经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

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曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释9-12(中英)

CHAPTER 9Application: International TradeWorld price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good世界价格:一种物品在世界市场上通行的价格。

Tariff: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically关税:对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的一种税。

CHAPTER 10ExternalitiesExternality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的无补偿的影响Internalizing the externality: altering incentives so that people take into account the external effects of their actions外在性内部化：改变激励，以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应Corrective tax: a tax designed to induce private decision makers to take into account the social costs that arise from a negative externality矫正税：旨在引导私人决策者考虑负外部性引起的社会成本的税收Coase theorem: the proposition that if private parties canbargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own科斯定理：认为如果私人各方可以无成本的就资源配置进行协商，那么他们就可以自己解决外部性问题的观点。

Theprinciplesofeconomics.经济学的原理(英译中)

Theprinciplesofeconomics.经济学的原理(英译中)The word economy es from the Greek word for “one who manages a household.” at first, this origin might seem peculiar.经济这个字眼来自希腊语中“家庭的管理者”，一开始，这个起源似乎看上去有些特殊。

But, in fact, households and economies have much in mon.但是，实际上，家庭和经济有许多的共同之处。

A household faces many decisions.一个家庭面临很多的决定。

It must decide which members of the household do which tasks and what each member gets in return:它必须要决定家庭成员要完成任务，并且将每个家庭中的成员都安排在内。

Who cooks dinner?谁烧正餐？Who does the laundry?谁做洗衣服？Who gets the extra dessert at dinner?谁可以得到额外的餐后甜点？Who gets to choose what TV show to watch?谁可以选择电视节目来看？In short, the household must allocate its scarce resources among its various members, taking into account each member’s abilitie s, efforts, and desires.总之，家庭必须把其缺乏的资源分配给其中的各种成员，并把每个成员能力，努力和愿望考虑进去，--Like a household, a society faces many decisions.和家庭一样，社会也面临很多的决定。

西方经济学(经济学原理)名词解释

西方经济学名词解释（经济学原理第6版—曼昆）微观部分1.稀缺性：社会资源的有限性。

2.经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

3.效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性。

4.平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性。

5.机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

6.理性人：系统而有目的的尽最大努力实现其目标的人。

7.边际变动：对行动计划的微小增量调整。

8.激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。

9.市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。

10.产权：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。

11.市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。

12.外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

13.市场势力：单个经济活动者（或一小群经济活动者）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。

14.生产率：每一单位劳动投入所生产的物品与劳务数量。

15.通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。

16.经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动。

17.循环流量图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。

18.生产可能性边界：表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。

19.微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们如何在市场上相互交易。

20.宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

21.实证表述：试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。

22.规范表述：试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。

23.绝对优势：用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。

24.机会成本：为了得到某种东西而必须放弃的东西。

25.比较优势：一个生产者以低于另一个生产者的机会成本生产一种物品的行为。

26.进口品：在国外生产而在国内销售的物品。

27.出口品：在国内生产而在国外销售的物品。

28.市场：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。

29.竞争市场：有许多买着与卖者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的是市场。

经济学名词解释中英文对照

1、绝对优势（Absolute advantage）如果一个国家用一单位资源生产的某种产品比另一个国家多，那么，这个国家在这种产品的生产上与另一国相比就具有绝对优势。

2、逆向选择（Adverse choice）在此状况下，保险公司发现它们的客户中有太大的一部分来自高风险群体。

3、选择成本（Alternative cost）如果以最好的另一种方式使用的某种资源，它所能生产的价值就是选择成本，也可以称之为机会成本。

4、需求的弧弹性（Arc elasticity of demand）如果P1和Q1分别是价格和需求量的初始值，P2 和Q2 为第二组值，那么，弧弹性就等于-（Q1-Q2）（P1＋P2）/（P1-P2）（Q1＋Q2）5、非对称的信息（Asymmetric information）在某些市场中，每个参与者拥有的信息并不相同。

例如，在旧车市场上，有关旧车质量的信息，卖者通常要比潜在的买者知道得多。

6、平均成本（Average cost）平均成本是总成本除以产量。

也称为平均总成本。

7、平均固定成本( Average fixed cost）平均固定成本是总固定成本除以产量。

8、平均产品（Average product）平均产品是总产量除以投入品的数量。

9、平均可变成本（Average variable cost）平均可变成本是总可变成本除以产量。

10、投资的β(Beta）β度量的是与投资相联的不可分散的风险。

对于一种股票而言，它表示所有现行股票的收益发生变化时，一种股票的收益会如何敏感地变化。

11、债券收益(Bond yield）债券收益是债券所获得的利率。

12、收支平衡图（Break－even chart）收支平衡图表示一种产品所出售的总数量改变时总收益和总成本是如何变化的。

收支平衡点是为避免损失而必须卖出的最小数量。

13、预算线(Budget line）预算线表示消费者所能购买的商品X和商品Y的数量的全部组合。

经济学原理-名词解释

G-11 Planned investment (IP) spending
Positive economics Potential output Price Price ceiling Price floor Price leadership
Price level Price taker Principle of Opportunity Cost
Communism
Comparative advantage Compensating wage differential
Complement Constant cost industry
ATC Constant returns to scale Consumer Price Index
Consumption (C)
H
Household's quantity demanded
1
2
Human capital
I
Imperfect Competition
Imperfect competitive market Implicit cost Imports Income Income effect
Increasing cost industry ATC
Federal Reserve System Fiat money Final good Financial Intermediary
G-6
INTRODUCTION TO ECONOMICS
Firm's quantity supplied
1
2
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Firm's supply curve
Fixed costs Fixed input Flow variable Free rider problem

经济学名词解释的英文表达

经济学名词解释的英文表达经济学涵盖了广泛的概念和名词，在学习和掌握这一学科时，经济学名词的英文表达是至关重要的。

在本文中，我们将探讨一些常见的经济学名词以及它们的英文表达。

一、需求与供给 - Demand and Supply需求和供给是经济学中最基本的概念之一。

需求指消费者愿意购买某种商品或服务的数量，而供给则是生产者愿意提供的数量。

需求和供给之间的关系决定了市场价格和商品数量的平衡。

二、市场均衡 - Market Equilibrium市场均衡是指需求和供给之间达到一种平衡状态，此时市场上的商品数量和价格达到最佳状态。

市场均衡的存在使得市场经济得以有效运行。

三、价格弹性 - Price Elasticity价格弹性是指商品需求对价格变化的敏感程度。

如果需求对价格的变化非常敏感，则称为价格弹性较高；如果需求对价格的变化不太敏感，则称为价格弹性较低。

四、劳动力市场 - Labor Market劳动力市场是指劳动者和雇主之间进行劳动力买卖的场所。

在劳动力市场中，劳动者以劳动力（工作能力）作为商品出售，雇主以工资作为回报。

五、经济增长 - Economic Growth经济增长是指一个国家或地区的国内生产总值（GDP）在一段时间内的持续增加。

经济增长是国家繁荣和进步的重要标志。

六、通货膨胀 - Inflation通货膨胀是指一种普遍的价格上涨现象，造成货币的购买力下降。

通货膨胀通常由货币供应过多或需求过旺导致。

七、贸易逆差与贸易顺差 - Trade Deficit and Trade Surplus贸易逆差指一个国家或地区的进口超过出口的情况，而贸易顺差则相反，即出口超过进口。

贸易逆差或贸易顺差对一个国家的经济有着重要影响。

八、市场失灵 - Market Failure市场失灵指市场机制无法达到有效资源配置和公平分配的情况。

常见的市场失灵形式包括垄断、外部性和不完全信息等。

九、机会成本 - Opportunity Cost机会成本是指放弃某种选择所带来的最高价值的权益损失。

西方经济学名词解释

名词解释1、需求：一种商品的需求是指消费者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能过购买的该商品的数量2、供给：一种商品的需求是指生产者在一定时期内在各种可能的价格水平愿意而且能过出售的该商品的数量3、均衡价格:一种商品的均衡价格是指该商品的市场需求量和市场供给量相等时的价格。

