宏观经济学第6章答案
宏观经济学第6章+总需求与总供给习题
第六章总需求与总供给一、名词解释题1.扩张性财政政策 3.扩张性货币政策5.总供给 7.交易动机 8.投机动机 11.自生支出13.边际支出倾向 15.流动性偏好17.IS曲线19.工资粘性21.菲利普斯曲线23.成本推进的通货膨胀二、单项选择1.总需求曲线向下倾斜是由于()。
A、实际资产效应B、跨期替代效应C、开放替代效应D、以上三项都是3.价格在一定程度上不具备弹性的条件下短期总供给曲线是()。
A、垂直的B、水平的C、向上倾斜的D、向下倾斜的5.在古典模型的长期均衡中,当货币供给增加时()。
A、均衡的就业水平和产出不受影响B、均衡的产出和均衡价格水平不受影响C、均衡的价格水平,货币工资不受影响D、均衡就业量和均衡货币工资不受影响7.变动时不会导致总需求曲线移动的因素是()。
A、公众的预期B、价格水平C、宏观经济政策D、汇率9.“滞胀”理论不符合()观点。
A、货币主义B、凯恩斯主义C、理性预期学派D、实际经济周期11.假设可支配收入增加50元,消费支出增加45元,那么边际消费倾向为()。
A、0.05B、0.10C、0.90D、1.0013.按照凯恩斯的观点,人们需要货币,是出于()。
A、交易动机B、预防动机C、投机动机D、以上三项15.一般地说,位于LM曲线左方的收入和利率的组合,都是()。
A、货币需求大于货币供给的非均衡组合B、货币需求等于货币供给的均衡组合C、货币需求小于货币供给的非均衡组合D、产品需求小于产品供给的非均衡组合17.IS曲线向左方移动的条件是()。
A、总支出增加B、总支出减少C、价格水平下降D、价格水平上升19.IS曲线为y=500-2000 r,下列哪一个利率和收入水平的组合不在IS 曲线上()。
A、r=0.02,y=450B、r=0.05,y=400C、r=0.07,y=360D、r=0.10,y=30021.计划总支出曲线()。
A、是向上倾斜的B、是向下倾斜的C、是垂直的D、是水平的23.如果总存货等于计划存货,那么()。
第6章 总需求与总供给习题《宏观经济学》
第6章总需求与总供给习题
1、设某一两部门的经济由下述关系式描述:消费函数c=100+0.8y,投资函数为i=150-6r ,货币需求函数为L=0.2y-4r,设P为价格水平,货币供给为M=150。
试求:
(1) 总需求函数。
(2) 若P=1,均衡的收入和利率各为多少?
(3) 若该经济的总供给函数为AS=800+150P,求均衡的收入和价格水平。
2、如果消费需求C=100+0.8Yd,投资需求I=150-6r,税收T=50,政府支出G=40
(1)求解产品市场均衡时的IS方程;
(2)如果经济的名义货币供给为150,货币需求为L=0.2Y-4r,分别求解当价格水平P=1、1.2和1.5时的LM方程;
(3)分别求解当价格水平P=1、1.2和1.5时使产品和货币市场同时到达均衡时的国民收入和利率水平。
(4)如果在P=l的价格水平下,名义货币供给从150 下降到125和100,货币市场与产品市场的均衡有何变化?
3、设总供给曲线为Ys=2000+P,而总需求曲线为Yd=2400-P
(1)求供求平衡点
(2)如果总需求曲线向左平移10%,求新的平衡点并与
(1)比较指出当时的经济状态。
(3)如果总需求曲线向右平移10%,求新的平衡点并与(1)比较指出当时的经济状态。
(4)如果总供给曲线向左平移10%,求新的平衡点并与(1)比较指出当时的经济状态
(5)本题中的总供给曲线具有何种形状?属于何种类型?。
《西方经济学(宏观)》(全)答案——郑大远程教育
第一题、单项选择题(每题1分,5道题共5分)1、计算GDP的方法有A、支出法B、收入法C、增加值法D、以上都对2、一个企业的增加值等于A、总销售额B、总销售额减生产成本C、产值减生产过程中的中间投入品价值D、产值减由于生产而发生的资本折旧3、政府购买支出不包括A、警察的薪水B、政府对农民的补贴C、建造政府办公大楼D、研究市区交通的花费4、按收入法,国民收入不包括A、租金收入B、失业救济C、薪水D、净利息5、以下较为正确的说法是A、国民收入大于个人收入B、国民收入小于个人收入C、国民收入等于个人收入D、都可能第二题、多项选择题(每题2分,5道题共10分)1、GDPA、是一国在一年内生产的最终产品和服务的货币价值。
B、计算服务C、等于一国在一年中的总销售额D、以上都对2、GDP的计算方法有A、支出法B、收入法C、增加值法D、中间产品法3、下列各项中引起国民收入核算中总投资增加的是A、企业购买新机器B、私人购买新房子C、企业购买股票D、企业没有全部销售掉的当年产品增加4、按照支出法,GDP包括A、消费B、投资C、政府购买D、出口5、以下说法中不正确者是A、GDP必定大于GNPB、GDP必定小于GNPC、国民收入等于国民的个人收入之和D、个人可支配收入等于消费加上储蓄第三题、判断题(每题1分,5道题共5分)1、GDP=当年的总产值。
正确错误2、家庭购买汽车属于消费。
正确错误3、总投资与净投资之差等于GNP与NNP之差。
正确错误4、个人收入=NI+挣到没有收到的收入-收到的不是挣到的收入。
正确错误5、如果一国每年的储蓄保持不变且政府保持其预算平衡,那么,贸易盈余增加100单位就意味着本国居民私人投资减少100单位。
正确错误第二章第一题、单项选择题(每题1分,5道题共5分)1、在一个简单经济中,消费函数为C=0.8Y,那么,乘数等于A、0.5B、4C、5D、102、如果MPC=0.8,没有所得税的情况下,转移支付乘数为A、4B、5C、6D、83、如果MPC=0.9,税率为1/3,那么,投资乘数为A、0.5B、2.5C、5D、104、消费函数的向上移动A、不影响均衡收入B、增加均衡收入C、减少均衡收入D、都可能5、如果MPC=0.8,那么最有可能的是A、平均消费倾向是0.9B、乘数为5C、乘数为1.25D、在均衡状态,投资等于储蓄的80%第二题、多项选择题(每题2分,5道题共10分)1、简单收入决定模型中均衡收入的条件是A、总需求等于总产出B、非自愿存货等于零C、漏出等于注入D、价格水平不变2、边际消费倾向A、等于可支配收入增加1单位所导致的消费增加B、等于1减去边际储蓄倾向C、一般来说小于1D、短期内可以小于平均消费倾向3、当消费函数线位于45°线下方时A、消费大于收入B、消费等于收入C、消费小于收入D、平均消费倾向大于边际消费倾向4、如果在某一收入水平上储蓄为0,那么,A、MPC=1B、平均消费倾向为1C、投资乘数为0D、消费等于收入5、预算盈余或赤字A、并不完全受政府控制B、依赖于经济运行情况C、受气候影响D、与贸易盈余直接相关第三题、判断题(每题1分,5道题共5分)1、均衡收入(产出)的条件是,企业的非自愿存货等于零。
《宏观经济学》——第六章 习题答案
第六章习题参考答案一、名词解释1、总供给曲线:表明了价格与产量的相结合,即在某种价格水平时整个社会的厂商所愿意供给的产品总量。
2、总需求曲线:描述在产品市场和货币市场同时实现均衡时,产量(国民收入)与价格水平的组合。
3、总需求—总供给模型:将总需求与总供给结合在一起放在一个坐标图上,用以解释国民收入和价格水平的决定,考察价格变化的原因以及社会经济如何实现总需求与总供给的均衡。
4、古典总供给曲线:不受价格水平变动的影响,位于充分就业水平上的垂直的总供给曲线。
5、粘性工资模型:即阐述粘性名义工资对总供给影响的模型。
6、利率效应:物价水平的变化将引起利率水平的变化,从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
7、税收效应:物价水平的变化将引起税收的变化,从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
二、单项选择题DCAAB DCCBD D1.D.总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因主要有:实际余额效应、利率效应、汇率效应以及税收效应。
2.C.价格的变化不影响IS曲线的位置,而价格下降会导致实际货币余额增加,利率下降,投资需求增加从而收入增加,所以LM曲线向右移。
3.A.在凯恩斯条件下,由于供给曲线是一条水平线,扩张的财政政策会使价格不变但国民收入y将增加。
y增加,则对货币的需求将增加,当货币供给不变时利率提高;当处于古典区域时,由于产量已达到了充分就业时的最大产出,所以y不会变,扩张性的财政政策将会使得价格上涨,从而实际货币余额将减少,利率提高。
4.A.劳动需求函数为Nd=Nd(WP),WP指实际工资,劳动需求与实际工资成反向关系,因此价格水平越低,名义工资不变,则实际工资上升,因而劳动需求下降。
5.B.劳动的供给函数为Ns=Ns(WP),W指名义工资,P为价格水平。
在短期内,实际工资率越高,劳动的供给越多,因此呈现正斜率。
6.D.古典学派假设工资和价格水平可以迅速自行调节,从而使得经济总是处于充分就业状态,因而此时古典供给曲线存在。
7.C.8.C.A、B、D三选项均属于潜在产出的短期决定因素,技术是长期决定因素。
宏观经济学习题(6-8)
第六章开放经济一、选择题1.当一国的净资本流入为正值时:A 该国的资本账户处于盈余状态。
B 该国存在贸易盈余和资本账户盈余。
C 该国的资本账户处于平衡状态。
D 该国存在贸易赤字和资本账户赤字。
E 该国资本账户处于赤字状态。
答案:A2.以下选项正确的是:A 进口+出口=净资本流入。
B 进口=出口-净资本流入。
C 进口=出口+净资本流入。
D 进口+净资本流入=出口。
E 进口=净资本流入。
答案:C3.对于一个大国开放经济来说,紧缩性的财政政策对该国的长期影响是( C )A.国民储蓄的减少 B.利率上升 C.净出口的上升 D.产出减少4.在开放经济中:A 私人储蓄+净资本流入=投资+政府储蓄B 私人储蓄=净资本流入+投资+政府储蓄C 私人储蓄+投资=净资本流入+政府储蓄D 私人储蓄+政府储蓄+净资本流入=投资E 私人储蓄+净资本流入+投资=政府储蓄答案:D5.在小型开放经济中,预算赤字的上升将:A 降低利率和投资。
B 不改变利率或投资。
C提高利率和投资。
D 提高利率但降低投资。
E 降低利率但提高投资。
答案:B6.汇率是指:A 两国之间的贸易赤字。
B 一国的净资本流入。
C 两种货币的相对价格。
D 一国货币的升值率。
E 一国货币的贬值率。
答案:C7.在开放经济中,投资—储蓄恒等式表明:A 私人储蓄必定等于私人投资。
B 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资C 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资加上政府赤字。
D 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字。
E 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字再加上投资。
答案:C8.对美国而言,提高私人储蓄可能会:A 提高预算赤字。
B 降低预算赤字。
C 增加投资。
D 对利率和投资没有影响。
E 引起美元升值答案:C二、名词解释1.贸易逆差 2.贸易顺差 3.名义汇率 4.实际汇率1.贸易逆差:一国在一定时期内进口贸易总值大于出口总值。
宏观经济学6-8章
宏观习题6-8一、选择题1. 价格水平上升时,会()。
A. 减少实际货币供给并使LM曲线右移B. 减少实际货币供给并使LM曲线左移C. 增加实际货币供给并使LM曲线右移D. 增加实际货币供给并使LM曲线左移2. 下列哪一观点是不正确的?()A. 当价格水平的上升幅度大于名义货币供给的增长时,实际货币供给减少B. 当名义货币供给的增长大于价格水平的上升时,实际货币供给增加C. 在其他条件不变的情况下,价格水平上升,实际货币供给减少D. 在其他条件不变的情况下,价格水平下降,实际货币供给减少3. 总需求曲线向右下方倾斜是由于()。
A. 价格水平上升时,投资会减少B. 价格水平上升时,消费会减少C. 价格水平上升时,净出口会减少D. 以上几个因素都是4. 当()时,总需求曲线更平缓。
A. 投资支出对利率变化较敏感B. 支出乘数较小C. 货币需求对利率变化较敏感D. 货币供给量较大5. 当()时,总需求曲线变得陡峭。
A. 货币需求变动对收入变动的敏感度小B. 私人部门投资变动对利率变动不敏感C. 支出乘数较小D. 货币需求变动对收入变动的敏感度大6. 总需求曲线()。
A. 当其他条件不变时,政府支出减少时会右移B. 当其他条件不变时,价格水平上升时会左移C. 在其他条件不变时,税收减少会左移D. 在其他条件不变时,名义货币供给增加会右移7. 在既定的劳动需求函数中()。
A. 产品价格上升时,劳动需求减少B. 产品价格上升时,劳动需求增加C. 价格水平和名义工资同比例增加时,劳动需求增加D. 价格水平和名义工资同比例增加时,劳动需求减少8. 当劳动力的边际产出函数是800-20N(N是使用劳动的数量),产品的价格水平是2美元,每单位劳动的成本是4美元时,劳动力的需求量是()。
A. 20单位B. 399单位C. 800单位D. 80单位9. 当(),古典总供给曲线存在。
A. 产出水平是由劳动力供给等于劳动力需求的就业水平决定时B. 劳动力市场的均衡不受劳动力供给移动的影响时C. 劳动力需求和劳动力供给立即对价格水平的变化做出调整时D. 劳动力市场的均衡不受劳动力需求曲线移动的影响时10. 如果(),总供给与价格水平正相关。
宏观经济学第六章习题及答案
第六单元通货膨胀与失业理论本单元所涉及到的主要知识点:1.通货膨胀的含义、衡量与种类2.通货膨胀的原因3.通货膨胀对经济的影响及其对策4.失业的含义与衡量5.失业的种类6.失业的原因7.失业的影响及其治理8.失业与通货膨胀的关系:菲利普斯曲线一、单项选择1.一般用来衡量通货膨胀的物价指数是( D )。
a.消费者物价指数; b.生产物价指数;c.GDP缩减指数; d.以上均正确。
2.可以称为温和的通货膨胀的情况是指( D)。
