【增长】祁俊:2018年1—5月行业销量同比增长35.6%,预计全年同比增速10%
AL1783 三通道线性LED驱动器说明书
AL1783T16E-1360V THREE INDEPENDENT PWM CHANNEL LINEAR LED DRIVERDescriptionThe AL1783 is a three-channel linear LED driver with independent PWM dimming and current-setting controls for each channel. The device is designed to target connected, commercial, industrial, and RGB LED lighting applications.The key merits of the AL1783 are attributed to a compact solution, eBOM cost effectiveness, excellent PWM dimming performance, low standby power, ease of system implementation, and up to 60V input and LED pin operating voltage.The AL1783 is available in the TSSOP-16EP (Type DX) package to minimize PCB space and external component count.Features• Wide Input Voltage Range from 6.5V to 60V• -40°C to +105°C Ambient Temperature Operation Range • ±4% LED Current Tolerance @125mA • PWM Dimming Control for Each Channel• LED Current Adjustable for Each Channel by External Ref pins • Automatic Enter and Exit Standby Power Mode • Fast PWM Dimming Capable to eliminate e-Flicker•Robust Protections: Under Voltage Lock-out (UVLO), Over Voltage Protection (OVP), LED String Open/Short Protection (LED Short/Open)▪ Over Temperature Protection (OTP): Thermal Fold-back,Thermal Shut-down, and Automatic Thermal Recovery • Fault Reporting: UVLO, OTP, LED Open and Short• Totally Lead-Free & Fully RoHS Compliant (Notes 1 & 2) • Halogen- and Antimony-Free. “Green” Device (Note 3) •For automotive applications requiring specific change control (i.e. parts qualified to AEC-Q100/101/200, PPAPcapable, and manufactured in IATF 16949 certified facilities), please contact us or your local Diodes representative. https:///quality/product-definitions/Pin AssignmentsTop ViewVIN NC PWM1REF3REF1REF2PWM2FAULTB PWM3GND GNDGNDLED2NC LED1LED3(TSSOP-16EP (Type DX))Applications▪ RGB Lighting▪ Horticulture Lighting ▪ Architecture Lighting ▪ Industrial Lighting▪ Commercial Lighting, i.e. Ceiling and Panel Light ▪ Connected LightingNotes:1. No purposely added lead. Fully EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS), 2011/65/EU (RoHS 2) & 2015/863/EU (RoHS 3) compliant.2. See https:///quality/lead-free/ for more information about Diodes Incorporated’s definitions of Halogen- and Antimony-free, "Green", and Lead-free.3. Halogen- and Antimony-free "Green” products are defined as those which contain <900ppm bromine, <900ppm chlorine (<1500ppm total Br + Cl) and <1000ppm antimony compounds.Typical Application CircuitV INPin DescriptionsPin Number Pin Name FunctionVIN 1 Power Supply for ChipNC 2 No ConnectionPWM1 3 PWM Dimming Signal and Enable Input for 1st channel of LED1, Internally Pulled Down 200KΩ typical.PWM2 4 PWM Dimming Signal and Enable Input for 2nd channel of LED2, Internally Pulled Down 200KΩ typical.PWM3 5 PWM Dimming Signal and Enable Input for 3rd channel of LED3, Internally Pulled Down 200KΩ typical.GND 6 GroundGND 7 GroundGND 8 GroundLED3 9 3rd Channel for LED String CathodeLED2 10 2nd Channel for LED String CathodeLED1 11 1st Channel for LED String CathodeNC 12 No ConnectionFAULTB 13 Fault Report. Open Drain Asserted Low to report faulty conditions. Needs an external pull-up resistor.REF3 14 Reference Current Setting through External Resistor (R ref3)REF2 15 Reference Current Setting through External Resistor (R ref2)REF1 16 Reference Current Setting through External Resistor (R ref1)— Exposed PAD Exposed pad must connect to GND. It should be externally connected to GND to reduce thermalimpedance. It should not be used as an electrical conduction path.Functional Block DiagramFigure 2. Functional Block DiagramAbsolute Maximum Ratings (Note 4)Symbol Parameter Ratings UnitsV VIN Input Voltage Relative to GND -0.3 to 65 VV LED1,2,3LED1,2,3 Voltage Relative to GND -0.3 to 65 VI LED1,2,3LED1,2,3 Output Current 300 mAV PWM1,2,3,V REF1,2,3,V FAULTB,PWM1,2,3, REF1,2,3, and FAULT Voltage Relative to GND -0.3 to 7 V T J Operating Junction Temperature -40 to +150 °CT ST Storage Temperature -55 to +160 °CNotes: 4. Stresses greater than the 'Absolute Maximum Ratings' specified above, may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only;functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions exceeding those indicated in this specification is not implied. Device reliability may be affected by exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods of time.Semiconductor devices are ESD sensitive and may be damaged by exposure to ESD events. Suitable ESD precautions should be taken when handling and transporting these devicesESD RatingsSymbol Parameter Rating UnitV ESD Human-Body Model (HBM) +/-2000V Charged-Device Model (CDM) +/-1000Recommended Operating ConditionsSymbol Parameter Min Max Unit V VIN Input Voltage Relative to GND 6.5 60 V V IH High-Level Input Voltage on PWM1,2,3 1.4 5.5 V V IL Low-Level Input Voltage on PWM1,2,3 0 0.4 VT J Operating Junction Temperature Range -40 +125 °C T A Operating Ambient Temperature -40 +105 °CNotes: 5. Device mounted on 2” x 2” FR-4 substrate PCB, 2oz copper, with minimum recommended pad on top layer and thermal vias to bottom layer groundplane.Electrical Characteristics (@ T A = +25°C, V IN = +12V, unless otherwise specified.)Symbol Parameter Test Conditions Min Typ Max Unit V VIN_UVLO VIN UVLO Voltage V PWM1,2,3 = 0V, V VIN Rising — 5.8 — V V VIN_UVLO_HYS VIN UVLO Hysteresis V PWM1,2,3 = 0V, V VIN Falling — 300 — mVI VIN_Standby Input current in Standby Mode Standby Mode, all PWM1,2,3 are “L” for 4ms — 200 — µAI DVCC_Q Input Current in Normal Mode Enabled, LED1,2,3 floating, any PWM1,2,3 is “H”,R REF1,2,3is 48KΩ—1.5 — mAV IL_PWM1,2,3PWM Low Voltage — — — 0.4 V V IH_PWM1,2,3PWM High Voltage — 1.4 — — VF PWM1,2,3PWM Frequency — 0.5 — 40 kHz I PWM1,2,3-PD PWM Internal Pulldown V PWM1,2,3 = 5V 0.35 — 3.5 μA T PWM1,2,3_MIN_ON Minimum PWM1,2,3 On Time — 10 — — μsT PWM1,2,3_SHDN Entrance time for StandbyMode when all PWM1,2,3are ”L”— — 4 — msV REF1,2,3Reference Voltage — 1.47 1.5 1.53 V I REF1,2,3Reference Current R REF1,2,3 = 48KΩ— 31.25 — μAI LED1,2,3_NOM Nominal Regulation Current forChannel 1, 2, 3 R REF1,2,3 = 48KΩ120 125 130 mAI LED1,2,3_Max Max Regulation Current forChannel 1,2,3 R REF1,2,3 = 24KΩ (Notes: 6) — 250 — mAI LED1,2,3_Min Min. Regulation Current forChannel 1,2,3 R REF1,2,3 = 200KΩ (Notes: 6) — 30 — mAV LED1,2,3_REG Minimum LED RegulationVoltage I LED1,2,3 = 125mA — 0.7 — VI LED1,2,3_LEAK LED1,2,3 Leakage Current V PWM1,2,3 = 0V, V LED1,2,3= +12V — 0.1 — μA V LED1,2,3SHP LED Short Protection Threshold (Note 7) — 15 — VT LED1,2,3SHDGShort-detection Deglitch 100% duty-cycle — 3 — msN LED1,2,3SHDG PWM Dimming (count the number of continuouscycles when LED short is detected) — 7 — CyclesT LED1,2,3SH_HICCUP LED Short Protection HiccupTime — — 128 — msT LED1,2,3OPDGOpen-detection Deglitch 100% duty-cycle — 3 — msN LED1,2,3OPDG PWM Dimming (count the number of continuouscycles when LED open is detected) — 7 — CyclesT LED1,2,3OP_HICCUP LED Open Protection HiccupTime — — 128 — msT SS Soft-start Time V PWM1,2,3 = 5V, 90% of I LED1,2,3_NOM— 200 — μs V FOL FAULTB Output Low Voltage I FAULTB = 1mA — — 180 mVI FOH FAULTB Leakage Current V FAULTB = 5V — — 1 μAT SHDN Thermal Shutdown Threshold — — — 160 ℃T REC Thermal Recovery Threshold — — — 140 ℃Notes: 6. These parameters, although guaranteed by design, are not 100% tested in production7. LED short is detected when V LED1,2,3 >15V.6912151821242730333639424548515457601.001.021.041.061.081.101.121.141.161.181.201.221.241.261.281.30Input Voltage(V)V I N Q u i e s c e n t C u r r e n t (m A )691215182124273033363942454851545760100105110115120125130135140145150155160 Input Voltage(V)V I N S t a n d b y C u r r e n t (µA )-50-40-30-20-100102030405060708090100110120130102030405060708090100110120130140150160170180190200V I N S t a n d by C u r r e n t (µA )Temperature('C)6912151821242730333639424548515457601.361.381.401.421.441.461.481.501.521.541.56 Input Voltage(V)V R E F (V )-50-40-30-20-1001020304050607080901001101201301.361.381.401.421.441.461.481.501.521.541.56 V R E F (V )Temperature('C)-50-40-30-20-1001020304050607080901001101201301.001.021.041.061.081.101.121.141.161.181.201.221.241.261.281.301.321.341.36V I N Q u i e s c e n t C u r r e n t (m A )Temperature('C)Typical Performance Characteristics (T A = +25°C, VIN = 12V, R REF =48k Ω, I LED =125mA unless otherwise noted).VIN Standby Current vs. Input Voltage VIN Standby Current vs. Temperature VIN Quiescent Current vs. Input Voltage VIN Quiescent Current vs. Temperature Reference Voltage vs. Input Voltage Reference Voltage vs. Temperature-50-40-30-20-1001020304050607080901001101201305.25.35.45.55.65.75.85.96.06.16.2 V I N _U V L O (V )Temperature('C)-50-40-30-20-100102030405060708090100110120130100105110115120125130135140145150 I L E D(m A )Temperature('C)02040608010012014016018020022020406080100120140160180200220240260280300R REF (Kohm)I L E D (m A )204060801001201401601802002202402602803000.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0I LED (mA)M i n i m u m L E D R e g u l a t i o n V o l t a g e (V )-50-40-30-20-1001020304050607080901001101201300.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.8M i n i m u m L E D R e g u l a t i o n V o l t a g e (V )Temperature('C)I L E D (m A )V LED (V)Typical Performance Characteristics (T A = +25°C, VIN = 12V, R REF =48k Ω, I LED =125mA unless otherwise noted).VIN UVLO Voltage vs. Temperature LED Current vs. Temperature LED Current vs. R REF Minimum LED Voltage vs. LED Regulation Current Minimum LED Voltage vs. Temperature(R REF =48k Ω, I LED =125mA )PWM Duty Cycle (%)PWM Duty Cycle (%)Application InformationLinear LED Driver Design Topology and ImplementationThe AL1783 adopts a multi-channel Linear LED driver topology with independent PWM dimming, and current setting control implementation for each channel. The parallel Linear LED driver channel structure associated with the power conversion stage covers mainstream applications for many LED Lighting dimming and color tuning applications. Given the maximum operating input voltage at 60V, it is possible to drive more than 16 RGB emitters by splitting LED Emitter string voltage and VIN, as long as it is below 60V.The AL1783 is a three PWM current sink regulator. In order to meet channel current accuracy and short protection requirements, the recommended maximum current of each channel is 250mA and the recommended minimum channel current is 30mA. Each channel can be individually and digitally controlled by the PWM dimming the signal down to less than 1%@1kHz.As in the case of three-channel Tunable Color LED lighting, the AL1783 drives three emitter strings. Using R REF1, R REF2, and R REF3of 24KΩ, the maximum output current for Channel 1, Channel 2, and Channel 3 will be 250mA when each PWM signal is turned on. The associated micro-controller unit (MCU) shall program and generate the suitable PWM duty cycle to meet the required and targeted Tuning Color output. R REF1,R REF2, and R REF3 can also be set dynamically for different peak values to achieve the desired channel peak current if another dimension adjustment is needed.The LED Driving Element detects fault conditions and reports its status on the FAULTB pin. It features LED open detection, LED short detection, Over Temperature Protection (OTP), and Under Voltage Lockout (UVLO). The AL1783 provides supreme current matching between channels and devices. Along with bus-mode fault reporting, multiple devices can be employed together to increase current driving capabilities or channel count versatility.Interface with Emitter StringsThe Power Conversion stage provides necessary constant output voltages (CVs) to power the micro-controller unit (MCU), LED Strings, and LED Drivers. A typical application requires 3.3V for the MCU and 12V/24V/48V anodes of LED emitter strings. The cathodes of the bottom LED emitter strings are connected to the LED1,2,3 pins of the AL1783.Interface with MCUThe physical layer interfaces between the micro-controller unit (MCU) and the AL1783 are the PWM1,2,3 pins and FAULTB. The MCU activates the PWM1,2,3 (asserted high) to turn on AL1783 during normal LED lighting operation applications. When the PWM1,2,3 pins are asserted low and greater than > 4ms, the device enters into Standby Mode with minimum power consumption. For typical light dimming or mixing operations, the MCU generates proper dimming control output signals to the PWM1,2,3 pins. If any general fault occurs in the AL1783, the FAULTB pin is asserted LOW to interrupt and request the MCU to take proper actions.Application Information (cont.)Current SettingThe AL1783 is designed to have individual LED channel currents set by its corresponding current setting from the R SET1,2,3resistor. The LED channel current level is expressed as below:ILED1,2,3=4000∗VREFRSET1,2,3wℎere VREF=1.5V nominally for all cℎannelsFor example, when an R REF of 24KΩ is used, each