4、需求的价格弹性:一定时期内一种商品的需求量变动对于该商品价格变动的反应程度5、无差异曲线：用来表示消费者偏好相同的两种商品的组合。

或者说它是表示能够给消费者带来相同的效用水平或满足程度的两种商品的所有组合。

6、效用:消费者在消费商品时感受到的满足程度、7、边际效用递减规律：在一定时间内,在其他商品的消数量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一消费单位中所得到的效用增量即边际效用是递减的。

8、边际替代率:在维持效用水平不变的前提下，消费者增加一单位某种商品的消费数量时所需要放弃的另一种商品的消费数量。

9、消费者剩余：消费者在购买一定数量的某种商品时愿意支付的最高总价和实际支付的总价格之间的差额。

10、生产函数：表示在一定时期内，在技术水平不变的情况下，生产中所使用的生产要素的数量与所能生产的最大产量之间的关系.11、机会成本：一般的,生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入.12、边际技术替代率：在维持产量水平不变的条件下，增加一单位某种生产要素的投入量是所减少的另一种要素的投入量.13、恩格尔定律:随收入提高,食物支出在全部支出中所占比例减小14、规模报酬：是指在其他条件不变的情况下,企业内部各种生产要素按相同比例变化所带来的产量变化.15、国内生产总值：是指在经济社会在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值。

16、IS曲线:一条反映利率和收入之间关系的曲线。

这条曲线上任何一点都代表一定的利率和收入的组合，在这些组合下，投资和储蓄都是相等的，即i=s,从而产品市场是均衡的17、LM曲线：在货币市场中，货币供给等于货币需求时收入与利率的各种组合的点的轨迹18、流动性偏好陷阱:当利率极低，人们会认为这种利率不大可能再降，或者说有价证券市场价格不大可能上升而只会跌落时，人们不管有多少货币都愿意持在手中，这种情况被称为“流动偏好陷阱”或“凯恩斯陷阱”。

经济学名词解释_英文版

How people make decisions: 1. people face trade offs2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it3. Rational people think at the margin4. People respond to incentivesHow people interact: 5.trade can make everyone better off6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomesHow the economy as 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produceA whole works: goods and services9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff betweeninflation and unemploymentKey concepts:Ability-to-pay principle（税收的）能力支付原则: The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burdenAbsolute advantage绝对优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivityAccounting profit会计利润: Total revenue minus total explicit cost Adverse selection逆向选择: The tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party Agent代理人: A person who is performing an act for another person, called the principalAggregate-demand curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price levelAggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at onceAggregate-supply curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level Appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buyArrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理: A mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferencesAverage fixed cost平均固定成本: Fixed costs divided by the quantity of outputAverage revenue平均收益: Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate平均税率: Total taxes paid divided by total income Average total cost平均总成本: Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost平均可变成本: Variable costs divided by the quantity of outputAutomatic stabilizers: changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate actionBalance trade: a situation in which exports equal importsBenefits principle受益原则: The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government servicesBond: a certificate of indebtednessBudget constraint预算约束: The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can affordBudget deficit预算赤字: An excess of government spending over government receiptsBudget surplus预算盈余: An excess of government receipts over government spendingBusiness cycle经济周期: Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and productionCapital资产: The equipment and structures used to produce goods and servicesCapital flight: a large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a countryCartel 卡特尔: A group of firms acting in unisonCatch-up effect 后发效应: the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly that countries that start off richCentral bank: an institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economyCircular-flow diagram循环流向图: A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Closed economy: an economy that does not interact with other economies in the worldCollective bargaining: the process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employmentCommodity money: money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic valueCoase theorem科斯定理: The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their ownCollusion共谋: An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to chargeCommon resources共同资源: Goods that are rival but not excludable Comparative advantage比较优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity costCompensating differential补偿性工资差别: A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobsCompetitive market竞争性市场: A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补性商品: Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the otherCondorcet paradox: the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for societyCompounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in, say, a bank account, where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the futureConstant returns to scale规模报酬不变: The property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of outputConsumer price index (CPI): a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumerConsumer surplus消费者剩余: A buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays Consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housingCost成本: The value of everything a seller must give up producing a good Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析: A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public goodCrowding out: a decrease in investment that results from government borrowingCrowding-out effect: the offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raise the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spendingCross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性: A measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second goodCurrency: the paper bills and coins in the hands of the publicCyclical unemployment: the deviation of unemployment from a market distortion, such as a taxDeadweight loss无谓损失: The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a taxDemand curve需求曲线: A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDemand deposits: balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a checkDemand schedule需求表: A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demandedDepreciation: a decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreigh currency it can buyDepression: a severe recessionDiminishing marginal product边际产品递减: The property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Discrimination歧视: The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristicsDiseconomies of scale规模不经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increasesDiscount rate: the interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks Discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for jobDiversification: the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risksDominant strategy占优策略: A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other playersEconomic profit经济利润: Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costsEconomics经济学: The study of how society manages its scarce resources Economies of scale规模经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increasesEfficiency效率: The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resourcesEfficiency wages效率工资: Above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivityEfficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost Elasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantitysupplied to one of its determinantsEquilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demandedEquilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demandedEquilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium priceEquity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of societyExcludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using itExplicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm Export: goods produced domestically and sold abroadExternality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystanderFactors of production: the inputs used to produce goods and services Federal reserve (Fed) : the central bank of the united statesFiat money: money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decreeFinance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of riskFinancial intermediaries: financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowersFinancial markets: financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowersFinancial system: the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s investmentFisher effect: the one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rateFractional-reserve banking: a banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reservesFrictional unemployment: unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills Fundamental analysis: the study of a company’s accounting statements and future prospects to determine its valueFuture value: the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest ratesFixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output producedFree rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying foritGame theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situationsGDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100Government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governmentsGross domestic product GDP: the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of timeHorizontal equity: the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amountHuman capital: the accumulation of investment in people, such as education and on-the-job trainingIdiosyncratic risk: risk that affects only a single economic actorImplicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm Import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domesticallyImports: goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyIncome effect: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curveIncome elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in incomeIndexation: the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or contractIndifference curve: a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfactionInferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demandInflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economyInflation rate: the percentage change in the price index from the preceding periodInflation tax: the revenue the government raises by creating money Informationally efficient: reflecting all available information in a rational wayI n-kind transfers: transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cashInternalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actionsInvestment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housingJob search: the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skillslabor force: the total number of workers, including both the employed and the unemployedLabor-force participation rate: the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor forceLaw of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good risesLaw of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good risesLaw of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balanceLiberalism:the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observe behind a “veil of ignorance”Libertarianism: the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute incomeLife cycle: the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s life Liquidity: the ease with wh ich an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchangeLump-sum tax: a tax that is the same amount for every person Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growthMarginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action Marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of productionMarginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of inputMarginal product of labor: the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of laborMarginal rate of substitution: the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for anotherMarginal revenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold Marginal tax rate: the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or servicesMarket economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and servicesMarket failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficientlyMarket for loanable funds: the market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand fundsMarket power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market pricesMaximin criterion: the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in societyMedian voter theorem: a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voterMenu cost: the costs of changing pricesMicroeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in marketsModel of aggregate demand and aggregate supply: the model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trendMonetary neutrality: the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variablesMonetary policy: the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bankMoney: the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other peopleMoney multiplier: the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reservesMoney supply: the quantity of money available in the economy monopolistic competition: market structures in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identicalMonopoly: a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes Moral hazard: the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behaviorMultiplier effect: the additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spendingMutual fund: an institution that sells shares to the public and uses theproceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bondsNash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the more firmsNational saving: the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchasesNatural-rate hypothesis: the claim that unemployment eventually returns to its normal, or natural, rate, regardless of the rate of inflationNatural rate of unemployment: the normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuatesNatural resources: the inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral depositsNegative income tax: a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income householdsNet capital outflow: the purchases of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchases of domestic assets by foreignersNet exports: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called the trade balanceNominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at current prices Nominal interest rate: the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflationNominal variables: variables measured in monetary unitsNormal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demandNormative statement: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should beOligopoly: a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical productsOpen economy: an economy that interacts freely with other economies around the worldOpen-market operations: the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the FedOpportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some itemPerfect complement: two goods with right-angle indifference curvesPerfect substitutes: two goods with straight-line indifference curves Permanent income: a person’s normal incomePhillips curve: a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemploymentPhysical capital: the stock of equipment and structures that are used toproduce goods and servicesPositive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as It is Pigovian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is Poverty line: an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in povertyPoverty rate贫困率: The percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty linePresent value: the amount of money today that would be needed to produce, using prevailing interest rates, a given future amount of moneyPrice ceiling 价格上限: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be soldPrice discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customersPrice elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in pricePrice elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in pricePrice floor 价格下限: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be soldPrincipal: a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some actPrisoners’ dilemma: a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficialPrivate saving: the income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumptionPrivate goods: goods that are both excludable and rivalProducer price index: a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firmsProducer surplus生产者剩余: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s costProduction function生产函数: the relationship between quantity of input used to make a good and the quantity of output of that goodProduction possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations ofoutput that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technologyProductivity 生产力: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s timeProfit 利润: Total revenue minus total costProgressive tax累进税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersProportional tax比例税: a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of incomePublic goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rivalPublic saving: the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spendingQuantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchaseQuantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sellRandom walk: the path of a variable whose changes are impossible to predict Rational expectations: the theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the futureReal exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of anotherReal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constant prices Real interest rate: the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflationReal variables: variables measured in physical unitsRecession: a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment Reserve ratio: the fraction of deposits that banks hold as reservesReserve requirements: regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against depositsRegressive tax累退税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayersreserves: deposits that banks have received but have not loaned outRisk averse: exhibiting a dislike of uncertaintyRivalry竞争: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Sacrifice ratio: the number of percentage points of annual output lost in the process of reducing inflation by 1 percentage point Scarcity稀缺性: the limited nature of society’s resourcesScreening筛选: an action taken by an uninformed party to induce aninformed party to reveal informationShoeleather costs: the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdingsShortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity suppliedSignaling信号显示: an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed partyStagflation: a period of falling output and rising pricesStock: a claim to partial ownership in a firmStore of value: an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the futureStrike: the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union Substitutes替代品: two goods for which an increase in the piece of one leads to an increase in the demand for the otherSubstitution effect替代效应: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitutionSunk cost沉淀成本: a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recoveredSupply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity suppliedSupply shock: an event that directly alters firms’ costs and prices, shifting the economy’s aggregate-supply curve and thus the Phillips curveSurplus过剩: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demandedTariff关税: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domesticallyTax incidence税收归宿: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a marketTechnological knowledge: society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and servicesTotal cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in productionTotal revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its outputTotal revenue (in a market): the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Trade balance: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called net exportsTrade deficit: an excess of imports over exportsTrade policy: a government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exportsTrade surplus: an excess of exports over importsTragedy of the commons公共地的悲剧: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a wholeTransaction costs交易成本: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain Unemployment rate: the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed Unemployment insurance: a government program that partially protects worker’s income when they become unemployedUnion: a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditionsUnit of account 计价单位: the yardstick people use to post prices and record debtsUtilitarianism功利主义: the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in societyUtility效用: a measure of happiness or satisfactionValue of the marginal product边际产品价值: the marginal product of an input times the price of the outputVariable costs: costs that vary with the quantity of output producedVelocity of money 货币流通速度: the rate at which money changes Vertical equity纵向公平: the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amountsWelfare: government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy Welfare economics福利经济学: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-beingWillingness to pay支付愿意: the maximum amount that buyer will pay for a goodWorld price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good。