a.通货膨胀率以每年5%的速度增长; b.通货膨胀率在10%以上;c.通货膨胀率一直保持在2%-3%水平;d.通货膨胀率处于3%—10%之间。
3.通货膨胀的主要类型有( D )。
a.需求拉上型; b.成本推进型;c.结构型; d.以上均正确。
4.通货膨胀会( C )。
a.使国民收入提高到超过其平常水平;b.使国民收入下降到其平常水平以下;c.使国民收入提高或下降,主要看通货膨胀产生的原因;d.只有在经济处于潜在的产出水平时,国民收入才会增长。
5.在通货膨胀不能完全预期的情况下,通货膨胀将有利于( A )。
a.债务人; b;债权人;c.在职工人; d.离退休人员。
6.已知充分就业的国民收入是12000亿元,实际国民收入11800亿,边际消费倾向0.8,在增加3000亿的投资后,经济将发生( A )。
a.需求拉上通货膨胀;b.成本推进通货膨胀;c.结构性通货膨胀; d.需求不足的失业。
7.收入政策主要是用来治理( B )。
a.需求拉上的通货膨胀; b.成本推进的通货膨胀;c.结构性通货膨胀; d.供求混合通货膨胀。
8.抑制通货膨胀的收入政策是指( C )。
a.收入初次分配; b.收入再分配;c.收入—价格管制; d.以上均正确。
9.失业率是指( A )。
a.失业人口占劳动力的百分比; b.失业人数占人口总数的百分比; c.失业人数占就业人数的百分比; d.以上均正确。
10.充分就业的含义是(B )。
宏观经济学习题解答
宏观经济学习题解答盐城工学院经济与管理学院国民收入核算1.下列项目是否计入GDP,为什么?(1)政府转移支付;(2)购买一辆用过的卡车;(3)购买普通股票;(4)购买一块地产。
答:(1)不计入。
因为政府转移支付只是简单地通过税收把收入从一个人或一个组织转移到另一个人或另一个组织手中,并没有相应的物品或劳务的交换发生。
(2)不计入。
不是该期的实际生产活动。
(3)不计入。
经济学上所讲的投资是增加或替换资本资产的支出,即购买新厂房、设备和存货的行为,而人们购买债券和股票只是一种交易活动,并不是实际的生产经营活动。
(4)不计入。
同(3)。
2.在统计中,社会保险税增加对GDP、NDP、NI、PI和DPI 这五个总量中哪个总量有影响?为什么?答:社会保险税实质上是企业和职工为得到社会保障而支付的保险金,它由政府相关部门按一定比率以税收形式征收。
社会保险税是从NI中扣除的,因此,社会保险税的增加并不影响GDP、NDP和NI,但影响个人收入PI。
3.如果甲乙两国并成一个国家,对GDP总和会有什么影响(假定两国产出不变)?答:有影响。
因为合并前的对外贸易变成合并后的国内贸易。
例如合并前,甲国对乙国有出口200亿,对乙国有进口100亿,顺差100亿。
假定他们分别都没有其他贸易伙伴。
对甲国而言,顺差的100亿为GDP加项;对乙国而言,逆差的100亿为GDP减项,两国GDP的总和中的对外贸易部分因此而抵消,为零。
合并后,甲地生产的产品200亿,乙地生产的产品100亿,对合并后的新国家而言,新增的GDP为300亿,总和增加了。
4、某年发生了以下活动:(a)一银矿公司支付7.5万美元给矿工开采了50千克银卖给一银器制造商,售价10万美;(b)银器制造商支付5万美元工资给工人造了一批项链卖给消费者,售价40万美元。
(1)用最终产品生产法计算GDP(2)每个生产阶段生产多少价值?用增值法计算GDP(3)在生产活动中赚得的工资和利润共为多少?用收入法计算GDP(1)项链为最终产品价值为40万美元,所以GDP=40万美元(2)开矿阶段生产10万美元;银器制造阶段生产40-10=30万美元;两个阶段共增值为40万美元(3)在生产活动中,所获工资:7.5+5=12.5万美元;所获利润:(10-7.5)+(40-10-5)=27.5万美元,用收入法计算得的GDP为:12.5+27.5=40万美元可见,用最终产品法、增值法和收入法计得的GDP是相同的。
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)课后习题详解(第6章--失--业-)
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第6、7版)第6章失业课后习题详解跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题解析资料库,您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题,经济学考研课后习题,经济学考研参考书等内容,更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验,从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富,这或许能帮你少走弯路,躲开一些陷阱。
以下内容为跨考网独家整理,如您还需更多考研资料,可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题1.自然失业率(natural rate of unemployment)答:自然失业率又称“有保证的失业率”、“正常失业率”、“充分就业失业率”等,它是经济围绕其波动的平均失业率,是经济在长期中趋近的失业率,是充分就业时仍然保持的失业水平。
自然失业率是在没有货币因素干扰的情况下,让劳动市场和商品市场自发供求力量起作用时,总供给和总需求处于均衡状态时的失业率。
“没有货币因素干扰”是指失业率的高低与通货膨胀率的高低之间不存在替代关系。
自然失业率决定于经济中的结构性和摩擦性的因素,取决于劳动市场的组织状况、人口组成、失业者寻找工作的能力愿望、现有工作的类型、经济结构的变动、新加入劳动者队伍的人数等众多因素。
任何把失业降低到自然失业率以下的企图都将造成加速的通货膨胀。
任何时候都存在着与实际工资率结构相适应的自然失业率。
自然失业率是弗里德曼对菲利普斯曲线发展的一种观点,他将长期的均衡失业率称为“自然失业率”,它可以和任何通货膨胀水平相对应,且不受其影响。
2.摩擦性失业(frictional unemployment)答:摩擦性失业指劳动力市场运行机制不完善或者因为经济变动过程中的工作转换而产生的失业。
摩擦性失业是劳动力在正常流动过程中所产生的失业。
在一个动态经济中,各行业、各部门和各地区之间劳动需求的变动是经常发生的。
即使在充分就业状态下,由于人们从学校毕业或搬到新城市而要寻找工作,总是会有一些人的周转。
多恩布什《宏观经济学》(英文第八版)答案-第六章
Chapter 6 Solutions to the Problems in the Textbook:Conceptual Problems:1. The aggregate supply curve and the Phillips curve describe very similar relationships and bothcurves can be used to analyze the same phenomena. The AS-curve shows a relationship between the price level and the level of output. The Phillips curve shows a relationship between the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate, given certain inflationary expectations. For example, a movement along the AS-curve depicts an increase in the price level that is associated with an increase in the level of output. As output increases, the rate of unemployment decreases (see Okun’s law).Therefore, with a larger increase in the price level (a higher level of inflation) there will be a decrease in unemployment, creating a downward-sloping Phillips curve.This downward sloping Phillips curve shifts whenever inflationary expectations change. If one assumes that workers will change their wage demands whenever their inflationary expectations change, one can conclude that a shift in the Phillips curve corresponds to a shift in the upward sloping AS-curve, since higher wages mean higher cost of production.2. In the short run, when wages and prices are assumed to be fixed, there can be no inflation and thusthe Phillips curve makes no sense over this very brief time frame. But in the medium run (in this chapter also often referred to as the short run), the Phillips curve is downward sloping as inflationary expectations are assumed to be constant. In the long run, the Phillips curve is vertical at the natural rate of unemployment, which corresponds to the vertical long-run AS-curve at the full-employment level of output.3. A variety of explanations are given in this chapter for the stickiness of wages in the short orintermediate run. One is that workers have imperfect information and nobody knows the actual price level. People don’t know whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Due to this uncertainty, labor markets will not clear immediately. Another argument relies on coordination problems, that is, different firms within an economy cannot coordinate price changes in response to monetary policy changes.Individual firms change their prices only reluctantly, since they are afraid of losing market share. The efficiency wage theory argues that employers pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages because of the perceived menu costs involved. There are long-term relations between firms and workers and wages are usually set in nominal terms by wage contracts, which are renegotiated only periodically. Thus real wages fluctuate over time as the price level changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their own employees but not with unemployed workers. Since a turnover in the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for lower wages.These different views are not necessarily mutually exclusive and it is up to students to decide which of the arguments presented here they find most plausible. The explanations differ mainly in their assumption of how fast markets clear and whether employment variations are voluntary.4.a. Stagflation is defined as a period of high