sony/Phillips Digital Interface，索尼/飞利普数字接口)SRS： (Sound Retrieval System声音修复系统)Surround Sound(环绕立体声)Super Intelligent Sound ASIC(超级智能音频集成电路)THD+N(Total Harmonic Distortion plus Noise，总谐波失真加噪音)QEM(Qsound Environmental Modeling，Qsound环境建模扬声器组)WG(Wave Guide，波导合成)WT(Wave Table，波表合成)3D：(Three Dimensional，三维)3DS(3D SubSystem，三维子系统)AE(Atmospheric Effects，雾化效果)AFR(Alternate Frame Rendering，交替渲染技术)Anisotropic Filtering(各向异性过滤)APPE(Advanced Packet Parsing Engine，增强形帧解析引擎) AV(Analog Video，模拟视频)Back Buffer，后置缓冲Backface culling(隐面消除)Battle for Eyeballs(眼球大战，各3D图形芯片公司为了争夺用户而作的竞争)Bilinear Filtering(双线性过滤)CEM(cube environment mapping，立方环境映射)CG(Computer Graphics，计算机生成图像)Clipping(剪贴纹理)Clock Synthesizer，时钟合成器pressed textures(压缩纹理) Concurrent Command Engine，协作命令引擎Center Processing Unit Utilization，中央处理器占用率DAC(Digitalto Analog Converter，数模传换器)Decal(印花法，用于生成一些半透明效果，如：鲜血飞溅的场面)DFP(Digital Flat Panel，数字式平面显示器)DFS：( Dynamic Flat Shading动态平面描影，可用作加速Dithering抖动)Directional Light，方向性光源DME：( Direct Memory Execute直接内存执行)DOF(Depth of Field，多重境深)Double Buffering(双缓冲区)DIR(Direct Rendering Infrastructure，基层直接渲染)DVI(Digital Video Interface，数字视频接口)DxR：( DynamicXTended Resolution动态可扩展分辨率)DXTC(Direct X Texture Compress，DirectX纹理压缩，以S3TC为根底)Dynamic Z-buffering(动态Z轴缓冲区)，显示物体远近，可用作远景E-DDC(Enhanced Display Data Channel，增强形视频数据通道协议，定义了显示输出与主系统之间的通讯通道，能提高显示输出的画面质量)Edge Anti-aliasing，边缘抗锯齿失真E-EDID(Enhanced Extended Identification Data，增强形扩充身份辨识数据，定义了电脑通讯视频主系统的数据格式)Execute Buffers，执行缓冲区environment mapped bump mapping(环境凹凸映射)Extended Burst Transactions，增强式突发处理Front Buffer，前置缓冲Flat(平面描影)Frames rate is King(帧数为王)FSAA(Full Scene Anti-aliasing，全景抗锯齿)Fog(雾化效果)flip double buffered(反转双缓存)fog table quality(雾化表画质)GART(Graphic Address Remappng Table，图形地址重绘表) Gouraud Shading，高洛德描影，也称为内插法均匀涂色GPU(Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理器)GTF(Generalized Timing Formula，一般程序时间，定义了产生画面所需要的时间，包括了诸如画面刷新率等)HAL(Hardware Abstraction Layer，硬件抽像化层)hardware motion pensation(硬件运动补偿)HDTV(high definition television，高清晰度电视)HEL： Hardware Emulation Layer(硬件模拟层)high triangle count(复杂三角形计数)ICD(Installable Client Driver，可安装客户端驱动程序) IDCT(Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform，非连续反余弦变换，GeForce的DVD硬件强化技术)Immediate Mode，直接模式IPPR： (Image Processing and Pattern Recognition图像处理和模式识别)large textures(大型纹理)LF(Linear Filtering，线性过滤，即双线性过滤)lighting(光源)lightmap(光线映射)Local Peripheral Bus(局域边缘总线)mipmapping(MIP映射)Modulate(调制混合)Motion Compensation，动态补偿motion blur(模糊移动)MPPS：(Million Pixels Per Second，百万个像素/秒)Multi-Resolution Mesh，多重分辨率组合Multi Threaded Bus Master，多重主控Multitexture(多重纹理)nerest Mipmap(邻近MIP映射，又叫点采样技术)Overdraw(透支，全景渲染造成的浪费)partial texture downloads(并行纹理传输)Parallel Processing Perspective Engine(平行透视处理器) PC(Perspective Correction，透视纠正)PGC(Parallel Graphics Configuration，并行图像设置)pixel(Picture element，图像元素，又称P像素，屏幕上的像素点)point light(一般点光源)Precise Pixel Interpolation，准确像素插值Procedural textures(可编程纹理)RAMDAC(Random Aess Memory Digital to Analog Converter，随机存储器数/模转换器)Reflection mapping(反射贴图)ender(着色或渲染)S端子(Seperate)S3(Sight、Sound、Speed，视频、音频、速度)S3TC(S3 Texture Compress，S3纹理压缩，仅支持S3显卡)S3TL(S3 Transformation & Lighting，S3多边形转换和光源处理)Screen Buffer(屏幕缓冲)SDTV(Standard Definition Television，标准清晰度电视)SEM(spherical environment mapping，球形环境映射)Shading，描影Single Pass Multi-Texturing，单通道多纹理SLI(Scanline Interleave，扫描线间插，3Dfx的双Voodoo 2配合技术)Smart Filter(智能过滤)soft shadows(柔和阴影)soft reflections(柔和反射)spot light(小型点光源)SRA(Symmetric Rendering Architecture，对称渲染架构)Stencil Buffers(模板缓冲)Stream Processor(流线处理)SuperScaler Rendering，超标量渲染TBFB(Tile Based Frame Buffer，碎片纹理帧缓存)texel(T像素，纹理上的像素点)Texture Fidelity(纹理真实性)texture swapping(纹理交换)T&L(Transform and Lighting，多边形转换与光源处理)T-Buffer(T缓冲，3dfx Voodoo4的特效，包括全景反锯齿Full-scene Anti-Aliasing、动态模糊Motion Blur、焦点模糊Depth of Field Blur、柔和阴影Soft Shadows、柔和反射Soft Reflections)TCA(Twin Cache Architecture，双缓存构造)Transparency(透明状效果)Transformation(三角形转换)Trilinear Filtering(三线性过滤)Texture Modes，材质模式TMIPM： (Trilinear MIP Mapping 三次线性MIP材质贴图)UMA(Unified Memory Architecture，统一内存架构)Visualize Geometry Engine，可视化几何引擎Vertex Lighting(顶点光源)Vertical Interpolation(垂直调变)VIP(Video Interface Port，视频接口)ViRGE： (Video and Rendering Graphics Engine视频描写图形引擎)Voxel(Volume pixels，立体像素，Novalogic的技术)VQTC(Vector-Quantization Texture Compression，向量纹理压缩)VSIS(Video Signal Standard，视频信号标准)v-sync(同步刷新)Z Buffer(Z缓存)ASIC： (Application Specific Integrated Circuit特殊应用积体电路)ASC(Auto-Sizing and Centering，自动调效屏幕尺寸和中心位置)ASC(Anti Static Coatings，防静电涂层)AGAS(Anti Glare Anti Static Coatings，防强光、防静电涂层)BLA： (Bearn Landing Area电子束落区)BMC(Black Matrix Screen，超黑矩阵屏幕)CRC： (Cyclical Redundancy Check循环冗余检查)CRT(Cathode Ray Tube，阴极射线管)DDC：(Display Data Channel，显示数据通道 )DEC(Direct Etching Coatings，外表蚀刻涂层)DFL(Dynamic Focus Lens，动态聚焦)DFS(Digital Flex Scan，数字伸缩扫描)DIC： (Digital Image Control数字图像控制)Digital Multiscan II(数字式智能多频追踪)DLP(digital Light Processing，数字光处理)DOSD：(Digital On Screen Display同屏数字化显示)DPMS(Display Power Management Signalling，显示能源管理信号)Dot Pitch(点距)DQL(Dynamic Quadrapole Lens，动态四极镜)DSP(Digital Signal Processing，数字信号处理)EFEAL(Extended Field Elliptical Aperture Lens，可扩展扫描椭圆孔镜头)FRC：(Frame Rate Control帧比率控制)HVD(High Voltage Differential，高分差动)LCD(liquid crystal display，液晶显示屏)LCOS： (Liquid Crystal On Silicon硅上液晶)LED(light emitting diode，光学二级管)L-SAGIC(Low Power-Small Aperture G1 wiht Impregnated Cathode，低电压光圈阴极管)LVD(Low Voltage Differential，低分差动)LVDS：(Low Voltage Differential Signal低电压差动信号) MALS(Multi Astigmatism Lens System，多重散光聚焦系统) MDA(Monochrome Adapter，单色设备)MS： (Magic Sensors磁场感应器)Porous Tungsten(活性钨)RSDS： (Reduced Swing Differential Signal小幅度摆动差动信号)SC(Screen Coatings，屏幕涂层)Single Ended(单终结)Shadow Mask(阴罩式)TDT(Timeing Detection Table，数据测定表)TICRG： (Tungsten Impregnated Cathode Ray Gun钨传输阴级射线枪)TFT(thin film transistor，薄膜晶体管)UCC(Ultra Clear Coatings，超清晰涂层)VAGP：( Variable Aperature Grille Pitch可变间距光栅) VBI：( Vertical Blanking Interval垂直空白间隙)VDT(Video Display Terminals，视频显示终端)VRR： (Vertical Refresh Rate垂直扫描频率 )ADIMM(advanced Dual In-line Memory Modules，高级双重内嵌式内存模块)AMR(Audio/Modem Riser;音效/调制解调器主机板附加直立插卡) AHA(Aelerated Hub Architecture，加速中心架构)ASK IR(Amplitude Shift Keyed Infra-Red，长波形可移动输入红外线)ATX： AT Extend(扩展型AT)BIOS(Basic Input/Output System，根本输入/输出系统)CSE(Configuration Space Enable，可分配空间)DB：(Device Bay，设备插架 )DMI(Desktop Management Interface，桌面管理接口)EB(Expansion Bus，扩展总线)EISA(Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture，增强形工业标准架构)EMI(Electromagic Interference，电磁干扰)ESCD(Extended System Configuration Data，可扩展系统配置数据)FBC(Frame Buffer Cache，帧缓冲缓存)FireWire(火线，即IEEE1394标准)FSB： (Front Side Bus，前置总线，即外部总线 )FWH( Firmware Hub，固件中心)GMCH(Graphics & Memory Controller Hub，图形和内存控制中心)GPIs(General Purpose Inputs，普通操作输入)ICH(Input/Output Controller Hub，输入/输出控制中心)IR(infrared ray，红外线)IrDA(infrared ray，红外线通信接口可进展局域网存取和文件共享)ISA：(Industry Standard Architecture，工业标准架构 )ISA(instruction set architecture，工业设置架构)MDC(Mobile Daughter Card，移动式子卡)MRH-R(Memory Repeater Hub，内存数据处理中心)MRH-S(SDRAM Repeater Hub，SDRAM数据处理中心)MTH(Memory Transfer Hub，内存转换中心)NGIO(Next Generation Input/Output，新一代输入/输出标准) P64H(64-bit PCI Controller Hub，64位PCI控制中心)PCB(printed circuit board，印刷电路板)PCBA(Printed Circuit Board Assembly，印刷电路板装配)PCI：(Peripheral Component Interconnect，互连外围设备 ) PCI SIG(Peripheral Component Interconnect Special Interest Group，互连外围设备专业组)POST(Power On Self Test，加电自测试)RNG(Random number Generator，随机数字发生器)RTC： (Real Time Clock 实时时钟)KBC(KeyBroad Control，键盘控制器)SAP(Sideband Address Port，边带寻址端口)SBA(Side Band Addressing，边带寻址)SMA： (Share Memory Architecture，共享内存构造 )STD(Suspend To Disk，磁盘唤醒)STR(Suspend To RAM，内存唤醒)SVR： (Switching Voltage Regulator 交换式电压调节)USB(Universal Serial Bus，通用串行总线)USDM(Unified System Diagnostic Manager，统一系统监测管理器)VID(Voltage Identification Definition，电压识别认证)VRM (Voltage Regulator Module，电压调整模块)ZIF： (Zero Insertion Force，零插力 )主板技术Gigabyte ACOPS：(Automatic CPU OverHeat Prevention SystemCPU 过热预防系统)SIV： (System Information Viewer系统信息观察)磐英ESDJ(Easy Setting Dual Jumper，简化CPU双重跳线法) 浩鑫UPT(USB、PANEL、LINK、TV-OUT四重接口)芯片组ACPI(Advanced Configuration and PowerInterface，先进设置和电源管理)AGP(Aelerated Graphics Port，图形加速接口)I/O(Input/Output，输入/输出)MIOC： (Memory and I/O Bridge Controller，内存和I/O桥控制器)NBC： (North Bridge Chip北桥芯片)PIIX： (PCI ISA/IDE Aelerator加速器)PSE36： (Page Size Extension 36-bit，36位页面尺寸扩展模式 )PXB：(PCI Expander Bridge，PCI增强桥 )RCG： (RAS/CAS Generator，RAS/CAS发生器 )SBC： (South Bridge Chip南桥芯片)SMB： (System Management Bus全系统管理总线)SPD(Serial Presence Detect，内存内部序号检测装置)SSB： (Super South Bridge，超级南桥芯片 )TDP：(Triton Data Path数据路径)TSC： (Triton System Controller系统控制器)QPA： (Quad Port Aeleration四接口加速)3DNow!(3D no waiting)ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit，算术逻辑单元)AGU(Address Generation Units，地址产成单元)BGA(Ball Grid Array，球状矩阵排列)BHT(branch prediction table，分支预测表)BPU(Branch Processing Unit，分支处理单元)Brach Pediction(分支预测)CMOS： (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor，互补金属氧化物半导体 )CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computing，复杂指令集计算机)CLK(Clock Cycle，时钟周期)COB(Cache on board，板上集成缓存)COD(Cache on Die，芯片内集成缓存)CPGA(Ceramic Pin Grid Array，陶瓷针型栅格阵列)CPU(Center Processing Unit，中央处理器)Data Forwarding(数据前送)Decode(指令解码)DIB(Dual Independent Bus，双独立总线)EC(Embedded Controller，嵌入式控制器)Embedded Chips(嵌入式)EPIC(explicitly parallel instruction code，并行指令代码) FADD(Floationg Point Addition，浮点加)FCPGA(Flip Chip Pin Grid Array，反转芯片针脚栅格阵列)FDIV(Floationg Point Divide，浮点除)FEMMS：(Fast Entry/Exit Multimedia State，快速进入/退出多媒体状态)FFT(fast Fourier transform，快速热欧姆转换)FID(FID：Frequency identify，频率鉴别号码)FIFO(First Input First Output，先入先出队列)flip-chip(芯片反转)FLOP(Floating Point Operations Per Second，浮点操作/秒) FMUL(Floationg Point Multiplication，浮点乘)FPU(Float Point Unit，浮点运算单元)FSUB(Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减)GVPP(Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器)HL-PBGA：外表黏著，高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状矩阵封装IA(Intel Architecture，英特尔架构)ICU(Instruction Control Unit，指令控制单元)ID：(identify，鉴别号码 )IDF(Intel Developer Forum，英特尔开发者论坛)IEU(Integer Execution Units，整数执行单元)IMM：( Intel Mobile Module，英特尔移动模块 )Instructions Cache，指令缓存Instruction Coloring(指令分类)IPC(Instructions Per Clock Cycle，指令/时钟周期)ISA(instruction set architecture，指令集架构)KNI(Katmai New Instructions，Katmai新指令集，即SSE)Latency(潜伏期)LDT(Lightning Data Transport，闪电数据传输总线)Local Interconnect(局域互连)MESI(Modified， Exclusive， Shared， Invalid：修改、排除、共享、废弃)MMX(MultiMedia Extensions，多媒体扩展指令集)MMU(Multimedia Unit，多媒体单元)MFLOPS(Million Floationg Point/Second，每秒百万个浮点操作)MHz(Million Hertz，兆赫兹)MP(Multi-Processing，多重处理器架构)MPS(MultiProcessor Specification，多重处理器标准)MSRs(Model-Specific Registers，特别模块存放器)NAOC(no-aount OverClock，无效超频)NI：(Non-Intel，非英特尔 )OLGA(Organic Land Grid Array，基板栅格阵列)OoO(Out of Order，乱序执行)PGA： Pin-Grid Array(引脚网格阵列)，耗电大Post-RISC PR(Performance Rate，性能比率)PSN(Processor Serial numbers，处理器序列号)PIB(Processor In a Box，盒装处理器)PPGA(Plastic Pin Grid Array，塑胶针状矩阵封装)FP(Plastic Quad Flat Package，塑料方块平面封装)RAW(Read after Write，写后读)Register Contention(抢占存放器)Register Pressure(存放器缺乏)Register Renaming(存放器重命名)Remark(芯片频率重标识)Resource contention(资源冲突)Retirement(指令引退)RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computing，精简指令集计算机)SEC：( Single Edge Connector，单边连接器 )Shallow-trench isolation(浅槽隔离)SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Data，单指令多数据流) SiO2F(Fluorided Silicon Oxide，二氧氟化硅)SMI(System Management Interrupt，系统管理中断)SMM(System Management Mode，系统管理模式)SMP(Symmetric Multi-Processing，对称式多重处理架构)SOI： (Silicon-on-insulator，绝缘体硅片 )SONC(System on a chip，系统集成芯片)SPEC(System Performance Evaluation Corporation，系统性能评估测试)SQRT(Square Root Calculations，平方根计算)SSE(Streaming SIMD Extensions，单一指令多数据流扩展)Superscalar(超标量体系构造)TCP： Tape Carrier Package(薄膜封装)，发热小Throughput(吞吐量)TLB(Translate Look side Buffers，翻译旁视缓冲器)USWC(Uncacheabled Speculative Write Combination，无缓冲随机联合写操作)VALU(Vector Arithmetic Logic Unit，向量算术逻辑单元)VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word，超长指令字)VPU(Vector Permutate Unit，向量排列单元)VPU(vector processing units，向量处理单元，即处理MMX、SSE等SIMD指令的地方)。