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)

曼昆经济学原理（第七版）微观经济学分册名词解释中英文归纳CHAPTER 1Ten Principles of EconomicsScarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources稀缺性:社会资源的有限性Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources经济学:研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources效率:社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最大利益的特性Equality: the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society平等：经济成果在社会成员中平均分配的特性Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item机会成本:为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

Rational people: people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives理性人:系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现其目标的人Marginal change: a small incremental adjustment to a plan of action边际变动:对行动计划的微小增量调整Incentive: something that induces a person to act激励:引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。

Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services市场经济:当许多企业和家庭在物品与服务市场上相互交易时，通过它们的分散决策配置资源的经济。

经济学原理中英

经济学原理中英经济学原理是经济学研究的基础，它是指在经济学理论体系中最基本的准则和原则。

它可以帮助人们理解经济现象和经济问题，从而作出合理的经济决策。

经济学原理包括以下几个方面：1. 稀缺性原理（Scarcity principle）：这个原理认为资源是有限的，而需求是无限的。

因此，个体和社会必须做出选择和取舍。

人们不可能同时满足所有的需求和欲望，而是需要在有限的资源下做出选择。

2. 机会成本原理（Opportunity cost principle）：机会成本是指因选择某种行为而放弃的最高价值的替代品。

在做出经济决策时，人们应该考虑到选择某个选项所带来的机会成本。

例如，如果一个人选择上大学而放弃了工作，他/她的机会成本就是可能获得的工作收入。

3. 边际原理（Marginal principle）：边际指的是增加或减少一个单位的变动。

边际原理认为，个体在决策时会考虑每一单位的变动对他们的总效用或总成本的影响。

例如，当一个人决定购买一件商品时，他/她会权衡每一单位的消费带来的满足度和价格。

4. 激励原理（Incentive principle）：人们的行为往往会受到内部激励（如个人愿望）和外部激励（如奖励和惩罚）的影响。

激励原理认为个体会根据激励的程度来决定是否从事某种行为。

例如，当政府给予企业税收减免时，企业会更有动力来扩大投资。

5. 边际效用递减原理（Law of diminishing marginal utility）：这个原理认为，个体在消费某一种商品或服务时，其边际效用会随着消费量的增加而递减。

换句话说，随着消费量的增加，每额外一单位的消费所带来的额外满足度会越来越小。

这些经济学原理可以帮助人们分析经济问题和做出经济决策。

通过了解这些原理，个人和社会可以更好地管理资源、理解市场运作和预测经济变化的影响。

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity: the limited nature of society’s resources.Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunitycost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Marginalchanges: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Market failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.Externality: the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Marketpower: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Productivity: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worke r’s time. Inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Phillips curve: a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.Businesscycle: fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.CHAPTER 2Circular-flow diagram: a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.Productionpossibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.Normative statements: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be. CHAPTER 3Absolute Advantage : the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.Opportunity Cost: whatever must be given to obtain some item.Comparative Advantage : the comparison among producers of a good according to theiropportunity cost.Imports : goods produced abroad and sold domestically.Exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroad.CHAPTER 4Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Lawof demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.Demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Demandcurve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.Substitutes: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.Complements: two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.Law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Supplycurve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied. Equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.Equilibriumprice: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. Equilibriumquantit y: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price.Surplus: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded. Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.Law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.CHAPTER 5Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.Priceelasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.Income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.Cross-priceelasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good.Priceelasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.CHAPTER 6Priceceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.Pricefloor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.Taxincidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.CHAPTER 7Welfareeconomics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Willingnessto pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good. Consumersurplus: a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Cost：the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.Producersurplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost.Efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society.Equity:fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society.CHAPTER 8Deadweightloss: the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax. CHAPTER 9World price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good.Tariff: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically.Import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and solddomestically.CHAPTER 10Externality :the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Internalizingan externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions.Coasetheorem: the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own. Transactioncosts: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.Pigovian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.CHAPTER11Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it. Rivalry: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use. Privategoods: goods that are both excludable and rival.Publicgoods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival.Commonresources: goods that are rival but not excludable.Freerider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.Cost-benefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good.Tragedyof the commons: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.CHAPTER 12Totalrevenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.Totalcost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit :total revenue minus total cost.explicitcosts: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.Implicitcosts: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm. Economicprofit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs. Accountingprofit: total revenue minus total explicit cost.Productionfunction: the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.Marginalproduct: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input. Diminishingmarginal product: the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.Fixedcosts: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.Variablecosts: costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Averagetotal cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output.Averagefixed cost: fixed costs divided by the quantity of output.Averagevariable cost: variable costs divided by the quantity of output.Marginalcost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production. Efficientscale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.Economiesof scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases.Diseconomiesof scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constantreturns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.CHAPTER 13Competitivemarket: a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker.Averagerevenue: total revenue divided by the quantity sold.Marginalrevenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.Sunkcost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.CHAPTER 14Monopoly：a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes. Naturalmonopoly: a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.Pricediscrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.。