unemployment accompanied by high inflation.4.b. Stagflation can occur in time periods when people have high inflationary expectations. If theeconomy goes into a recession, the actual rate of inflation will fall below the expected rate of inflation.However, the actual inflation rate may still be very high while the rate of unemployment is increasing.For example, the Fed may have let money supply grow much too fast in the past, so everyone expectsa high inflation rate. If a supply shock occurs, we will see an increase in the rate of unemploymentwhile inflationary expectations and actual inflation remain very high. This scenario occurred during the 1970s. Once we have reached such a situation, it becomes necessary to design policies that will reduce inflationary expectations to shift the Phillips curve back to the left.5. Assume a disturbance occurs and the AD-curve shifts to the right. Unemployment decreases andinflation increases, and we move along the downward sloping Phillips curve to the left. However, as soon as people realize that actual inflation is higher than their inflationary expectations, they adjust their inflationary expectations upward and the downward-sloping Phillips curve shifts to the right, eventually returning unemployment back to its natural rate. In other words, the economy adjusts back at the full-employment level of income.If an adverse supply shock occurs (the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the left), unemployment and inflation increase simultaneously. This will correspond to a shift of the downward-sloping Phillips curve to the right. However, when people realize that actual inflation is less than expected inflation, then the downward-sloping Phillips curve starts to shift back and the economy adjusts back to the natural rate of unemployment in the long run.6.The expectations-augmented Phillips curve predicts that inflation will rise above the expected levelwhen unemployment drops below its natural rate. However, if people know that this is going to happen, why don’t they immediately adjust to it? And if people immediately adjusted to it, wouldn’t this imply that anticipated monetary policy would be ineffective to cause any deviation from the full-employment level of output? In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations, they may not be able to adjust immediately. One reason is that wage contracts often set wages for an extended time period. Similarly, prices cannot always be changed right away and the costs of changing prices may outweigh the benefits. A further argument is that even rational people make forecasting mistakes and learn only slowly.In other words, the location of the expectations-augmented Phillips curve is determined by the level of expected inflation, which is set by recent historical experience. A shift in this curve caused by changing inflationary expectations occurs only gradually. The rational expectations model, on the other hand, assumes that the Phillips curve shifts almost instantaneously as new information about the near future becomes available.Technical Problems:1. A reduction in the supply of money leads to excess demand for money and increased interest rates,reducing the level of private spending (especially investment). Therefore the AD-curve shifts to the left. This causes an excess supply of goods and services at the original price level so the price level starts to decrease. Since the AS-curve is upward sloping, a new short-run macro-equilibrium is reached at a lower level of output (and thus a higher level of unemployment) and a lower price level.PP1However, the higher level of unemployment eventually puts downward pressure on wages, reducing the cost of production and shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right. Alternatively, since this equilibrium output level is below the full-employment level, prices will continue to fall, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right. As long as output is below the full-employment level Y*, the upward-sloping AS-curve will continue to shift to the right, which means that the price level will continue to decline. Eventually a new long-run equilibrium will be reached at the full-employment level of output (Y*) and a lower price level.2. According to the rational expectations theory, an announced change in monetary policy wouldimmediately change people’s perception in regard to the expected inflation rate. If people could adjust immediately to this change in inflationary expectations, then the rate of unemployment or the output level would remain the same. In other words, we would immediately move from point 1 to point 3 in the diagram used to explain the previous question and the Fed would be unable to affect the unemployment rate. In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations and can anticipate the effects of a policy change correctly, they may not be able to immediately adjust due to wage contracts, etc. Thus, there will always be some deviation from the full-employment output level Y*.3.a. A favorable supply shock, such as a decline in material prices, shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve tothe right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new short-run equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P20 13.b. Lower material prices lower the cost of production, shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve shiftsto the right, and leading to an increase in output and a lower price level. Since unemployment is now below its natural rate, there is a shortage of labor, providing upward pressure on wages. This will increase the cost of production again, eventually shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve back to the original long-run equilibrium (assuming that potential GDP has not been affected).Additional Problems:1. Explain the long-run effect of an increase in nominal money supply on the amount of realmoney balances available in the economy.In the very short run, the price