最近鲁棒优化进展Recent Advances in Robust Optimization and Robustness An Overview

Recent Advances in Robust Optimization and Robustness:An OverviewVirginie Gabrel∗and C´e cile Murat†and Aur´e lie Thiele‡July2012AbstractThis paper provides an overview of developments in robust optimization and robustness published in the aca-demic literature over the pastﬁve years.1IntroductionThis review focuses on papers identiﬁed by Web of Science as having been published since2007(included),be-longing to the area of Operations Research and Management Science,and having‘robust’and‘optimization’in their title.There were exactly100such papers as of June20,2012.We have completed this list by considering 726works indexed by Web of Science that had either robustness(for80of them)or robust(for646)in their title and belonged to the Operations Research and Management Science topic area.We also identiﬁed34PhD disserta-tions dated from the lastﬁve years with‘robust’in their title and belonging to the areas of operations research or management.Among those we have chosen to focus on the works with a primary focus on management science rather than system design or optimal control,which are broadﬁelds that would deserve a review paper of their own, and papers that could be of interest to a large segment of the robust optimization research community.We feel it is important to include PhD dissertations to identify these recent graduates as the new generation trained in robust optimization and robustness analysis,whether they have remained in academia or joined industry.We have also added a few not-yet-published preprints to capture ongoing research efforts.While many additional works would have deserved inclusion,we feel that the works selected give an informative and comprehensive view of the state of robustness and robust optimization to date in the context of operations research and management science.∗Universit´e Paris-Dauphine,LAMSADE,Place du Mar´e chal de Lattre de Tassigny,F-75775Paris Cedex16,France gabrel@lamsade.dauphine.fr Corresponding author†Universit´e Paris-Dauphine,LAMSADE,Place du Mar´e chal de Lattre de Tassigny,F-75775Paris Cedex16,France mu-rat@lamsade.dauphine.fr‡Lehigh University,Industrial and Systems Engineering Department,200W Packer Ave Bethlehem PA18015,USA aure-lie.thiele@2Theory of Robust Optimization and Robustness2.1Deﬁnitions and BasicsThe term“robust optimization”has come to encompass several approaches to protecting the decision-maker against parameter ambiguity and stochastic uncertainty.At a high level,the manager must determine what it means for him to have a robust solution:is it a solution whose feasibility must be guaranteed for any realization of the uncertain parameters?or whose objective value must be guaranteed?or whose distance to optimality must be guaranteed? The main paradigm relies on worst-case analysis:a solution is evaluated using the realization of the uncertainty that is most unfavorable.The way to compute the worst case is also open to debate:should it use aﬁnite number of scenarios,such as historical data,or continuous,convex uncertainty sets,such as polyhedra or ellipsoids?The answers to these questions will determine the formulation and the type of the robust counterpart.Issues of over-conservatism are paramount in robust optimization,where the uncertain parameter set over which the worst case is computed should be chosen to achieve a trade-off between system performance and protection against uncertainty,i.e.,neither too small nor too large.2.2Static Robust OptimizationIn this framework,the manager must take a decision in the presence of uncertainty and no recourse action will be possible once uncertainty has been realized.It is then necessary to distinguish between two types of uncertainty: uncertainty on the feasibility of the solution and uncertainty on its objective value.Indeed,the decision maker generally has different attitudes with respect to infeasibility and sub-optimality,which justiﬁes analyzing these two settings separately.2.2.1Uncertainty on feasibilityWhen uncertainty affects the feasibility of a solution,robust optimization seeks to obtain a solution that will be feasible for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients;however,complete protection from adverse realiza-tions often comes at the expense of a severe deterioration in the objective.This extreme approach can be justiﬁed in some engineering applications of robustness,such as robust control theory,but is less advisable in operations research,where adverse events such as low customer demand do not produce the high-proﬁle repercussions that engineering failures–such as a doomed satellite launch or a destroyed unmanned robot–can have.To make the robust methodology appealing to business practitioners,robust optimization thus focuses on obtaining a solution that will be feasible for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients within a smaller,“realistic”set,called the uncertainty set,which is centered around the nominal values of the uncertain parameters.The goal becomes to optimize the objective,over the set of solutions that are feasible for all coefﬁcient values in the uncertainty set.The speciﬁc choice of the set plays an important role in ensuring computational tractability of the robust problem and limiting deterioration of the objective at optimality,and must be thought through carefully by the decision maker.A large branch of robust optimization focuses on worst-case optimization over a convex uncertainty set.The reader is referred to Bertsimas et al.(2011a)and Ben-Tal and Nemirovski(2008)for comprehensive surveys of robust optimization and to Ben-Tal et al.(2009)for a book treatment of the topic.2.2.2Uncertainty on objective valueWhen uncertainty affects the optimality of a solution,robust optimization seeks to obtain a solution that performs well for any realization taken by the unknown coefﬁcients.While a common criterion is to optimize the worst-case objective,some studies have investigated other robustness measures.Roy(2010)proposes a new robustness criterion that holds great appeal for the manager due to its simplicity of use and practical relevance.This framework,called bw-robustness,allows the decision-maker to identify a solution which guarantees an objective value,in a maximization problem,of at least w in all scenarios,and maximizes the probability of reaching a target value of b(b>w).Gabrel et al.(2011)extend this criterion from aﬁnite set of scenarios to the case of an uncertainty set modeled using intervals.Kalai et al.(2012)suggest another criterion called lexicographicα-robustness,also deﬁned over aﬁnite set of scenarios for the uncertain parameters,which mitigates the primary role of the worst-case scenario in deﬁning the solution.Thiele(2010)discusses over-conservatism in robust linear optimization with cost uncertainty.Gancarova and Todd(2012)studies the loss in objective value when an inaccurate objective is optimized instead of the true one, and shows that on average this loss is very small,for an arbitrary compact feasible region.In combinatorial optimization,Morrison(2010)develops a framework of robustness based on persistence(of decisions)using the Dempster-Shafer theory as an evidence of robustness and applies it to portfolio tracking and sensor placement.2.2.3DualitySince duality has been shown to play a key role in the tractability of robust optimization(see for instance Bertsimas et al.(2011a)),it is natural to ask how duality and robust optimization are connected.Beck and Ben-Tal(2009) shows that primal worst is equal to dual best.The relationship between robustness and duality is also explored in Gabrel and Murat(2010)when the right-hand sides of the constraints are uncertain and the uncertainty sets are represented using intervals,with a focus on establishing the relationships between linear programs with uncertain right hand sides and linear programs with uncertain objective coefﬁcients using duality theory.This avenue of research is further explored in Gabrel et al.(2010)and Remli(2011).2.3Multi-Stage Decision-MakingMost early work on robust optimization focused on static decision-making:the manager decided at once of the values taken by all decision variables and,if the problem allowed for multiple decision stages as uncertainty was realized,the stages were incorporated by re-solving the multi-stage problem as time went by and implementing only the decisions related to the current stage.As theﬁeld of static robust optimization matured,incorporating–ina tractable manner–the information revealed over time directly into the modeling framework became a major area of research.2.3.1Optimal and Approximate PoliciesA work going in that direction is Bertsimas et al.(2010a),which establishes the optimality of policies afﬁne in the uncertainty for one-dimensional robust optimization problems with convex state costs and linear control costs.Chen et al.(2007)also suggests a tractable approximation for a class of multistage chance-constrained linear program-ming problems,which converts the original formulation into a second-order cone programming problem.Chen and Zhang(2009)propose an extension of the Afﬁnely Adjustable Robust Counterpart framework described in Ben-Tal et al.(2009)and argue that its potential is well beyond what has been in the literature so far.2.3.2Two stagesBecause of the difﬁculty in incorporating multiple stages in robust optimization,many theoretical works have focused on two stages.Regarding two-stage problems,Thiele et al.(2009)presents a cutting-plane method based on Kelley’s algorithm for solving convex adjustable robust optimization problems,while Terry(2009)provides in addition preliminary results on the conditioning of a robust linear program and of an equivalent second-order cone program.Assavapokee et al.(2008a)and Assavapokee et al.(2008b)develop tractable algorithms in the case of robust two-stage problems where the worst-case regret is minimized,in the case of interval-based uncertainty and scenario-based uncertainty,respectively,while Minoux(2011)provides complexity results for the two-stage robust linear problem with right-hand-side uncertainty.2.4Connection with Stochastic OptimizationAn early stream in robust optimization modeled stochastic variables as uncertain parameters belonging to a known uncertainty set,to which robust optimization techniques were then applied.An advantage of this method was to yield approaches to decision-making under uncertainty that were of a level of complexity similar to that of their deterministic counterparts,and did not suffer from the curse of dimensionality that afﬂicts stochastic and dynamic programming.Researchers are now making renewed efforts to connect the robust optimization and stochastic opti-mization paradigms,for instance quantifying the performance of the robust optimization solution in the stochastic world.The topic of robust optimization in the context of uncertain probability distributions,i.e.,in the stochastic framework itself,is also being revisited.2.4.1Bridging the Robust and Stochastic WorldsBertsimas and Goyal(2010)investigates the performance of static robust solutions in two-stage stochastic and adaptive optimization problems.The authors show that static robust solutions are good-quality solutions to the adaptive problem under a broad set of assumptions.They provide bounds on the ratio of the cost of the optimal static robust solution to the optimal expected cost in the stochastic problem,called the stochasticity gap,and onthe ratio of the cost of the optimal static robust solution to the optimal cost in the two-stage adaptable problem, called the adaptability gap.Chen et al.(2007),mentioned earlier,also provides a robust optimization perspective to stochastic programming.Bertsimas et al.(2011a)investigates the role of geometric properties of uncertainty sets, such as symmetry,in the power ofﬁnite adaptability in multistage stochastic and adaptive optimization.Duzgun(2012)bridges descriptions of uncertainty based on stochastic and robust optimization by considering multiple ranges for each uncertain parameter and setting the maximum number of parameters that can fall within each range.The corresponding optimization problem can be reformulated in a tractable manner using the total unimodularity of the feasible set and allows for aﬁner description of uncertainty while preserving tractability.It also studies the formulations that arise in robust binary optimization with uncertain objective coefﬁcients using the Bernstein approximation to chance constraints described in Ben-Tal et al.(2009),and shows that the robust optimization problems are deterministic problems for modiﬁed values of the coefﬁcients.While many results bridging the robust and stochastic worlds focus on giving probabilistic guarantees for the solutions generated by the robust optimization models,Manuja(2008)proposes a formulation for robust linear programming problems that allows the decision-maker to control both the probability and the expected value of constraint violation.Bandi and Bertsimas(2012)propose a new approach to analyze stochastic systems based on robust optimiza-tion.The key idea is to replace the Kolmogorov axioms and the concept of random variables as primitives of probability theory,with uncertainty sets that are derived from some of the asymptotic implications of probability theory like the central limit theorem.The authors show that the performance analysis questions become highly structured optimization problems for which there exist efﬁcient algorithms that are capable of solving problems in high dimensions.They also demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves computationally tractable methods for(a)analyzing queueing networks,(b)designing multi-item,multi-bidder auctions with budget constraints,and (c)pricing multi-dimensional options.2.4.2Distributionally Robust OptimizationBen-Tal et al.(2010)considers the optimization of a worst-case expected-value criterion,where the worst case is computed over all probability distributions within a set.The contribution of the work is to deﬁne a notion of robustness that allows for different guarantees for different subsets of probability measures.The concept of distributional robustness is also explored in Goh and Sim(2010),with an emphasis on linear and piecewise-linear decision rules to reformulate the original problem in aﬂexible manner using expected-value terms.Xu et al.(2012) also investigates probabilistic interpretations of robust optimization.A related area of study is worst-case optimization with partial information on the moments of distributions.In particular,Popescu(2007)analyzes robust solutions to a certain class of stochastic optimization problems,using mean-covariance information about the distributions underlying the uncertain parameters.The author connects the problem for a broad class of objective functions to a univariate mean-variance robust objective and,subsequently, to a(deterministic)parametric quadratic programming problem.The reader is referred to Doan(2010)for a moment-based uncertainty model for stochastic optimization prob-lems,which addresses the ambiguity of probability distributions of random parameters with a minimax decision rule,and a comparison with data-driven approaches.Distributionally robust optimization in the context of data-driven problems is the focus of Delage(2009),which uses observed data to deﬁne a”well structured”set of dis-tributions that is guaranteed with high probability to contain the distribution from which the samples were drawn. Zymler et al.(2012a)develop tractable semideﬁnite programming(SDP)based approximations for distributionally robust individual and joint chance constraints,assuming that only theﬁrst-and second-order moments as well as the support of the uncertain parameters are given.Becker(2011)studies the distributionally robust optimization problem with known mean,covariance and support and develops a decomposition method for this family of prob-lems which recursively derives sub-policies along projected dimensions of uncertainty while providing a sequence of bounds on the value of the derived policy.Robust linear optimization using distributional information is further studied in Kang(2008).Further,Delage and Ye(2010)investigates distributional robustness with moment uncertainty.Speciﬁcally,uncertainty affects the problem both in terms of the distribution and of its moments.The authors show that the resulting problems can be solved efﬁciently and prove that the solutions exhibit,with high probability,best worst-case performance over a set of distributions.Bertsimas et al.(2010)proposes a semideﬁnite optimization model to address minimax two-stage stochastic linear problems with risk aversion,when the distribution of the second-stage random variables belongs to a set of multivariate distributions with knownﬁrst and second moments.The minimax solutions provide a natural distribu-tion to stress-test stochastic optimization problems under distributional ambiguity.Cromvik and Patriksson(2010a) show that,under certain assumptions,global optima and stationary solutions of stochastic mathematical programs with equilibrium constraints are robust with respect to changes in the underlying probability distribution.Works such as Zhu and Fukushima(2009)and Zymler(2010)also study distributional robustness in the context of speciﬁc applications,such as portfolio management.2.5Connection with Risk TheoryBertsimas and Brown(2009)describe how to connect uncertainty sets in robust linear optimization to coherent risk measures,an example of which is Conditional Value-at-Risk.In particular,the authors show the link between polyhedral uncertainty sets of a special structure and a subclass of coherent risk measures called distortion risk measures.Independently,Chen et al.(2007)present an approach for constructing uncertainty sets for robust opti-mization using new deviation measures that capture the asymmetry of the distributions.These deviation measures lead to improved approximations of chance constraints.Dentcheva and Ruszczynski(2010)proposes the concept of robust stochastic dominance and shows its applica-tion to risk-averse optimization.They consider stochastic optimization problems where risk-aversion is expressed by a robust stochastic dominance constraint and develop necessary and sufﬁcient conditions of optimality for such optimization problems in the convex case.In the nonconvex case,they derive necessary conditions of optimality under additional smoothness assumptions of some mappings involved in the problem.2.6Nonlinear OptimizationRobust nonlinear optimization remains much less widely studied to date than its linear counterpart.Bertsimas et al.(2010c)presents a robust optimization approach for unconstrained non-convex problems and problems based on simulations.Such problems arise for instance in the partial differential equations literature and in engineering applications such as nanophotonic design.An appealing feature of the approach is that it does not assume any speciﬁc structure for the problem.The case of robust nonlinear optimization with constraints is investigated in Bertsimas et al.(2010b)with an application to radiation therapy for cancer treatment.Bertsimas and Nohadani (2010)further explore robust nonconvex optimization in contexts where solutions are not known explicitly,e.g., have to be found using simulation.They present a robust simulated annealing algorithm that improves performance and robustness of the solution.Further,Boni et al.(2008)analyzes problems with uncertain conic quadratic constraints,formulating an approx-imate robust counterpart,and Zhang(2007)provide formulations to nonlinear programming problems that are valid in the neighborhood of the nominal parameters and robust to theﬁrst order.Hsiung et al.(2008)present tractable approximations to robust geometric programming,by using piecewise-linear convex approximations of each non-linear constraint.Geometric programming is also investigated in Shen et al.(2008),where the robustness is injected at the level of the algorithm and seeks to avoid obtaining infeasible solutions because of the approximations used in the traditional approach.Interval uncertainty-based robust optimization for convex and non-convex quadratic programs are considered in Li et al.(2011).Takeda et al.(2010)studies robustness for uncertain convex quadratic programming problems with ellipsoidal uncertainties and proposes a relaxation technique based on random sampling for robust deviation optimization sserre(2011)considers minimax and robust models of polynomial optimization.A special case of nonlinear problems that are linear in the decision variables but convex in the uncertainty when the worst-case objective is to be maximized is investigated in Kawas and Thiele(2011a).In that setting,exact and tractable robust counterparts can be derived.A special class of nonconvex robust optimization is examined in Kawas and Thiele(2011b).Robust nonconvex optimization is examined in detail in Teo(2007),which presents a method that is applicable to arbitrary objective functions by iteratively moving along descent directions and terminates at a robust local minimum.3Applications of Robust OptimizationWe describe below examples to which robust optimization has been applied.While an appealing feature of robust optimization is that it leads to models that can be solved using off-the-shelf software,it is worth pointing the existence of algebraic modeling tools that facilitate the formulation and subsequent analysis of robust optimization problems on the computer(Goh and Sim,2011).3.1Production,Inventory and Logistics3.1.1Classical logistics problemsThe capacitated vehicle routing problem with demand uncertainty is studied in Sungur et al.(2008),with a more extensive treatment in Sungur(2007),and the robust traveling salesman problem with interval data in Montemanni et al.(2007).Remli and Rekik(2012)considers the problem of combinatorial auctions in transportation services when shipment volumes are uncertain and proposes a two-stage robust formulation solved using a constraint gener-ation algorithm.Zhang(2011)investigates two-stage minimax regret robust uncapacitated lot-sizing problems with demand uncertainty,in particular showing that it is polynomially solvable under the interval uncertain demand set.3.1.2SchedulingGoren and Sabuncuoglu(2008)analyzes robustness and stability measures for scheduling in a single-machine environment subject to machine breakdowns and embeds them in a tabu-search-based scheduling algorithm.Mittal (2011)investigates efﬁcient algorithms that give optimal or near-optimal solutions for problems with non-linear objective functions,with a focus on robust scheduling and service operations.Examples considered include parallel machine scheduling problems with the makespan objective,appointment scheduling and assortment optimization problems with logit choice models.Hazir et al.(2010)considers robust scheduling and robustness measures for the discrete time/cost trade-off problem.3.1.3Facility locationAn important question in logistics is not only how to operate a system most efﬁciently but also how to design it. Baron et al.(2011)applies robust optimization to the problem of locating facilities in a network facing uncertain demand over multiple periods.They consider a multi-periodﬁxed-charge network location problem for which they ﬁnd the number of facilities,their location and capacities,the production in each period,and allocation of demand to facilities.The authors show that different models of uncertainty lead to very different solution network topologies, with the model with box uncertainty set opening fewer,larger facilities.?investigate a robust version of the location transportation problem with an uncertain demand using a2-stage formulation.The resulting robust formulation is a convex(nonlinear)program,and the authors apply a cutting plane algorithm to solve the problem exactly.Atamt¨u rk and Zhang(2007)study the networkﬂow and design problem under uncertainty from a complexity standpoint,with applications to lot-sizing and location-transportation problems,while Bardossy(2011)presents a dual-based local search approach for deterministic,stochastic,and robust variants of the connected facility location problem.The robust capacity expansion problem of networkﬂows is investigated in Ordonez and Zhao(2007),which provides tractable reformulations under a broad set of assumptions.Mudchanatongsuk et al.(2008)analyze the network design problem under transportation cost and demand uncertainty.They present a tractable approximation when each commodity only has a single origin and destination,and an efﬁcient column generation for networks with path constraints.Atamt¨u rk and Zhang(2007)provides complexity results for the two-stage networkﬂow anddesign plexity results for the robust networkﬂow and network design problem are also provided in Minoux(2009)and Minoux(2010).The problem of designing an uncapacitated network in the presence of link failures and a competing mode is investigated in Laporte et al.(2010)in a railway application using a game theoretic perspective.Torres Soto(2009)also takes a comprehensive view of the facility location problem by determining not only the optimal location but also the optimal time for establishing capacitated facilities when demand and cost parameters are time varying.The models are solved using Benders’decomposition or heuristics such as local search and simulated annealing.In addition,the robust networkﬂow problem is also analyzed in Boyko(2010),which proposes a stochastic formulation of minimum costﬂow problem aimed atﬁnding network design andﬂow assignments subject to uncertain factors,such as network component disruptions/failures when the risk measure is Conditional Value at Risk.Nagurney and Qiang(2009)suggests a relative total cost index for the evaluation of transportation network robustness in the presence of degradable links and alternative travel behavior.Further,the problem of locating a competitive facility in the plane is studied in Blanquero et al.(2011)with a robustness criterion.Supply chain design problems are also studied in Pan and Nagi(2010)and Poojari et al.(2008).3.1.4Inventory managementThe topic of robust multi-stage inventory management has been investigated in detail in Bienstock and Ozbay (2008)through the computation of robust basestock levels and Ben-Tal et al.(2009)through an extension of the Afﬁnely Adjustable Robust Counterpart framework to control inventories under demand uncertainty.See and Sim (2010)studies a multi-period inventory control problem under ambiguous demand for which only mean,support and some measures of deviations are known,using a factor-based model.The parameters of the replenishment policies are obtained using a second-order conic programming problem.Song(2010)considers stochastic inventory control in robust supply chain systems.The work proposes an inte-grated approach that combines in a single step dataﬁtting and inventory optimization–using histograms directly as the inputs for the optimization model–for the single-item multi-period periodic-review stochastic lot-sizing problem.Operation and planning issues for dynamic supply chain and transportation networks in uncertain envi-ronments are considered in Chung(2010),with examples drawn from emergency logistics planning,network design and congestion pricing problems.3.1.5Industry-speciﬁc applicationsAng et al.(2012)proposes a robust storage assignment approach in unit-load warehouses facing variable supply and uncertain demand in a multi-period setting.The authors assume a factor-based demand model and minimize the worst-case expected total travel in the warehouse with distributional ambiguity of demand.A related problem is considered in Werners and Wuelﬁng(2010),which optimizes internal transports at a parcel sorting center.Galli(2011)describes the models and algorithms that arise from implementing recoverable robust optimization to train platforming and rolling stock planning,where the concept of recoverable robustness has been deﬁned in。