西方经济学名词解释英文版

Macroeconomics 宏观经济学The study of the overall aspects and workings of a national economy, such as income, output, and the interrelationship among diverse economic sectors.研究国民收入的各方面。

Microeconomics 微观经济学The study of the operations of the components of a national economy, such as individual firms, households, and consumers.研究经济中单个因素行为的分析。

GDP 国内生产总值(Gross Domestic Product)The total market value of all final goods and services produced within the borders of a nation during a specified period.一国国民在各行业中一年内生产的最终产品和最终服务价值总和。

It is often seen as an indicator of the standard of living in a country.Gross Domestic Product＝consumption + investment goods + government purchases + net exportsEconomic Growth 经济增长steady growth in the productive capacity of the economy (and so a growth of national income)Real Economic Growth Rate 实际经济增长率A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in real as opposed to nominal terms). The real economic growth rate is a measure of the rate of change that a nation's gross domestic product (GDP) experiences from one year to another. Gross national product (GNP) can also be used if a nation's economy is heavily dependent on foreign earnings. The real economic growth rate builds onto the economic growth rate by taking into account the effect that inflation has on the economy. The real economic growth rate is a "constant dollar" and therefore a more accurate look at the rate of economic growth because the real rate is not distorted by the effects of extreme inflation or deflation.GDP deflator GDP指数In economics the GDP deflator (implicit price deflator for GDP) is a measure of the change in prices of all new, domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy. GDP stands for gross domestic product the total value of all goods and services produced within that economy during a specified period.Nominal GDP 名义GDPA gross domestic product (GDP) figure that has not been adjusted for inflation.Real GDP 实际GDPThis inflation-adjusted measure that reflects the value of all goods and services produced in a given year, expressed in base-year prices. Often referred to as "constant-price", "inflation-corrected" GDP or "constant dollar GDP". Unlike nominal GDP, real GDP can account for changes in the price level, and provide a more accurate figure.Potential output 潜在产量/潜在GDPIn economics, potential output (also refered to as "natural real gross domestic product") refers to the highest level of real Gross Domestic Product output that can be sustained over the long term.GDP Gap GDP缺口The forfeited output of an country's economy resulting from the failure to create sufficient jobs for all those willing to work. A GDP gap denotes the amount of production that is irretrievably lost. The potential for higher production levels is wasted because there aren't enough jobs supplied.（与书异）Net Exports 净出口The value of a country's total exports minus the value of its total imports. It is used to calculate a country's aggregate expenditures, or GDP, in an open economy. In other words, net exports is the amount by which foreign spending on a home country's goods and services exceeds the home country's spending on foreign goods and services.Recession 经济衰退A significant decline in activity spread across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income, and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a country's GDP.Notes:Recession is a normal (albeit unpleasant) part of the business cycle. A recession generally lasts from six to eighteen months. Interest rates usually fall in recessionary times to stimulate the economy by offering cheap rates at which to borrowDepression 经济萧条A severe and prolonged recession characterized by inefficient economic productivity, high unemployment, and falling price levels. In times of depression, consumer's confidence and investments decrease, causing the economy to shutdown.Value Added 附加值The enhancement a company gives its product or service before offering the product to customers. This can either increase the products price or value.（与书异）Gross National Product – GNP 国民生产总值An economic statistic that includes GDP, plus any income earned by residents from overseas investments, minus income earned within the domestic economy by overseas residents. GNP is a measure of a country's economic performance, or what its citizens produced (i.e. goods and services) and whether they produced these items within its borders.Disposable Income 可支配收入The amount of after-tax income that is available to divide between spending and personal savings. This also known as your take home pay.Unemployment Rate 失业率The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.Labor force 劳动力the group of people who have a potential for being employed.Frictional Unemployment 摩擦性事业Unemployment that is always present in the economy, resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information.Structural Unemployment 结构性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the basic composition of the economy. These changes simultaneously open new positions for trained workers.Cyclical Unemployment 周期性失业Unemployment resulting from changes in the business cycle.Natural Unemployment 自然失业率（与书异）The lowest rate of unemployment that an economy can sustain over the long run. Keynesians believe that a government can lower the rate of unemployment (i.e. employ more people) if it were willing to accept a higher level of inflation (the idea behind the Phillips Curve). However, critics of this say that the effect is temporary and that unemployment would bounce back up but inflation would stay high. Thus, the natural, or equilibrium, rate is the lowest level of unemployment at which inflation remains stable. Also known as the "non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment" (NAIRU).Notes:When the economy is said to be at full employment, it is at its natural rate of unemployment. Economists debate how the natural rate might change. For example, some economists think that increasing labor-market flexibility will reduce the natural rate. Other economists dispute the existence of a natural rate altogether!Frictional unemployment — This reflects the fact that it takes time for people to find and settle into new jobs. If 12 individuals each take one month before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as a single unemployed worker. Technological change often reduces frictional unemployment, for example: the internet made job searches cheaper and more comprehensive.Structural unemployment —This reflects a mismatch between the skills and other attributes of the labour force and those demanded by employers. If 4 workers each take six months off to re-train before they start a new job, the aggregate unemployment statistics will record this as two unemployed workers. Technological change often increases structural unemployment, for example: technological change might require workers to re-train.Natural rate of unemployment —This is the summation of frictional and structural unemployment. It is the lowest rate of unemployment that a stable economy can expect to achieve, seeing as some frictional and structural unemployment is inevitable. Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1% to 5%, or on its meaning — some associate it with "non-accelerating inflation.The estimated rate varies from country to country and from time to time.Demand deficient unemployment — In Keynesian economics, any level of unemployment beyond the natural rate is most likelydue to insufficient demand in the overall economy. During a recession, aggregate expenditure is deficient causing the underutilization of inputs (including labour). Aggregate expenditure (AE) can be increased, according to Keynes, by increasing consumption spending (C), increasing investment spending (I), increasing government spending (G), or increasing the net of exports minus imports (X−M).{AE = C + I + G + (X−M)}Okun's Law 奥昆法则A relationship between an economy's GDP gap and the actual unemployment rate. The relationship is represented by a ratio of 1 to 2.5. Thus, for every 1% excess of the natural unemployment rate, a 2.5% GDP gap is predicted.Inflation 通货膨胀The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, and, subsequently, purchasing power is falling. Deflation 通货紧缩steadily falling pricesA general decline in prices, often caused by a reduction in the supply of money or credit. Deflation can be caused also by a decrease in government, personal or investment spending. The opposite of inflation, deflation has the side effect of increased unemployment since there is a lower level of demand in the economy, which can lead to an economic depression. Hyperinflation 超级通货膨胀Extremely rapid or out of control inflation.Inflation rate 通货膨胀率In economics, the inflation rate is the rate of increase of the average price level (a measure of inflation). If one likes analogies, the size of a balloon is like the price level, while the inflation rate is how quickly it grows in size. Alternatively, the inflation rate is the rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money.Consumer Price Index (CPI) 消费价格指数The CPI, as it is called, measures the prices of consumer goods and services and is a measure of the pace of US inflation. The US Department of Labor publishes the CPI every month.Demand－pull inflation 需求拉动型通货膨胀inflation due to high demand for GDP and low unemployment, also known as Phillips Curve inflation.Cost－push inflation 成本推动型通货膨胀nowadays termed "supply shock inflation", due to an event such as a sudden increase in the price of oil.Built-in inflation - induced by adaptive expectations, often linked to the "price/wage spiral" because it involves workers trying to keep their wages up with prices and then employers passing higher costs on to consumers as higher prices as part of a "vicious circle". Built-in inflation reflects events in the past, and so might be seen as hangover inflation. It is also known as "inertial" inflation, "inflationary momentum", and even "structural inflation".Indexing 指数化The adjustment of the weights of assets in an investment portfolio so that its performance matches that of an index.Linking movements of rates to the performance of an index.Notes:1. Indexing is a passive investment strategy. An investor can achieve the same risk and return of an index also by investing in an index fund.2. Types of rates that could be linked to the performance of an index are wage or tax rates.Phillips Curve 菲利普斯曲线An economic concept developed by A. W. Phillips stating that inflation and unemployment have a stable and inverse relationship. The theory states that with economic growth comes inflation, which in turn should lead to more jobs and less unemployment. The concept has been proven empirically and some government policies are directly influenced by it.第二章Aggregate Demand 总需求The total amount of goods and services demanded in the economy at a given overall price level and in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-demand curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally there is a negative relationship between aggregate demand and the price level. Alsoknown as "total spending".Notes:Aggregate demand is the demand for the gross domestic product (GDP) of a country, and is represented by this formula: Aggregate Demand (AD) = C + I + G (X-M)C = Consumers' expenditures on goods and services.I = Investment spending by companies on capital goods.G = Government expenditures on publicly provided goods and services.X = Exports of goods and services.M = Imports of goods and services.Aggregate Supply 总供给The total supply of goods and services produced within an economy at a given overall price level in a given time period. It is represented by the aggregate-supply curve, which describes the relationship between price levels and the quantity of output that firms are willing to provide. Normally, there is a positive relationship between aggregate supply and the price level. Rising prices are usually signals for businesses to expand production to meet a higher level of aggregate demand. Also known as "total output".Notes:A shift in aggregate supply can be attributed to a number of variables. These include changes in the size and quality of labor, technological innovations, increase in wages, increase in production costs, changes in producer taxes and subsidies, and changes in inflation. In the short run, aggregate supply responds to higher demand (and prices) by bringing more inputs into the production process and increasing utilization of current inputs. In the long run, however, aggregate supply is not affected by the price level and is driven only by improvements in productivity and efficiency.Exogenous Variable 外生变量A variable whose value is determined outside the model in which it is used.An economic variable that is related to other economic variables and determines their equilibrium levels. For example, rainfall is exogenous to the causal system constituting the process of farming and crop output. An exogenous variable by definition is one whose value is wholly causally independent from other variables in the system.Endogenous Variable 内生变量A value determined within the context of a model.An economic variable which is independent of the relationships determining the equilibrium levels, but nonetheless affects the equilibrium.Consumption 消费in economics, direct utilization of goods and services by consumers, not including the use of means of production, such as machinery and factories (see capital). Consumption can be divided into public and private sectors.Investment 投资An asset or item that is purchased with the hope that it will generate income or appreciate in the future. In an economic sense, an investment is the purchase of goods that are not consumed today but are used in the future to create wealth. In finance, an investment is a monetary asset purchased with the idea that the asset will provide income in the future or appreciate and be sold at a higher price. In the financial sense investments include the purchase of bonds, stocks or real estate property. Government Purchases 政府购买Expenditures made in the private sector by all levels of government, such as when a government entity contracts a construction company to build office space or pave highways. A component of Keynesian expenditures, government purchases can be used as a tool for a government to influence the business cycle and provide economic stimulation when it is deemed necessary. Keynesian Economics 凯恩斯经济An economic theory stating that active government intervention in the marketplace and monetary policy is the best method of ensuring economic growth and stability. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the government's job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation.Classical Economics 古典经济学Classical Economics refers to work done by a group of economists in the 18th and 19th centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire and free competition. Famous economists of this thinking include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, and John Stuart Mill.Equilibrium of AD and AS 总供给和总需求的均衡supply and demand result in an equilibrium price (the interest rate)Stagflation 滞胀A condition of slow economic growth and relatively high unemployment - a time of stagnation - accompanied by a rise in prices, or inflation.第三章Fiscal Policy 财政政策Government spending policies that influence macroeconomic conditions. These policies affect tax rates, interest rates, and government spending, in an effort to control the economy.Government spending 政府支出consists of government purchases, including transfer payments, which can be financed by seigniorage (the creation of money for government funding), taxes, or government borrowing It is considered to be one of the major components of gross domestic product.Multiplier Effect 乘数效应The expansion of a country's money supply that results from banks being able to lend. The size of the multiplier effect depends on the percentage of deposits that banks are required to hold on reserves. In other words, it is money used to create more money and calculated by dividing total bank deposits by the reserve requirement.The multiplier effect depends on the set reserve requirement. The higher the reserve requirement, the tighter the money supply, which results in a lower multiplier effect for every dollar deposited. The lower the reserve requirement, the larger the money supply, which means more money is being created for every dollar deposited.Crowding Out Effect 挤出效应An economic theory explaining an increase in interest rates due to rising government borrowing in the money market.Notes:Governments often borrow money (by issuing bonds) to fund additional spending. The problem occurs when government debt 'crowds out' private companies and individuals from the lending market. Increased government borrowing tends to increase market interest rates. The problem is that the government can always pay the market interest rate, but there comes a point when corporations and individuals can no longer afford to borrow.Marginal propensity to consume （MPC）边际消费倾向refers to the increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) that occurs with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.65, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents.Mathematically, the marginal propensity to consume (MPC) function is expressed as the derivative of the consumption (C) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to consume is measured as the ratio of the change in consumption to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. One minus the MPC equals the marginal propensity to save.Marginal propensity to save (MPS) 边际储蓄倾向refers to the increase in saving (non-purchase of current goods and services) that results from an increase in income. For example, if a family earns one extra dollar, and the marginal propensity to save is 0.35, then of that dollar, the family will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents. It can also go the other way, referring to the decrease in saving that results from a decrease in income. It is crucial to Keynesian economics and is the key variable determining the value of the multiplier. Mathematically, the marginal propensity to save (MPS) function is expressed as the derivative of the savings (S) function with respect to disposable income (Y).In other words, the marginal propensity to save is measured as the ratio of the change in saving to the change in income, thus giving us a figure between 0 and 1. It is the opposite of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). In the example above, the marginal propensity to consume would be 0.65. In general MPS = 1 - MPC.Money Supply 货币供给（与书异）The entire quantity of bills, coins, loans, credit, and other liquid instruments in a country's economy. Money supply is divided into three categories--M1, M2, and M3--according to the type and size of account in which the instrument is kept. The money supply is important to economists trying to understand how policies will affect interest rates and growth.M1The category of the money supply that includes all physical money like coins and currency. It also includes demand deposits, which are checking accounts and NOW accounts. M1 is the narrowest idea of "money." This is used as a measurement for economists trying to quantify the amount of money in circulation.M2A category within the money supply that includes M1 in addition to all time-related deposits, savings deposits, andnon-institutional money-market funds. M2 is a broader classification of money than M1. Economists use M2 when looking to quantify the amount of money in circulation and trying to explain different economic monetary conditions.M3The category of the money supply that includes M2 as well as all large time deposits, institutional money-market funds, short-term repurchase agreements, along with other larger liquid assets. This is the broadest measure of money it is used by economists to estimate the entire supply of money within an economy.（书没有）Fiat Money 【美】（根据政府法令发行的）不兑现纸币Money that a government has declared to be legal tender, despite the fact that it has no intrinsic value and is not backed by reserves. Most of the world's paper money is fiat money.Legal tender 合法货币；偿付债务时债主必须接受的货币is payment that cannot be refused in settlement of a debt by virtue of law.Transactions demand交易性需求is the demand or foreign currency. It is used for purposes of business transactions and personal consumption. transactions demand is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Speculative demand 投机性需求is the demand for financial assets, such as securities, money or foreign currency, or financing. It is one of the determinants of demand for money (and credit).Liquidity Preference Theory 流动性偏好理论The hypothesis that forward rates offer a premium over expected future spot rates. Proponents of this theory believe that, according to the term structure of interest rates, investors are risk-averse and will demand a premium for securities with longer maturities. A premium is offered by way of greater forward rates in order to attract investors to longer-term securities. The premium received normally increases at a decreasing rate due to downward pressure from the decreasing volatility of interest rates as the term to maturity increases. Also known as "liquidity preference hypothesis."Interest Rate 利率The monthly effective rate paid (or received if you are a creditor) on borrowed money. Expressed as a percentage of the sum borrowed.Nominal Interest Rate/the money interest rate名义利率The interest rate unadjusted for inflation. Not taking into account inflation gives a less realistic number.Real Interest Rate 实际利率The amount by which the nominal interest rate is higher than the inflation rate. The real rate of interest is approximated by taking the nominal interest rate and subtracting inflation. The real interest rate is the growth rate of purchasing power derived from an investment.Intermediate targets 中间目标An intermediate target is a variable (such as the money supply) that is not directly under the control of the central bank, but that does respond fairly quickly to policy actions, is observable frequently and bears a predictable relationship to the ultimate goals of policy.Open Market Operations 公开市场业务The buying and selling of government securities in the open market in order to expand or contract the amount of money in the banking system. Purchases inject money into the banking system and stimulate growth while sales of securities do the opposite. Notes: Open market operations are the principal tools of monetary policy. (The discount rate and reserve requirements are also used.) The U.S. Federal Reserve's goal in using this technique is to adjust the federal funds rate--the rate at which banks borrow reserves from each other.Discount Rate 贴现率The interest rate that an eligible depository institution is charged to borrow short-term funds directly from a Federal Reserve Bank. This type of borrowing from the Fed is fairly limited. Institutions will often seek other means of meeting short-term liquidity needs. The Federal funds discount rate is one of two interest rates the Fed sets, the other being the overnight lending rate, or the Fed funds rate.Lender of Last Resort 最后的贷款者/偿付者An institution, usually a country's central bank, that offers loans to banks or other eligible institutions that are experiencing financial difficulty or are considered highly risky or near collapse. In the U.S. the Federal Reserve acts as the lender of last resort to institutions that do not have any other means of borrowing and whose failure to obtain credit would dramatically affect the economy.Notes: The lender of last resort functions both to protect individuals who have deposited funds, and to prevent panic withdrawing from banks who have temporary limited liquidity. Commercial banks usually try not to borrow from the lender of last resort because such action indicates that the bank is experiencing financial crisis. Critics of the lender-of-last-resort methodology suspect that the safety it provides inadvertently tempts qualifying institutions to acquire more risk than necessary - since they are more likely to perceive the potential consequences of risky actions to be less severe.Reserve Requirements 法定准备金Requirements regarding the amount of funds that banks must hold in reserve against deposits made by their customers. This money must be in the bank's vaults or at the closest Federal Reserve Bank.Notes: Set by the Fed's Board of Governors, reserve requirements are one of the three main tools of monetary policy. The other two tools are open market operations and the discount rate. Also known as required reserves.第四章Supply-side economics 供给经济学A theory of economics that reductions in tax rates will stimulate investment and in turn will benefit the entire society.Laffer Curve 拉弗尔曲线Invented by Arthur Laffer, this curve shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue collected by governments. The chart below shows the Laffer Curve:The curve suggests that, as taxes increase from low levels, tax revenue collected by the government also increases. It also shows that tax rates increasing after a certain point (T*) would cause people not to work as hard or not at all, thereby reducing tax revenue. Eventually, if tax rates reached 100% (the far right of the curve), then all people would choose not to work because everything they earned would go to the government.Notes: Governments would like to be at point T*, because it is the point at which the government collects maximum amount of tax revenue while people continue to work hard.Tax revenue税收is the income that is gained by governments because of taxation of the peopleBudget deficit 联邦预算赤字The amount by which government spending exceeds government revenues.Unemployment benefits 失业救济are sums of money given to the unemployed by the government or a compulsory para-governmental insurance system. Depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person, those sums may be meager, covering only basic needs (thus a form of basic welfare), or may compensate the lost pay somewhat proportionally to the previous earned salary. They often are part of a larger social security scheme. Unemployment benefits are generally given only to those registering as unemployed, and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work and do not currently have a job.Capital Stock 资本存量The common and preferred stock a company is authorized to issue, according to their corporate charter.Notes: Capital stock are normally listed on a company's balance sheet. In financial statement analysis, an increasing capital stock account tends to be a sign of economic health since the company can use the additional proceeds to invest in projects or machinery that will increase corporate profits and/or efficiency.i ncomes policies 收入政策are wage and price controls used to fight inflation.第五章Mercantilism 重商主义is the economic theory that a nation's prosperity depends upon its supply of capital and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable. The amount of capital, represented by bullion（金条）, is best increased through a favourable balance of trade. Mercantilism suggests that the government should advance these goals by playing an active, protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, especially through the use of tariffs. The economic policy that flourished in the early modern period is often referred to as the mercantile system.Trade deficit or surplus 贸易逆差或顺差The difference in the value of a nation's imports over exports (deficit) or exports over imports (surplus).Trade Surplus 贸易顺差/ export surplus出口顺差A nation's excess of exports over imports during a given time frame.Zero-Sum Game。