level is fixed, so if nominal money supply (M) increases, a higher level of real money balances is available, causing interest rates to fall and the level of investment spending to increase. This leads to an increase in aggregate demand. The shift to the right of the AD-curve causes the price level (P) to increase, leading to a reduction in real money balances (M/P). In the medium run (an upward-sloping AS-curve), we reach a new equilibrium at a higher output level and a higher price level. Since prices have gone up proportionally less than nominal money supply, real money balances have increased. However, to reach a new long-run equilibrium, prices have to increase further, and as a result, the level of real money balances will decrease further. When the new long-run equilibrium at Y* is finally reached, the price level will have risen proportionally to nominal money supply and the level of real money balances will be back at its original level.2. Assume the economy is in a recession. Describe an adjustment process that will ensure that theeconomy eventually will return to full employment. How can the government speed up this process?If the economy is in a recession, there will be downward pressure on wages and prices, which will bring the economy back to the full-employment output level. The upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right due to lower production costs. However, this process may take a fairly long time. The government can shorten this adjustment process with the help of expansionary fiscal or monetary policies to stimulate aggregate demand. The resulting shift to the right of the AD-curve implies that the final long-run equilibrium will be at a higher price level. In other words, the reduction in unemployment can only be achieved at the cost of higher inflation.3. "The stickiness of wages implies that policy makers can achieve low unemployment only if theyare willing to put up with high inflation." Comment on this statement.There are several explanations of why wages and prices adjust only slowly. One is that workers have imperfect information, so they do not realize that lower prices mean higher real wages. Another is that firms are reluctant to change prices and wages since they are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and want to avoid the perceived cost of making these changes. Finally, wage contracts tend to be long-term and staggered, so it takes time to adjust wages to price changes. Some firms may pay their workers above market-clearing wages to keep them happy and productive. For these reasons, wages and prices tend to be rigid in the short run. Thus it takes time for the economy to adjust back to full-employment.If there were a stable Phillips-curve relationship, a low rate of unemployment could only be achieved by allowing inflation to increase. However, such a stable relationship does not exist. Wages tend to be rigid in the short run, so expansionary policies lower unemployment and increase inflation in the short run. In the long run, however, the economy will adjust back to the natural rate of unemployment, so expansionary policies simply lead to a higher price level.4. "If we assume that people have rational expectations, then fiscal policy is always irrelevant.But monetary policy can still be used to affect the rate of inflation and unemployment."Comment on this statement.Individuals and firms with rational expectations consistently make optimal decisions based on all information available. As long as a policy change is anticipated, people are able to assess its long-run outcome and will try to immediately adjust. Since fiscal policy doesn't affect inflation or unemployment in the long run, it is also ineffective in the short run if wages and prices are assumed to be flexible. An anticipated change in monetary growth, on the other hand, will be reflected in a change in the inflation rate. If wages are flexible, workers will adjust their wage demands immediately and no significant change in the unemployment rate will occur. However, even if people have rational expectations, wages tend to be fairly rigid in the short run due to wage contracts. Therefore, it will take time for the economy to adjust back to a long-run equilibrium. This implies that both fiscal and monetary policy can affect the rate of inflation and unemployment to some degree in the short run.5. "Inflation cannot accelerate in a recession, when the rate of unemployment is above its naturalrate." Comment on this statement.Inflation can accelerate even in a recession, that is, when the unemployment is high, if a supply shock occurs. An oil price increase will increase the cost of production, so the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left. This will increase the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment simultaneously, as firms increase their product prices and cut their production. If the Fed tries to accommodate the supply shock with expansionary monetary policy in an effort to stimulate the economy, then inflation will accelerate even more, as the AD-curve shifts to the right.6. Comment on the following statement:"The coordination approach to the Phillips curve focuses on the problems that the administration has in coordinating its fiscal policies with the monetary policies of the Fed." The coordination approach has nothing to do with fiscal or monetary policy but is simply one explanation of why wages adjust slowly. This view asserts that firms generally are unable to coordinate wage and price changes in response to a monetary policy change. For example, any firm that cuts workers' wages in response to monetary contraction while other firms don't, will anger its employees who may then choose to leave. Firms are also reluctant to change their prices since they are unsure about their competitors' behavior. Thus wages and prices change only slowly in response to a change in aggregate demand. This implies an upward-sloping (short-run) AS-curve.7. Comment on the