channel of the AL1783 provides the same output current of 250mA.The maximum LED current for each channel can be adjusted up to 250mA via the R REF resistor for AL1783. Any two or more channels can be tied together to drive one LED string with aggregated current. So when the current needed for any channel is greater than the maximum value the device can provide, two or more channels or devices can be connected and paralleled together to provide the higher drive current necessary. Support Higher CurrentWhile the recommended maximum operating current is at 250mA for each channel, and total 750mA for the AL1783, by setting R REF1, R REF2, and R REF3 at 24KΩ; the system design can drive an LED string with higher current by connecting the cathodes of the LED emitter string to two or more LED channel outputs (LED1,2,3) and tie the associated PWM pins (PWM1,2,3) to the same PWM signal from the MCU. The total current through the LED emitter string is the sum of the current through each individual channel.Similarly, it is also possible to further increase the current for a specific LED string by connecting two or more AL1783 IC chips in parallel and drive all associated PWM pins with a common PWM signal.PWM Dimming ControlA PWM frequency greater than 500HZ is recommended. A high level of PWM signals will turn the current sink on to flow through the LED pin, and a low level will turn it off. Consequently, each LED channel and LED brightness of the corresponding channel can be adjusted cycle-by-cycle accordingly.The pulse width of the PWM signal should be no less than 10μs, supporting down to 1% @ 1 kHz deep dimming capability. PWM signals can be driven static high/low to turn on/off the corresponding channels.Enable and Soft-Start LED Drivers (EN Pin)The PWM of the AL1783 is enabled when the voltage at any PWM1,2,3 pin is greater than the typical voltage of 2.5V, and disabled when all PWM1,2,3 are lower than 0.4V. When PWM1,2,3 pin is asserted and the VIN pin is ramped up beyond minimum operation voltage, a soft start will be performed with a slew-rate controlled current ramp over 200μS at the LED1,2,3 output pins. For optimal system reliability, this minimizes the current overshooting through the LED strings. When all PWM1,2,3 are asserted low for > 4ms, the LED Driver will enter into Standby Mode with ultra-low standby power < 200μA.Standby ModeWhen in this Standby Mode, the power consumption saved is I vin_standby (Standby Power Supply Current) * VIN (VIN for LED driver circuit). Refer to the case of the R REF at 24KΩ (fo r 250mA channel current in the AL1783, I standby is typical at 0.2mA) and VIN is 50V, or 10mW for the LED driver portion.When any PWM signal driving AL1783 is detected, the AL1783 will automatically exit the standby mode and perform the designated functions properly.Application Information (cont.)Fault Reporting (FAULTB Pin)The AL1783 detects and reports the FAULTB status upon the occurrence of Thermal Shutdown in OTP, LED Short, LED Open, and UVLO. The FAULTB pin is an open-drain output design. Multiple devices can share a single FAULTB signal by connecting all FAULTB pins together with an external pull-up resistor.Under Voltage Lockout (Hysteresis Mode)Under-voltage lockout function (UVLO) guarantees that the device is initially off during start-up. The AL1783 is not turned ON until the power supply has reached 6V. Whenever the input voltage falls below approximately 5.7V, the device is turned off and the FAULTB status will be reported. The UVLO detection-trigger circuitry has a hysteresis of 300mV.LED Open Protection (Hiccup Mode)The AL1783 detects the LED status by monitoring the current of the LED pin. When LED opens and lasts for a period of time period, the AL1783 enters protection mode and shuts down all channels. The time period is 7 cycles of the input PWM signal or 3ms timer when the PWM duty is 100%. The abnormal channel will be retested afterward to check if the abnormal condition is cleared. The AL1783 periodically checks every 128ms if the abnormal condition is removed. The LED driver will re-activate once the abnormal condition is cleared. The LED open protection is effective when the input PWM1,2,3 signal on time is higher than 10μs, or 1% @ 1 kHz. The FAULTB pin will be asserted low when the LED pin detects that the LED string is open, and will resume high once the LED open condition is removed.LED Short Protection (Hiccup Mode)The AL1783 detects the LED status by monitoring voltage at the LED1,2,3 pins. When the LED string anode is short to cathode, V LED1,2,3 will be pulled up. When V LED1,2,3 voltage exceeds 15V and lasts for a short time period, the AL1783 enters protection mode and shuts down all channels. The time period is 7 cycles of the input PWM signal or 3ms timer when the PWM duty is 100%. The abnormal channel will be periodicallyrechecked every 128ms afterward to detect if the abnormal condition is cleared. The LED driver will re-activate once the abnormal condition iscleared. The LED short protection is effective when the input voltage is higher than 15V and the input PWM1,2,3 signal on time is higher than 10μs, or 1% @ 1 kHz. The FAULTB pin will be asserted low when the LED shorts, and will resume high once the LED short condition is removed.Thermal Foldback and Over Temperature Protection (Hysteresis Mode)Temperature is a concern when driving the LEDs at high currents. Take care at high temperatures so as to not exceed the LED operating temperature requirements. In order to cool down the LEDs before they are damaged, the current going through the LEDs must be decreased when the LED temperature begins to increase.When the chip temperature is higher than the threshold temperature (130°C), the AL1783 starts to reduce the V REFX voltage and the LED current starts to fall from the nominal current. As illustrated in Figure 3, the LED current decreases as the temperature increases.L E D C u r r e n t P e r c e n t a g e (%)Temperature (ºC)Figure 3. Thermal Fold-back DiagramThermal protection prevents the IC from being damaged when the temperature exceeds safe margins. When the junction temperature reaches 160ºC, the device will enter thermal shut down, and all currents will sink and while no current flows to the LED strings. The normal current level can be automatically restored to its set current from OTP by triggering a Soft Start once the temperature cools down below 140ºC. The LED Driver’s Thermal Shut Mode will also be reported at the FAULTB pin.Ordering InformationAL1783 T16E - XPackageT16E: TSSOP-16EP13: Tape & ReelProduct NamePackingPart Number Package CodePackaging 13” Tape and ReelQuantityPart Number SuffixAL1783T16E-13T16ETSSOP-16EP (Type DX)(Note 8)2500/Tape & Reel-13Note:8. For packaging details, go to our website at /products/packages.htmlMarking Information( Top View )AL1783YY WW LogoWW : Week : 01~52; 52YY : Year : 15,16,17~Package Outline Dimensions (All dimensions in mm.)Please see /package-outlines.html for the latest version.Suggested Pad LayoutPlease see /package-outlines.html for the latest version.DimensionsValue (in mm) C 0.65 X 0.35 X1 2.94 X2 2.45 X3 4.90 Y 1.40 Y1 2.00 Y2 2.72 Y36.80Mechanical Data• Moisture Sensitivity: MSL Level 1 per J-STD-020• Terminals: Finish - Matte Tin Plated Leads, Solderable per JESD22-B102 • Weight: 0.056 grams (Approximate)AL1783T16E-13。