经济学名词解释_英文版

经济学原理名词解释1-6英文名词

第一单元什么是经济学？一基本的经济问题1.经济学：是解决经济问题、事件的逻辑和分析方法，是一门研究人类在目标与有其他用途的稀缺资源之间关系的行为的社会科学。

2.免费品：是每个人都可以免费获得的东西。

3.经济品：是一种供给有限的商品。

4.机会成本：是放弃了的选择的成本。

二不同的经济体制1.经济体制：是一个经济体系的组织方式，关键问题在于做最根本的经济选择时的方法。

任何经济体制都要完成以下四个任务：分配资源、决定产品的构成、分配产品、刺激和稳定增长。

2.计划经济或指令式经济：政府拥有所有资源并且决定生产、提供的产品和服务的类型与数量。

3.市场经济：这里我们仅限于讨论西方类型市场经济或者资本主义经济。

也可以指私人企业制度。

主要特点是私人拥有土地和资本，并且资源在不受政府干预的情况下主要按照价格进行分配。

4.混合型经济：私人所有企业生产非必需品，政府组织生产必需品和服务；国家拥有和控制一些资源，另外一些资源由企业或个人控制和拥有。

第二单元生产如何更加有效率一什么是生产？1.生产：是把资源转换成供给人们的产品和服务的过程2.生产要素：是生产中使用的经济资源，一般被分为3种类型：自然资源、人力资源、人造资源，大体来说就是土地、劳动力和资本。