following statement:"The unemployment rate is zero at the full-employment level of output."With a higher price level real wages decline, increasing the quantity of labor demanded. Therefore the nominal wage rate is bid up until the real wage rate is restored to its unique equilibrium level. Similarly, if prices fall, real wages increase, leading to unemployment. The nominal wage rate falls to bring the real wage rate back to its equilibrium level. So the nominal wage rate changes in proportion to the price level to maintain a real wage rate that clears the labor market. At this wage rate, the full-employment level of output is produced. However, at the full-employment output level the unemployment rate is not zero. Due to frictions in the labor market, there is always a positive unemployment rate, as workers switch between jobs. This is called the natural rate of unemployment.8. Briefly state the reason for the slow adjustment of wages to changes in aggregate demand. The reasons for the slow adjustment of nominal wages can be explained in several ways. One explanation is that workers have imperfect information, that is, they do not immediately realize whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Another explanation is that coordination problems exist, that is, different firms within an economy are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and thus they only reluctantly change wages or prices. The efficiency wage theory, on the other hand, argues that firms pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages due to the perceived cost of doing so. Another argument is that wage contracts tend to be long-term, so real wages tend to fluctuate over the length of the contract and output adjusts only slowly to price changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their employees but not the unemployed. Since a turnover of the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for less. These various explanations are not mutually exclusive, and they all imply that the AS-curve is positively sloped, that is, that a change in aggregate demand will affect both output and prices in the short run.9. True or false? Why?"There is no frictional unemployment at the natural rate of unemployment."False. The natural rate of unemployment is the rate at which the labor market is in equilibrium. But there is always some unemployment due to new entrants into the labor force, people between jobs, and the like.This rate of unemployment is considered normal, due to frictions in the labor market, and is often called frictional unemployment.10. "If everyone in this economy had rational expectations, then wages would be flexible andunemployment could not occur." Comment on this statement.The new Keynesian models argue that even if people have rational expectations, socially undesirable outcomes may still occur due to imperfect competition and the existence of wage contracts. Prices may not change freely, since firms in imperfectly competitive markets are reluctant to change them, due to the menu costs involved. Nominal wages are set by contracts over a period of time, so the economy may adjust only slowly to a decrease in aggregate demand. Thus a rate of unemployment higher than the natural rate can exist over an extended period of time.11. True or false? Why?"If nominal wages were more flexible, expansionary policies would be more effective in reducing the rate of unemployment."False. In Chapter 5 we learned that in the classical case (where nominal wages are completely flexible) the AS-curve is vertical, whereas in the Keynesian case (where wages do not change, even if unemployment persists) the AS-curve is horizontal. From this we can conclude that more flexible nominal wages imply a steeper upward-sloping AS-curve. Any type of expansionary demand-side policy will shift the AD-curve to the right and this will cause the level of output and prices to increase (at least in the short-run). A steeper upward-sloping AS-curve results in a larger price increase and a smaller increase in output. But a smaller increase in the level of output results in a smaller reduction in unemployment. In either case, the economy will settle back at the full-employment level of output in the long run. In the long run, the rate of unemployment always goes back to its natural level.12. Explain the short-run and long-run effects of an increase in the level of government spendingon output, unemployment, interest rates, prices, and real money balances.An increase in government spending increases aggregate demand, shifting the AD-curve to the right. Because there is excess demand, the price level increases, which reduces the level of real money balances. Therefore interest rates increase, leading to some crowding out of investment. Due to this real balance effect, the increase in output is less than the shift in the AD-curve. Assuming an upward-sloping AS-curve, a new equilibrium is reached at a higher price level, a higher level of output, a lower unemployment rate and a higher interest rate. Since output is now above the full-employment level, wages and prices will continue to rise and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting to the left. This process will continue until a new long-run equilibrium is reached at the full-employment level of income Y*, that is, until unemployment is back at its natural rate. At this point the price level, nominal wages, and interest rates will be higher than previously and real money balances will be lower.13. Briefly explain why there seems to be so much interest in finding ways to shift theupward-sloping aggregate supply curve to the right.Shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right seems to be the only way to offset the effects of an adverse supply shock without any negative side effects. An adverse supply shock, such as an increase in oil prices, causes a simultaneous increase in unemployment and inflation, and policy makers have only two options for demand-management