日本和泉电气端子台选型手册
BN1U-40W
40A
5.5
35A
注 :对应电线为 1.25mm2,但构造上也可连接 2mm2 的电线。
18-10AWG
CSA 标准
额定绝缘电压 通电电流
对应电线
15A
22-14AWG
15A
22-14AWG
35A
18-10AWG
EN 标准 额定绝缘电压 对应电线
通电电流 (mm2)
接线 螺丝
22A
2 (22-14AWG)
端子台
BN1U 型 BN/BNH 系列 BA 系列
2010-09-10
导轨安装式端子台选型指南
分类 系列名称
軌导轨安装式端子台
BN1U 型
具有螺丝弹升及暂时固定功能,且 UL、CSA 认证产品(600V 额定值)
可对应 FW 的端子台
符合 JIS 标准工业用端子台
符合 EN 规格(TÜV)
BN-W/BNH-W 系列
• 请务必在额定值范围内,或遵守规格使用,以免引起触电或火 灾发生。
• 接线螺丝的尺寸以及推荐扭矩如下表所示。
螺丝尺寸
M3 M3.5 M4 M5
扭矩 (N · m)
0.6 ~ 1.0 1.0 ~ 1.3 1.4 ~ 2.0 2.6 ~ 3.7
螺丝尺寸
M6 M8 M10 M12 M16
扭矩 (N · m)
② 使 用 螺 丝 刀 垂 直 下 压 螺 丝 , ③ 延续第二步骤,用螺丝刀拧
将接线螺丝压入导电体。
紧螺丝。
无 需 暂 时 固 定
④ 松开螺丝时,螺丝会笔直弹 升。
②’把螺丝端子压往导电体之后, ③’拧紧螺丝时,请将接线螺丝 接线螺丝会往箭头方向倾斜。 恢复到垂直状态。
派克液压密封件说明书
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由于工作条件以及产品或系统的多样性,用户必须自行分析和测试,并独自承担一切后果,包括:产品和系统的最终选型以及确保满足应用的所有性能、安全和警告等方面的要求。
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本公司的密封件,只能在本公司的文件资料述及的应用参数范围与接触介质、压力、温度和存放时间相一致的情况下才能使用。
在规定的应用参数范围外使用以及错误选用不同的材料都可能导致密封件寿命的缩短以及设备的损坏,甚至更严重的后果(如生命安全,环境污染等)。
样本中所列出的工作压力、温度范围、运动速度是极限值,它们之间相互关联、相互影响;在极端的工况下,建议不要同时把各个参数都同时用到极限值。
对于特殊的要求(压力、温度、速度、介质等),请联系派克汉尼汾公司以咨询合适的密封结构、材料、配置、安装建议等。
由于诸多工作参数会影响到流体传动系统及密封元件,这些设备的制造商必须在实际工作条件下测试、验证并批准密封系统的功能与可靠性。
此外,对于不断出现的新的介质(液压油、润滑脂、清洗剂等),用户特别注意它们与目前所用的密封件弹性体材料的兼容性。
我们建议用户在大批量应用之前,在厂内或现场先做密封材料的兼容性能测试,作为密封产品与系统供应商,我们建议用户遵循我们的这些建议。
语言学考研真题大全(共13套)
中文系语言学概论2002年2002年科目429 语言学概论专业:语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学研究方向:以上专业所有方向一、简答题(每小题2分,共20分)1、简述现代汉语书面语和口头语的源头2、闽方言包括哪几个次方言?各以哪个地方的语音为代表?3、说明汉语音节的结构地点4、汉语拼音方案有哪些优点?5、简要说明调值和调类的关系6、-i[前]、-i[后]、ong、iong等韵母分别属于四呼中的哪一呼?7、词汇学中的义位和传统所说的义项有什么不同?8、说明谚语被认为是词汇的一部分的原因9、什么是独立语?简要说明独立语的类型10、举例说明主谓句的主要句型二、应用题(共56分)1、为下列词语注上汉语拼音(6分)创伤粗犷呆板解剖皈依桎梏2、下列成语中的汉字有正确的有错误的,把错误的改为正确(6分)负隅顽抗陈词烂调班门弄斧既往不究刚愎自用不孝子孙病入膏肓风声鹤唳一愁莫展各行其事悬梁刺骨趋之若鹜3、解释下列成语中划线的语素的意义(4分)汗流浃背开门揖盗如火如荼高屋建瓴4、分析下列合成词的结构(6分)容貌弃儿宪法梦想灰心霜降融化船只铅印瀑布响应权衡5、改正下列句中的错误(2分)江西名城南昌,毗邻巍峨的江西省人民政府办公大厦,有一座很不显眼的三层小楼,这就是江西省高级人民法院。
6、用直接成分分析法(框式图解)分析下列复杂词组(每小组3分,共六分)(1)这后一句话给祥林嫂很大的鼓励(2)屋里有人轻轻地哼着小调7、用六大成分分析法(加线法)分析下列单句(每小题3分,共6分)(1)我们往往容易把赢得荣誉的人的衣服的每一个皱折,都描绘得光彩夺目。
(2)把博物馆比作智慧的女神、博学的君子,我看很恰当。
8、用符号法分析下列复句(4分)如果你是一个真正的艺术家,那么无论是站在演出的舞台上,还是站在生活的大舞台上,你都会真正赢得人民的掌声。
9、指出下列句中用得好的词语并分析其修辞效果(每小题4分,共八分)(1)七斤嫂眼睛好,早望见今天的赵七爷已经不是道士,却变成光滑头皮,乌黑发顶;伊便知道这一定是皇帝坐了龙庭,而且一定需有辫子,而且七斤一定是非常危险。
ODIS E车型代码对照
ODIS-E车型代码对照ODIS-E工程师车型说明汽车平台代码车型/代码/规格车型名称/车型结构/产地奥迪AU21X AU210/0_8XE A1 E-TRONAU210/0_FZ0 A1PA 3TAU210/1_FZS A1PA 5TAU210/x_8X0 A1 [EOP]AU316/0_8U0 Q3AU316/0_8UD Q3 ChinaAU27X AU270/1_GBS A1NF 5TAU35X AU350/0_8P0 AB2 [EOP]AU355/0_8PC AB2 Cabrio [EOP]AU42x/1_8J0 TT2 Coupe/Roadster NFAU61x/x_420 R8 [EOP]AU37X AU276/0_GA0 Q2AU276/0_GAD Q2 ChinaAU326/0_F30 Q3NFAU371/0_8VB A3 LAAU375/0_8VC A3 CabrioAU37x/x_8V0 A3AU37x/x_8VD 3 ChinaAU434/1_FV0 TT3 CoupeAU435/1_FVR TT3 RoadsterAU48X AU416/0_8R0 Q5AU416/0_8RD Q5 ChinaAU481/0_8KD B8 China [EOP]AU485/0_8F0 B8 CabrioAU48x/x_8K0 B8 Lim/Av/Allroad [EOP]AU48x/x_8T0 B8 Coupe/ Sportback AU49X AU426/0_FY0 Q5NFAU426/0_FYD Q5NF ChinaAU491/0_8W0 B9 Limousine/ PHEVAU491/0_8WD B9 ChinaAU492/0_8WA B9 Avant/ AllroadAU493/0_8WF B9 SportbackAU494/0_8WB B9 CoupeAU495/0_8WC B9 CabrioAU56X AU516/0_4L0 Q7 [EOP]AU561/1_4FD C6 China [EOP]AU56x/x_4F0 C6 Lim/Av/Allroad [EOP]AU57X AU571/0_4GD C7 ChinaAU573/0_4G8 A7 SportbackAU57x/x_4G0 C7 Lim/Av/Allroad AU58X AU516/1_4KE C-BEVAU536/3_4MF Q8AU581/0_4K0 C8 LimousineAU581/0_4KD C8 Limousine ChinaAU582/0_4KA C8 Avant / AllroadAU583/0_4KF C8 SportbackAU584/0_4KB C8 Coupe [EOVM] AU64X AU641/0_4H0 D4AU65X ?U651_MLB65 T?chniktr?g?rAU651/0_4N0 D5 NWBAU651/0_4N4 D5 LWBAU651/0_4N6 D5 SSFAU724 AU624/0_4S0 R8NF CoupeAU625/0_4SR R8NF SpyderAU73X AU536/0_4M0 Q7NF大众VW019 VW114/0_6Z0 XL1VW120 VW120/0_120 (SE120, up!, Mii, CitigoSK120)VW120/0_12E Elektro up!VW120/X_ 12B NSF LAVW21X VW210/3_5Z0 FoxVW218/0_5ZR Suran/SpacefoxVW23X VW23X/x_5U0 Gol / Voyage / Saveiro VW250-CS VW250/0_60D Polo A05 China (SVW) VW2531-CS SK350/3CS K A-Entry Spaceback (SVW China)VW35X/1_604(SK351/1CS)A-Entry China (SVW) VW2532-CN VW351/2_603 Jetta A2 NF China (FAW) VW25X VW250/0_6R0 EU/SA Polo A05 [EOVM]VW250/2_6RS Polo Vivo SAVW251/0_601 Polo RusslandVW25X/0_602 Polo IndienVW25X/0_621 Polo MalaysiaVW25X/0_622 Polo Indien Compact Sedan (ICS)VW26X VW250/0_6C0 Polo GPVW27X VW270_2G0VB Polo 7 (Prototypen)VW270/0_2G0 Polo 7VW276/0_2GA T-RocVW27X-CN VW276/1_2GD T-Roc LWB (FAW)VW27X-LA VW27x_2GBVB Polo-G (Prototypen)VW27X/2_2GB Polo-G (erst aktiv ab VFF) VW311-1 VW310/4_180 Lavida China (SVW)VW311/4 Lavida China (SVW)VW321/4 Lavida China (SVW)VW3112-CN VW311/5_150 New Bora China (FAW)VW320/5 New Bora China (FAW)VW321/5 New Bora China (FAW) VW316-C VW316/0_5ND Tiguan Lang China (SVW) VW32X VW32X/1_5C0 Beetle NFVW35X/0_1KM A5VW362 Jetta_Golf Variant [EOVM]VW361/0_160 Jetta NFVW361/0_16M Jetta Malaysia CKDVW361/0_16R Jetta NF RusslandVW358-C VW358/0_1TD A5 Touran China (SVW)VW36X SE428/0_710 Alhambra NFVW316/0_5N0 TiguanVW350/0_1K0 A5 Golf [EOVM]VW358/0_1T0VW368 A5 Touran [EOVM]VW360/0_5K0 A6 Golf [EOVM]VW360/0_5KE A6 Golf Elektro [EOVM] VW360/2_5M0 A5 Golf Plus [EOVM] VW364/0_130 SCIROCCOVW365/0_5KK A6 Golf Cabrio[EOVM] VW365/2_1Q0 EOS [EOVM]VW428/0_7N0 SharanVW36X-CN VW351/0_1KD A5 Sagitar China (FAW) [EOVM]VW360/0_5KD A6 Golf China (FAW) [EOVM]VW361/0_16D Sagitar NF (FAW)VW37X VW326/0_550 A7 Tiguan / MQB-A2 (SUV)VW326/0_55N A7 Tiguan MEVW326/0_55R A7 Tiguan RusslandVW370/0_5GB A7 Golf BrasilienVW370/0_5GE A7 e-Golf ElektroVW370/2_5GP A7 Golf SportsvanVW371/0_17A A7 Jetta MexikoVW378/0_5T0 A7 Touran / MQB-A2 (MPV)VW37X/0_5G0 A7 GolfVW37X/0_5GM A7 Golf MexicoVW37X-CN VW326/3_55G A SUV China (FAW)VW331/5_15G A7 