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Xgen continues the Excelsys tradition of providing an instant, no compromise power solution for any application where a unique set of voltage and current requirements is needed.Excelsys Development and Design MethodologyExcelsys has applied the most modern and rigorous processes and design techniques to development of the Xgen product range.Too much heat generated in your OEM equipment?Difficult to maintain your equipment at the right temperature?Xgen has industry-unrivalled efficiency, exceeding 90% !! This means that less than half of the amount of waste heat is created in comparison to conventional multiple output power sources with efficiencies of 80%and lower. It also guarantees increased reliability.Now, that’s a cool power supply!Not enough space available in your OEM equipment?Is space at a premium, making design and manufacture difficult and compromised?X gen has industry-unrivalled power density for a full functionality ac/dc power supply, at 15W/in 3. Check itout! You can get 1200W of multiple-output power source in 1U rack space - Xgen dimension: 40.4mm! It’s so compact, you’ll hardly notice it, once installed, and it leaves plenty more space for your other components and general accessibility.Now, that’s a discreet power supply!Need a custom power supply in a hurry?Xgen is a true Plug & Play multiple-output power supply. Any one of more than 30 million configurations can be assembled anywhere, in under 5 minutes, from standard, volume-produced modules. This is the new-paradigm: a custom power supply available in 5 minutes from standard parts.Now, that’s a new paradigm power supply!Worried about meeting all relevant standards - EMC, Safety, etc?Xgen series models are fully compliant with all relevant standards. X cite , X lite , X hite and X qite models meet the requirements of EN60950, UL60950, CSA22.2, EN61000-3-x and EN61000-4-x. Additionally X vite and X mite models meet the requirements of EN60601-1 and UL2601 for medical applications.Now, that’s a re-assuring power supply!Looking for a cost-effective long term solution for all your power supply requirements?Xgen is configured from standard component parts that are manufactured in volume in a world class manufacturing facility. This allows Excelsys to provide you with all the benefits of Xgen at a world class competitive price. Call Excelsys or one of our distributors and find out for yourself.Now, that’s an excellent value power supply!EFFICIENCYSPACE CUSTOM POWERSTANDARD APPROVALSCOST-EFFECTIVEA world-class Stage-Gate TM development process ensures that a holistic approach to development and design is guaranteed, with optimised outcomes built in from the start in respect of customer needs, manufacturing, support and logistics. The Stage-Gate TM process provides the framework for efficient and effective teamwork within Excelsys as well as between Excelsys and its design partners.The development-specific processes are supplemented by the company-wide processrequirements of ISO9001:2000, in particular in the ISO9001:2000 designated area of ‘Product Realisation’.Excelsys was an early adopter of and is fully approved to this latest, upgraded ISO9001:2000 standard.As well as design laboratory testing,Excelsys has applied exhaustive HALT testing and field prototype testing to development of Xgen. Highly Accelerated Life T esting ensures that design margins are more than sufficient to provide insensitivity to manufacturing variability and to maximise field reliability.AC FailOpen collector signal indicating that the input voltage has failed or is less than 80Vac. This signal changes state giving 5mS of warning before loss of output regulation. See Xgen series Designers’Manual for full specifications.Temperature Alarm (Option 01)Open collector signal indicating excessive powerPac temperatures due to fan failure or operation beyond ratings. This signal is activated at least 10ms prior to system shutdown.Fan Fail (Option 01)Open collector signal indicating that at least one of the system fans have failed. This does not cause system shutdown.Power GoodOpto-isolated output signal indicates that the powerMod is operating correctly and output voltage is within normal band.Indication LEDsEach powerMod has a visual indicator to identify that it is operating within normal ratings. Very useful for system diagnosis.Signal Connector PinoutPin J2 (powerPac )J3 (powerMod TYPE A)**J3 (powerMod Type B)**1common +sense +pg (V2)2+5V bias -sense -pg (V2)3V trim inhibit (V2)4ac fail I trimcommon (V2)5fan fail*+inhibit/enable +pg (V1)6global enable -inhibit/enable -pg (V1)7temp alarm*+power good inhibit (V1)8global inhibit-power goodcommon (V1)*Option 01 only**See individualpowerMod datasheetsVoltage Adjustment - LocalThe multi-turn potentiometer that adjusts each output within the specified range may be accessed via the output panel of the power supply. Clockwise rotation increases output voltage. Resolution is approximately 5% of nominal voltage (Vnom) per turn.Voltage Adjustment - Remote (resistive / electronic)The output voltage may be adjusted or trimmed by means of an externalresistor or potentiometer network connected to the Vtrim pin. Linear Electronic programming is also possible and may be implemented according to theformula Vout = K Vcontrol. See Xgen series Designers’Manual for full details.ParallelingT o achieve increased current capacity, simply parallel outputs using the standard parallel links. Excelsys ‘wireless’sharing ensures that current SeriesingT o achieve increased output voltages, simply series outputs using standard series links, paying attention to the requirements to maintain SELV levels if required in your system.Remote SensingWhen the load is remote from the power supply, the remote sense pinsmay be used to compensate for drops in the power leads. Where the power cabling contributes significant dynamic impedance, see Xgen series Designers’Manual.Bias VoltageA SELV isolated 5V (always on) bias voltage rated at 250mA is provided on J2 to facilitate miscellaneous control functions.Current Limit AdjustmentThe output current limit setting may be adjusted (downwards only) by means of an external resistor connection to the I trim pin.Inhibit/EnableInhibiting may be implemented either globally or on a per module basis (powerPac or powerMod inhibiting). Reverse logic (Enabling) may also be implemented, see Xgen series Designers’Manual.Model Slot A Slot B Slot C= standard; ‘P’= preset Use ‘0’for unused slots.Factory use only }Configured Units may be specified and ordered using the partnumbering system shown opposite. For example, part numberXVC123400-01 specifies the following 1000W medical power supply.• 2.5V @ 50A 5V @ 40A 12V @ 20A 24V @ 10A•Thermal signals suite fitted to powerPacAccessories may be ordered directly using the part numbers shown.PartPart No.Left Slot Cover XB1Note that unused slots Inner Slot Cover XB2should be fitted with Right Slot Cover XB3appropriate slot covers.Series LinkXS1Parallel LinkXP1powerPacs may be ordered directly using the model number shown in thetables followed by the appropriate option code suffix. E.g. XVB-01 is thepart number for 700W powerPac with medical approval and thermal signals. powerMods may be ordered directly using the model numbers shown inthe powerMod table. E.g. Xg2 is the part number for a 5V 40A module.powerKits consist of application specific powerPacs and a selection ofpowerMods packaged in a convenient carry case. Particularly useful forsytems designers. See powerKit datasheet.Xgen Option Codes01Thermal Signals02Reverse Fan (not available on 1200W models)Preset Units Units are shipped with nominal output voltages unless presetting is specified.Excelsys can preset units to your exact requirements, through use of appropriate parallel and series links and through voltage adjustment to specific preset levels. See for more details.On-line Configuration and OrderingNow build your Xgen product on-line using our configuration wizard. Simply enter your Volts and Amps requirements and the wizard will do the rest.Family MODEL WattsX citeXCA 400W XCB 700WXCC 1000W XCD1200WpowerPacs (6slot package, 127mm wide)Family MODEL Watts X liteXLA 200W XLB 400W XLC600WpowerPacs(4slot package, 89mm wide)The X hite family is designed specifically for extended temperature applications fully specified from -20o C to +70o C with no deratingThe X qite family is designed specifically for acoustic sensitive applications.Doc. 40031 rev. 01 04/05Europe/AsiaExcelsys Technologies Ltd t: +353 1 8900933Swords Business Park f: +353 1 8901358Swords, Co. Dublin e: sales@IRELANDNorth AmericaExcelsys Technologies t: (972) 771 4544519 Interstate 30, #309f: (972) 421 1805Rockwall, TX 75087e: salesusa@USAp o wer P a c p o w e r Mo d s。

staad foundation advanced v8i 更新内容说明书

1
2 Anchor Bolt Library
2
3 Isolated Footing Enhanced Drawing
5
4 Concrete Check Options
6
5 Bearing Capacity Type
7
6 Compression Development Length for Isolated Foot-
1.1 To create or update an ISM Repository
1. Click the STAAD Foundation Application button and select Sync ISM from the application menu.
2. Select either:
It consists of following key features l Auto-scaled views l True scale reinforcement along with thickness for congestion detection l Anchor bolt overlay on pedestal reinforcement l Concrete grout, leveling concrete, Project Elevation options l Revised Title Block
Select to…
this…
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霍尼韦尔+MLX90109+评估板+说明书

Features and BenefitsMinimum PCB size (30 * 30 mm) including a MLX90109 transceiver IC and an optimized antennaTuned resonance frequency to 125kHzModulation network on board for a maximum flexibilitySetup for fast On/Off keying modulation modeCar ImmobilizersPortable readersBattery powered door locksAccess controlHouse held appliancesGeneral DescriptionThe EVB90109 is an assembled module that allows evaluating the advantages of the MLX90109 transceiver IC. It will facilitate the starts of RFID applications and can be implemented in a compact way, with minimum development time, and minimum final system cost. All pins of the MLX90109 reader are available on a DIL socket for easy control with an external microcontroller. Two extra pins have been added for extended control options on the voltage on the MODU pin.The EVB90109 can be used as a 125 kHz reader, to read out the load modulation from a transponder. It can also be used to send information to a transponder using On/Off keying modulation. For fast protocol which required fast fall time on the reader’s antenna, the EVB90109 includes a “Fast decay” circuit composed of an external transistor and diode in parallel on the antenna. This circuit is accessible through a digital pin on the DIL-10 connector.Table of Contents1 EVB90109 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS (3)2 DESCRIPTION (3)2.1G ENERAL EXPLANATION (3)2.2P ARALLEL ANTENNA (4)2.3M ODULATION NETWORK (4)2.4A NTENNA VOLTAGE IN READ OPERATION (4)2.5N OISE CANCELLATION IN READ OPERATION (5)2.6A NTENNA VOLTAGE IN 100% MODULATION OPERATION (5)2.7F AST DECAY CIRCUIT (6)3 SCHEMATIC (7)4 PHYSICAL OUTLINE (8)5 PINNING OF THE EVB90109 (9)6 COMPONENTS (9)7 DISCLAIMER (10)1 EVB90109 Electrical Specificationsreduce the fall time of the antenna. For more information, please refer to the application note “100% Modulation (On/Off keying)”. An additional footprint of “Modulation network” is available on the board and is accessible through the MODUR3 digital connection. All others digital connections as SPEED, MODE, MODU, CLOCK and DATA, are available on the DIL-10 connector.Figure 1: EVB90109Note: The EVB90109 does not include any pull-up resistors on the digital connections DATA and CLOCK. This must be done externally, by configuring the IO ports of a microcontroller in pull-up mode, or by adding two external resistors connected between the digital pins and Vdd.Parallel resonant antenna (L, C4, C5) Fast decay circuit (Q1, MLX90109Modulation Network (R1, R2)Connector DIL-102.2 Parallel antennaThe parallel antenna of the EVB90109 consists of the inductance (L) based on the MLX90125 reader coil and the tune capacitor (C4), which form a resonant system at 125 kHz with a total (inductance and capacitance) antenna impedance of about 1.3kOhms. The MLX90109 is specified to drive a minimal antennabe smaller margin in theof the antenna to work with a high quality factor and then to get the maximum of operating distance.2.3 Modulation networkThe modulation network is used to set the voltage on the MODU pin of the MLX90109. As shown in the following formula, the voltage on the antenna can be adjusted according to this voltage. This features can be used to reduce the power consumption of the chip by setting a lower voltage on the antenna. Under no circumstances it can be used to make proportionnal modulaiton, due to internal feedback loop which doesn’t allow this use.overshoot MODU DD ant V V V V −−=The EVB90109 is provided with two resistors R1 and R2 as the modulation netwok controlled through the pin MODUR2 to set the voltage on the antenna respectively On (Vmodu to 0.8 Volts) and Off (Vmodu to 5 Volts). Others footprint C1, C3 and R3 and an extra pin MODUR3 are available on the board and can be used for specific applications.2.4 Antenna voltage in read operationThe resistors R1 and R2 set VMODU to 0.8V (1V for full temperature range [–40, 85] C) which is the lowest possible voltage to guarantee that the antenna driver of the MLX90109 stays out of its linear operating zone. The field is set On (VMODU to 0.8V) and Off (VMODU to VDD) when applying 0V and VDD on pin MODUR2.2.5 Noise cancellation in read operationThe resonant antenna is a natural band-pass filter, which becomes more effective as Q ant increases.The MLX90109 has an internal first order filtering of the envelope that changes according to the setting of the SPEED pin to fit to the biphase and Manchester data spectrum:Note:mode.The modulation network R1 and R2 can be used to set the voltage amplitude on the antenna On and Off by applying 0 Volts and Vdd on the pin MODUR2.Switching ON the magnetic field depends on the internal driver of MLX90109 and takes less than 5 carrier periods. Switching OFF the magnetic field depend on the quality factor (Qant) of the parallel antenna connected to the reader (about 24 periods with the EVB90109). To reduce this fall time, the “fast decay” circuit can be used.2.7 Fast decay circuitVery small fall time may be required in fast protocol, to be understood by the transponder in the field. This is why, the EVB90109 include a “fast decay” circuit controlled through the pin FAST_DECAY and composed of the transitstor Q1 and the diode D1. The following picture shows how to implement the “fast decay” system.Picture 1: Fast Decay module control, (1) Antenna, (2) MODUR2, (3) FAST_DECAY3 SchematicThe following diagram shows the schematic of the EVB90109. All components in grey are not mounted but the footprints are present if the user wants to use it for dedicated applications.Figure 2: Schematic of the EVB901094 Physical outlineThe following figure shows the outline of the MLX90109 evaluation board.Figure 3: EVB90109 outline: top sideR2C1R1R3C3D1C4Q1MLX90109CoilDIL-10DIL-101 2 34 51098 7 65 Pinning of the EVB90109Table 3: Components7 DisclaimerDevices sold by Melexis are covered by the warranty and patent indemnification provisions appearing in its Term of Sale. Melexis makes no warranty, express, statutory, implied, or by description regarding the information set forth herein or regarding the freedom of the described devices from patent infringement. Melexis reserves the right to change specifications and prices at any time and without notice. Therefore, prior to designing this product into a system, it is necessary to check with Melexis for current information. This product is intended for use in normal commercial applications. Applications requiring extended temperature range, unusual environmental requirements, or high reliability applications, such as military, medical life-support or life-sustaining equipment are specifically not recommended without additional processing by Melexis for each application.The information furnished by Melexis is believed to be correct and accurate. However, Melexis shall not be liable to recipient or any third party for any damages, including but not limited to personal injury, property damage, loss of profits, loss of use, interrupt of business or indirect, special incidental or consequential damages, of any kind, in connection with or arising out of the furnishing, performance or use of the technical data herein. No obligation or liability to recipient or any third party shall arise or flow out of Melexis’ rendering of technical or other services.© 2005 Melexis NV. All rights reserved.For the latest version of this document, go to our website atOr for additional information contact Melexis Direct:Europe and Japan: All other locations:Phone: +32 1367 0495 Phone: +1 603 223 2362E-mail:************************E-mail:*********************ISO/TS 16949 and ISO14001 Certified。

上外出版社《口译教程》汉英翻译参考译文

Lesson 11.3 美国副总统复旦演讲韩市长，非常感谢您！谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。

今天我们很高兴来到这里。

我和我夫人为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。

感谢贵国对我们的欢迎，特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。

我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们！我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。

我知道在座的许多人很快就要从这所优秀的大学毕业。

我听说贵校有极为严格的标准，得到复旦大学的学位代表着多年的刻苦攻读和自我约束。

我祝贺在座各位学业有成。

对各位老师坚持复旦大学99年追求卓越的传统我深表钦佩。

1.4 Speech by Wang Guangya at Princeton UniversityLadies and Gentlemen,Good evening.I am honored to be invited to your seminar tonight. For me, for my colleagues and for many other Chinese, Princeton has long been a familiar name. With a history longer than the country, it has produced many outstanding people, Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, Albert Einstein, the great scientist, and T. S. Eliot, the famous poet, to name but a few. As former president Bill Clinton said in 1996 at the celebrations for the 250th anniversary of Princeton,“At every pivotal moment in American history, Princeton, its leadership, faculty and its students have played a crucial role.”I am more pleased to learn that all of you have a keen interest in China. Though our two countries are geographically far apart, we have a great deal in common in the everyday life. While many Chinese enjoy Hollywood movies and McDonald’s fast food, many Americans find that their clothes and daily necessities are made in China.I hope that to day’s seminar will help you gain a better understanding of China and its foreign policy, thus deepening further our friendship and cooperation.1.5 新工厂落成典礼上的讲话各位尊敬的来宾，女士们，先生们：下午好！欢迎大家前来参加我们公司在中国的首家新厂房的落成典礼！感谢各位拨冗光临，与我们共同庆祝这一盛大的活动！我谨代表公司对今天来参加典礼的各位供应商、客户嘉宾、各位员工和业务伙伴说声“谢谢！”公司管理层深深为我们的新工厂感到骄傲，我们能干的员工感到骄傲，他们发展了工厂的业务，使之达到国际水平。