policies. Expansionary fiscal or monetary policy will help to achieve full employment faster but will raise the price level, while restrictive fiscal or monetary policy will reduce inflationary pressure but increase unemployment. Therefore, any policy that would shift the upward sloping AS-curve back to the right seems preferable, since it might bring the economy back to the original equilibrium by simultaneously lowering inflation and unemployment.14. Use an AD-AS framework to show the effect of monetary restriction on the level of output,prices and the interest rate in the medium and the long run.A decrease in nominal money supply will increase interest rates, leading to a decrease in investment spending. This will shift the AD-curve to the left, creating an excess supply of goods and services. Therefore price level will decrease and real money balances will increase. A new equilibrium will be achieved at the intersection of the new AD-curve and the upward-sloping AS-curve at an output level that is below the full-employment level.In the long run, higher unemployment will cause downward pressure on wages. As the cost of production decreases, the upward-sloping AS-curve will keep shifting to the right until a new long-run equilibrium is established at the full-employment level of output, that is, where the new AD-curve intersects the long-run vertical AS-curve at Y*. At this point, real output, the real interest rate, real money balances, and the real wage rate will be back at their original level. Nominal money supply, the price level and the nominal wage rate will all have decreased proportionally.A simplified adjustment can be shown as follows:1-->2: Ms down ==> i up ==> I down ==> Y down ==> the AD-curve shifts left ==>excess supply ==> P down ==> real ms up ==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up(The first line describes a policy change, that is, a shift in the AD-curve; the second line describes the price adjustment, that is, a movement along the AD-curve.)Short-run effect:Y down, i up, P down2-->3: Since Y < Y* ==> downwards pressure on nominal wages ==> cost of production down ==> the short run AS-curve shifts right ==> excess supply of goods ==> P down ==> real ms up==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up (This process continues until Y = Y*)Long-run effect:Y stays at Y*, i remains the same, P down.Note: Even though only one shift of the short-run AS-curve to the new long-run equilibrium is shown here, this shift is actually a combination of many shifts.P2P1P2P30 215. Briefly discuss the importance of Okun’s law in evaluating the cost of unemployment.Okun’s law states that a reduction in the unemployment rate of 1 percent will increase the level of output by about 2 percent. This relationship allows us to measure the cost to society (in terms of lost production) of a given rate of unemployment.16. True or false? Why?"If monetary policy accommodates an adverse supply shock, it will worsen any inflationary effects."True. An adverse supply shock shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the left. There is excess demand for goods and services at the original price level and prices start to rise, leading to lower real money balances, higher interest rates, and lower output. If no policy is implemented, then unemployment will force the nominal wage down to restore equilibrium at the original position. If the government views this adjustment process as too slow, it can respond by implementing expansionary policies. Accommodating the supply shock in this way shifts the AD-curve to the right and a new equilibrium can be reached at full-employment but at a higher price level. It is unlikely, though, that the economy will remain there for long since workers will realize that their purchasing power has been diminished by higher prices and will demand a wage increase. If they are successful, the cost of production will increase and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left again. In other words, we will enter a wage-price spiral.PP3P2P1217. Assume oil prices decline. What kind of monetary policy should the Fed undertake if its goal isto stabilize the level of output while keeping inflation low? Show with the help of an AD-AS diagram and briefly explain the adjustment process.1-->2: As oil prices decline, the cost of production decreases and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the right, causing excess supply of goods. Thus the price level decreases, real money balances increase, and the interest rate declines.2-->3: A decrease in money supply will increase the interest rate, decrease private spending, and shift the AD-curve to the left. This means that prices will decrease even further and the level of output will decline. (We assume, for simplicity, that it goes back to the full-employment level Y*, so no long-run adjustment is needed.) Overall, the level of output has remained at its full-employment level but the level of prices and the interest rate have decreased.PP1P2218. Comment on the following statement:"A favorable oil shock causes lower inflation and lower unemployment."A decrease in material prices (or any other favorable supply shock) shifts theupward-sloping AS-curve to the right, and prices begin to decrease. The new equilibrium is at a lower price level and a higher level of output (a lower level of unemployment).Since output is now above the full-employment level, there will be upward pressure on nominal wages and prices, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting back to its original position (assuming that potential output was not affected). In the long run, unemployment will be back at its natural rate but the price level will have decreased (and thus real wages increased).19. “Falling oil prices will lead to increased employment, higher wage rates an dincreased real money balances.” Comment on this statement with the help of an AD-AS diagram and explain the short-run and long-run adjustment processes.A decline in material prices shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve starts shifting back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P2Y*Y2Y。