New Bora China (FAW)VW370/0_5GG A7 Golf China (FAW)VW370/2_5GH A7 Golf Sportsvan China (FAW)VW37X-CS VW313/0_5GD A+ China (SVW)VW326/0_55D A7 Tiguan China (SVW)VW331/4_18D Lavida NF (SVW)VW378/0_5TD A7 Touran China (SVW)VW38X VW38X/0_5H0 A8 GolfVW411 VW411/1_560 New Midsize Sedan (NAR)VW411-CS VW411/1_56D New Midsize Sedan China (SVW)VW416 VW416/0_3CN B-SUV (NAR) VW416-CS VW416/0_3CG Teramont (SVW)VW421/1_3GB New Midsize Sedan China NF (SVW)VW416-VT VW416_3CGVB Teramont (SVW) [EOVM]VW416_3CNVB B-SUV (NAR) [EOVM]VW46X VW463/0_350 B6 Passat CCVW46X/0_3C0 B6 Passat [EOVM]VW47x/0_360 B7 PassatVW46X-CN VW461/0_3CD Magotan China (FAW) [EOVM]VW463/0_35D Magotan CC China (FAW)VW471/0_36D B7 Passat China Lang (FAW) VW48X VW483/0_3H0 CC FastbackVW48x/0_3G0 B8 PassatVW48X-CN VW481/0_3GD B8L Passat China (FAW)VW483/0_3HD CC Fastback China (FAW) VW48X-VT VW483_3H0VB CC Fastback [EOVM]VW51X-CS VW511/0_3ED Phideon China (SVW)VW526 VW526/0_7P0 Colorado / TouaregVW53X VW536_760VB Touareg NFVW536/0_760 Touareg NF(erst aktiv ab VFF)VW611 VW611/0_3D0 D1 Phaeton [EOVM] VW62X VW621/0_3F0 Phaeton NF[EOVM] 斯柯达SK25X SK250/2/7/8 A05 Fabia II + RoomsterSK250 IN A05 / Fabia II FL (Indien) SK250 RU A05 / Fabia II FL (Russland) SK251/0IN K Rapid (Indien)SK25X1 SK351/3EU K(SE351/3EU K)(SK350/3EU K)Rapid, Rapid SBToledoSK351/3RU K A-Entry (Russland)SK25X-CS SK250CS A05 / Fabia ModF (SVW China) SK26X SK260/0EU K A06 / Fabia III (EU),SK262/0EU K (Fabia III Combi)SK26X-CS SK260/0CS K A06 / Fabia III (SVW China)SK316-CS SK316/3_CS A-ENTRY CUV (SVW China)SK35X SK316/0EU K A-SUV / Yeti (EU)SK316/0RU K A-SUV / Yeti (Russland)SK351/2 A5 / Octavia II (EU)SK351 RU A5 / Octavia II (Russland) SK37X SK326/0EU K A-SUV / Yeti II (EU)SK326/1EU A-Plus SUVSK371/0EU K A7 / Octavia III (EU),SK372/0EU K (Octavia III Combi)SK371/0IN K A7 / Octavia III. (Indien)SK371/0RU K A7 / Octavia III. (Russland) SK37X-CS SK326/0CS A-SUV / Yeti NF (SVW China)SK326/1CS A-Plus SUV ChinaSK371/0CS K A7 / Octavia III (SVW China) SK46X SK461/2 B6 / Superb II (EU)SK48X SK481/0EU K B8 /SK482/0EU KSuperb III (EU),(Superb III Combi)SK48X-CS SK481/0CS K B8 / Superb III (SVW China) 上表产地说明:FAW=一汽大众SVW=上汽大众CN用于表示一汽大众生产车型;CS用于表示上汽大众生产车型,含斯柯达。
HP DesignJet T1530 打印机系列说明书
DatasheetHP DesignJet T1530PrinterseriesMaximize workgroup productivity and enterprise securityDual-roll 914-mm (36-inch),6-ink printer for professional-quality CAD and GIS applicationsFor more information,please visit/go/designjett15301Local printing requires mobile device and printer to be on the same network (usually Wi-Fi access points bridge wireless to wired connections).Wireless performance is dependent on physical environment and distance from access point.Wireless operations arecompatible with 2.4GHz operations only.Remote printing requires an Internet connection to an HP web-connected printer.Wireless broadband use requires separately purchased service contract for mobile devices.Check with service provider for coverage and availability in your area.See /go/designjetmobility for more details.2The HP All-in-One Printer Remote mobile app is available for Apple®iPad,iPhone,and iPod Touch running iOS v7.0or later and for Android™mobile devices running Android™v4.4or later.The HP All-in-One Printer Remote mobile app is available for free from the Apple®App Store for Apple®mobile devices and from the Google Play Store for Android™mobile devices.3Optional security solutions include Secure Disk Erase (available for all models)and Encrypted HD (available only in specific models).4The HP Print Service Plugin app is available for Android™mobile devices running Android™v.4.4or later.The app is free from Google Play.QUALITY—Your projects,presented at their best●Six Original HP inks produce a wide color gamut ideal for color graphics.●Original HP gray and photo black inks achieve precise line accuracy,dark blacks,and true neutral grays.●Make your architectural prints shine with professional,high-resolutiongraphics—opt for Adobe PostScript®.●Communicate with precision—produce plans,drawings,and maps with fine line quality,and up to 2400dpi.PRODUCTIVITY—Ease,efficiency empower workgroups●Stay organized and on task—theintegrated 50-page output stacking tray delivers flat,collated prints.●Two rolls help save time—easy front loading,automatic alignment;two media types/sizes,smart switching.●Print complex files fast—one A1/D in 21sec (120A1/D per hr),96GB virtual memory (based on 1.5GB RAM).●Print from your mobile device/USB drive with HP Mobile Printing 1;add features with HP AiO Printer Remote 2SECURITY—Enterprise compatible,IT manageable●Enable highly unattended printing with two 91.4-m (300-ft)rolls and Original HP ink cartridges up to 300ml.●Safeguard information with securityprotocols like IPSec,802.1x,SNMPv3,PIN printing,and other options.3●Use HP Embedded Web Server and Web Jetadmin to easily manage your printer and fleet while also tracking costs.●Integrates easily with your other office devices—iOS and Android™4compatibility with HP Mobile Printing.1Data sheet|HP DesignJet T1530Printer seriesTechnical specificationsPrintLine drawings21sec/page on A1;120A1prints per hour1Print resolution Up to2400x1200optimized dpiMargins Roll:3x3x3x3mmSheet:3x22x3x3mmTechnology HP Thermal InkjetInk types Dye-based(C,G,M,pK,Y);Pigment-based(mK)Ink drop6pl(C,M,Y,G,pK);9pl(mK)Printheads1(cyan,grey,magenta,matte black,photo black,yellow)Line accuracy±0.1%2Minimum line width0.02mm(HP-GL/2addressable)Guaranteed minimumline width0.07mm(ISO/IEC13660:2001(E))3MediaHandling Input:two automatic front-loading roll feeds,smart roll switching,sheet feedOutput:integrated output stacking tray(from A4/A to AO/E,with up to50A1/D-size capacity),media bin,automatic cutterSize210to914mm wide sheets;279to914mm rolls;A4;A3;A2;A1;A0Thickness Up to0.5mmApplications Line drawings;Renderings;Presentations;Maps;OrthophotosMemory96GB(file processing);Standard,500GB hard diskConnectivityInterfaces(standard)Gigabit Ethernet(1000Base-T)Print languages (standard)Basic printer HP-GL/2,HP-RTL,TIFF,JPEG,CALS G4,HP-PCL3GUI,URFPostScript printer Adobe PostScript3,Adobe PDF1.7Extension Level3,HP-GL/2,HP-RTL,TIFF,JPEG,CALS G4,HP-PCL3GUI,URFPrinting paths Direct printing from USB flash drive,email printing,HP driver for Windows,HP driver for MAC OS X,HP Print Service for Android,Apple AirPrint driver,HP Print for Chrome OSDrivers(included)HP-GL/2,HP-PCL3GUI drivers for Windows and Mac OS X;PostScript drivers