离散数学中英文名词对照表

离散数学中英⽂名词对照表离散数学中英⽂名词对照表外⽂中⽂AAbel category Abel 范畴Abel group (commutative group) Abel 群(交换群)Abel semigroup Abel 半群accessibility relation 可达关系action 作⽤addition principle 加法原理adequate set of connectives 联结词的功能完备（全）集adjacent 相邻（邻接）adjacent matrix 邻接矩阵adjugate 伴随adjunction 接合affine plane 仿射平⾯algebraic closed field 代数闭域algebraic element 代数元素algebraic extension 代数扩域（代数扩张）almost equivalent ⼏乎相等的alternating group 三次交代群annihilator 零化⼦antecedent 前件anti symmetry 反对称性anti-isomorphism 反同构arboricity 荫度arc set 弧集arity 元数arrangement problem 布置问题associate 相伴元associative algebra 结合代数associator 结合⼦asymmetric 不对称的(⾮对称的)atom 原⼦atomic formula 原⼦公式augmenting digeon hole principle 加强的鸽⼦笼原理augmenting path 可增路automorphism ⾃同构automorphism group of graph 图的⾃同构群auxiliary symbol 辅助符号axiom of choice 选择公理axiom of equality 相等公理axiom of extensionality 外延公式axiom of infinity ⽆穷公理axiom of pairs 配对公理axiom of regularity 正则公理axiom of replacement for the formula Ф关于公式Ф的替换公式axiom of the empty set 空集存在公理axiom of union 并集公理Bbalanced imcomplete block design 平衡不完全区组设计barber paradox 理发师悖论base 基Bell number Bell 数Bernoulli number Bernoulli 数Berry paradox Berry 悖论bijective 双射bi-mdule 双模binary relation ⼆元关系binary symmetric channel ⼆进制对称信道binomial coefficient ⼆项式系数binomial theorem ⼆项式定理binomial transform ⼆项式变换bipartite graph ⼆分图block 块block 块图（区组）block code 分组码block design 区组设计Bondy theorem Bondy 定理Boole algebra Boole 代数Boole function Boole 函数Boole homomorophism Boole 同态Boole lattice Boole 格bound occurrence 约束出现bound variable 约束变量bounded lattice 有界格bridge 桥Bruijn theorem Bruijn 定理Burali-Forti paradox Burali-Forti 悖论Burnside lemma Burnside 引理Ccage 笼canonical epimorphism 标准满态射Cantor conjecture Cantor 猜想Cantor diagonal method Cantor 对⾓线法Cantor paradox Cantor 悖论cardinal number 基数Cartesion product of graph 图的笛卡⼉积Catalan number Catalan 数category 范畴Cayley graph Cayley 图Cayley theorem Cayley 定理center 中⼼characteristic function 特征函数characteristic of ring 环的特征characteristic polynomial 特征多项式check digits 校验位Chinese postman problem 中国邮递员问题chromatic number ⾊数chromatic polynomial ⾊多项式circuit 回路circulant graph 循环图circumference 周长class 类classical completeness 古典完全的classical consistent 古典相容的clique 团clique number 团数closed term 闭项closure 闭包closure of graph 图的闭包code 码code element 码元code length 码长code rate 码率code word 码字coefficient 系数coimage 上象co-kernal 上核coloring 着⾊coloring problem 着⾊问题combination number 组合数combination with repetation 可重组合common factor 公因⼦commutative diagram 交换图commutative ring 交换环commutative seimgroup 交换半群complement 补图(⼦图的余) complement element 补元complemented lattice 有补格complete bipartite graph 完全⼆分图complete graph 完全图complete k-partite graph 完全k-分图complete lattice 完全格composite 复合composite operation 复合运算composition (molecular proposition) 复合（分⼦）命题composition of graph (lexicographic product)图的合成（字典积）concatenation (juxtaposition) 邻接运算concatenation graph 连通图congruence relation 同余关系conjunctive normal form 正则合取范式connected component 连通分⽀connective 连接的connectivity 连通度consequence 推论（后承）consistent (non-contradiction) 相容性（⽆⽭盾性）continuum 连续统contraction of graph 图的收缩contradiction ⽭盾式（永假式）contravariant functor 反变函⼦coproduct 上积corank 余秩correct error 纠正错误corresponding universal map 对应的通⽤映射countably infinite set 可列⽆限集（可列集）covariant functor (共变)函⼦covering 覆盖covering number 覆盖数Coxeter graph Coxeter 图crossing number of graph 图的叉数cuset 陪集cotree 余树cut edge 割边cut vertex 割点cycle 圈cycle basis 圈基cycle matrix 圈矩阵cycle rank 圈秩cycle space 圈空间cycle vector 圈向量cyclic group 循环群cyclic index 循环（轮转）指标cyclic monoid 循环单元半群cyclic permutation 圆圈排列cyclic semigroup 循环半群DDe Morgan law De Morgan 律decision procedure 判决过程decoding table 译码表deduction theorem 演绎定理degree 次数,次(度)degree sequence 次(度)序列derivation algebra 微分代数Descartes product Descartes 积designated truth value 特指真值detect errer 检验错误deterministic 确定的diagonal functor 对⾓线函⼦diameter 直径digraph 有向图dilemma ⼆难推理direct consequence 直接推论（直接后承）direct limit 正向极限direct sum 直和directed by inclution 被包含关系定向discrete Fourier transform 离散 Fourier 变换disjunctive normal form 正则析取范式disjunctive syllogism 选⾔三段论distance 距离distance transitive graph 距离传递图distinguished element 特异元distributive lattice 分配格divisibility 整除division subring ⼦除环divison ring 除环divisor (factor) 因⼦domain 定义域Driac condition Dirac 条件dual category 对偶范畴dual form 对偶式dual graph 对偶图dual principle 对偶原则(对偶原理) dual statement 对偶命题dummy variable 哑变量（哑变元）Eeccentricity 离⼼率edge chromatic number 边⾊数edge coloring 边着⾊edge connectivity 边连通度edge covering 边覆盖edge covering number 边覆盖数edge cut 边割集edge set 边集edge-independence number 边独⽴数eigenvalue of graph 图的特征值elementary divisor ideal 初等因⼦理想elementary product 初等积elementary sum 初等和empty graph 空图empty relation 空关系empty set 空集endomorphism ⾃同态endpoint 端点enumeration function 计数函数epimorphism 满态射equipotent 等势equivalent category 等价范畴equivalent class 等价类equivalent matrix 等价矩阵equivalent object 等价对象equivalent relation 等价关系error function 错误函数error pattern 错误模式Euclid algorithm 欧⼏⾥德算法Euclid domain 欧⽒整环Euler characteristic Euler 特征Euler function Euler 函数Euler graph Euler 图Euler number Euler 数Euler polyhedron formula Euler 多⾯体公式Euler tour Euler 闭迹Euler trail Euler 迹existential generalization 存在推⼴规则existential quantifier 存在量词existential specification 存在特指规则extended Fibonacci number ⼴义 Fibonacci 数extended Lucas number ⼴义Lucas 数extension 扩充（扩张）extension field 扩域extension graph 扩图exterior algebra 外代数Fface ⾯factor 因⼦factorable 可因⼦化的factorization 因⼦分解faithful (full) functor 忠实（完满）函⼦Ferrers graph Ferrers 图Fibonacci number Fibonacci 数field 域filter 滤⼦finite extension 有限扩域finite field (Galois field ) 有限域（Galois 域）finite dimensional associative division algebra有限维结合可除代数finite set 有限（穷）集finitely generated module 有限⽣成模first order theory with equality 带符号的⼀阶系统five-color theorem 五⾊定理five-time-repetition 五倍重复码fixed point 不动点forest 森林forgetful functor 忘却函⼦four-color theorem(conjecture) 四⾊定理（猜想）F-reduced product F-归纳积free element ⾃由元free monoid ⾃由单元半群free occurrence ⾃由出现free R-module ⾃由R-模free variable ⾃由变元free-?-algebra ⾃由?代数function scheme 映射格式GGalileo paradox Galileo 悖论Gauss coefficient Gauss 系数GBN (G?del-Bernays-von Neumann system)GBN系统generalized petersen graph ⼴义 petersen 图generating function ⽣成函数generating procedure ⽣成过程generator ⽣成⼦（⽣成元）generator matrix ⽣成矩阵genus 亏格girth （腰）围长G?del completeness theorem G?del 完全性定理golden section number 黄⾦分割数（黄⾦分割率）graceful graph 优美图graceful tree conjecture 优美树猜想graph 图graph of first class for edge coloring 第⼀类边⾊图graph of second class for edge coloring 第⼆类边⾊图graph rank 图秩graph sequence 图序列greatest common factor 最⼤公因⼦greatest element 最⼤元（素）Grelling paradox Grelling 悖论Gr?tzsch graph Gr?tzsch 图group 群group code 群码group of graph 图的群HHajós conjecture Hajós 猜想Hamilton cycle Hamilton 圈Hamilton graph Hamilton 图Hamilton path Hamilton 路Harary graph Harary 图Hasse graph Hasse 图Heawood graph Heawood 图Herschel graph Herschel 图hom functor hom 函⼦homemorphism 图的同胚homomorphism 同态（同态映射）homomorphism of graph 图的同态hyperoctahedron 超⼋⾯体图hypothelical syllogism 假⾔三段论hypothese (premise) 假设(前提)Iideal 理想identity 单位元identity natural transformation 恒等⾃然变换imbedding 嵌⼊immediate predcessor 直接先⾏immediate successor 直接后继incident 关联incident axiom 关联公理incident matrix 关联矩阵inclusion and exclusion principle 包含与排斥原理inclusion relation 包含关系indegree ⼊次（⼊度）independent 独⽴的independent number 独⽴数independent set 独⽴集independent transcendental element 独⽴超越元素index 指数individual variable 个体变元induced subgraph 导出⼦图infinite extension ⽆限扩域infinite group ⽆限群infinite set ⽆限（穷）集initial endpoint 始端initial object 初始对象injection 单射injection functor 单射函⼦injective (one to one mapping) 单射（内射）inner face 内⾯inner neighbour set 内（⼊）邻集integral domain 整环integral subdomain ⼦整环internal direct sum 内直和intersection 交集intersection of graph 图的交intersection operation 交运算interval 区间invariant factor 不变因⼦invariant factor ideal 不变因⼦理想inverse limit 逆向极限inverse morphism 逆态射inverse natural transformation 逆⾃然变换inverse operation 逆运算inverse relation 逆关系inversion 反演isomorphic category 同构范畴isomorphism 同构态射isomorphism of graph 图的同构join of graph 图的联JJordan algebra Jordan 代数Jordan product (anti-commutator) Jordan乘积（反交换⼦）Jordan sieve formula Jordan 筛法公式j-skew j-斜元juxtaposition 邻接乘法Kk-chromatic graph k-⾊图k-connected graph k-连通图k-critical graph k-⾊临界图k-edge chromatic graph k-边⾊图k-edge-connected graph k-边连通图k-edge-critical graph k-边临界图kernel 核Kirkman schoolgirl problem Kirkman ⼥⽣问题Kuratowski theorem Kuratowski 定理Llabeled graph 有标号图Lah number Lah 数Latin rectangle Latin 矩形Latin square Latin ⽅lattice 格lattice homomorphism 格同态law 规律leader cuset 陪集头least element 最⼩元least upper bound 上确界（最⼩上界）left (right) identity 左（右）单位元left (right) invertible element 左（右）可逆元left (right) module 左（右）模left (right) zero 左（右）零元left (right) zero divisor 左（右）零因⼦left adjoint functor 左伴随函⼦left cancellable 左可消的left coset 左陪集length 长度Lie algebra Lie 代数line- group 图的线群logically equivanlent 逻辑等价logically implies 逻辑蕴涵logically valid 逻辑有效的（普效的）loop 环Lucas number Lucas 数Mmagic 幻⽅many valued proposition logic 多值命题逻辑matching 匹配mathematical structure 数学结构matrix representation 矩阵表⽰maximal element 极⼤元maximal ideal 极⼤理想maximal outerplanar graph 极⼤外平⾯图maximal planar graph 极⼤平⾯图maximum matching 最⼤匹配maxterm 极⼤项（基本析取式）maxterm normal form(conjunctive normal form) 极⼤项范式（合取范式）McGee graph McGee 图meet 交Menger theorem Menger 定理Meredith graph Meredith 图message word 信息字mini term 极⼩项minimal κ-connected graph 极⼩κ-连通图minimal polynomial 极⼩多项式Minimanoff paradox Minimanoff 悖论minimum distance 最⼩距离Minkowski sum Minkowski 和minterm (fundamental conjunctive form) 极⼩项（基本合取式）minterm normal form(disjunctive normal form)极⼩项范式（析取范式）M?bius function M?bius 函数M?bius ladder M?bius 梯M?bius transform (inversion) M?bius 变换（反演）modal logic 模态逻辑model 模型module homomorphism 模同态(R-同态)modus ponens 分离规则modus tollens 否定后件式module isomorphism 模同构monic morphism 单同态monoid 单元半群monomorphism 单态射morphism (arrow) 态射（箭）M?bius function M?bius 函数M?bius ladder M?bius 梯M?bius transform (inversion) M?bius 变换（反演）multigraph 多重图multinomial coefficient 多项式系数multinomial expansion theorem 多项式展开定理multiple-error-correcting code 纠多错码multiplication principle 乘法原理mutually orthogonal Latin square 相互正交拉丁⽅Nn-ary operation n-元运算n-ary product n-元积natural deduction system ⾃然推理系统natural isomorphism ⾃然同构natural transformation ⾃然变换neighbour set 邻集next state 下⼀个状态next state transition function 状态转移函数non-associative algebra ⾮结合代数non-standard logic ⾮标准逻辑Norlund formula Norlund 公式normal form 正规形normal model 标准模型normal subgroup (invariant subgroup) 正规⼦群（不变⼦群）n-relation n-元关系null object 零对象nullary operation 零元运算Oobject 对象orbit 轨道order 阶order ideal 阶理想Ore condition Ore 条件orientation 定向orthogonal Latin square 正交拉丁⽅orthogonal layout 正交表outarc 出弧outdegree 出次(出度)outer face 外⾯outer neighbour 外（出）邻集outerneighbour set 出(外)邻集outerplanar graph 外平⾯图Ppancycle graph 泛圈图parallelism 平⾏parallelism class 平⾏类parity-check code 奇偶校验码parity-check equation 奇偶校验⽅程parity-check machine 奇偶校验器parity-check matrix 奇偶校验矩阵partial function 偏函数partial ordering (partial relation) 偏序关系partial order relation 偏序关系partial order set (poset) 偏序集partition 划分,分划,分拆partition number of integer 整数的分拆数partition number of set 集合的划分数Pascal formula Pascal 公式path 路perfect code 完全码perfect t-error-correcting code 完全纠-错码perfect graph 完美图permutation 排列（置换）permutation group 置换群permutation with repetation 可重排列Petersen graph Petersen 图p-graph p-图Pierce arrow Pierce 箭pigeonhole principle 鸽⼦笼原理planar graph （可）平⾯图plane graph 平⾯图Pólya theorem Pólya 定理polynomail 多项式polynomial code 多项式码polynomial representation 多项式表⽰法polynomial ring 多项式环possible world 可能世界power functor 幂函⼦power of graph 图的幂power set 幂集predicate 谓词prenex normal form 前束范式pre-ordered set 拟序集primary cycle module 准素循环模prime field 素域prime to each other 互素primitive connective 初始联结词primitive element 本原元primitive polynomial 本原多项式principal ideal 主理想principal ideal domain 主理想整环principal of duality 对偶原理principal of redundancy 冗余性原则product 积product category 积范畴product-sum form 积和式proof (deduction) 证明（演绎）proper coloring 正常着⾊proper factor 真正因⼦proper filter 真滤⼦proper subgroup 真⼦群properly inclusive relation 真包含关系proposition 命题propositional constant 命题常量propositional formula(well-formed formula,wff)命题形式（合式公式）propositional function 命题函数propositional variable 命题变量pullback 拉回(回拖) pushout 推出Qquantification theory 量词理论quantifier 量词quasi order relation 拟序关系quaternion 四元数quotient (difference) algebra 商（差）代数quotient algebra 商代数quotient field (field of fraction) 商域（分式域）quotient group 商群quotient module 商模quotient ring (difference ring , residue ring) 商环（差环，同余类环）quotient set 商集RRamsey graph Ramsey 图Ramsey number Ramsey 数Ramsey theorem Ramsey 定理range 值域rank 秩reconstruction conjecture 重构猜想redundant digits 冗余位reflexive ⾃反的regular graph 正则图regular representation 正则表⽰relation matrix 关系矩阵replacement theorem 替换定理representation 表⽰representation functor 可表⽰函⼦restricted proposition form 受限命题形式restriction 限制retraction 收缩Richard paradox Richard 悖论right adjoint functor 右伴随函⼦right cancellable 右可消的right factor 右因⼦right zero divison 右零因⼦ring 环ring of endomorphism ⾃同态环ring with unity element 有单元的环R-linear independence R-线性⽆关root field 根域rule of inference 推理规则Russell paradox Russell 悖论Ssatisfiable 可满⾜的saturated 饱和的scope 辖域section 截⼝self-complement graph ⾃补图semantical completeness 语义完全的（弱完全的）semantical consistent 语义相容semigroup 半群separable element 可分元separable extension 可分扩域sequent ⽮列式sequential 序列的Sheffer stroke Sheffer 竖（谢弗竖）simple algebraic extension 单代数扩域simple extension 单扩域simple graph 简单图simple proposition (atomic proposition) 简单（原⼦）命题simple transcental extension 单超越扩域simplication 简化规则slope 斜率small category ⼩范畴smallest element 最⼩元（素）Socrates argument Socrates 论断（苏格拉底论断）soundness (validity) theorem 可靠性（有效性）定理spanning subgraph ⽣成⼦图spanning tree ⽣成树spectra of graph 图的谱spetral radius 谱半径splitting field 分裂域standard model 标准模型standard monomil 标准单项式Steiner triple Steiner 三元系⼤集Stirling number Stirling 数Stirling transform Stirling 变换subalgebra ⼦代数subcategory ⼦范畴subdirect product ⼦直积subdivison of graph 图的细分subfield ⼦域subformula ⼦公式subdivision of graph 图的细分subgraph ⼦图subgroup ⼦群sub-module ⼦模subrelation ⼦关系subring ⼦环sub-semigroup ⼦半群subset ⼦集substitution theorem 代⼊定理substraction 差集substraction operation 差运算succedent 后件surjection (surjective) 满射switching-network 开关⽹络Sylvester formula Sylvester公式symmetric 对称的symmetric difference 对称差symmetric graph 对称图symmetric group 对称群syndrome 校验⼦syntactical completeness 语法完全的（强完全的）Syntactical consistent 语法相容system ?3 , ?n , ??0 , ??系统?3 , ?n , ??0 , ??system L 公理系统 Lsystem ?公理系统?system L1 公理系统 L1system L2 公理系统 L2system L3 公理系统 L3system L4 公理系统 L4system L5 公理系统 L5system L6 公理系统 L6system ?n 公理系统?nsystem of modal prepositional logic 模态命题逻辑系统system Pm 系统 Pmsystem S1 公理系统 S1system T (system M) 公理系统 T(系统M)Ttautology 重⾔式（永真公式）technique of truth table 真值表技术term 项terminal endpoint 终端terminal object 终结对象t-error-correcing BCH code 纠 t -错BCH码theorem (provable formal) 定理（可证公式）thickess 厚度timed sequence 时间序列torsion 扭元torsion module 扭模total chromatic number 全⾊数total chromatic number conjecture 全⾊数猜想total coloring 全着⾊total graph 全图total matrix ring 全⽅阵环total order set 全序集total permutation 全排列total relation 全关系tournament 竞赛图trace (trail) 迹tranformation group 变换群transcendental element 超越元素transitive 传递的tranverse design 横截设计traveling saleman problem 旅⾏商问题tree 树triple system 三元系triple-repetition code 三倍重复码trivial graph 平凡图trivial subgroup 平凡⼦群true in an interpretation 解释真truth table 真值表truth value function 真值函数Turán graph Turán 图Turán theorem Turán 定理Tutte graph Tutte 图Tutte theorem Tutte 定理Tutte-coxeter graph Tutte-coxeter 图UUlam conjecture Ulam 猜想ultrafilter 超滤⼦ultrapower 超幂ultraproduct 超积unary operation ⼀元运算unary relation ⼀元关系underlying graph 基础图undesignated truth value ⾮特指值undirected graph ⽆向图union 并(并集)union of graph 图的并union operation 并运算unique factorization 唯⼀分解unique factorization domain (Gauss domain) 唯⼀分解整域unique k-colorable graph 唯⼀k着⾊unit ideal 单位理想unity element 单元universal 全集universal algebra 泛代数（Ω代数）universal closure 全称闭包universal construction 通⽤结构universal enveloping algebra 通⽤包络代数universal generalization 全称推⼴规则universal quantifier 全称量词universal specification 全称特指规则universal upper bound 泛上界unlabeled graph ⽆标号图untorsion ⽆扭模upper (lower) bound 上（下）界useful equivalent 常⽤等值式useless code 废码字Vvalence 价valuation 赋值Vandermonde formula Vandermonde 公式variery 簇Venn graph Venn 图vertex cover 点覆盖vertex set 点割集vertex transitive graph 点传递图Vizing theorem Vizing 定理Wwalk 通道weakly antisymmetric 弱反对称的weight 重（权）weighted form for Burnside lemma 带权形式的Burnside引理well-formed formula (wff) 合式公式(wff) word 字Zzero divison 零因⼦zero element (universal lower bound) 零元（泛下界）ZFC (Zermelo-Fraenkel-Cohen) system ZFC系统form)normal(Skolemformnormalprenex-存在正则前束范式(Skolem 正则范式)3-value proposition logic 三值命题逻辑。

Oracle Database Migration Assistant for Unicode 产品

database to maintain data compliance with the Unicode Standard. Even with a database that uses the Unicode character set, incorrectly configured applications may introduce invalid character codes into the database and cause data corruption. The DMU’s Validation Mode feature can help expose the source of the issues and detect data problems, including presence of Unicode replacement characters(U+FFFD), ill-formed Unicode byte sequences, non-shortest form UTF-8, irregular UTF-8 byte sequences (6-byte surrogate pairs), unpaired surrogates, and Unicode noncharacters, before these issues are even noted by end-users.Release History∙DMU 1.1 – October 28, 2011∙DMU 1.2 – February 20, 2013∙DMU 2.0 – March 18, 2014∙DMU 2.1 – May 26, 2015∙DMU 2.1.1 – June 14, 2016∙DMU 2.2 – November 9, 2017Contact UsFor more information about Oracle Database Migration Assistant for Unicode, please visit or call +1.800.ORACLE1 to speak to an Oracle representative.Copyright © 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.This document is provided for information purposes only and the contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. We specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without our prior written permission.Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Unicode is a registered trademark of Unicode, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. 0109。

no columns to generate for classwriter

no columns to generate for classwriter 《nocolumnstogenerateforclasswriter》是指在使用Java语言开发时，可能会遇到这样的错误提示，意味着在类编写器中没有要生成的列。