许多经济学家还加入了第四个因素：企业家才能。

二专业化三生产成本和收益1.总成本（TC）：生产一定量的产品花费的成本, 是变动成本和固定成本的和。

2.变动成本（VC）：是生产一定产量产品需要的可变资源。

3.固定成本（FC）：是一个公司固定的生产材料的成本。

4.平均成本（AC）：是生产一单位产品的成本，是用总产出除以总成本计算出来的。

5.边际成本（MC）：是每增加一单位产量增加的成本，是用因为产量改变造成的成本改变除以产量的变化计算出的变化。

6.总收益（TR）：是公司卖出产品收回的钱。

可以直接通过单位价格（P）乘以数量（Q）得出。

7.平均收益（AR）：是卖出一件产品得到的数额，等于产品的售价。

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)

曼昆经济学原理微观名词解释(中英)XXX's resources。

This means that there are only a finite amount of resources available。

and therefore choices must be made about how to XXX is the study of how society manages its scarce resources。

It seeks to understand how individuals。

firms。

XXX.Efficiency is a property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources。

This means that society is using its resources in the most effective way possible。

and that there is no way to make any one person better off without making XXX。

on the other hand。

refers to the property of distributing XXX has an equal share of the resources。

regardless of their individual ns.XXX to the cost of any activity measured in terms of the best XXX。

In other words。

it is the cost of the next best alternative that must be given up in order to pursue a certain n。

经济学的一些英语名词解释

经济学的一些英语名词解释经济学是研究人类如何管理资源的学科，它涵盖了许多英语名词。

在以下文章中，我们将解释一些常见的经济学术语，帮助读者更好地理解这个领域。

供需关系（Supply and Demand）供需关系是经济学的基本概念之一。

供应是指市场上生产者愿意提供的商品或服务的数量，而需求是指消费者愿意购买的商品或服务的数量。

供求关系的平衡决定了价格的形成。

如果供大于求，价格会下降，而如果供不应求，价格则会上涨。

需求弹性（Demand Elasticity）需求弹性是指消费者对商品或服务价格变化的敏感程度。

如果需求对价格变化非常敏感，称为弹性需求；如果需求对价格变化不敏感，称为非弹性需求。

需求弹性对制定价格和市场策略非常重要。

生产要素（Factors of Production）生产要素是经济学中指用于生产商品和服务的资源。

它们包括劳动力（人力资源），土地和自然资源，资本（包括设备和建筑物）以及企业家精神。

这些要素相互作用，促进经济发展和增长。

通货膨胀（Inflation）通货膨胀是指货币流通供应量超过经济实际需求，导致物价上涨。

当通货膨胀率较高时，购买力会下降，人民币的购买力可能比以前更少。

通货膨胀对经济稳定和货币政策制定有重要影响。

货币供应（Money Supply）货币供应是指经济体中的货币总量。

中央银行通过调整货币供应来影响经济环境。

货币供应的增加通常会刺激经济增长，但如果过度增加，可能会导致通货膨胀。

机会成本（Opportunity Cost）机会成本是指做一件事放弃的最佳替代选择的成本。

每个决策都涉及机会成本。

例如，如果一个人决定花钱购买一辆车，他放弃了用这笔钱投资股票的机会。

理解机会成本有助于优化资源分配。

边际效用（Marginal Utility）边际效用是指消费者在每单位增加的产品或服务上获得的额外满足感。

边际效用递减是指消费者对每个额外单位的产品或服务的边际满意度逐渐降低。

这个概念对于理解消费者行为和产品定价非常重要。

经济学原理英文名词解释

名词解释1.ScarcityThe limited nature of society’s resources.2.EfficiencyThe property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.3.Opportunity CostWhatever must be given up to obtain some item.4.Market FailureA situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.5.ExternalityThe impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.6.Circular-flow DiagramA visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.7.Production Possibilities FrontierA graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.8.MicroeconomicsThe study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.9.MacroeconomicsThe study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation,unemployment, and economic growth.10.Positive StatementsClaims that attempt to describe the world as it is.11.Normative StatementsClaims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be.12.Absolute AdvantageThe comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.parative AdvantageThe comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.petitive MarketA market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the marketprice.w of DemandThe claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.16.Normal GoodA good for which, other things equal,an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.17.Inferior GoodA good for which, other things equal,an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.w of SupplyThe claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.19.Equilibrium PriceThe price that balances supply and demand.w of Supply and DemandThe claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.21.ElasticityA measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.22.Price Elasticity of DemandA measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good,computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.23.Income Elasticity of DemandA measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’income,computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.24.Cross-price Elasticity of DemandA measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good,computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the firstgood divided by the percentage change in the price of the secondgood.25.Price Elasticity of SupplyA measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good,computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.26.Price CeilingA legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.27.Price FloorA legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.28.Tax IncidenceThe study of who bears the burdenof taxation.29.Welfare EconomicsThe study of how the allocation of resources affects economicwell-being.30.Willingness to PayThe maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.31.Consumer SurplusA buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays.32.Producer SurplusThe amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost. 33.Deadweight LossThe fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax.34.Internalizing an ExternalityAltering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions.35.Coase TheoremThe proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.36.Transaction CostsThe costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.37.Pigovian TaxA tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.38.Private GoodsGoods that are both excludable and rival.39.Public GoodsGoods that are neither excludable nor rival.mon ResourcesGoods that are rival but not excludable.41.Free RiderA person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.42.Tragedy of the CommonsA parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.43.Explicit CostsInput costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.44.implicit costsInput costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm. 45. Production FunctionThe relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.46.Marginal CostThe increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit ofproduction.47.Efficient ScaleThe quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.48.Economies of ScaleThe property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases.49.Diseconomies of ScaleThe property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.50.Constant Returns to ScaleThe property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.51.Marginal RevenueThe change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.52.Sunk CostA cost that has already been committed and can not be recovered.53.MonopolyA firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes.54.Natural MonopolyA monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at as maller cost than could two ormore firms.55.Price DiscriminationThe business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.56.Nash EquilibriumA situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the other actors have chosen.57.Prisoners’DilemmaA particular “game”between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.58.Dominant StrategyA strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players.59.Value of the Marginal ProductThe marginal product of an input times the price of the output. 60.Efficiency WagesAbove-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity.。