for Windows,Linux,and Mac OS X Dimensions(w x d x h)Printer1399x916x1110mmShipping1500x781x815mmWeightPrinter88kgShipping120kgWhat's in the box HP DesignJet T1530Printer;printhead;introductory ink cartridges;stacking tray;media bin;spindles;quick reference guide;setup poster;startup software;power cordEnvironmental rangesOperating temperature5to40ºCStorage temperature-25to55ºCOperating humidity20to80%RHAcousticsSound pressure47dB(A)(active);39dB(A)(standby);<16dB(A)(sleep)Sound power 6.5B(A)(active);5.8B(A)(standby);<1.9B(A)(sleep)PowerConsumption120watts(printing);1.3watts(5watts with embedded Digital Front End)(sleep)Requirements Input voltage(auto ranging)100-240V(±10%),50/60Hz(±3Hz),2A max(peak current)CertificationSafety USA and Canada(CSA certified);EU(LVD and EN60950-1compliant);Russia(GOST);Singapore(PSB);China (CCC);Argentina(IRAM);Mexico(NYCE);Korea(KATS)Electromagnetic Compliant with Class B requirements,including:USA(FCC rules),Canada(ICES),EU(EMC Directive),Australia (ACMA),New Zealand(RSM),China(CCC),Japan(VCCI);Certified as Class A product:Korea(KCC) Environmental ENERGY STAR®;WEEE;EU RoHS;China RoHS;REACH;EPEAT BronzeWarranty Two-year limited warranty.Warranty and support options vary by product,country and local legalrequirements Ordering informationProductL2Y24AL2Y24BL2Y23AHP DesignJet T1530914-mm PostScript PrinterHP DesignJet T1530914-mm PostScript Printer with Encrypted Hard DiskHP DesignJet T1530914-mm PrinterAccessoriesC0C66A HP DesignJet PostScript/PDF Upgrade KitCN538A HP DesignJet3-in Core AdapterG6H50B HP SD Pro44-in ScannerG6H51B HP HD Pro42-in ScannerL4R66A HP DesignJet36-in SpindleOriginal HP printheadsB3P06A HP727DesignJet PrintheadOriginal HP ink cartridgesB3P19A HP727130-ml Cyan DesignJet Ink CartridgeB3P20A HP727130-ml Magenta DesignJet Ink CartridgeB3P21A HP727130-ml Yellow DesignJet Ink CartridgeB3P22A HP727130-ml Matte Black DesignJet Ink CartridgeB3P23A HP727130-ml Photo Black DesignJet Ink CartridgeB3P24A HP727130-ml Gray DesignJet Ink CartridgeC1Q12A HP727300-ml Matte Black DesignJet Ink CartridgeF9J76A HP727300-ml Cyan DesignJet Ink CartridgeF9J77A HP727300-ml Magenta DesignJet Ink CartridgeF9J78A HP727300-ml Yellow DesignJet Ink CartridgeF9J79A HP727300-ml Photo Black DesignJet Ink CartridgeF9J80A HP727300-ml Gray DesignJet Ink CartridgeOriginal HP large format printing materialsC6810A HP Bright White Inkjet Paper-914mm x91.4m(36in x300ft)Q1397A HP Universal Bond Paper-914mm x45.7m(36in x150ft)Service and SupportH4518E HP Installation Service with Network SetupU1XV4E Preventive Maintenance ServiceU8PM8E HP3year Next business day Onsite Support with Defective MediaU8UB4E HP4year Next business day Onsite Support with Defective MediaU8PM9E HP5year Next business day Onsite Support with Defective MediaU8PN0PE HP1year Post Warranty Next business day Onsite Support with Defective MediaU8UA5PE HP2year Post Warranty Next business day Onsite Support with Defective Media HP DesignJet Support Services offer solutions for business critical environments—installation, extended support and maintenance,as well as variety of value-added services.For more information,please visit /go/designjetsupport.Use Original HP inks and printheads to experience consistent high quality and reliable performance that enable less downtime.These critical components are designed and engineered together as an optimized printing system to provide precise line accuracy as well as dark blacks and true neutral grays.For more information,visit /go/OriginalHPinks.For the entire HP Large Format Printing Materials portfolio,please see . Eco HighlightsENERGY STAR®qualified and EPEAT Bronze registered1Free,convenient HP ink cartridge recycling2FSC®-certified papers3and a range of recyclable HP media with a take-back program21EPEAT registered where applicable and/or supported.See for registration statusby country.2Program availability varies.Please check /recycle for details.Many HP printingmaterials are recyclable through commonly available recycling programs.For information about HP largeformat printing materials,please visit .3BMG trademark license code FSC®-C115319,see .HP trademark license codeFSC®-C017543,see .Not all FSC®-certified products are available in all regions.For information about HP large format printing materials,please visit .Please recycle large-format printing hardware and printing supplies.Findout how at our website/ecosolutions1Mechanical printing time2±0.1%of the specified vector length or±0.2mm(whichever greater)at23ºC,50-60%relative humidity,on A0/E HP Matte Film in Best or Normal mode withOriginal HP inks3Measured on HP MatteFilm©Copyright2015,2017HP Development Company,L.P.The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services.Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty.HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.ENERGY STAR and the ENERGY STAR mark are registered trademarks owned by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.Adobe,PostScript,and Adobe PostScript3are trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated.Windows is a U.S.registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.Mac and the Mac logo are trademarks of Apple Computer,Inc.,registered in the U.S.and other countries.4AA5-9760EEE Published in EMEA May2017。
2018款途观L配置表
无钥匙进入Keyless entry--●●●●●定速巡航Cruise Control●●●●●●●ACC自适应定速巡航系统ACC-----●●Front Assist碰撞警告系统(带自动刹车)Front Assist incl. AEB and CEB-----●●Pre-Crash预碰撞安全保护系统Pre-Crash Front------●Lane Assist 车道保持系统Lane assist------●BSD盲区监测系统Blind spot detection incl. Rear cross-----●●疲劳监测Fatigue detection---●-●●后倒车雷达Rear PDC●●●●●●●前倒车雷达Front PDC---●-●●PLA 3.0智能泊车辅助系统PLA---●-●●倒车影像RVC-●●●●●●Area View360度鸟瞰式全景可视泊车辅助系统Area view------●HUD平视显示系统HUD------●4扬声器高保真音响系统 4 Speakers●------8扬声器专业级音响系统8 Speakers-●●●●●-丹麦Dynaudio定制化音响系统(8扬声器+中置+低音炮)Dynaudio System (withSubwoofer/Centerspeaker/surrounding sound)------●智感多媒体娱乐终端 尊尚版(含MP3播放功能/SD/Aux-in/USB接口/蓝牙功能/6.5英寸彩色触摸屏/AppLink)MIB-G Standard Plus gen2●------8英寸彩色触摸屏娱乐及导航系统(含前置CD/SD/Aux-in/USB接口/蓝牙功能/手写识别/CarPlay&MirrorLink手机映射/导航)MIB Standard Navi gen2-●●●●●●电动调节可加热外后视镜Electronic adjusting, heatable●●●●●●●电动折叠外后视镜,带停车自动折叠功能、带氛围灯Electronic foldable-●●●●●●倒车自动翻转副驾后视镜Reverse activated kerb-view rear-●●●●●●自动防眩目外后视镜(驾驶员侧)Auto anti-glare side mirror (driverside)-----●●冰岛银桑巴橙极光白峻岭棕玄武黑天漠金Silver leafHabanero orangePolar whiteHunting brownDeep blackTitanium beige●●●●●●●选装包1 电动尾门选装包Option 1--○●●●●选装包2 19吋轮毂选装包Option 2---○-●●1)“●”表示有此装备,“-”表示无此装备,“○”表示选装装备2)本清单若出现以下情况(包括但不限于):国家相关法律法规的强制要求、技术进步、产品更新和零部件供货商调整等,上汽大众汽车有限公司保留对产品价格、外观颜色、技术参数、配置装备和车型代号等信息的修改权利。