这个错误提示通常出现在Java项目中，尤其是在使用Hibernate框架时。

在本文中，我们将探讨这个错误提示的原因，以及如何解决它。

Java类编写器是一个工具，用于生成Java类的代码。

在Hibernate框架中，它通常用于生成映射类的代码，这些类与数据库表中的列相对应。

当我们使用Hibernate框架时，我们需要告诉编写器应该生成哪些列，以便映射到数据库表中的列。

如果编写器没有收到任何有关要生成哪些列的信息，它就会显示“no columns to generate for classwriter”错误提示。

那么，这个错误提示可能由哪些原因引起呢？首先，它可能是由于我们没有正确地配置Hibernate框架造成的。

在Hibernate框架中，我们需要使用一个名为“hibernate.cfg.xml”的配置文件来配置框架。

如果这个文件中没有正确指定要映射的表和列，编写器就无法生成代码。

其次，这个错误提示还可能是由于我们的Java类没有正确地继承Hibernate框架中的类造成的。

在Hibernate框架中，我们需要使用一些特殊的类来继承我们的Java类，以便将其映射到数据库表中的列。

如果我们没有正确地继承这些类，编写器就无法生成代码。

那么，如何解决这个错误提示呢？首先，我们需要检查我们的Hibernate框架配置文件，确保它正确地指定了要映射的表和列。

如果我们对Hibernate框架不熟悉，可以参考官方文档或者搜索互联网上的教程来学习如何正确配置框架。

其次，我们需要确保我们的Java 类正确地继承了Hibernate框架中的类。

如果我们不确定如何继承这些类，可以参考官方文档或者搜索互联网上的教程来学习如何正确地使用这些类。

Entropy changes in the clustering of galaxies in a

Vol.3, No.1, 65-68 (2011)doi:10.4236/ns.2011.31009Natural ScienceEntropy changes in the clustering of galaxies in an expanding universeNaseer Iqbal1,2*, Mohammad Shafi Khan1, Tabasum Masood11Department of Physics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India; *Corresponding Author:2Interuniversity Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune, India.Received 19 October 2010; revised 23 November 2010; accepted 26 November 2010.ABSTRACTIn the present work the approach-thermody- namics and statistical mechanics of gravitating systems is applied to study the entropy change in gravitational clustering of galaxies in an ex-panding universe. We derive analytically the expressions for gravitational entropy in terms of temperature T and average density n of the par-ticles (galaxies) in the given phase space cell. It is found that during the initial stage of cluster-ing of galaxies, the entropy decreases and fi-nally seems to be increasing when the system attains virial equilibrium. The entropy changes are studied for different range of measuring correlation parameter b. We attempt to provide a clearer account of this phenomena. The entropy results for a system consisting of extended mass (non-point mass) particles show a similar behaviour with that of point mass particles clustering gravitationally in an expanding uni-verse.Keywords:Gravitational Clustering; Thermodynamics; Entropy; Cosmology1. INTRODUCTIONGalaxy groups and clusters are the largest known gravitationally bound objects to have arisen thus far in the process of cosmic structure formation [1]. They form the densest part of the large scale structure of the uni-verse. In models for the gravitational formation of struc-ture with cold dark matter, the smallest structures col-lapse first and eventually build the largest structures; clusters of galaxies are then formed relatively. The clus-ters themselves are often associated with larger groups called super-clusters. Clusters of galaxies are the most recent and most massive objects to have arisen in the hiearchical structure formation of the universe and the study of clusters tells one about the way galaxies form and evolve. The average density n and the temperature T of a gravitating system discuss some thermal history of cluster formation. For a better larger understanding of this thermal history it is important to study the entropy change resulting during the clustering phenomena be-cause the entropy is the quantity most directly changed by increasing or decreasing thermal energy of intraclus-ter gas. The purpose of the present paper is to show how entropy of the universe changes with time in a system of galaxies clustering under the influence of gravitational interaction.Entropy is a measure of how disorganised a system is. It forms an important part of second law of thermody-namics [2,3]. The concept of entropy is generally not well understood. For erupting stars, colloiding galaxies, collapsing black holes - the cosmos is a surprisingly or-derly place. Supermassive black holes, dark matter and stars are some of the contributors to the overall entropy of the universe. The microscopic explanation of entropy has been challenged both from the experimental and theoretical point of view [11,12]. Entropy is a mathe-matical formula. Standard calculations have shown that the entropy of our universe is dominated by black holes, whose entropy is of the order of their area in planck units [13]. An analysis by Chas Egan of the Australian National University in Canberra indicates that the col-lective entropy of all the supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies is about 100 times higher than previ-ously calculated. Statistical entropy is logrithmic of the number of microstates consistent with the observed macroscopic properties of a system hence a measure of uncertainty about its precise state. Statistical mechanics explains entropy as the amount of uncertainty which remains about a system after its observable macroscopic properties have been taken into account. For a given set of macroscopic quantities like temperature and volume, the entropy is a function of the probability that the sys-tem is in various quantumn states. The more states avail-able to the system with higher probability, the greater theAll Rights Reserved.N. Iqbal et al. / Natural Science 3 (2011) 65-6866 disorder and thus greater the entropy [2]. In real experi-ments, it is quite difficult to measure the entropy of a system. The technique for doing so is based on the thermodynamic definition of entropy. We discuss the applicability of statistical mechanics and thermodynam-ics for gravitating systems and explain in what sense the entropy change S – S 0 shows a changing behaviour with respect to the measuring correlation parameter b = 0 – 1.2. THERMODYNAMIC DESCRIPTION OF GALAXY CLUSTERSA system of many point particles which interacts by Newtonian gravity is always unstable. The basic insta-bilities which may occur involve the overall contraction (or expansion) of the system, and the formation of clus-ters within the system. The rates and forms of these in-stabilities are governed by the distribution of kinetic and potential energy and the momentum among the particles. For example, a finite spherical system which approxi-mately satisfies the viral theorem, contracts slowlycompared to the crossing time ~ ()12G ρ- due to the evaporation of high energy particles [3] and the lack of equipartition among particles of different masses [4]. We consider here a thermodynamic description for the sys-tem (universe). The universe is considered to be an infi-nite gas in which each gas molecule is treated to be agalaxy. The gravitational force is a binary interaction and as a result a number of particles cluster together. We use the same approximation of binary interaction for our universe (system) consisting of large number of galaxies clustering together under the influence of gravitational force. It is important to mention here that the characteri-zation of this clustering is a problem of current interest. The physical validity of the application of thermody-namics in the clustering of galaxies and galaxy clusters has been discussed on the basis of N-body computer simulation results [5]. Equations of state for internal energy U and pressure P are of the form [6]:(3122NTU =-)b (1) (1NTP V=-)b (2) b defines the measuring correlation parameter and is dimensionless, given by [8]()202,23W nb Gm n T r K Tτξ∞=-=⎰,rdr (3)W is the potential energy and K the kinetic energy ofthe particles in a system. n N V = is the average num-ber density of the system of particles each of mass m, T is the temperature, V the volume, G is the universalgravitational constant. (),,n T r ξ is the two particle correlation function and r is the inter-particle distance. An overall study of (),n T r ξ has already been dis-cussed by [7]. For an ideal gas behaviour b = 0 and for non-ideal gas system b varies between 0 and 1. Previ-ously some workers [7,8] have derived b in the form of:331nT b nT ββ--=+ (4) Eq.4 indicates that b has a specific dependence on the combination 3nT -.3. ENTROPY CALCULATIONSThermodynamics and statistical mechanics have been found to be equal tools in describing entropy of a system. Thermodynamic entropy is a non-conserved state func-tion that is of great importance in science. Historically the concept of entropy evolved in order to explain why some processes are spontaneous and others are not; sys-tems tend to progress in the direction of increasing en-tropy [9]. Following statistical mechanics and the work carried out by [10], the grand canonical partition func-tion is given by()3213212,1!N N N N mkT Z T V V nT N πβ--⎛⎫⎡=+ ⎪⎣Λ⎝⎭⎤⎦(5)where N! is due to the distinguishability of particles. Λrepresents the volume of a phase space cell. N is the number of paricles (galaxies) with point mass approxi-mation. The Helmholtz free energy is given by:ln N A T Z =- (6)Thermodynamic description of entropy can be calcu-lated as:,N VA S T ∂⎛⎫=- ⎪∂⎝⎭ (7)The use of Eq.5 and Eq.6 in Eq.7 gives()3120ln ln 13S S n T b b -⎛⎫-=-- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭- (8) where S 0 is an arbitary constant. From Eq.4 we write()31bn b T β-=- (9)Using Eq.9, Eq.8 becomes as3203ln S S b bT ⎡⎤-=-+⎢⎣⎦⎥ (10)Again from Eq.4All Rights Reserved.N. Iqbal et al. / Natural Science 3 (2011) 65-68 6767()13221n b T b β-⎡⎤=⎢⎣⎦⎥ (11)with the help of Eq.11, Eq.10 becomes as()011ln ln 1322S S n b b b ⎡-=-+-+⎡⎤⎣⎦⎢⎥⎣⎦⎤ (12) This is the expression for entropy of a system consist-ing of point mass particles, but actually galaxies have extended structures, therefore the point mass concept is only an approximation. For extended mass structures we make use of softening parameter ε whose value is taken between 0.01 and 0.05 (in the units of total radius). Following the same procedure, Eq.8 becomes as()320ln ln 13N S S N T N b Nb V εε⎡⎤-=---⎢⎥⎣⎦(13)For extended structures of galaxies, Eq.4 gets modi-fied to()()331nT R b nT R εβαεβαε--=+ (14)where α is a constant, R is the radius of a cell in a phase space in which number of particles (galaxies) is N and volume is V . The relation between b and b ε is given by: ()11b b b εαα=+- (15) b ε represents the correlation energy for extended mass particles clustering gravitationally in an expanding uni-verse. The above Eq.10 and Eq.12 take the form respec-tively as;()()3203ln 111bT b S S b b ααα⎡⎤⎢⎥-=-+⎢⎥+-+-⎢⎥⎣⎦1 (16) ()()()120113ln ln 2111b b b S S n b b ααα⎡⎤-⎡⎤⎢⎥⎣⎦-=-++⎢⎥+-+-⎢⎥⎣⎦1 (17)where2R R εεεα⎛⎫⎛⎫=⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭(18)If ε = 0, α = 1 the entropy equations for extended mass galaxies are exactly same with that of a system of point mass galaxies approximation. Eq.10, Eq.12, Eq.16and Eq.17 are used here to study the entropy changes inthe cosmological many body problem. Various entropy change results S – S 0 for both the point mass approxima-tion and of extended mass approximation of particles (galaxies) are shown in (Figures 1and2). The resultshave been calculated analytically for different values ofFigure 1. (Color online) Comparison of isothermal entropy changes for non-point and point mass particles (galaxies) for an infinite gravitating system as a function of average relative temperature T and the parameter b . For non-point mass ε = 0.03 and R = 0.06 (left panel), ε = 0.04 and R = 0.04 (right panel).All Rights Reserved.N. Iqbal et al. / Natural Science 3 (2011) 65-68 68Figure 2. (Color online) Comparison of equi-density entropy changes for non-point and point mass particles (galaxies) for an infinite gravitating system as a function of average relative density n and the parameter b. For non-point mass ε= 0.03 and R = 0.04.R (cell size) corresponding to different values of soften-ing parameter ε. We study the variations of entropy changes S – S0with the changing parameter b for differ-ent values of n and T. Some graphical variations for S – S0with b for different values of n = 0, 1, 100 and aver-age temperature T = 1, 10 and 100 and by fixing value of cell size R = 0.04 and 0.06 are shown. The graphical analysis can be repeated for different values of R and by fixing values of εfor different sets like 0.04 and 0.05. From both the figures shown in 1 and 2, the dashed line represents variation for point mass particles and the solid line represents variation for extended (non-point mass) particles (galaxies) clustering together. It has been ob-served that the nature of the variation remains more or less same except with some minor difference.4. RESULTSThe formula for entropy calculated in this paper has provided a convenient way to study the entropy changes in gravitational galaxy clusters in an expanding universe. Gravity changes things that we have witnessed in this research. Clustering of galaxies in an expanding universe, which is like that of a self gravitating gas increases the gases volume which increases the entropy, but it also increases the potential energy and thus decreases the kinetic energy as particles must work against the attrac-tive gravitational field. So we expect expanding gases to cool down, and therefore there is a probability that the entropy has to decrease which gets confirmed from our theoretical calculations as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Entropy has remained an important contributor to our understanding in cosmology. Everything from gravita-tional clustering to supernova are contributors to entropy budget of the universe. A new calculation and study of entropy results given by Eqs.10, 12, 16 and 17 shows that the entropy of the universe decreases first with the clustering rate of the particles and then gradually in-creases as the system attains viral equilibrium. The gravitational entropy in this paper furthermore suggests that the universe is different than scientists had thought.5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe are thankful to Interuniversity centre for Astronomy and Astro-physics Pune India for providing a warm hospitality and facilities during the course of this work.REFERENCES[1]Voit, G.M. (2005) Tracing cosmic evolution with clus-ters of galaxies. Reviews of Modern Physics, 77, 207- 248.[2]Rief, F. (1965)Fundamentals of statistical and thermalphysics. McGraw-Hill, Tokyo.[3]Spitzer, L. and Saslaw, W.C. (1966) On the evolution ofgalactic nuclei. Astrophysical Journal, 143, 400-420.doi:10.1086/148523[4]Saslaw, W.C. and De Youngs, D.S. (1971) On the equi-partition in galactic nuclei and gravitating systems. As-trophysical Journal, 170, 423-429.doi:10.1086/151229[5]Itoh, M., Inagaki, S. and Saslaw, W.C. (1993) Gravita-tional clustering of galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 403,476-496.doi:10.1086/172219[6]Hill, T.L. (1956) Statistical mechanics: Principles andstatistical applications. McGraw-Hill, New York.[7]Iqbal, N., Ahmad, F. and Khan, M.S. (2006) Gravita-tional clustering of galaxies in an expanding universe.Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 27, 373-379.doi:10.1007/BF02709363[8]Saslaw, W.C. and Hamilton, A.J.S. (1984) Thermody-namics and galaxy clustering. Astrophysical Journal, 276, 13-25.doi:10.1086/161589[9]Mcquarrie, D.A. and Simon, J.D. (1997) Physical chem-istry: A molecular approach. University Science Books,Sausalito.[10]Ahmad, F, Saslaw, W.C. and Bhat, N.I. (2002) Statisticalmechanics of cosmological many body problem. Astro-physical Journal, 571, 576-584.doi:10.1086/340095[11]Freud, P.G. (1970) Physics: A Contemporary Perspective.Taylor and Francis Group.[12]Khinchin, A.I. (1949) Mathamatical Foundation of statis-tical mechanics. Dover Publications, New York.[13]Frampton, P., Stephen, D.H., Kephar, T.W. and Reeb, D.(2009) Classical Quantum Gravity. 26, 145005.doi:10.1088/0264-9381/26/14/145005All Rights Reserved.。

钢管混凝土柱的尺寸效应研究：Size Effect on the Behavior of Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Columns

2:2 (2013)
Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction
However, there was little information about how to evaluate the earthquake-resistant performance. Based on the moment versus curvature response, and the lateral load versus lateral displacement relationship of columns subjected to axial load and cyclically increasing flexural loading, Han and Yang [11] proposed a parameter named as ductility coefficient and put forward the formula for it. Afterwards, many researchers paid much attention to study the overall performance of concrete filled steel tube structure subjected to complex force or earthquake, so Finite Element Methods were introduced to avoid wasting money and spending too much time in a probabilistic experiment. Compared with structural testing, Finite Element Methods are available to carry out huge experiments without any worry about time and money. Many researchers [12] [13] [14] all over the world have done much to the development of the numerical models to simulate performance of CFT columns. By ABAQUS/Standard solver, Dai and Lam [15] investigated the axial compressive behavior of short concrete-filled elliptical steel columns, such as the ultimate load capacity, load versus end-shortening relationship and failure modes. Meanwhile, the simulation results are consistent to experimental results, so they stated the simulation results could be used to predict compressive characteristics of short concrete-filled elliptical steel columns. By numerical simulation technology, Tort and Hajjar [16] investigated the nonlinear response of composite frames subjected to static and dynamic loads, at the same time, they found computational efficiency would be improved by mixed finite-element model. Song et al. [17] simulated a set of CFT stub column experiments under various thermal and mechanical loading conditions by Finite Element Methods. The bearing capacity of CFT columns must be enough to stand various loads, namely, the size of them must be huge enough. However, almost all experiments were carried out in major laboratories and the test specimen is minified in equal proportion. In terms of cube compressive strength of concrete, the strength values vary with the size of concrete, so scaling factor is proposed. Therefore it is necessary to study the size effect of CFT columns. In this paper, based on general finite element software ABAQUS, load capacity and ductility are investigated and studied. To analyze the size effects on load capacity, CFT columns are divided into four different sizes in same nominal strength. Meanwhile, section shapes have an influence to the strength of CFT columns, so the different performance of typical section shapes are also studied [18]. To understand the shear strength and ductility of CFT columns, square CFT columns are divided into three groups with different axial compression ratio.