(完整版)《宏观经济学》课后练习题参考答案6
第6章经济增长一、选择题二、名词解释1、索洛增长模型:索洛增长模型是表明储蓄、人口增长和技术进步如何影响一个经济的产出水平及其随着时间推移而实现增长的一种经济增长模型。
它的基本假定是:(1)社会储蓄函数为S=sY,式中,s是作为参数的储蓄率;(2)劳动力按照一个不变的比例增长;(3)生产的规模报酬不变。
其主要思想是:人均投资用于资本扩展化和资本深化,当人均投资大于资本扩展化时,人均产出就会增长;当人均投资等于资本扩展化时,经济达到稳定状态,人均产出不再增长,但总产出会继续增长,增长率等于人口增长率。
索洛增长模型以经济学家罗伯特·索洛(Robert Solow)的名字命名,是在20世纪50—60年代提出来的。
1987年,索洛由于在经济增长研究中的贡献而获得了诺贝尔经济学奖。
2、稳定状态:索洛模型的稳定状态指的是长期中经济增长达到的一种均衡状态,在这种状态下,投资等于资本扩展化水平,人均资本存量维持不变,即△k=sf(k)-δk=0。
这个维持不变的人均资存量k*,叫做稳定状态人均资本存量。
在稳定状态下,不论经济初始位于哪一点,随着时间的推移,经济总是会收敛于该资本水平k* 。
在稳定状态,由于人均资本存量保持不变,所以人均产出也保持不变,即人均产出增长率为零。
3、资本的黄金律水平:资本的黄金律水平是指稳定状态人均消费最大化所对应的人均资本水平,由经济学家费尔普斯于1961年提出的。
他认为如果一个经济的发展目标是使稳态人均消费最大化,稳态人均资本量的选择应使资本的边际产品等于劳动的增长率。
黄金分割率具有如下的性质:(1)在稳态时如果一个经济中人均资本量多于黄金分割率的水平,则可以通过消费掉一部分资本使每个人的平均资本下降到黄金分割率的水平,就能提高人均消费水平。
(2)如果一个经济拥有的人均资本少于黄金分割的数量,则该经济能够提高人均消费的途径是在目前缩减消费,增加储蓄,直到人均资本达到黄金分割率的水平。
宏观经济学 布兰查德第六版 第6-7章课后作业参考答案
1/1+m
A
PS WS' WS
AS
P1
un
u'
U
Yn'
Yn
Y
f.产出和价格随时间推移会发生什么变化?用文字解释。 由于AD曲线垂直,AS曲线的调整不会使产出达到新的自 然产出水平。随着时间的推移,AS曲线会一直向上移动, 价格会不停地上涨,但产出不发生变化,始终保持在原自 然产出水平。
• 失业救济金增加会使工人提出更高的工资要求,在任意失 业率水平上的工资都更高,因此工资制定关系WS上移, 而由于价格制定关系PS仅取决于厂商的价格加成比例μ, 所以PS不变,此时自然失业率上升。 • 工资制定: W • 价格制定: F (u , z )
P W 1 P 1 m
实 际 工 资
i
A B A' A''
IS IS'
新的产出水平小于原来的 自然产出水平,为了恢复 到原来的产出水平,在中 期内,A'会移动到A'',LM 曲线左移到LM'',此时产 出恢复到自然产出水平。
Y' Yn
• b.在短期,产出、利率和价格水平将如何变动?在短期, 消费、投资和私人储蓄将如何变动?在短期,消费者信心 下降会最终导致私人储蓄下降吗? 短期,产出下降,利率下降,价格水平下降。消费下降, 投资不确定,因为低产出减少投资,而低利率增加投资。 私人储蓄S=Y-T-C,Y和C都下降,没办法确定S的变化情况。 • c.在中期,重复b的问题。中期存在储蓄悖论吗? • 在中期,产出不变,利率下降,价格水平下降。消费下降, 投资增加,私人储蓄增加,不存在储蓄悖论。
b.这对IS曲线意味着什么? 投资对利率不作出反应意味着IS曲线是垂直的,即无论 利率如何变化都不影响物品市场的均衡产出。如图:
曼昆《宏观经济学》(第10版)笔记和课后习题详解 第6章 开放的经济【圣才出品】
第6章开放的经济6.1复习笔记【知识框架】【考点难点归纳】考点一:资本和产品的国际流动★★★★1.净出口净出口也称贸易余额,一般用NX表示,是本国向其他国家出口的产品与服务的价值减去外国向本国提供的产品和服务的价值,反映国际间产品与服务的流动。
用X表示出口,用IM表示进口,则出口减去进口(X-IM)就是净出口。
国民收入核算恒等式可被写为:Y=C+I+G+NX对上式进行简单变形,得:NX=Y-(C+I+G)净出口=产出-国内支出这个式子说明,在一个开放经济中,国内支出无须等于产品与服务的产出。
如果产出大于国内支出,则净出口是正的;如果产出小于国内支出,则净出口是负的。
2.国际资本流动和贸易余额(1)资本净流出资本净流出也称国外净投资,是国内储蓄和国内投资之间的差额S-I,反映为资本积累融资的资金国际流动。
(2)资本净流出和贸易余额的关系根据储蓄和投资重写国民收入核算恒等式可以推导出:Y=C+I+G+NXY-C-G=I+NX(Y-C-T)+(T-G)=I+NXS-I=NX国民收入核算恒等式表明,资本净流出总是等于贸易余额,即资本净流出=贸易余额。
这表明为资本积累筹资的资金国际流动和国际间产品和服务的流动是同一枚硬币的两面。
(3)开放经济可能经历的三种结果(见表6-1)表6-1开放经济可能经历的三种结果3.双边贸易余额的无关紧要性双边贸易余额指一国与某一特定国家之间的贸易余额。
总体的贸易余额与一国的储蓄和投资密不可分,对双边贸易余额而言,情况却不是这样。
一国可能对特定贸易伙伴有巨额贸易赤字和盈余,而总体上保持贸易平衡。
双边贸易赤字在政治舞台上受到过多的关注。
这部分地是由于国际关系表现为国与国之间的关系;然而,从宏观经济的角度看,一国与所有外国的总体贸易余额才是重要的。
考点二:小型开放经济★★★★★1.小型开放经济模型(1)假设①该经济对世界利率的影响微不足道;②资本完全流动,即该经济中的利率r必定等于世界利率r*(r=r*);③经济的产出由生产函数和生产要素固定,Y=_Y=F(_K,_L);④消费C与可支配收入(Y-T)正相关,消费函数为C=C(Y-T);⑤投资I与实际利率r负相关,投资函数为I=I(r);⑥财政政策固定。
宏观经济学第六章习题及答案
宏观经济学第六章习题及答案思考与练习1.名词解释失业∕失业率充分就业摩擦性失业产出效应结构性失业通货膨胀自愿性失业自然失业率消费物价指数收入分配效应财富分配效应菲利普斯曲线附加预期的菲利普斯曲线长期菲利普斯曲线2.什么是失业?通货膨胀如何定义?3.什么是充分就业?4.充分就业与自然失业率之间有何关系?5.失业与通货膨胀有什么关系?6.度量通红膨胀有哪些途径?7.试述通货膨胀的成因以及如何治理?8.试述菲利普斯曲线的特性、经济含义及其依据。
9.附加预期的菲利普斯曲线与传统的菲利普斯曲线有什么不同?根据附加预期的菲利普斯曲线理论,在什么条件下,数据能够呈现出传统的菲利普斯曲线关系?1.名词解释(1)失业∕失业率:指愿意并有能力工作的人没有得到就业岗位的现象;失业人口占劳动人口的比重即为失业率(2)充分就业:指在某一工资水平之下,所有愿意接受工作的人,都获得了就业机会。
(3)摩擦性失业:指生产过程中难以避免的、由于转换职业等原因而造成的短期、局部失业。
(4)产出效应:由于通货膨胀中物价水平的上升快于货币工资的上升,从而实际利润增加,产量和就业增加的情形。
(5)结构性失业:指劳动力的供给和需求不匹配所造成的失业,其特点是既有失业,也有职位空缺,失业者或者没有合适的技能,或者居住地点不当,因此无法填补现有的职位空缺。
(6)通货膨胀:即一般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象(7)自愿性失业:指工人所要求的实际工资超过其边际生产率,或者说不愿意接受现行的工作条件和收入水平而未被雇用而造成的失业。
(8)自然失业率:指在没有货币因素影响下,劳动力市场和商品市场自发供求力量发挥作用时应有的处于均衡状态的失业率,即是一个不会造成通胀的失业率。
(9)消费物价指数:指人们有选择地选取一组(相对固定)商品和劳务,然后比较它们按当期价格购买的花费和按基期价格购买的花费。
(10)收入分配效应:通货膨胀对不同的人有不同的影响;通货膨胀对债务人有利而对债权人不利;通货膨胀有利于政府而不利于公众。
宏观经济学部分章节课后题答案
宏观经济学部分章节课后题答案微软宏观经济学[课后练习答案]概念的第一部分解释流量和存量:流量是发生在一定时间内的变量,存量是存在于一定时间点的变量9年国内生产总值平减指数:也称为国内生产总值换算指数,是名义国内生产总值与实际国内生产总值之比公式为Microsoft标称GDPGDP平减指数??实际国内生产总值?PQ?PQtii0itit?100国民收入核算:用于定义和测量一系列相关统计数据(包括国内生产总值)并计算总产出或总收入的一套方法名义国内生产总值:按当年价格计算的国内生产总值;实际国内生产总值:以不变价格计算的国内生产总值如果某一年的价格P0i为不变价格,则第三年的价格为Pti,第三年的最终产品数量为Qti,那么:199T年|名义国内生产总值??这是年度实际国内生产总值吗??PQi0it消费(C):指家庭购买的产品和服务它包括耐用商品(汽车、彩电、空调等)的支出。
),在非耐用品(食品和服装等)上的支出。
)和劳务支出(教育、医疗、旅游等。
)投资(一)是指一定时期内社会实物资本的增加,包括企业固定投资、住房固定投资和存货投资。
政府采购(g):指各级政府购买商品和服务的支出政府出资建立法律体系、国防体系、道路和港口建设、学校建设等等都属于政府。
净出口(NX):指货物和服务出口值(ex,or-x)与货物和服务进口值(im,or-m)之间的差额国民生产总值(GNP):指该国永久居民在一定时期(通常为一年)内生产的最终产品的市场价值总和。
它以人口为统计标准,强调国家原则净国民生产总值(NNP):一个国家在一定时期(通常为一年)内的新增加值,等于国民生产总值扣除当年消耗的资本(折旧)后的价值余额。
国民收入(NI):狭义的国民收入是指一个国家在一定时期(通常为一年)内生产产品和提供服务所使用的各种生产要素(土地、劳动力、资本和创业人才)的报酬(收入)总和个人收入(PI):指个人在一个国家一定时期(通常为一年)内来自各种来源的总收入可支配个人收入(PDI:)是指一个国家所有个人在一定时期(通常为一年)内的总收入减去个人或家庭缴纳的税款,以及个人自由使用的实际收入,即人们可以自由消费或储蓄的收入。
2宏观经济学第六章试题及答案
宏观经济学及其研究对象宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为考察对象,研究社会总体经济问题以及相应的经济变量的总量是如何决定及其相互关系。
它需要解决三个问题:一是已经配置到各个生产部门和企业的经济资源总量的使用情况是如何决定着一国的总产量(国民收入)或就业量;二是商品市场和货币市场的总供求是如何决定着一国的国民收入水平和一般物价水平;三是国民收入水平和一般物价水平的变动与经济周期及经济增长的关系。
它又称为国民收入决定论或收入分析。
宏观经济学研究的是经济资源的利用问题,包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、财政与货币政策等。
(一)选择题1. 依据哈罗德—多马模型的定义,自然增长率G N与实际增长率G之间的关系是():AG N≥G;BG N≤G; C G N>G;DG N<G。
2. 根据哈罗德—多马模型的分析,如果有保证的增长率G W大于实际增长率G,经济将():A持续高涨;B长期萧条;C均衡增长;D不能确定。
3. 根据哈罗德—多马模型的分析,如果有保证的增长率G W大于自然增长率G N,经济将():A持续高涨;B长期萧条;C均衡增长;D不能确定。
4. 要达到充分就业的均衡增长,必须使():AG=G N;BG=G W;CG=G N= G W;DG W= G N。
5. 在哈罗德—多马模型中,已知有保证的增长率G W小于实际增长率G,如果合意的储蓄率等于实际储蓄率,那么合意的资本—产出比将():A小于实际的资本—产出比;B大于实际的资本—产出比;C等于实际的资本—产出比;D以下情况都有可能。
6. 当合意的资本—产出比大于实际的资本—产出比时,厂商的合理反应是():A增加投资;B减少投资;C保持原有投资水平;D不能确定。
7. 哈罗德—多马模型的分析之所以是一种动态分析,是因为它():A从连续的各个时期来分析经济增长;B根据投资和储蓄之间的关系来分析经济增长;C根据有效需求来分析经济增长;D在技术、人口和资本均可发生变化的时期内分析经济增长。
宏观经济学第二次作业及答案
宏观经济学第二次作业及答案第6章消费理论的发展一.判断题(判断正误,并说明理由):1.相对收入假说认为消费具有向上刚性。
错误,向下刚性。
2.生命周期理论认为,社会上年轻人与老年人比例增大会提高消费倾向,而中年人比例增大将降低消费倾向。
正确3.生命周期理论与永久收入理论的区别在于:前者偏重于对储蓄动机的分析后者偏重于个人如何预测自己未来收入的问题。
正确二.计算题:1.假设某人一生分为四个阶段,在其前三个阶段收入分别为 20 万元、80 万元和 60 万元,退休后没有任何收入,假设利率为零,试问:根据生命周期理论,此人一生的消费水平将是多少?哪个时期为储蓄,哪个时期为负储蓄?答:平均消费水平为(20+80+60)/4=40第二阶段和第三阶段为储蓄,第一阶段和第四阶段为负储蓄。
2 .假设某人的消费函数为 C=0.045WR+0.72Y p,WR为实际财富,持久收入Y p=0.6Y d+0.4Y d-1,是当年和以前两年收入的加权平均,他拥有的实际财富为 30 万元,每年的可支配收入为 8000 元,求其消费水平。
答:C=0.045×300000+0.6×8000+0.4×8000=21500三.问答题1.试用永久收入理论分析消费不会随经济的繁荣与衰退作太大变化。