华硕主板
数字家庭主板M2NDH-支持AMD®SocketAM2Athlon64FX/Athlo64X2/Athlon64/Sempron -AMDLive!™Ready-强大扩充能力:1xPCI-Ex16、2xPCI-E、3xPCI-华硕WiFi-APSolo-华硕DHRemote™-华硕MP3-In™-华硕Q-Connector-高保真音频中央处理器支持AMD®SocketAM2Athlon64FX/Athlo64X2/Athlon64/Sempron 支持AMDCool'n'Quiet™技术AMD64架构,同时兼容32位和64位计算AMDLive!™Ready芯片组NVIDIAnForce®430MCP前端总线2000/1600MT/s内存双通道内存架构4x240-pinDIMM内存插槽,支持最大容量高达8GB的DDR2800/667/533ECC和non-ECC、un-buffered内存扩充插槽1xPCI-Expressx16插槽2xPCI-Expressx1插槽3xPCI2.2插槽存储装置/RAID-1xUltraDMA133/100/66/33-4xSerialATA3.0Gb/s-NVIDIAMediaShield™RAID通过SerialA TA设备支持RAID0、1、0+1、5和JBOD网络功能NVIDIAnForce®430内建GigabitMAC,支持externalAttansicPHY无线局域网:54MbpsIEEE802.11b/g(华硕WiFi-APSolo)音频功能ADI6声道高保真音频CODEC背板S/PDIF数字音频输出USB高达8个USB2.0/1.1接口M2N-VMDH-AMDSocketAM2-NVIDIAGeForce6100/nForce430-双通道DDR2800/667/533-1xPCIExpressx16+1xPCIExpressx1+2xPCI-双VGA:DVI-D和D-Sub-8声道高保真音频-2x1394a接口中央处理器支持AMD®SocketAM2Athlon64X2/Athlon64FX/Athlon64/Sempro nAMDCool'n'Quiet™技术AMD64架构,兼容32位和64位计算AMDLive!™Ready芯片组NVIDIAGeForce6100/nForce430前端总线2000/1600MT/s 内存双通道内存架构4x240-pinDIMM插槽,支持最大容量为8GB的DDR2800/667/533non-ECC,un-buffered内存显卡集成GeForce6100GPU高清晰视频处理,最高分辨率可达1920x1440(@75Hz)支持RGB显示;UXGA1600x1200(@60Hz)支持DVI-D显示支持双VGA输出:DVI-D和RGB注意:DVI-D不能用来输出RGB信号至CRT。
SMA Sunny Tripower 15000TL 20000TL 25000TL 商品说明书
SUNNY TRIPOWER15000TL / 20000TL / 25000TLS T P 15000T L -30 / S T P 20000T L -30 / S T P 25000T L -30Efficient• Maximum efficiency of 98.4%• Yield increase without installation effort due to integrated shade management SMA ShadeFixFlexible• DC input voltage of up to 1000 V • Multistring capability for optimum system design • Optional displayInnovative• Cutting-edge grid management func-tions with Integrated Plant Control • Reactive power available 24/7 (Q on Demand 24/7)Safe• DC surge arrester (SPD type II) can be integratedSUNNY TRIPOWER 15000TL / 20000TL / 25000TLThe versatile specialist for large-scale commercial plants and solar power plantsThe Sunny Tripower is the ideal inverter for large-scale commercial and industrial plants. Not only does it deliver extraordinary high yields with an efficiency of 98.4%, but it also offers enormous design flexibility and compatibility with many PV modules thanks to its multistring capabilities and wide input voltage range.The future is now: the Sunny Tripower comes with cutting-edge grid management functions such as Integrated Plant Control, which allows the inverter to regulate reactive power at the point of common coupling. Separate con-trollers are no longer needed, lowering system costs. Another new feature—reactive power provision on demand (Q on Demand 24/7).Intelligent service with SMA Smart ConnectedSMA SMART CONNECTEDThe integrated service for ease and comfort SMA Smart Connected* is the free monitoring of the inverter via the SMA Sunny Portal. If there is an inverter fault, SMA proactively informs the PV system operator and the installer. This saves valuable working time and costs.With SMA Smart Connected, the installer benefits from rapid diagnoses by SMA. They can thus quickly rectify the fault and score points with the customer thanks to the attraction of additional services.* Details: see document “Description of Services – SMA SMART CONNECTED”AccessoryRS485 interface DM-485CB-10DC surge arrester Typ II, inputs A and B DCSPD KIT3-10Power Control Module PWCMOD-10Multifunction relay MFR01-10● Standard features ○ Optional features — Not available Data at nominal conditions Status: 03/2020Technical DataSunny Tripower15000TL Sunny Tripower 20000TL Sunny Tripower 25000TLInput (DC)Max. generator power 27000 Wp 36000 Wp 45000 Wp DC rated power 15330 W 20440 W 25550 W Max. input voltage1000 V1000 V 1000 VMPP voltage range / rated input voltage 240 V to 800 V / 600 V 320 V to 800 V / 600 V 390 V to 800 V / 600 VMin. input voltage / start input voltage 150 V / 188 V 150 V / 188 V 150 V / 188 V Max. input current input A / input B33 A / 33 A 33 A / 33 A 33 A / 33 A Number of independent MPP inputs / strings per MPP input 2 / A:3; B:3 2 / A:3; B:3 2 / A:3; B:3Output (AC)Rated power (at 230 V, 50 Hz)15000 W 20000 W 25000 WMax. AC apparent power 15000 VA20000 VA 25000 VAAC nominal voltage 3 / N / PE; 220 V / 380 V 3 / N / PE; 230 V / 400 V 3 / N / PE; 240 V / 415 VAC voltage range180 V to 280 V AC grid frequency / range50 Hz / 44 Hz to 55 Hz 60 Hz / 54 Hz to 65 HzRated power frequency / rated grid voltage 50 Hz / 230 VMax. output current / Rated output current29 A / 21.7 A 29 A / 29 A 36.2 A / 36.2 APower factor at rated power / Adjustable displacement power factor 1 / 0 overexcited to 0 underexcitedTHD≤ 3%Feed-in phases / connection phases 3 / 3Effi ciency Max. effi ciency / European Effi ciency 98.4% / 98.0%98.4% / 98.0%98.3% / 98.1%Protective devicesDC-side disconnection device●Ground fault monitoring / grid monitoring ● / ●DC surge arrester (Type II) can be integrated○DC reverse polarity protection / AC short-circuit current capability / galvanically isolated ● / ● / —All-pole sensitive residual-current monitoring unit●Protection class (according to IEC 62109-1) / overvoltage category (according to IEC 62109-1)I / AC: III; DC: IIGeneral dataDimensions (W / H / D)661 / 682 / 264 mm (26.0 / 26.9 / 10.4 inch)Weight61 kg (134.48 lb)Operating temperature range −25 °C to +60 °C (−13 °F to +140 °F)Noise emission (typical)51 dB(A)Self-consumption (at night) 1 WTopology / cooling conceptTransformerless / OpticoolDegree of protection (as per IEC 60529)IP65Climatic category (according to IEC 60721-3-4)4K4H Maximum permissible value for relative humidity (non-condensing)100%Features / function / Accessories DC connection / AC connection SUNCLIX / spring-cage terminalDisplay○Interface: RS485, Speedwire/Webconnect○ / ●Data interface: SMA Modbus / SunSpec Modbus ● / ●Multifunction relay / Power Control Module○ / ○Shade management SMA ShadeFix / Integrated Plant Control / Q on Demand 24/7● / ● / ●Off-Grid capable / SMA Fuel Save Controller compatible ● / ●Guarantee: 5 / 10 / 15 / 20 years ● / ○ / ○ / ○Certifi cates and permits (more available on request)* D oes not apply to all national appendices of EN 50438AS 4777, BDEW 2008, C10/11, CE, CEI 0-16, CEI 0-21, CNS 15382, CNS 15426, DEWA 2.0, DK1, DK2, EN 50549-1, EN 50549-2, G99/1, EN 50438:2013*, IEC 60068-2-x, IEC 61727, IEC 62109-1/2, IEC 62116, IS 16221-1/2, IS 16169, MEA 