计算机专业英语单词

Lesson one .simultaneity n同时性breach vt违反，破坏immediacy n即时性deadline n最后期限spatial adj空间的earth-bound adj只在地球上的teletype n电传打字机proximity n接近，近似first-generation computer n第一代计算机vacuum tube n真空管，电子管transistor n晶体管integrated circuits(I C) n集成电路microminiaturization n超小型化chip n芯片etch vt蚀刻imprint vt铭刻plastic n塑料ceramic n陶瓷matal n金属approximately adv近似的，大约的============================== Lesson two.general adj一般的knowledge n知识eletronic adj电子的machinery n机器，机械equipment n设备manipulate vt操作represent vt代表dull adj迟钝的，枯燥的time-consuming adj消耗时间的routine adj常规的characters n字符general-purpose adj通用的operate vt操作successfully adv成功地numerical adj数字的integrator n积分refinement n精炼unreliable adj不可靠的internal adj内部的feature n特点capability n能力ASCII American Standard For Information Interchange n美国标准信息交换代码hardware n硬件software n软件minicomputer n小型计算机personalcomputer n个人计算机mainframe computer n大型计算机microcomputer n微型计算机supercomputer n超级计算机I/O Input/Output device n输入/输出设备glimpse n一瞥handle vt处理broad adj宽广的enormous adj庞大的scientific adj科学的super adj超级的interpret vt解释manufacture vt制造efficient adj有效的robotics n机器人学combine vt联合divide vt划分divided into vt划分为category n范畴，目录retrieval n检索vital adj必不可少的youngster n年轻人in addition to vt 另外familiarity n熟悉durable adj 持久的CAD Computer-Aided Design n计算机辅助设计CAM Computer-Aided Manufacturing n计算机辅助制造CAI Computer-Aided Instruction n计算机辅助教学Lesson three.powerful adj功能强大的tool n工具personal adj个人的basically adv基本上consist of 由...组成additional adj另外的expand vt扩大，扩充meet...needs满足..的需要particular adj特别的，特定的CPU central processing unit中央处理机memory n主存，内存RAM random access memory 随机存储器ROM read-only memory 只读存储器Diskette drive 软盘驱动器FDD floppy disk drive 硬盘驱动器HDD hard disk drive硬盘驱动器CD-ROM compact disc ROM只读光盘keyboard n键盘mouse n鼠标power supply 电源turn off关闭& conj和，以及entire adj整个的typical adj典型的be entered into 被键入be connected to被连接到comfortable adj舒适的position n位置independently adv独立地select vt选择monitor n监视器issue vt发出command n命令response n响应popular adj常见的，众所周知的generate vt产生dot n点matrix printer点阵打印机option n选件，选项instruct vt指示，指导be loaded into 被装入turn on 打开OS operating system 操作系统model n型号interface n接口parallel ports 并行口serial ports 串行口binary n二进制decimal n十进制hexadecimal n十六进制bit n二进制位byte n字节KB kilo byte 千字节MB million byte 兆字节GB giga byte 吉字节string n字符串Chinese character汉字字符field n字段record n记录file n文件access vt存取，访问access time 存取时间expansion slot扩展槽cylinder n柱面track n磁道sector n扇区2 HD 双面高密度DS/DD double side/double density双面双密度N/A not available 不具备MIPS million instruction per second 每秒执行百万条指令M Hz mega hertz 兆赫兹sound blaster 声霸卡double speed 倍速quad speed 四倍速warranty n保修requirement n需求specification n规格pentium processor 奔腾处理器bus architecture PCI PCI总线结构cache n高速缓冲存储器seek vt搜索enhanced adj增强的resolution 分辨率dpi n点/英寸audio n音频P&P plug and play 即插既用security n安全性lock n锁password n口令on-site adj所在地的pre-load vt预装AC交流电consumption n消耗diagonal adj对角线的dimension n大小serial impact dot matrix 串行式点阵打印pin n针CPS characters per second 每秒字符数CPI characters per inch 每英寸字符数draft n草稿体印刷质量LQ letter quality书信体印刷质量buffer n打印机缓冲区column n列fanfold n（连续）折叠（打印纸）cut sheet 单页打印纸capacity n容量original n正本，原稿resident adj驻留的font n字体operational adj操作的panel n面板button n按扭LED n指示灯ribbon n色带cassette n盒MTBF mean time between failures 平均故障间隔时间Microsoft Visual Basic 微软公司的Visual Basic语言standard n标准版professional n专业版enterprise edition n企业版recommend vt推荐compatible adj兼容的Lesson four.plug into 将..插入outlet n插座module n模块kit n块，包automatically adv自动地update vt更新configuration n配置sequence n次序，序列boot vi引导flash vi闪烁，发光version n版本prompt n提示indicate vt 指明，表明default adj默认的，缺省的adjust vt调整contrast n对比度brightness n亮度comfort n舒适batch n批，成批manually adv手动地simultaneously adv同时地disappear vi消失antivirus vi防病毒protection n保护detect vt检测remove vt 去除virus n病毒power on /off电源开/关signal in 信号线插口reset vt 复位Turbo n切换主频按钮K/lock key/lock 钥匙/锁Esc escape vt强迫终止Tab table vt制表Caps lock 大写锁定/大小写切换shift vt换挡Ctrl control vt 控制Alt alternate vt切换spacebar n空格键条backspace BS n回退Enter vt打入，回车换行Num Lock 数字键锁定keypad n辅助小键盘Home n开始位置End n结束位置Insert INS vt插入Delete DEL vt删除page up 前进翻页page down 后退翻页print screen PRT SC屏幕拷贝Scroll Lock 屏幕锁定（不滚动）pause vi暂停function key 功能键break vt中止@ (at) n 在^ (caret) n脱字符# (No.) n号LOAD PARK 装纸到位ONLINE n联机OFFLINE n脱机LF/FF line feed/form feed （打印纸）走行/走页tear off撕纸page out 缺纸Ready adj就绪的Busy adj忙的install vt安装conventional adj常规的customize vt剪裁，定制startup n启动initialize vt初始化self-test vi自检debug vt 诊断strike/press/depress/hit the key击键cursor n光标highlight n高亮度click vt单击double click 双击drag and drop 拖放respond vi响应directory n 目录offer vt提供hierarchical adj层次的branch n分支branch into 化入分支subdirectory n子目录appropriate adj合适的create vt建立search vt 查找，搜索search for 查找bracket n括弧optional adj可选的specify vt指定current adj当前的root n根upper adj高位的adapter n适配器extended adj扩展的xpanded adj扩充的reserved adj保留的extension n扩展名Lesson FiveGUI graphical user interface 图形用户界面specific adj特定的element n元素menu n菜单bar n条icon n图标be indicated by由...表示folder n文件夹clipboard n剪贴板temporary adj临时的storage n存储area n区域accessory n附件spreadsheet n电子表格personalize vt个性化remotely adv遥远的efficiently adv有效的administrator n管理员legacy n遗传，遗产multimedia n多媒体reliability n可靠性powerful adj强大的performance n性能parameter n参数switch n开关DIR directory vt列目录path n路径diagram n结构图wildcard n通配符syntax n语法format n格式formatting n格式化copy vt拷贝source diskette源盘target diskette目标盘rename vt换名list vt列出清单backup n备份restore vt恢复append vt附加attribute ATTRIB n属性call vt调用remark n注解erase (delete) vt删除undelete vt恢复被删除文件echo vt回显sort vt分类，排序set vt设置share vt分享edit vt编辑editor n编辑程序title bar标题条scroll bar滚动条tool bar工具条dialog box对话框status line 状态行program/file manager程序/文件管理器release vt释放open vt打开close vt关闭overwrite vt改写replace vt替换save vt保存save as另存为run vt运行view vt查看show vt查看cascade vt层叠title vt平铺style n字型cut vt箭切paste vt粘贴exit(quit) vt退出cardfile n卡片盒calendar n日历notepad n记事本paintbrush n画笔media player媒体播放器readme n自述文件recorder n记录器OLE object linking and embedding对象连接与嵌入DDE dynamic data exchange 动态数据交换object packager对象包装WYSIWYG what you see is what you get 所见即所得falls into分为shared adj共享的focus n焦点criteria n标准，尺度sensitivity n敏感性literal adj文字的recycle vt回收bin n箱Lesson Six.ruler n标尺margin n页边距indent n缩进量check vt检查spelling n拼写perform vt执行，进行wizard n指南available adj可用的resume n文摘letter n信件memo n便函（备忘录）report n报告meeting agenda会议日程incorporate vt插入，并入attractive adj诱人的according to 按照session n操作期in front of 在...前面separate from使...和..分开examine vt查看preview vt预览dictionary n词典store vt存储combination n组合style n字符样式apply to将...用于...Auto format 自动格式化based on 基于template n模板row n行merge vt合并modify vt修改border n边框shading n阴影'snaking' columns分栏size vt缩放graphic adj图形的wordArt n艺术字multiple adj多个的multiply files多个文件at the same time同时technique n方法full screen editor全屏幕编辑scroll box滚动条drop-down 下拉alignment n对齐方式aligh left 左对齐center n居中bullet n项目符号（圆点或方块）formula n公式hanging indent 悬挂式缩进header and footer页眉和页脚landscape n横向，地形portrait n纵向，肖像line spacing行间距outline view大纲视图page break分页符facing page对开页section break 分节符layout n版面，页面布局status bar状态栏soft return软回车wizard n指南，向导word-wrap自动回车的，字环绕的zoom vt缩放shortcut n快捷gridline n网格线triple-click三击radio button 单选按扭check box 复选框alert box 警告框demo n演示step by step渐进undo vt撤消proof vt审稿redo vt重做Express/Custom Install快速/自定义安装tutorial n连机教学/指南streamlined adj优化了的，流线型的functionality n功能high-impact adj有感染力的intelligent adj聪明的snap vt猛咬，抓住center-align vi居中排列back and forth 来回flexibility n灵活性wrap vt包起来barrier n障碍multilingual adj多种语言的grammar n语法Lesson Seven.Mail n微软公司的电子邮件软件attach vt连接attach to将。

数学专业英语第2章课后答案

2.12.比:ratio 比例:proportion 利率:interest rate 速率:speed 除:divide 除法:division 商:quotient 同类量:like quantity 项:term 线段:line segment 角:angle 长度:length 宽:width高度:height 维数:dimension 单位:unit 分数:fraction 百分数:percentage3.(1)一条线段和一个角的比没有意义,他们不是相同类型的量.(2)比较式通过说明一个量是另一个量的多少倍做出的,并且这两个量必须依据相同的单位.(5)为了解一个方程,我们必须移项,直到未知项独自处在方程的一边,这样就可以使它等于另一边的某量.4.(1)Measuring the length of a desk, is actually comparing the length of the desk to that of a ruler.(3)Ratio is different from the measurement, it has no units. The ratio of the length and the width of the same book does not vary when the measurement unit changes.(5)60 percent of students in a school are female students, which mean that 60 students out of every 100 students are female students.2.22.初等几何:elementary geometry 三角学:trigonometry 余弦定理:Law of cosines 勾股定理/毕达哥拉斯定理:Gou-Gu theorem/Pythagoras theorem 角:angle 锐角:acute angle 直角:right angle 同终边的角:conterminal angles 仰角:angle of elevation 俯角:angle of depression 全等:congruence 夹角:included angle 三角形:triangle 三角函数:trigonometric function直角边:leg 斜边:hypotenuse 对边:opposite side 临边:adjacent side 始边:initial side 解三角形:solve a triangle 互相依赖:mutually dependent 表示成:be denoted as 定义为:be defined as3.(1)Trigonometric function of the acute angle shows the mutually dependent relations between each sides and acute angle of the right triangle.(3)If two sides and the included angle of an oblique triangle areknown, then the unknown sides and angles can be found by using the law of cosines.(5)Knowing the length of two sides and the measure of the included angle can determine the shape and size of the triangle. In other words, the two triangles made by these data are congruent.4.(1)如果一个角的顶点在一个笛卡尔坐标系的原点并且它的始边沿着x轴正方向，这个角被称为处于标准位置.(3)仰角和俯角是以一条以水平线为参考位置来测量的,如果正被观测的物体在观测者的上方,那么由水平线和视线所形成的角叫做仰角.如果正被观测的物体在观测者的下方,那么由水平线和视线所形成的的角叫做俯角.(5)如果我们知道一个三角形的两条边的长度和对着其中一条边的角度,我们如何解这个三角形呢?这个问题有一点困难来回答,因为所给的信息可能确定两个三角形,一个三角形或者一个也确定不了.2.32.素数:prime 合数:composite 质因数:prime factor/prime divisor 公倍数:common multiple 正素因子: positive prime divisor 除法算式:division equation 最大公因数:greatest common divisor(G.C.D) 最小公倍数: lowest common multiple(L.C.M) 整除:divide by 整除性:divisibility 过程:process 证明:proof 分类:classification 剩余:remainder辗转相除法:Euclidean algorithm 有限集:finite set 无限的:infinitely 可数的countable 终止:terminate 与矛盾:contrary to3.(1)We need to study by which integers an integer is divisible, that is , what factor it has. Specially, it is sometime required that an integer is expressed as the product of its prime factors.(3)The number 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number;A composite number in addition to being divisible by 1 and itself, can also be divisible by some prime number.(5)The number of the primes bounded above by any given finite integer N can be found by using the method of the sieve Eratosthenes.4.(1)数论中一个重要的问题是哥德巴赫猜想,它是关于偶数作为两个奇素数和的表示.(3)一个数,形如2p-1的素数被称为梅森素数.求出5个这样的数.(5)任意给定的整数m和素数p,p的仅有的正因子是p和1,因此仅有的可能的p和m的正公因子是p和1.因此,我们有结论:如果p是一个素数,m是任意整数,那么p整除m,要么(p,m)=1.2.42.集:set 子集:subset 真子集:proper subset 全集:universe 补集:complement 抽象集:abstract set 并集:union 交集:intersection 元素:element/member 组成:comprise/constitute包含:contain 术语:terminology 概念:concept 上有界:bounded above 上界:upper bound 最小的上界:least upper bound 完备性公理:completeness axiom3.(1)Set theory has become one of the common theoretical foundation and the important tools in many branches of mathematics.(3)Set S itself is the improper subset of S; if set T is a subset of S but not S, then T is called a proper subset of S.(5)The subset T of set S can often be denoted by {x}, that is, T consists of those elements x for which P(x) holds.(7)This example makes the following question become clear, that is, why may two straight lines in the space neither intersect nor parallel.4.(1)设N是所有自然数的集合,如果S是所有偶数的集合,那么它在N中的补集是所有奇数的集合.(3)一个非空集合S称为由上界的,如果存在一个数c具有属性:x<=c对于所有S中的x.这样一个数字c被称为S的上界.(5)从任意两个对象x和y，我们可以形成序列（x，y），它被称为一个有序对，除非x=y，否则它当然不同于（y，x）.如果S和T是任意集合，我们用S*T表示所有有序对（x,y),其中x术语S，y属于T.在R.笛卡尔展示了如何通过实轴和它自己的笛卡尔积来描述平面的点之后，集合S*T被称为S和T的笛卡尔积.2.52.竖直线:vertical line 水平线:horizontal line 数对:pairs of numbers 有序对:ordered pairs 纵坐标:ordinate 横坐标:abscissas 一一对应:one-to-one 对应点:corresponding points圆锥曲线:conic sections 非空图形:non vacuous graph 直立圆锥:right circular cone 定值角:constant angle 母线:generating line 双曲线:hyperbola 抛物线:parabola 椭圆:ellipse退化的:degenerate 非退化的:nondegenerate任意的:arbitrarily 相容的:consistent 在几何上:geometrically 二次方程:quadratic equation 判别式:discriminant 行列式:determinant3.(1)In the planar rectangular coordinate system, one can set up aone-to-one correspondence between points and ordered pairs of numbers and also a one-to-one correspondence between conic sections and quadratic equation.(3)The symbol can be used to denote the set of ordered pairs（x，y）such that the ordinate is equal to the cube of the abscissa.（5）According to the values of the discriminate，the non-degenerate graph of Equation （iii） maybe known to be a parabola， a hyperbolaor an ellipse.4.（1）在例1，我们既用了图形，也用了代数的代入法解一个方程组（其中一个方程式二次的，另一个是线性的）。

口译材料

2．4 CNN interview with Jet Li （对话口译）CNN：Congratulations on “Hero”. I mean, is the part very similar to what you normally play? //CNN 记者：祝贺《英雄》所取得的成功。

请问您在《英雄》里扮演的角色是否与你通常演的角色很相似呢？李连杰：不，这是一部不同寻常的电影中的一个非常独特的角色，和我以往演过的角色都不一样。

可以说这是我最重要的动作片之一。

//JL: It is a very special part and a very special movie. I think it’s one of the most important action movies in my life.CNN: Why do you say that? You have made about 30 movies. How is this one different from the rest? //CNN 记者：为什么你会这样说呢？你演过近30部电影，而《英雄》是如何与其他影片不同的呢？通常的动作片都有这么一个模式:一个孩子的父母亲被杀，这个孩子从小习武，立志报仇雪恨。

长大后他果然功夫超群，除掉坏蛋，为父母报仇。

但《英雄》的题材则广博得多。

//JL: Usually action films have a formula: a child whose parents have been murdered by the bad guys tries hard to learn martial arts and he grows up into an outstanding Kongfu master. He takes revenge and kills the bad guys. But “Hero” has a much broader theme.CNN: Is it very similar to "Crouching Tiger; Hidden Dragon" for example?CNN 记者：就比如很像《卧虎藏龙》？李连杰：完全不同。

column 'author' cannot be part of fulltext index

column 'author' cannot be part of fulltext index'author' cannot be part of fulltext indexIn the realm of databases, fulltext indexing plays a crucial role in enhancing the search functionality of a system. It allows users to perform more advanced search queries, including searching for specific words or phrases within a text field. However, there are certain limitations to this feature, and one of them is the inability to include the 'author' field in a fulltext index.The 'author' field, typically found in databases that store articles or documents, is an essential piece of information that identifies the person or entity responsible for creating or contributing to the content. In many cases, users may want to search for articles or documents based on the author's name. Unfortunately, due to various technical constraints, including the structure and behavior of fulltext indexing, the 'author' field cannot be included in this type of index.The primary reason for this limitation lies in the design and purpose of fulltext indexing. Fulltext indexing focuses on the content of the text field, analyzing and organizing the words within it to facilitate efficient search operations. It creates an index based on the words themselves, disregarding other meta-information associated with the text, such as the author's name. Including the 'author' field in a fulltext index would require significant modifications to the underlying indexing algorithms and data structures, which could potentially compromise the performance and scalability of the system.Moreover, the 'author' field often contains proper names, which can vary greatly and have unique spellings or formats. Unlike common words found in the content, indexing proper names would require additional linguistic analysis and matching techniques to ensure accurate search results. This adds complexity to the indexing process and further justifies the exclusion of the 'author' field from fulltext indexes.While the inability to include the 'author' field in a fulltext index may pose limitations to the search functionality, there are alternative approaches to address this issue. One solution is to create a separate index specifically for the 'author' field. This index would focus on the author's name rather than the content itself, allowing users to search and retrieve articles based on the author's information. Although this approach requires maintaining multiple indexes and potentially introduces more complexity, it provides a workaround to enable author-based searches.Another option is to utilize additional database features, such as traditional indexing or querying methods, to handle author-based searches. By creating an index solely for the 'author' field or using database-specific query techniques, users can still achieve effective searches based on authorship, albeit with less flexibility than fulltext indexing. This alternative approach may be more suitable for systems that prioritize author-based searches over content-based searches and can tolerate the potential trade-offs in performance and scalability.In conclusion, the exclusion of the 'author' field from fulltext indexing is a technical constraint resulting from the design andpurpose of this indexing technique. While it limits the ability to perform author-based searches efficiently, there are alternative approaches available to address this limitation. By employing separate indexes or leveraging other database features, systems can still provide effective author-based search functionality, ensuring a comprehensive search experience for users.。