2.试述生命周期理论与凯恩斯消费理论之间的区别3.试述生命周期消费理论与永久收入消费理论的联系与区别。
.4.根据生命周期理论,当一个社会建立起健全的社会保障体系,人们的平均消费倾向是大了还是小了?5.什么是相对收入假说中的\棘轮效应\?第7章投资理论一、.问答题1.在厂商的投资决策中,影响意愿资本数量的因素有哪些?实际利率的变化是通过什么样的传导机制影响意愿资本数量的?2.存货投资有哪些类型?3.用 Q 理论说明企业的投资行为。
第 8 章失业与通货膨胀一.判断题(判断正误,并说明理由):1.如果你的房东说:\工资、公用事业及别的费用都涨了,我也只能提高你的房租。
宏观经济学 第6章 总需求和总供给
Macroeconomics
Yu Huixin School of Management HEBUT
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三、 总供给模型
长期地看, 长期地看,总供给与潜在产出水平密切 短期地看,在生产能力一定时, 相关 ;短期地看,在生产能力一定时,总 供给也要受总需求和价格水平的影响。 供给也要受总需求和价格水平的影响。
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4、劳动市场均衡 、
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Macroeconomics
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Yu Huixin School of Management HEBUT
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Macroeconomics Yu Huixin School of Management HEBUT
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扩张性货币政策对总 需求曲线的影响: 除价格因素外, 除价格因素外,扩张 性货 币政策导致AD线向 币政策导致 线向 右移动, 右移动, 相反紧缩性货币政策 导致 AD线向左移动。 线向左移动。 线向左移动
古典派认为总供给决定总需求 工资和价格是完全弹性的, 工资和价格是完全弹性的,市场能 够很快出清 当出现非均衡时, 当出现非均衡时,市场经济能够迅 速自动恢复到充分就业水平下的均衡 状态 总供给总处于潜在产出水平,AS因 总供给总处于潜在产出水平,AS因 而是一条垂直线
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第六章习题参考答案一、名词解释1、总供给曲线:表明了价格与产量的相结合,即在某种价格水平时整个社会的厂商所愿意供给的产品总量。
2、总需求曲线:描述在产品市场和货币市场同时实现均衡时,产量(国民收入)与价格水平的组合。
3、总需求—总供给模型:将总需求与总供给结合在一起放在一个坐标图上,用以解释国民收入和价格水平的决定,考察价格变化的原因以及社会经济如何实现总需求与总供给的均衡。
4、古典总供给曲线:不受价格水平变动的影响,位于充分就业水平上的垂直的总供给曲线。
5、粘性工资模型:即阐述粘性名义工资对总供给影响的模型。
6、利率效应:物价水平的变化将引起利率水平的变化,从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
7、税收效应:物价水平的变化将引起税收的变化,从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
二、单项选择题DCAAB DCCBD D1.D.总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因主要有:实际余额效应、利率效应、汇率效应以及税收效应。
2.C.价格的变化不影响IS曲线的位置,而价格下降会导致实际货币余额增加,利率下降,投资需求增加从而收入增加,所以LM曲线向右移。
3.A.在凯恩斯条件下,由于供给曲线是一条水平线,扩张的财政政策会使价格不变但国民收入y将增加。
y增加,则对货币的需求将增加,当货币供给不变时利率提高;当处于古典区域时,由于产量已达到了充分就业时的最大产出,所以y不会变,扩张性的财政政策将会使得价格上涨,从而实际货币余额将减少,利率提高。
4.A.劳动需求函数为Nd=Nd(WP),WP指实际工资,劳动需求与实际工资成反向关系,因此价格水平越低,名义工资不变,则实际工资上升,因而劳动需求下降。
5.B.劳动的供给函数为Ns=Ns(WP),W指名义工资,P为价格水平。
在短期内,实际工资率越高,劳动的供给越多,因此呈现正斜率。
6.D.古典学派假设工资和价格水平可以迅速自行调节,从而使得经济总是处于充分就业状态,因而此时古典供给曲线存在。
7.C.8.C.A、B、D三选项均属于潜在产出的短期决定因素,技术是长期决定因素。
9.B.总需求曲线的左移,造成就业量和实际产出的下降,而就业量的变化又会造成名义工资的下降。
10.D.不论短期还是长期,技术进步都会导致y增加,所以都会右移。
11.D.在IS-LM曲线中,价格是不变的;在AD-AS曲线中,价格是变化的。
三、判断题×√××√√××1. ×。
支出乘数越小则β越小,β越小则IS曲线的斜率越大,而IS曲线的斜率越大,由于AD曲线的斜率与IS曲线的斜率同方向变动,所以AD曲线的斜率将变大,曲线更陡峭。
2.√。
在短期生产函数内,,K是不变的,技术水平是不变的,就业量N随经济的变动而变动,在长期生产函数内,K是变动的,技术水平是变动的,就业量也是变动的。
3.×。
生产者对劳动需求量的大小取决于实际工资。
4.×。
只有当总供给曲线垂直时,减税才不会影响实际产出。
5.√。
在题中的假定情况下,实行扩张性的政策使得AD曲线右移,使得价格升高,但由于AS曲线是垂直线,所以实际产出不变化。
6.√。
劳动市场的均衡是指劳动的供给和需求处于均衡状态。
7.×。
总供给曲线的形状可由单个产品供给曲线的形状直接推导,但总需求曲线的形状与单个产品需求曲线的形状则无必然联系。
单个产品的需求量与其价格反向变动,是因为边际效用递减;而总需求量与价格反向变动,则是由于利率效应、实际余额效应等方面的原因。
另外,微观供求模型中的价格与总需求模型中的价格也不同,后者是前者的加权平均。
8.×。
完全竞争是一般均衡状态,消费者实现了效用的最大化,厂商实现了利润的最大化,资源配置的效率达到最优。
四、问答题1.宏观经济学中的总需求曲线与微观经济学中的需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因有何不同?答:总需求曲线中价格和国民收入反方向变化,需求曲线中价格和数量也呈反方向变化,但含义不同。
前者表达的含义是以货币计量的名义总供给恰好等于以货币计量的名义需求的均衡。
而单个商品的需求曲线自左向右向下倾斜,是因为商品的边际效用随商品数量的增加而递减。
2.用图形分析法导出一条总需求曲线,并分析影响总需求曲线的位置和斜率的因素。
答:总需求曲线的斜率取决于这样一些因素:第一、货币需求的利率弹性。
货币需求的利率弹性越小,价格变动所引起的实际货币供给量的变动对利率和总需求的影响就越大,从而总需求曲线的斜率也就越小(即总需求曲线越平坦)。
相反,货币需求的利率弹性越大,价格变动所引起的实际货物币供给量的变动对利率和总需求的影响就越小,从而总需求曲线的斜率也就越大(即总需求曲线越陡峭)。
第二、投资需求的利率弹性。
投资需求的利率弹性越大,既定的利率变动所引起的投资与总需求的变动越大,从而总需求曲线的斜率也就越小。
相反,投资需求的利率弹性越小,既定的利率变动所引起的投资与总需求的变动越小,从而总需求曲线的斜率也就越大。
第三、货币需求的收入弹性。
货币需求的收入弹性越小,既定的实际货币供给量变动所引起的总需求的变动就大,从而总需求曲线的斜率就越小。
相反,货币需求的收入弹性越大,既定的实际货币供给量变动所引起的总需求的变动就小,从而总需求曲线的斜率就()KNfy,=*(*,*) y f N K=越大。
第四、乘数。
乘数越大,既定实际货币供给量变动所引起的最终总需求(与国民收入)的变动越大,从而总需求曲线的斜率就越小。
相反,乘数越小,既定实际货币供给量变动所引起的最终总需求(与国民收入)的变动越小,从而总需求曲线的斜率就越大。
因此,总需求曲线的斜率与货币需求的利率弹性和投资需求的利率弹性同方向变动,与货币需求的收入弹性和乘数反方向变动。
根据总需求曲线斜率的决定还可以推导出两种特例:第一种是古典特例。
在这种情况下,货币需求的利率弹性为零,LM 曲线是一条垂线,实际货币供给量的变动对总需求有最大的影响,从而总需求曲线也就是一条水平线(其斜率为零)。
第二种是凯恩斯陷阱。
在这种情况下,货币需求的利率弹性无限大,即在既定的利率之下,公众愿持有任何数量的货币供给量,LM 曲线是一条水平线。
因此,价格变动所引起的实际货币供给量变动对总需求没有什么影响,总需求曲线就是一条垂线(其斜率为无限大),即总需求不会对价格变动作出反应。
3.在什么条件下,AS 曲线分别是水平的、垂直的和向右上方倾斜的?答:(要点)在长期中价格和货币工资具有伸缩性,AS 曲线是垂直的;在刚性货币工资的条件下,AS 曲线是水平的;在投入要素价格具有粘性时,AS 曲线向右上倾斜。
4.在古典总需求—总供给模型中,当政府支出增加时,价格水平、国民收入、利率和就业量如何变化,并用图形分析加以说明。
答:在古典总需求—总供给模型中,当政府支出增加时,总需求曲线向上平移与总供给曲线交与价格水平更高的点,所以价格水平提高。
价格水平提高使得实际货币余额减少,这将会引起利率水平的上升。
由于在此模型下,社会已处于充分就业状态,所以不能增加国民收入,从而国民收入不变,就业量也就不变。
5.试比较古典总供给-总需求模型与凯恩斯主义总供给-总需求模型。
答:以政府支出增加为例说明。
在凯恩斯区域的总需求—总供给模型中,当政府支出增加时,总需求曲线将向右上方平移,从而使得产量增加,国民收入增加,所以就业量增加,由于总供给曲线是一条水平线,所以价格水平不变。
在古典总需求—总供给模型中,当政府支出增加时,总需求曲线向上平移与总供给曲线交与价格水平更高的点,所以价格水平提高。
价格水平提高使得实际货币余额减少,这将会引起利率水平的上升。
由于在此模型下,社会已处于充分就业状态,所以不能增加国民收入,从而国民收入不变,就业量也就不变。
y 0AD ′PO y fP 0E ′yEADAS第五题图 古典的总需求-总供给模型f第四题图 古典的总需求-总供给模型f6.试结合总供给-总需求分析法说明宏观经济波动中短期的萧条状态、高涨状态、滞胀状态和长期的充分就业状态,并简要说明政府治理滞胀状态分对策。
答:宏观经济学在用总需求—总供给说明经济中的萧条,高涨和滞涨时,主要是通过说明短期的收入和价格水平的决定来完成的。
如图1所示。
从图1可以看到,短期的收入和价格水平的决定有两种情况。
第一种情况是,AD 是总需求曲线,ASs 使短期供给曲线,总需求曲线和短期供给曲线的交点E 决定的产量或收入为y ,价格水平为P ,二者都处于很低的水平,第一种情况表示经济处于萧条状态。
第二种情况是,当总需求增加,总需求曲线从AD 向右移动到AD '时,短期总供给曲线ASs 和新的总需求曲线AD '的交点E '决定的产量或收入为y ',价格水平为p ',二者都处于很高的水平,第二种情况表示经济处于高涨状态。
现在假定短期供给曲线由于供给冲击(如石油价格和工资等提高)而向左移动,但总需求曲线不发生变化。
在这种情况下,短期收入和价格水平的决定可以用图2表示。
在图2中,AD 是总需求曲线,是短期总供给曲线,两者的交点E 决定的产量或收入为,价格水平为P 。
现在由于出现供给冲击,短期总供给曲线向左移动到,总需求曲线和新的短期总供给曲线的交点决定的产量或收入为,价格水平为,这个产量低于原来的产量,而价格水平却高于原来的价格水平,这种情况表示经济处于滞涨状态,即经济停滞和通货膨胀结合在一起的状态。
五、计算题1.假定某经济社会C=100+0.8dy,i =150-6r ,t=50,g=40,从而IS 方程为y=1250-30r ;名义货币供给M=150,货币需求函数为L=0.2Y-4r 。
(1)求价格水平为P=100%=1,P=1.2,P=1.5时的LM 方程。
(2)求上述三种价格水平下的总需求方程,并求解均衡收入和利率。
(3)画出总需求曲线AD 。
(4)当P=1时,中央银行增加货币投放量,从而使M=200,求y ,r ,并且和(2)对比,在(3)所做图中画AD 曲线,此时,AD 曲线有什么变化?(5)当投资需求利率弹性变小时,比如,i=120-3r ,总需求曲线斜率(把总需求曲线看做直线形式来讨论)如何变化(LM 曲线不变)?(6)当货币需求的利率弹性变大时,比如,L=0.2Y-10r ,总需求曲线斜率(把总需求曲线看图2滞涨状态的说明做直线形式来讨论)如何变化(IS 曲线不变)?解:(1)因为货币供给函数m=150M P P=再由已知:货币需求函数为:0.24L y r =- 由L=m 易得LM 曲线方程为75020Py r =+故 ① P=1 y=750+20r ② P=1.2 y=625+20r ③ P=1.5 y=500+20r (2) 由已知可得:IS 曲线为:y=1250-30r 而LM 曲线为:r y Pm 42.0150-==由 IS=LM 有:总需求曲线为:500450+=Py故 ① P=1 Y=950 r=25-15=10 ② P=1.2 Y=875 r=25-12.5=12.5 ③ P=1.5 Y=800 r=25-10=15(3)如下图所示:(4) M=200 P=1则LM 方程为:Y=1000/P+20r=1000+20r 联立IS 与LM 曲线方程⎩⎨⎧+=-=r y ry 201000301250解得:⎩⎨⎧==11005y r由图可知:此时,AD 曲线右移。