经济学主要专业名词定义（英文版）doc

经济学主要专业名词定义（英文版）doc预览说明:预览图片所展示的格式为文档的源格式展示,下载源文件没有水印,内容可编辑和复制Part OneEconomics:The study of how the forces of supply and demand allocate scarce resources. Subdivided into microeconomics, which examines the behavior of firms, consumers and the role of government; and macroeconomics, which looks at inflation, unemployment, industrial production, and the role of government. ?supply:The total amount of a good or service available for purchase; along with demand, one of the two key determinants of price.demand: The amount of a particular economic good or service that a consumer or group of consumers will want to purchase at a given price.resource: A person, asset, material, or capital which can be used to accomplish a goal.consumer:An individual who buys products or services for personal use and not for manufacture or resaleperfect competition:Market in which no participant can influence prices. Characterized by a free flow of information, no barriers to entry, and a large number of buyers and sellers.monopolistic competition: A market structure in which several or many sellers each produce similar, but slightly differentiated products. Each producer can set its price and quantity without affecting the marketplace as a whole.oligopoly : A market dominated by a small number ofparticipants who are able to collectively exert control over supply and market prices.monopoly : A situation in which a single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. This would happen in the case that th ere is a barrier to entry into the industry that allows the single company to operate without competition (for example, barriers to entry, or governmental regulation).PART 4hotel: Commercial establishment providing lodging, meals, and other guest services. In general, to be called a hotel, an establishment must have a minimum of six letting bedrooms, at least three of which must have attached private bathroom facilities. ?Hotel:Although hotels are classified into 'Star' categories (1-Star to 5-Star), there is no standard method of assigning these ratings, and compliance with customary requirements is voluntary. A US hotel with a certain rating, for example, is may look very different from a European or Asian hotel with the same rating, and would provide a different level of amenities, range of facilities, and quality of service..PART 5:Account : A record of financial transactions for an asset or individual.Finance: A branch of economics concerned with resource allocation as wellas resource management, acquisition and investment. Simply, finance deals with matters related to money and the markets.inventory : A company's merchandise, raw materials, and finished and unfinished products which have not yet been sold.These are considered liquid assets, since they can be converted into cash quite easily. There are various means of valuing these assets, but to be conservative the lowest value is usually used in financial statements.payroll :The financial record of employees' salaries, wages, bonuses, net pay, and deductions.accounts receivable : Money which is owed to a company by a customer for products and services provided on credit. This is treated as a current asset on a balance sheet. A specific sale is generally only treated as an account receivable after the customer is sent an invoice.general ledger:Central repository of the accounting information of an organization in which the summaries of all financial transactions (culled from subsidiary ledgers) during an accounting period are recorded. Also called the book of final entry, it provides the entire data for preparing financial statements for the organization.Statement :Banking and commerce: Chronological summary of all transactions associated with an account during a stated period, and their effect on the account.Logistics : Planning, execution, and control of the procurement, movement, and stationing of personnel, material, and other resources to achieve the objectives of a campaign, plan, project, or strategy. It may be defined as the 'management of inventory in motion and at rest.'Part EightHow to define OBM?What area does the field of OBM consist of ?What is the goal of the field of OBM?List the five characteristics of OBM.List the two characteristics of methodology employed of OBM.Group: Two or more people who interact to achieve their goals.Organizational effectiveness: The ability of an organization to achieve its goals.Management: The process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling an organization’s human, financial , material and other resources to increase its effectiveness.Accounting : The systematic recording, reporting, and analysis of financial transactions of a business.Claim: The right of a creditor over a debtor.Income statement :An accounting of sales, expenses, and net profit for a given period.Challenges for organizational behavior:①Using new information technology to enhance creativity and organizational learning②Managing human resources to increase competitive advantage (the ability to outperform competitors or other organizations that provide similar goods and services)③Developing organizational ethics(rules, beliefs, and values that outline the ways in which managers and workers should behave) and well-being(the condition of being happy, healthy, and prosperous)④Managing a diverse workforce(diversity: differences resulting from age, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic background.)⑤Managing the global environment⑥The stud y of organizational behavior can be analyzed at three levels: the individual, the group, and the organization as awhole.Personality is the pattern of relatively enduring ways in which a person feels, thinks, and behaves. Personality is determined both by nature(biological heritage) and nurture(situational factors.)The big five model of personality:①Extravision(positive affectivity)②Neuroticism(negative affectivity)③Agreeableness(The tendency to get along well with others)④Conscientiousness(The extent to which a person is careful,scrupulous, and persevering)⑤Openness to experience(broad interests, and is willing to take risks ?In organizations, ability can be managed by selecting individualswho have the abilities needed to accomplish tasks, placing workers in jobs that capitalize on their abilities, and training workers to enhance their ability levels.Two important work attitudes are job satisfaction and organizational commitment.①Job satisfaction is the collection of feelings and beliefs that people have about their current jobs.②Organizational commitment is the collection of feelings and beliefs that people have about their organization as a whole.Work attitudes have three components: an affective component(how a person feels about his or her job), a cognitive component(what a person believes about his or her job), and a behavioral component(what a person thinks about how to behave in his or her job.)Two attributes separate work groups from random collections of individuals in an organization. Members of a work group(a) interact with each other and(b) perceive the potentialfor mutual goal accomplishment.All groups, regardless of their type or characteristics , need to control their members’ behaviors to be effective and attain their goals. Roles and rules can be used to control behavior in groups.Leadership is the exercise of influence by one member of a group or organization over other members to help the group or organizationachieve its goals. Good leaders tend to be intelligent, dominant, self-confident, energetic, able to withstand stress, honest, mature, and knowledgeable. Leader mood at work and levels of emotional intelligence have the potential to influence leader effectiveness.Conflict is the struggle that arises when the goal-directed behavior of one person or group blocks the goal-directed behavior of another person or group. Whether conflict benefits or harms an organization depends on how it is managed.Part NineWhat is money?(货币）Money: The set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.What are the three functions of money？①Medium of exchange(交换媒介)：An item that buyers give to sellers when they want to purchase goods and services.②Unit of account(计价单位)：The yardstick people use to post prices and record debts.③Store of value(价值储藏手段）：An item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future.Liquidity:(流动性）The ease with which an asset can be converted into theeconomy’s medium of exchange.Money is the most liquid asset, but it is far from perfect as a store of value.People should learn to balance the liquidity of each possible asset against the asset’s usefulness as a store of value.Two kinds of money：①When money takes the form of a commodity wit h intrinsic value, it is called commodity money.(商品货币）When an economy uses gold as money(or uses paper money that is convertible into gold on demand), it is said to be operating under a gold standard.(金本位）②Money without intrinsic value is called fiat mon ey(法定货币).Fiat money is established as money by government decree.What is written on one paper dollar?‘This note is legal tender for all debts, public and private.’。

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经济学原理名词解释CHAPTER 1Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources.Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources.Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item.Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action.Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services.Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices.Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy.Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production.CHAPTER 2Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.Production possibilities frontier : a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.Microeconomics : the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.Macroeconomics : the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth.Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.Normative statements: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be. CHAPTER 3Absolute Advantage : the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.Opportunity Cost: whatever must be given to obtain some item.Comparative Advantage : the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.Imports : goods produced abroad and sold domestically.Exports: goods produced domestically and sold abroad.CHAPTER 4Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service.Competitive market: a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.Law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls whenthe price of the good rises.Demand schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Demand curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.Normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand.Inferior good : a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand.Substitutes : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to an increase in the demand for the other.Complements : two goods for which an increase in the price of one good leads to a decrease in the demand for the other.quantity supplied : the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell.Law of supply : the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.Equilibrium : a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.Equilibrium price : the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. Equilibrium quantit y : the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibriumprice.Surplus : a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded.Shortage : a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied.Law of supply and demand : the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.CHAPTER 5Elasticity a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants.Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price.Income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income.Cross-price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in the quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good.Price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price.CHAPTER 6Price ceiling: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold.Price floor: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold.Tax incidence: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market.CHAPTER 7Welfare economics: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Willingness to pay: the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good.Consumer surplus: a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays. Cost：the value of everything a seller must give up to produce a good.Producer surplus: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost.Efficiency: the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society.Equity :fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society. CHAPTER 8Deadweight loss: the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax. CHAPTER 9World price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good.Tariff: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically.Import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically.CHAPTER 10Externality :the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.Internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the externaleffects of their actions.Coase theorem: the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own. Transaction costs: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain.Pigovian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality.CHAPTER11Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it. Rivalry: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use. Private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival.Public goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival.Common resources: goods that are rival but not excludable.Free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it.Cost-benefit analysis: a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good.Tragedy of the commons: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole.CHAPTER 12Total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output.Total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production.profit :total revenue minus total cost.explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm.Implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.Economic profit: total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs.Accounting profit: total revenue minus total explicit cost.Production function: the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good.Marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input. Diminishing marginal product: the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases.Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced.Variable costs: costs that do vary with the quantity of output produced.Average total cost: total cost divided by the quantity of output.Average fixed cost: fixed costs divided by the quantity of output.Average variable cost: variable costs divided by the quantity of output.Marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production.Efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost.Economies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases.Diseconomies of scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases.Constant returns to scale: the property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output changes.CHAPTER 13Competitive market: a market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker.Average revenue: total revenue divided by the quantity sold.Marginal revenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold.Sunk cost: a cost that has been committed and cannot be recovered.CHAPTER 14Monopoly：a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes.Natural monopoly: a monopoly that arises because a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.Price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers.。

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