计算机设备名称英语词汇

计算机设备名称英语词汇为了帮助大家提高计算机水平，认识更多计算机设备名称英语词汇，下面小编就给大家总结了一下计算机设备名称英语词汇。

计算机设备名称英语词汇11、CPU3DNow!(3D no waiting)ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit，算术逻辑单元)AGU(Address Generation Units，地址产成单元)BGA(Ball Grid Array，球状矩阵排列)BHT(branch prediction table，分支预测表)BPU(Branch Processing Unit，分支处理单元)Brach Pediction(分支预测)CMOS： (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor，互补金属氧化物半导体 )CISC(Complex Instruction Set Computing，复杂指令集计算机) CLK(Clock Cycle，时钟周期)COB(Cache on board，板上集成缓存)COD(Cache on Die，芯片内集成缓存)CPGA(Ceramic Pin Grid Array，陶瓷针型栅格阵列)CPU(Center Processing Unit，中央处理器)Data Forwarding(数据前送)Decode(指令解码)DIB(Dual Independent Bus，双独立总线)EC(Embedded Controller，嵌入式控制器)Embedded Chips(嵌入式)EPIC(explicitly parallel instruction code，并行指令代码)FADD(Floationg Point Addition，浮点加)FCPGA(Flip Chip Pin Grid Array，反转芯片针脚栅格阵列)FDIV(Floationg Point Divide，浮点除)FEMMS：(Fast Entry/Exit Multimedia State，快速进入/退出多媒体状态)FFT(fast Fourier transform，快速热欧姆转换)FID(FID：Frequency identify，频率鉴别号码)FIFO(First Input First Output，先入先出队列)flip-chip(芯片反转)FLOP(Floating Point Operations Per Second，浮点操作/秒) FMUL(Floationg Point Multiplication，浮点乘)FPU(Float Point Unit，浮点运算单元)FSUB(Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减)GVPP(Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器) HL-PBGA：表面黏著，高耐热、轻薄型塑胶球状矩阵封装IA(Intel Architecture，英特尔架构)ICU(Instruction Control Unit，指令控制单元)ID：(identify，鉴别号码 )IDF(Intel Developer Forum，英特尔开发者论坛)IEU(Integer Execution Units，整数执行单元)IMM：( Intel Mobile Module，英特尔移动模块 )Instructions Cache，指令缓存Instruction Coloring(指令分类) IPC(Instructions Per Clock Cycle，指令/时钟周期)ISA(instruction set architecture，指令集架构)KNI(Katmai New Instructions，Katmai新指令集，即SSE)Latency(潜伏期)LDT(Lightning Data Transport，闪电数据传输总线)Local Interconnect(局域互连)MESI(Modified， Exclusive， Shared， Invalid：修改、排除、共享、废弃)MMX(MultiMedia Extensions，多媒体扩展指令集)MMU(Multimedia Unit，多媒体单元)MFLOPS(Million Floationg Point/Second，每秒百万个浮点操作)MHz(Million Hertz，兆赫兹)MP(Multi-Processing，多重处理器架构)MPS(MultiProcessor Specification，多重处理器规范)MSRs(Model-Specific Registers，特别模块寄存器)NAOC(no-account OverClock，无效超频)NI：(Non-Intel，非英特尔 )OLGA(Organic Land Grid Array，基板栅格阵列)OoO(Out of Order，乱序执行)PGA：Pin-Grid Array(引脚网格阵列)，耗电大Post-RISC PR(Performance Rate，性能比率)PSN(Processor Serial numbers，处理器序列号)PIB(Processor In a Box，盒装处理器)PPGA(Plastic Pin Grid Array，塑胶针状矩阵封装)PQFP(Plastic Quad Flat Package，塑料方块平面封装)RAW(Read after Write，写后读)Register Contention(抢占寄存器)Register Pressure(寄存器不足)Register Renaming(寄存器重命名)Remark(芯片频率重标识)Resource contention(资源冲突)Retirement(指令引退)RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computing，精简指令集计算机) SEC：( Single Edge Connector，单边连接器 )Shallow-trench isolation(浅槽隔离)SIMD(Single Instruction Multiple Data，单指令多数据流)SiO2F(Fluorided Silicon Oxide，二氧氟化硅)SMI(System Management Interrupt，系统管理中断)SMM(System Management Mode，系统管理模式)SMP(Symmetric Multi-Processing，对称式多重处理架构)SOI： (Silicon-on-insulator，绝缘体硅片 )SONC(System on a chip，系统集成芯片)SPEC(System Performance Evaluation Corporation，系统性能评估测试)SQRT(Square Root Calculations，平方根计算)SSE(Streaming SIMD Extensions，单一指令多数据流扩展)Superscalar(超标量体系结构)TCP： Tape Carrier Package(薄膜封装)，发热小Throughput(吞吐量)TLB(Translate Look side Buffers，翻译旁视缓冲器)USWC(Uncacheabled Speculative Write Combination，无缓冲随机联合写操作)VALU(Vector Arithmetic Logic Unit，向量算术逻辑单元)VLIW(Very Long Instruction Word，超长指令字)VPU(Vector Permutate Unit，向量排列单元)VPU(vector processing units，向量处理单元，即处理MMX、SSE等SIMD指令的地方)计算机设备名称英语词汇22、主板ADIMM(advanced Dual In-line Memory Modules，高级双重内嵌式内存模块)AMR(Audio/Modem Riser;音效/调制解调器主机板附加直立插卡)AHA(Accelerated Hub Architecture，加速中心架构)ASK IR(Amplitude Shift Keyed Infra-Red，长波形可移动输入红外线)ATX： AT Extend(扩展型AT)BIOS(Basic Input/Output System，基本输入/输出系统)CSE(Configuration Space Enable，可分配空间)DB：(Device Bay，设备插架 )DMI(Desktop Management Interface，桌面管理接口)EB(Expansion Bus，扩展总线)EISA(Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture，增强形工业标准架构)EMI(Electromagnetic Interference，电磁干扰)ESCD(Extended System Configuration Data，可扩展系统配置数据)FBC(Frame Buffer Cache，帧缓冲缓存)FireWire(火线，即IEEE1394标准)FSB： (Front Side Bus，前置总线，即外部总线 )FWH( Firmware Hub，固件中心)GMCH(Graphics & Memory Controller Hub，图形和内存控制中心)GPIs(General Purpose Inputs，普通操作输入)ICH(Input/Output Controller Hub，输入/输出控制中心)IR(infrared ray，红外线)IrDA(infrared ray，红外线通信接口可进行局域网存取和文件共享)ISA：(Industry Standard Architecture，工业标准架构 )ISA(instruction set architecture，工业设置架构)MDC(Mobile Daughter Card，移动式子卡)MRH-R(Memory Repeater Hub，内存数据处理中心)MRH-S(SDRAM Repeater Hub，SDRAM数据处理中心)MTH(Memory Transfer Hub，内存转换中心)NGIO(Next Generation Input/Output，新一代输入/输出标准) P64H(64-bit PCI Controller Hub，64位PCI控制中心)PCB(printed circuit board，印刷电路板)PCBA(Printed Circuit Board Assembly，印刷电路板装配)PCI：(Peripheral Component Interconnect，互连外围设备 ) PCI SIG(Peripheral Component Interconnect Special InterestGroup，互连外围设备专业组)POST(Power On Self Test，加电自测试)RNG(Random number Generator，随机数字发生器)RTC： (Real Time Clock 实时时钟)KBC(KeyBroad Control，键盘控制器)SAP(Sideband Address Port，边带寻址端口)SBA(Side Band Addressing，边带寻址)SMA： (Share Memory Architecture，共享内存结构 )STD(Suspend To Disk，磁盘唤醒)STR(Suspend To RAM，内存唤醒)SVR： (Switching Voltage Regulator 交换式电压调节)USB(Universal Serial Bus，通用串行总线)USDM(Unified System Diagnostic Manager，统一系统监测管理器)VID(Voltage Identification Definition，电压识别认证)VRM (Voltage Regulator Module，电压调整模块)ZIF： (Zero Insertion Force，零插力 )主板技术Gigabyte ACOPS：(Automatic CPU OverHeat Prevention SystemCPU 过热预防系统)SIV： (System Information Viewer系统信息观察)磐英ESDJ(Easy Setting Dual Jumper，简化CPU双重跳线法) 浩鑫UPT(USB、PANEL、LINK、TV-OUT四重接口)芯片组ACPI(Advanced Configuration and Power Interface，先进设置和电源管理)AGP(Accelerated Graphics Port，图形加速接口)I/O(Input/Output，输入/输出)MIOC： (Memory and I/O Bridge Controller，内存和I/O桥控制器)NBC： (North Bridge Chip北桥芯片)PIIX： (PCI ISA/IDE Accelerator加速器)PSE36： (Page Size Extension 36-bit，36位页面尺寸扩展模式 ) PXB：(PCI Expander Bridge，PCI增强桥 )RCG： (RAS/CAS Generator，RAS/CAS发生器 )SBC： (South Bridge Chip南桥芯片)SMB： (System Management Bus全系统管理总线)SPD(Serial Presence Detect，内存内部序号检测装置)SSB： (Super South Bridge，超级南桥芯片 )TDP：(Triton Data Path数据路径)TSC： (Triton System Controller系统控制器)QPA： (Quad Port Acceleration四接口加速)计算机设备名称英语词汇3视频3D：(Three Dimensional，三维)3DS(3D SubSystem，三维子系统)AE(Atmospheric Effects，雾化效果)AFR(Alternate Frame Rendering，交替渲染技术)Anisotropic Filtering(各向异性过滤)APPE(Advanced Packet Parsing Engine，增强形帧解析引擎)AV(Analog Video，模拟视频)Back Buffer，后置缓冲Backface culling(隐面消除)Battle for Eyeballs(眼球大战，各3D图形芯片公司为了争夺用户而作的竞争)Bilinear Filtering(双线性过滤)CEM(cube environment mapping，立方环境映射)CG(Computer Graphics，计算机生成图像)Clipping(剪贴纹理)Clock Synthesizer，时钟合成器compressed textures(压缩纹理) Concurrent Command Engine，协作命令引擎Center Processing Unit Utilization，中央处理器占用率DAC(Digital to Analog Converter，数模传换器)Decal(印花法，用于生成一些半透明效果，如：鲜血飞溅的场面) DFP(Digital Flat Panel，数字式平面显示器)DFS：( Dynamic Flat Shading动态平面描影，可用作加速Dithering抖动)Directional Light，方向性光源DME：( Direct Memory Execute直接内存执行)DOF(Depth of Field，多重境深)dot texture blending(点型纹理混和)Double Buffering(双缓冲区)DIR(Direct Rendering Infrastructure，基层直接渲染)DVI(Digital Video Interface，数字视频接口)DxR：( DynamicXT ended Resolution动态可扩展分辨率)DXTC(Direct X Texture Compress，DirectX纹理压缩，以S3TC 为基础)Dynamic Z-buffering(动态Z轴缓冲区)，显示物体远近，可用作远景E-DDC(Enhanced Display Data Channel，增强形视频数据通道协议，定义了显示输出与主系统之间的通讯通道，能提高显示输出的画面质量)Edge Anti-aliasing，边缘抗锯齿失真E-EDID(Enhanced Extended Identification Data，增强形扩充身份辨识数据，定义了电脑通讯视频主系统的数据格式)Execute Buffers，执行缓冲区environment mapped bump mapping(环境凹凸映射)Extended Burst Transactions，增强式突发处理Front Buffer，前置缓冲Flat(平面描影)Frames rate is King(帧数为王)FSAA(Full Scene Anti-aliasing，全景抗锯齿)Fog(雾化效果)flip double buffered(反转双缓存)fog table quality(雾化表画质)GART(Graphic Address Remappng Table，图形地址重绘表)Gouraud Shading，高洛德描影，也称为内插法均匀涂色GPU(Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理器)GTF(Generalized Timing Formula，一般程序时间，定义了产生画面所需要的时间，包括了诸如画面刷新率等)HAL(Hardware Abstraction Layer，硬件抽像化层)hardware motion compensation(硬件运动补偿)HDTV(high definition television，高清晰度电视)HEL： Hardware Emulation Layer(硬件模拟层)high triangle count(复杂三角形计数)ICD(Installable Client Driver，可安装客户端驱动程序)IDCT(Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform，非连续反余弦变换，GeForce的DVD硬件强化技术)Immediate Mode，直接模式IPPR：(Image Processing and Pattern Recognition图像处理和模式识别)large textures(大型纹理)LF(Linear Filtering，线性过滤，即双线性过滤)lighting(光源)lightmap(光线映射)Local Peripheral Bus(局域边缘总线)mipmapping(MIP映射)Modulate(调制混合)Motion Compensation，动态补偿motion blur(模糊移动)MPPS：(Million Pixels Per Second，百万个像素/秒)Multi-Resolution Mesh，多重分辨率组合Multi Threaded Bus Master，多重主控Multitexture(多重纹理)nerest Mipmap(邻近MIP映射，又叫点采样技术)Overdraw(透支，全景渲染造成的浪费)partial texture downloads(并行纹理传输)Parallel Processing Perspective Engine(平行透视处理器)PC(Perspective Correction，透视纠正)PGC(Parallel Graphics Configuration，并行图像设置)pixel(Picture element，图像元素，又称P像素，屏幕上的像素点)point light(一般点光源)point sampling(点采样技术，又叫邻近MIP映射)Precise Pixel Interpolation，精确像素插值Procedural textures(可编程纹理)RAMDAC(Random Access Memory Digital to Analog Converter，随机存储器数/模转换器)Reflection mapping(反射贴图)ender(着色或渲染)S端子(Seperate)S3(Sight、Sound、Speed，视频、音频、速度)S3TC(S3 Texture Compress，S3纹理压缩，仅支持S3显卡)S3TL(S3 Transformation & Lighting，S3多边形转换和光源处理)Screen Buffer(屏幕缓冲)SDTV(Standard Definition Television，标准清晰度电视)SEM(spherical environment mapping，球形环境映射)Shading，描影Single Pass Multi-T exturing，单通道多纹理SLI(Scanline Interleave，扫描线间插，3Dfx的双Voodoo 2配合技术)Smart Filter(智能过滤)soft shadows(柔和阴影)soft reflections(柔和反射)spot light(小型点光源)SRA(Symmetric Rendering Architecture，对称渲染架构)Stencil Buffers(模板缓冲)Stream Processor(流线处理)SuperScaler Rendering，超标量渲染TBFB(Tile Based Frame Buffer，碎片纹理帧缓存)texel(T像素，纹理上的像素点)Texture Fidelity(纹理真实性)texture swapping(纹理交换)T&L(Transform and Lighting，多边形转换与光源处理)T-Buffer(T缓冲，3dfx Voodoo4的特效，包括全景反锯齿Full-scene Anti-Aliasing、动态模糊Motion Blur、焦点模糊Depth of Field Blur、柔和阴影Soft Shadows、柔和反射Soft Reflections) TCA(Twin Cache Architecture，双缓存结构)Transparency(透明状效果)Transformation(三角形转换)Trilinear Filtering(三线性过滤)Texture Modes，材质模式TMIPM： (Trilinear MIP Mapping三次线性MIP材质贴图)UMA(Unified Memory Architecture，统一内存架构)Visualize Geometry Engine，可视化几何引擎Vertex Lighting(顶点光源)Vertical Interpolation(垂直调变)VIP(Video Interface Port，视频接口)ViRGE： (Video and Rendering Graphics Engine视频描写图形引擎)Voxel(Volume pixels，立体像素，Novalogic的技术)VQTC(Vector-Quantization Texture Compression，向量纹理压缩)VSIS(Video Signal Standard，视频信号标准)v-sync(同步刷新)Z Buffer(Z缓存)。

Formula 1.2-5 扩展模型公式说明书

Package‘Formula’February24,2023Version1.2-5Date2023-02-23Title Extended Model FormulasDescription Infrastructure for extended formulas with multiple parts on theright-hand side and/or multiple responses on the left-hand side(see<doi:10.18637/jss.v034.i01>).Depends R(>=2.0.0),statsLicense GPL-2|GPL-3NeedsCompilation noAuthor Achim Zeileis[aut,cre](<https:///0000-0003-0918-3766>), Yves Croissant[aut]Maintainer Achim Zeileis<***************************>Repository CRANDate/Publication2023-02-2408:52:30UTCR topics documented:Formula (1)model.frame.Formula (4)Index8Formula Extended Formulas:Multiple Responses and Multiple Regressor PartsDescriptionThe new class Formula extends the base class formula by allowing for multiple responses and multiple parts of regressors.1UsageFormula(object)##S3method for class Formulaformula(x,lhs=NULL,rhs=NULL,collapse=FALSE,update=FALSE,drop=TRUE,...)as.Formula(x,...)is.Formula(object)Argumentsobject,x an object.For Formula it needs to be a formula object.lhs,rhs indexes specifying which elements of the left-and right-hand side,respectively, should be employed.NULL corresponds to all parts,0to none.collapse logical.Should multiple parts(if any)be collapsed to a single part(essentially by replacing the|operator by+)?collapse can be a vector of length2,corre-sponding for different handling of left-and right-hand side respectively.update logical.Only used if all(collapse).Should the resulting formula be updated to remove possibly redundant terms occuring in multiple terms?drop logical.Should the Formula class be dropped?If TRUE(the default)a formula is returned,if FALSE the corresponding Formula is returned....further arguments.DetailsFormula objects extend the basic formula objects.These extensions include multi-part formu-las such as y~x1+x2|u1+u2+u3|v1+v2,multiple response formulas y1+y2~x1+x2+x3, multi-part responses such as y1|y2+y3~x,and combinations of these.The Formula creates a Formula object from a formula which can have the|operator on the left-and/or right-hand side(LHS and/or RHS).Essentially,it stores the original formula along with attribute lists containing the decomposed parts for the LHS and RHS,respectively.The main motivation for providing the Formula class is to be able to conveniently compute model frames and model matrices or extract selected responses based on an extended formula language.This functionality is provided by methods to the generics model.frame,and model.matrix.For details and examples,see their manual page:model.frame.Formula.In addition to these workhorses,a few further methods and functions are provided.By default, the formula()method switches back to the original formula.Additionally,it allows selection of subsets of the LHS and/or RHS(via lhs,and rhs)and collapsing multiple parts on the LHS and/or RHS into a single part(via collapse).is.Formula checks whether the argument inherits from the Formula class.as.Formula is a generic for coercing to Formula,the default methodﬁrst coerces to formula and then calls Formula.The default and formula method also take an optional env argument,specifying the environment of the resulting Formula.In the latter case,this defaults to the environment of the formula supplied.Methods to further standard generics print,update,and length are provided for Formula objects.The latter reports the number of parts on the LHS and RHS,respectively.ValueFormula returns an object of class Formula which inherits from formula.It is the original formula plus two attributes"lhs"and"rhs"that contain the parts of the decomposed left-and right-hand side,respectively.ReferencesZeileis A,Croissant Y(2010).Extended Model Formulas in R:Multiple Parts and Multiple Re-sponses.Journal of Statistical Software,34(1),1–13.doi:10.18637/jss.v034.i01See Alsomodel.frame.FormulaExamples##create a simple Formula with one response and two regressor partsf1<-y~x1+x2|z1+z2+z3F1<-Formula(f1)class(F1)length(F1)##switch back to original formulaformula(F1)##create formula with various transformationsformula(F1,rhs=1)formula(F1,collapse=TRUE)formula(F1,lhs=0,rhs=2)##put it together from its partsas.Formula(y~x1+x2,~z1+z2+z3)##update the formulaupdate(F1,.~.+I(x1^2)|.-z2-z3)update(F1,.|y2+y3~.)#create a multi-response multi-part formulaf2<-y1|y2+y3~x1+I(x2^2)|0+log(x1)|x3/x4F2<-Formula(f2)length(F2)##obtain various subsets using standard indexing##no lhs,first/seconde rhsformula(F2,lhs=0,rhs=1:2)formula(F2,lhs=0,rhs=-3)formula(F2,lhs=0,rhs=c(TRUE,TRUE,FALSE))##first lhs,third rhsformula(F2,lhs=c(TRUE,FALSE),rhs=3)model.frame.Formula Model Frame/Matrix/Response Construction for Extended FormulasDescriptionComputation of model frames,model matrices,and model responses for extended formulas of class Formula.Usage##S3method for class Formulamodel.frame(formula,data=NULL,...,lhs=NULL,rhs=NULL,dot="separate")##S3method for class Formulamodel.matrix(object,data=environment(object),...,lhs=NULL,rhs=1,dot="separate")##S3method for class Formulaterms(x,...,lhs=NULL,rhs=NULL,dot="separate")model.part(object,...)##S3method for class Formulamodel.part(object,data,lhs=0,rhs=0,drop=FALSE,terms=FALSE,dot=NULL,...)Argumentsformula,object,xan object of class Formula.data a data.frame,list or environment containing the variables in formula.For model.part it needs to be the model.frame.lhs,rhs indexes specifying which elements of the left-and right-hand side,respectively, should be employed.NULL corresponds to all parts,0to none.At least one lhsor one rhs has to be speciﬁed.dot character specifying how to process formula parts with a dot(.)on the right-hand side.This can be:"separate"so that each formula part is expanded sep-arately."sequential"so that the parts are expanded sequentially conditionalon all prior parts."previous"so the part is expanded to the previous part.drop logical.Should the data.frame be dropped for single column data frames?terms logical.Should the"terms"attribute(corresponding to the model.part ex-tracted)be added?...further arguments passed to the respective formula methods.DetailsAll three model computations leverage the corresponding standard methods.Additionally,they allow speciﬁcation of the part(s)of the left-and right-hand side(LHS and RHS)that should be included in the computation.The idea underlying all three model computations is to extract a suitable formula from the more general Formula and then calling the standard model.frame,model.matrix,and terms methods.More speciﬁcally,if the Formula has multiple parts on the RHS,they are collapsed,essentially re-placing|by+.If there is only a single response on the LHS,then it is kept on the LHS.Otherwise all parts of the formula are collapsed on the RHS(because formula objects can not have multi-ple responses).Hence,for multi-response Formula objects,the(non-generic)model.response does not give the correct results.To avoid confusion a new generic model.part with suitableformula method is provided which can always be used instead of model.response.Note,how-ever,that it has a different syntax:It requires the Formula object in addition to the readily processedmodel.frame supplied in data(and optionally the lhs).Also,it returns either a data.frame with multiple columns or a single column(dropping the data.frame property)depending on whether multiple responses are employed or not.If the the formula contains one or more dots(.),some care has to be taken to process these correctly, especially if the LHS contains transformartions(such as log,sqrt,cbind,Surv,etc.).Calling the terms method with the original data(untransformed,if any)resolves all dots(by default separately for each part,otherwise sequentially)and also includes the original and updated formula as part of the terms.When calling model.part either the original untransformed data should be provided along with a dot speciﬁcation or the transformed model.frame from the same formula without another dot speciﬁcation(in which case the dot is inferred from the terms of the model.frame).ReferencesZeileis A,Croissant Y(2010).Extended Model Formulas in R:Multiple Parts and Multiple Re-sponses.Journal of Statistical Software,34(1),1–13.doi:10.18637/jss.v034.i01See AlsoFormula,model.frame,model.matrix,terms,model.responseExamples##artificial example dataset.seed(1090)dat<-as.data.frame(matrix(round(runif(21),digits=2),ncol=7))colnames(dat)<-c("y1","y2","y3","x1","x2","x3","x4")for(i in c(2,6:7))dat[[i]]<-factor(dat[[i]]>0.5,labels=c("a","b"))dat$y2[1]<-NAdat########################################single response and two-part RHS##########################################single response with two-part RHSF1<-Formula(log(y1)~x1+x2|I(x1^2))length(F1)##set up model framemf1<-model.frame(F1,data=dat)mf1##extract single responsemodel.part(F1,data=mf1,lhs=1,drop=TRUE)model.response(mf1)##model.response()works as usual##extract model matricesmodel.matrix(F1,data=mf1,rhs=1)model.matrix(F1,data=mf1,rhs=2)###########################################multiple responses and multiple RHS#############################################set up FormulaF2<-Formula(y1+y2|log(y3)~x1+I(x2^2)|0+log(x1)|x3/x4) length(F2)##set up full model framemf2<-model.frame(F2,data=dat)mf2##extract responsesmodel.part(F2,data=mf2,lhs=1)model.part(F2,data=mf2,lhs=2)##model.response(mf2)does not give correct results!##extract model matricesmodel.matrix(F2,data=mf2,rhs=1)model.matrix(F2,data=mf2,rhs=2)model.matrix(F2,data=mf2,rhs=3)#########################Formulas with . ###########################set up Formula with a single .F3<-Formula(y1|y2~.)mf3<-model.frame(F3,data=dat)##without y1or y2model.matrix(F3,data=mf3)##without y1but with y2model.matrix(F3,data=mf3,lhs=1)##without y2but with y1model.matrix(F3,data=mf3,lhs=2)##set up Formula with multiple .F3<-Formula(y1|y2|log(y3)~.-x3-x4|.)##process both . separately(default)mf3<-model.frame(F3,data=dat,dot="separate")##only x1-x2model.part(F3,data=mf3,rhs=1)##all x1-x4model.part(F3,data=mf3,rhs=2)##process the . sequentially,i.e.,the second RHS conditional on the first mf3<-model.frame(F3,data=dat,dot="sequential")##only x1-x2model.part(F3,data=mf3,rhs=1)##only x3-x4model.part(F3,data=mf3,rhs=2)##process the second . using the previous RHS elementmf3<-model.frame(F3,data=dat,dot="previous")##only x1-x2model.part(F3,data=mf3,rhs=1)##x1-x2againmodel.part(F3,data=mf3,rhs=2)################################Process multiple offsets##################################set up FormulaF4<-Formula(y1~x3+offset(x1)|x4+offset(log(x2)))mf4<-model.frame(F4,data=dat)##model.part can be applied as above and includes offset!model.part(F4,data=mf4,rhs=1)##additionally,the corresponding corresponding terms can be included model.part(F4,data=mf4,rhs=1,terms=TRUE)##hence model.offset()can be applied to extract offsetsmodel.offset(model.part(F4,data=mf4,rhs=1,terms=TRUE))model.offset(model.part(F4,data=mf4,rhs=2,terms=TRUE))Index∗classesFormula,1∗modelsmodel.frame.Formula,4all.equal.Formula(Formula),1as.Formula(Formula),1Formula,1,5formula,1formula.Formula(Formula),1is.Formula(Formula),1length,3length.Formula(Formula),1model.frame,2,5model.frame.Formula,2,3,4model.matrix,2,5model.matrix.Formula(model.frame.Formula),4model.part(model.frame.Formula),4 model.response,5print,3print.Formula(Formula),1str.Formula(Formula),1terms,5terms.Formula(model.frame.Formula),4 update,3update.Formula(Formula),18。

OPPCE Super Duty Lighting Control Module说明书

O P P C E S u p e r D u t y L i g h t i n g C o n t r o l M o d u l eHigh performance line includes models for daylightharvesting, bi-level switching, CE compliant, occupancy sensing control, and manual switchingHARDWARE FEATURES• Robust and reliable mechanically held 16A latch -ing relay provides dependability and robust per -formance for all load types and provides power savings over electrically held relay power packs • Industry exclusive fail-safe circuitry - in the event of product failure, Return-to-Closed capability causes relay to default to a closed position (ON) for safe operation and alleviates life safety con -cerns• Industry exclusive H.I.S. circuit designed to han -dle high inrush electronic ballast loads- Factory calibrated zero crossing for extended life of the relay• Submitted and passed for stringent testing: - Tested over 1,500,000 loaded cycles- Passes NEMA 410 testing for electronic ballast current overload at 16A• Output short circuit protection• Internal voltage regulated at 24VDC, 175mA • Optimal installation flexibility • RoHS Compliant • CE CompliantDEFINITIONThe OPPCE delivers a wide array of switching solutions in a single unit. Submitted for strin -gent testing, this robust lighting control module is designed to deliver unmatched performance. The OPPCE features robust and reliable mechan -ical latching relays, exclusive fail-safe circuit -ry, daylight harvesting, bi-level switching, and is configurable for energy code requirements (CE Compliant). Exclusive Leviton High Inrush Stability (H.I.S.) circuitry is specifically designed to handle high inrush electronic ballast loads and offer unmatched durability and service. APPLICATIONS• Daylight Harvesting • Bi-level Switching • Plug Load Control• Auto-ON/Auto-OFF with Local Switch • Manual-ON/Auto-OFF with Local Switch SOFTWARE FEATURES• Fail-safe/Return-to-Closed capability• Power interruption feature guarantees to close the relay; 5 seconds after power resto -ration, lights will return to current state • Exclusive self-detect configurable local switch input - momentary or maintained • Configurable for Auto-ON and Manual-ON occupancy sensor inputs• Photocell (switching only) readyOPPCE Super Duty Lighting Control ModuleSurface MountDIN Rail MountLeviton Mfg. Co., Inc. Lighting & Energy Solutions201 N. Service Rd. Melville, NY 11747-3138 • Tech Line: 1-800-824-3005 • Fax: 1-800-832-9538 © 2014 Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Subject to change without notice.PRODUCT DATA APPLICATION DIAGRAMSO P P C E S u p e r D u t y L i g h t i n g C o n t r o l M o d u l eAPPLICATION DIAGRAMSWIRING DIAGRAMSSurface MountLeviton Mfg. Co., Inc. Lighting & Energy Solutions201 N. Service Rd. Melville, NY 11747-3138 • Tech Line: 1-800-824-3005 • Fax: 1-800-832-9538 © 2014 Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Subject to change without notice.PRODUCT DATALIGHTING CONTROL MODULE CAPACITY FORMULALeviton lighting control modules can be used to provide power to one or more occupancy sensors. Since current consumptions of occupancy sensors may vary, the best way to ensure you order the correct number of power packs and add-a-relays is by using this formula:# of sensor # of sensorModel As Model BsX + X < 175mASensor A current Sensor B currentconsumption consumptionLeviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. Global Headquarters201 N. Service Rd. Melville, NY 11747-3138 • Tech Line: 1-800-824-3005 • Fax: 1-800-832-9538Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. Lighting & Energy Solutions20497 SW Teton Avenue, Tualatin, OR 97062 • Tel: 1-800-736-6682 • F AX: 503-404-5594 • Tech Line (6:00AM-4:00PM P.S.T. Mon-Fri): 1-800-959-6004 Leviton Manufacturing of Canada, Ltd.165 Hymus Boulevard, Pointe Claire, Quebec H9R 1E9 • Telephone: 1-800-469-7890 • F AX: 1-800-563-1853Leviton S. de R.L. de C.V.Lago Tana 43, Mexico DF, Mexico CP 11290 • Tel. (+52) 55-5082-1040 • F AX: (+52) 5386-1797 • .mxVisit our Website at: /lesG-9155/D14-aa© 2014 Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. All rights reserved. Subject to change without notice.。

Siglent SDS5000X系列数字存储谐波仪数据表说明书

SDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeKey Features1 GHz, 500 MHz, 350 MHz models with real-time sample rate up to 5 GSa/sSPO technology • Waveform capture rates up to 110,000 wfm/s (normal mode), and 500,000 wfm/s (sequence mode)• Supports 256-level intensity grading and color temperature display modes• Record length up to 250 Mpts/ch, 500 Mpts in total for all 4 channels •Digital trigger systemIntelligent trigger: Edge, Slope, Pulse, Window, Runt, Interval, Dropout, Pattern, Qualified and Video (HDTV supported). Trigger zone helps to simplify advanced triggeringSerial bus triggering and decoder, supports protocols I2C, SPI, UART , CAN, LIN, CAN FD, FlexRay, I2S and MIL-STD-1553BLow background noise, supports 0.5 mV/div to 10 V/div voltage scalesSegmented acquisition (Sequence) mode, dividing the maximum record length into multiple segments (up to 100,000), according to trigger conditions set by the user, with a very small dead time between segments to capture the qualifying eventHistory waveform record (History) function, the maximum recorded waveform length is 100,000 framesAutomatic measurement function on 50+ parameters, s u p p o r t s s t a t i s t i c s w i t h h i s t o g ra m ,t re n d , G a t i n g measurement, Math measurement, History measurement and Ref measurementMath function (2 Mpts FFT, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, integration, differential, square root), supports formula editorAbundant data analysis functions such as Search, Navigate, Digital Voltmeter , Counter , Waveform Histogram, Bode plot and Power AnalysisHigh Speed hardware-based Average, ERES (Enhanced Resolution)High Speed hardware-based Mask Test function, with Mask Editor tool for creating user-defined masks16 digital channels (optional) with sample rate up to 1.25 GSa/s, record length up to 62.5 Mpts25 MHz function / arbitrary waveform generator, built-in multiple predefined waveformsLarge 10.1” TFT-LCD display with 1024 * 600 resolution; Capacitive touch screen supports multi-touch gestures Supports external mouse and keyboard 10 types of one-button shortcutsMultiple interfaces: USB Host, USB Device (USBTMC), LAN (VXI-11, telnet, socket, web), Pass/Fail, Trigger Out, 10 MHz In, 10 MHz Out, VGA outputBuilt-in web server supports remote control by the LAN port using a web browserSupports SCPI remote control commandsProduct OverviewSIGLENT’s SDS5000X series Digital Storage Oscilloscopes are available in bandwidths of 1 GHz, 500 MHz and 350 MHz, have a maximum sample rate of 5 GSa/s, maximum record length of 250 Mpts/ch, and display up to 4 analog channels + 16 digital channels mixed signal analysis ability.The SDS5000X series employs Siglent’s SPO technology with a maximum waveform capture rate of up to 110,000 wfm/s (normal mode, up to 500,000 wfm/s in Sequence mode), 256-level intensity grading display function plus a color temperature display mode. It also employs an innovative digital trigger system with high sensitivity and low jitter . The trigger system supports multiple powerful triggering modes including serial bus triggering. History waveform recording, Sequence acquisition, Search and Navigate functions allow for extended waveform records to be captured, stored, and analyzed. An impressive array of measurement and math capabilities, options for a 25 MHz arbitrary waveform generator , as well as serial decoding are also features of the SDS5000X.The large 10.1’’ display capacitive touch screen supports multi-touch gestures, with the addition of user-friendly one-button design for most commonly used functions, can greatly improve the operation efficiency of the SDS5000X. Italso supports mouse and external keyboard control.SDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeModels and Key SpecificationsFunctions & Characteristics10.1” TFT-LCD display with capacitive touch screen10.1” display with 1024*600 resolutionCapacitive touch screen, supporting multi-touch gestures, can move or scale the waveform traces quickly by finger-touch movements, which greatly improves the operation efficiency.interleaving mode: only one of CH1/CH2 and/or only one of CH3/CH4 activated non-interleaving mode: both CH1/CH2 or both CH3/CH4 activated••••SDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeRecord Length of up to 250 Mpts/chUsing hardware-based Zoom technique and record length of up to 250 Mpts, users can select a slower timebase without compromising thesample rate, and then quickly zoom in to focus on the area of interestUp to 110,000 wfm/s waveform update rate With a waveform update rate of up to 110,000 wfm/s, the oscilloscope can easily capture unusual or low-probability events. In Sequence mode thewaveform capture rate can reach 500,000 wfm/sParameter measurements includes 4 categories: horizontal, vertical, miscellaneous and CH delay providing a total of 50+ different types of measurements. Measurements can be performed within a specified gate period. Measurements on Math, Reference and History frames are supportedMeasurements of a Variety of Parameters Parameter statistics functionStatistics shows the current value, maximum value, minimum value, standard deviation and mean value of up to 5 parameters simultaneously. Histogram is available to show the probability distribution of a parameter .Trend is available to show the parameter value vs. time.SDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeHistory Mode Advanced Math FunctionHardware accelerated FFT supports up to 2 Mpts operation. This provides high frequency resolution with a fast refresh rate. The FFT function also supports a variety of window functions so that it can adapt to different spectrum measurement needs. Three modes (Normal, Average and Max hold) can satisfy different requirements for observing the power spectrum. Auto peak detection and markers are supported.History function can record up to 100,000 frames of waveforms. The recording is executed automatically, so that the customer can play back the history waveforms at any time in order to observe unusual events and quickly locate the area of interest using the cursors or measurementsSegmented memory collection will store the waveform into multiple memory segments (up to 100,000) and each segment will store a triggered waveform as well the dead time information. The interval between segments can be as small as 2 μs. All of the segments can be played back using the History functionIn addition to the traditional (+, -, X, /) operations, FFT, integration, differential and square root operations are supported. Formula Editor isavailable for more complex operations. 2 math traces are available.Sequence ModeMultiple Trigger Functions Edge, Slope, Pulse, Video, Windows, Runt, Interval, Dropout, Pattern,Qualified and serial triggerTrigger ZoneTrigger Zone is available for advanced triggeringSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeHardware-based High Speed Mask Test FunctionThe SDS5000X utilizes a hardware-based Mask Test function, performing up to 18,000 Pass / Fail decisions each second. It is easy to generate user-defined test templates in order to provide trace mask comparisons, making it suitable for long-term signal monitoring or automated production line testingBuilt-in Mask Editor application helps to create custom masksSearch and NavigateThe SDS5000X can search events specified by the user in a frame. Events flagged by the Search can be recalled automatically using Navigate. It canalso navigate by time (delay position) and history framesHardware-based Average and Eres AcquisitionAverage and ERES (Enhanced Resolution) acquisition modes are hardware-based, allowing the waveforms to be captured at a faster rateNormal AverageERES256-level Intensity Grading and Color TemperatureDisplay ModesSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSerial Bus Decode Display the decoded characters through the events list. Bus protocol information can be quickly and intuitively displayed in tabular form. I2C, SPI, UART, CAN, LIN, CAN FD, FlexRay, I2S and MIL-STD-1553B are supportedThe Waveform Histogram feature provides a statistics view of the waveform in horizontal and vertical directionsWaveform HistogramBode Plot The SDS5000X can control the USB AWG module or a stand-alone SIGLENT SDG generator , to scan the amplitude and phase frequency response of the DUT , and display the data as a Bode Plot. This makes it possible to replace expensive network analyzer in some applications.The Power Analysis option provides a full suite of power measurements and analysis, which greatly improve the measurement efficiency in switching power supplies and power devices design.Power Analysis (Optional)Web control4-digit voltmeter and 7-digit frequency counter . Any analog channel can be selected as a source. Bar , Histogram and Trend diagrams are supportedWith the new embedded web server , users can control the oscilloscope from a simple web page. This provides wonderful remote troubleshooting and monitoring capabilities.Digital Voltmeter FunctionSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeComplete ConnectivityUSB Host, USB Device (USBTMC), LAN (VXI-11, telnet, socket, web), Pass/Fail, Trigger Out, 10 MHz In/Out and VGA outputDigital Channels / MSO (Optional)25 MHz Function/Arbitrary Waveform Generator (Optional)Four analog channels plus 16 digital channels enable users to acquire and trigger on the waveforms then analyze the pattern, simultaneously with one instrumentthe SDS5000X can control the SAG1021I USB Function/Arbitrary waveform generator to output waveform with up to 25 MHz frequency and ±3 V amplitude. Six basic waveforms plus multiple types of arbitrary waveformsare built-inSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSpecificationsAll specifications are not guaranteed unless the following conditions are met:• The oscilloscope calibration period is current• The oscilloscope has been working continuously for at least 30 minutes at the specified temperature (18℃ ~ 28℃)Below 1 mV/div (included) the bandwidth is limited to 200 MHz Below 2.45 mV/div (included) the bandwidth is limited to 200 MHz ***SDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeSDS5000X Series Digital Storage OscilloscopeOrdering InformationSDS5034X/SDS5032X cannot be upgraded to SDS5104X/SDS5102X *Facebook: SiglentTech。

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R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Exemples
Bin Packing
[F] ≡ min{ X
This paper
Formalized algorithm for column-and-row generation Termination criteria that extends to approximate reform. Analysis of the interest of column-and-row generation Comparative computational results across applications
2
Use projection tools: Benders’ cuts. → dynamic outer approximation of the intended form.
3
Use column generation (and row management) → dynamic inner approximation of the intended form.
R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Extended formulation in practice
1
Use a direct MIP-solver approach: size is an issue.
Bin Packing [Carvalho, AOR99], Multi-Commodity Flow [Mamer & Mcbride, MS00], Split Delivery Vehicle Routing [Feillet et al, WP06], Network Design [Feillet et al, ORL10], [Frangioni & Gendron, DAM09, WP10].
Bin Packing [Carvalho, AOR99], Multi-Commodity Flow [Mamer & Mcbride, MS00], Split Delivery Vehicle Routing [Feillet et al, WP06], Network Design [Feillet et al, ORL10], [Frangioni & Gendron, DAM09, WP10].
R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Extended formulations: why & how
Reformulation involving extra variables ⇓ tighter relations between variables Variable Splitting (binary or unary expansion) Network Flow (Multi-Commodity) Dynamic Programming Solver [Martin et al, OR90] Union of Polyhedra [Balas] Polyhedral Branching Systems [Kaibel & Loos, LNCS10] ... often rely on problem decomposition
R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Extended formulation in practice
1
Use a direct MIP-solver approach: size is an issue.
This paper
Formalized algorithm for column-and-row generation Termination criteria that extends to approximate reform. Analysis of the interest of column-and-row generation Comparative computational results across applications
Reformulation involving extra variables ⇓ tighter relations between variables Variable Splitting (binary or unary expansion) Network Flow (Multi-Commodity) Dynamic Programming Solver [Martin et al, OR90] Union of Polyhedra [Balas] Polyhedral Branching Systems [Kaibel & Loos, LNCS10] ... often rely on problem decomposition
This paper
Formalized algorithm for column-and-row generation Termination criteria that extends to approximate reform. Analysis of the interest of column-and-row generation Comparative computational results across applications
R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Column generation for extended formulations
A generalization of the standard column generation (where the extended formulation = Dantzig-Wolfe reformulation) The literature on “column-and-row generation”
Bin Packing [Carvalho, AOR99], Multi-Commodity Flow [Mamer & Mcbride, MS00], Split Delivery Vehicle Routing [Feillet et al, WP06], Network Design [Feillet et al, ORL10], [Frangioni & Gendron, DAM09, WP10].
R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Column generation for extended formulations
A generalization of the standard column generation (where the extended formulation = Dantzig-Wolfe reformulation) The literature on “column-and-row generation”
R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Outline
1
Exemples Bin Packing Macቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱine Scheduling Formal Approach Pros and Cons Algorithm & Termination The Recombination Property Numerical Experiments
R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Column generation for extended formulations
A generalization of the standard column generation (where the extended formulation = Dantzig-Wolfe reformulation) The literature on “column-and-row generation”
R. Sadykov
F. Vanderbeck
Column Generation for Extended Formulations
Extended formulations: why & how
Reformulation involving extra variables ⇓ tighter relations between variables Variable Splitting (binary or unary expansion) Network Flow (Multi-Commodity) Dynamic Programming Solver [Martin et al, OR90] Union of Polyhedra [Balas] Polyhedral Branching Systems [Kaibel & Loos, LNCS10] ... often rely on problem decomposition