2013, NBR 16149, NEN EN 50438, NRS 097-2-1, PEA 2013, NTS, PPC, RD 1699/413, RD 661/2007, Res. n°7:2013, RfG compliant,SI4777, TOR generator, UTE C15-712-1, VDE 0126-1-1, VDE-AR-N 4105, VDE-AR-N 4110,VFR 2014Type designationSTP 15000TL-30STP 20000TL-30STP 25000TL-30SMA Solar Technology S T P 15-25T L -30-D S -e n -40 S M A a n d S u n n y T r i p o w e r a r e r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k s o f S M A S o l a r T e c h n o l o g y A G . S U N C L I X i s a r e g i s t e r e d t r a d e m a r k o f P H O E N I X C O N T A C T G m b H & C o . K G . P r i n t e d o n F S C p a p e r . A l l p r o d u c t s a n d s e r v i c e s d e s c r i b e d a n d a l l t e c h n i c a l d a t a a r e s u b j e c t t o c h a n g e , e v e n f o r r e a s o n s o f c o u n t r y -s p e c i f i c d e v i a t i o n s , a t a n y t i m e w i t h o u t n o t i c e . S M A a s s u m e s n o l i a b i l i t y f o r t y p o g r a p h i c a l a n d o t h e r e r r o r s . F o r t h e l a t e s t i n f o r m a t i o n , p l e a s e v i s i t w w w .S M A -S o l a r .c o m .Professional PV system monitoring, management and data display。
2025年高中数学高考精品备课教案:数列中含绝对值及奇偶项问题
数列中含绝对值及奇偶项问题学生用书P105命题点1数列中含绝对值的求和问题例1[2023全国卷乙]记S n为等差数列{a n}的前n项和,已知a2=11,S10=40.(1)求{a n}的通项公式;(2)求数列{|a n|}的前n项和T n.解析(1)设{a n}的公差为d,则2=1+=11,10=101+45=40,解得a1=13,d=-2.所以{a n}的通项公式为a n=13+(n-1)×(-2)=15-2n.(2)由(1)得|a n|=15-2,≤7,2-15,≥8.当n≤7时,T n=S n=13n+(-1)2×(-2)=14n-n2,当n≥8时,T n=-S n+2S7=-(14n-n2)+2(14×7-72)=98-14n+n2.综上,T n=14-2,≤7,98-14+2,≥8.方法技巧一般地,数列{|a n|}与数列{a n}是两个不相同的数列,只有数列{a n}中的每一项都是非负数时,它们表示的才是同一数列.因此,求数列{|a n|}的前n项和时,应先弄清n取什么值时a n≥0或a n<0,去掉绝对值符号后再求和.训练1[2023长沙一中5月三模]已知数列{a n}满足2a n+1=a n+a n+2(n∈N*),它的前n项和为S n,且a3=-25,S6=-144.(1)求S n的最小值;(2)求数列{|a n|}的前n项和T n.解析(1)由2a n+1=a n+a n+2可得a n+1-a n=a n+2-a n+1,所以{a n}是等差数列.设{a n}的公差为d,由3=-25,6=-144得1+2=-25,61+6×52=-144,解得1=-29,=2.所以S n=-29n+(-1)2×2=n2-30n=(n-15)2-225,所以当n=15时,S n取得最小值-225.(2)由(1)知a n=-29+(n-1)×2=2n-31,则当n≤15时,a n<0,当n≥16时,a n>0.当n≤15时,T n=-S n=-n2+30n,当n≥16时,T n=-S15+S n-S15=n2-30n+450.综上,T n =-2+30,≤15,2-30+450,≥16.命题点2数列中的奇偶项问题例2[2022天津高考]已知{a n }是等差数列,其前n 项和为S n ,{b n }是等比数列,a 1=b 1=a 2-b 2=a 3-b 3=1.(1)求{a n },{b n }的通项公式.(2)证明:(S n +1+a n +1)b n =S n +1·b n +1-S n ·b n .(3)求∑2J1[a k +1-(-1)k a k ]b k .解析(1)设等差数列{a n }的公差为d ,等比数列{b n }的公比为q ,根据a 1=b 1=a 2-b 2=a 3-b 3=1得1+-=1,1+2-2=1,解得d =q =0(舍)或d =q =2,所以a n =2n -1,b n =2n -1.(2)解法一因为S n 为数列{a n }的前n 项和,所以S n =(1+)2=(1+2-1)2=n 2,则(S n +1+a n +1)b n =[(n +1)2+2(n +1)-1]·2n -1=(n 2+4n +2)·2n -1,S n +1·b n +1-S n ·b n =(n +1)2·2n -n 2·2n -1=2n -1·[2(n +1)2-n 2]=2n -1·(n 2+4n +2),所以(S n +1+a n +1)b n =S n +1·b n +1-S n ·b n .解法二因为S n 为数列{a n }的前n 项和,所以(S n +1+a n +1)b n =(S n +a n +1+a n +1)b n =(S n +2a n +1)b n ,S n +1·b n +1-S n ·b n =(S n +a n +1)·(2b n )-S n ·b n =b n (2S n +2a n +1-S n )=(S n +2a n +1)b n ,所以(S n +1+a n +1)b n =S n +1·b n +1-S n ·b n .(3)令c n =[a n +1-(-1)n a n ]b n ,当n 为奇数时,c n =(a n +1+a n )b n =(2n +1+2n -1)·2n -1=4n ·2n -1=n ·2n +1,当n 为偶数时,c n =(a n +1-a n )b n =(2n +1-2n +1)·2n -1=2×2n -1=2n ,则∑J12[a k +1-(-1)k a k ]b k =(c 1+c 3+c 5+…+c 2n -1)+(c 2+c 4+c 6+…+c 2n ),令T n =c 1+c 3+c 5+…+c 2n -1=1×22+3×24+5×26+…+(2n -1)·22n ,则4T n =1×24+3×26+5×28+…+(2n -1)·22n +2,所以-3T n =22+2(24+26+ (22))-(2n -1)·22n +2=4+2×24(1-4-1)1-4-(2n -1)·22n +2,所以T n =20+(6-5)·22r29.令A n =c 2+c 4+c 6+…+c 2n =22+24+26+ (22)=4(1-4)1-4=22r2-43.所以∑J12[a k +1-(-1)k a k ]b k =T n +A n =20+(6-5)·22r29+22r2-43=8+(3-1)·22r39.方法技巧解答与奇偶项有关的求和问题的关键(1)弄清n为奇数或偶数时数列的通项公式.(2)弄清n为奇数时数列前n项中奇数项与偶数项的个数.训练2[2023南京六校联考]已知数列{a n}满足a1=1,a2=3,数列{b n}为等比数列,且满足b n(a n+1-a n)=b n+1.(1)求数列{a n}的通项公式;(2)已知数列{b n}的前n项和为S n,若,记数列{c n}满足c n=,为奇数,求数列{c n}的前2n项和T2.,为偶数,在①2S2=S3-2,②b2,2a3,b4成等差数列,③S6=126这三个条件中任选一个,补充在第(2)问中,并对其求解.解析(1)因为b n(+1-a n)=+1,a1=1,a2=3,所以令n=1,得2b1=b2,又数列{b n}为等比数列,所以+1=2b n,即数列{b n}的公比为2.则+1-a n=2,所以数列{a n}是以1为首项,2为公差的等差数列,所以a n=2n-1.(2)由(1)知数列{b n}是公比为2的等比数列.若选①,由2S2=S3-2得2(b1+2b1)=b1+2b1+4b1-2,所以b1=2,则b n=2n.若选②,由b2,2a3,b4成等差数列得b2+b4=4a3,即2b1+8b1=20,所以b1=2,则b n=2n.若选③,由S6=126得1(1-26)1-2=126,所以b1=2,则b n=2n.所以c n=2-1,为奇数,2,为偶数.所以数列{c n}的奇数项是以1为首项,4为公差的等差数列,偶数项是以4为首项,4为公比的等比数列.所以2=(a1+a3+…+a2n-1)+(b2+b4+…+b2n)=n+(-1)2×4+4(1-4)1-4=2n2-n+4(4-1)3.1.[命题点1]设等比数列{a n}的前n项和为S n,a1=1,S3=13.(1)求a n;(2)若{a n}是递增数列,求数列{|a n-n-2|}的前n项和.解析(1)设等比数列{a n}的公比为q.由题意得a 1+a 1q +a 1q 2=13,即1+q +q 2=13,解得q =3或q =-4.故a n =3n -1或a n =(-4)n -1.(2)由(1)知,a n =3n -1.令b n =|a n -n -2|=|3n -1-n -2|.由3n -1-n -2≥0,得3n -1≥n +2,所以n ≥3.由3n -1-n -2<0,得n ≤2,即n =1,2.设数列{|a n -n -2|}的前n 项和为T n ,则T n =b 1+b 2+b 3+…+b n .当n =1时,T 1=b 1=2;当n =2时,T 2=b 1+b 2=3;当n ≥3时,T n =3+9(1-3-2)1-3-(-2)(r7)2=3-2-5r112.T 1不满足上式,T 2满足上式.综上,T n ≥2.2.[命题点2/2023合肥一中诊断]在等比数列{a n }中,已知a 2=4,a 5=32.(1)求数列{a n }的通项公式;(2)若b n =(-1)n ·log 2a n ,求数列{b n }的前n 项和S n .解析(1)设{a n }的公比为q ,则1=4,14=32,解得1=2,=2,所以数列{a n }的通项公式为a n =2×2n -1=2n .(2)由(1)得b n =(-1)n ·log 2a n =(-1)n ·n ,所以数列{b n }的前n 项和S n =-1+2-3+4-5+6-7+8-…+(-1)n ·n ,当n 为偶数时,S n =-1+2-3+4-5+6-7+8-…+n =2;当n 为奇数时,S n =-1+2-3+4-5+6-7+8-…-n =-12-n =-r12.所以S n r12,为奇数,为偶数.3.[命题点2/2023江苏南京外国语学校、金陵中学三模]已知正项数列{a n }满足a 1=1,r12-2=8n .(1)求{a n }的通项公式;(2)记b n =a n sin π2,数列{b n }的前n 项和为S n ,求S 2023.解析(1)对任意的n ∈N *,r12-2=8n ,当n ≥2时,2=(2--12)+…+(22-12)+12=8(n -1)+…+8×1+1=8[1+2+3+…+(n -1)]+1=8×(-1)2+1=(2n -1)2,因为a n >0,所以a n =2n -1.当n =1时,a 1=1符合a n =2n -1,所以a n =2n -1,n ∈N *.(2)b n=a n sin(2·π)=(-1)n+1(2n-1),所以当k∈N*时,b2k+b2k+1=-(4k-1)+4k+1=2,故S2023=b1+(b2+b3)+(b4+b5)+…+(b2022+b2023)=1+2×1011=2023.学生用书·练习帮P3131.[2024广州市培英中学校考]若等差数列{a n}的前n项和为S n,且满足S4043>0,S4044<0,对任意正整数n,都有|a n|≥|a m|,则m的值为(C)A.2020B.2021C.2022D.2023解析依题意知S4043=4043(1+4043)2=4043a2022>0,所以a2022>0,又S4044=4044(1+4044)2<0,即a1+a4044<0,所以a2022+a2023<0,则a2023<0,且|a2022|<|a2023|,所以等差数列{a n}是递减数列,a1>a2>…>a2021>a2022>0>a2023>a2024>…,所以对任意正整数n,都有|a n|≥|a m|,则m=2022.故选C.2.[2024福建模拟]如图,九连环是中国从古至今广为流传的一种益智玩具.在某种玩法中,按一定规则移动圆环,用a n表示解下n(n≤9,n∈N*)个圆环所需的最少移动次数,数列{a n}满足a1=1,且a n=2-1,为偶数,2-1+1,为奇数,则解下5个圆环所需的最少移动次数为(C)A.5B.10C.21D.42解析由a1=1,a n=2-1,为偶数,2-1+1,为奇数,得a5=2a4+1=4a3+1=4(2a2+1)+1=8a2+5=16a1+5=21.3.[多选/2024江西抚州模拟]已知数列{a n}满足a n+a n+1=2×(-1)n,n∈N*,且a5=1,则下列表述正确的有(BD)A.a1=-5B.数列{a2n-1}是等差数列C.数列{|a n|}是等差数列D.数列{1r1}的前n项和为14-49解析由a n+a n+1=2×(-1)n,得r1(-1)r1-(-1)=-2,所以数列{(-1)}是公差为-2的等差数列,所以(-1)=5(-1)5+(n -5)×(-2),即a n =(2n -9)×(-1)n +1.对于选项A ,a 1=(2×1-9)×(-1)1+1=-7,故选项A 不正确;对于选项B ,因为a 2n -1=4n -11,a 2n +1-a 2n -1=4(n +1)-11-(4n -11)=4,故{a 2n -1}是公差为4的等差数列,故选项B 正确;对于选项C ,|a n |=|2n -9|,则|a 3|=3,|a 4|=|a 5|=1,所以{|a n |}不是等差数列,故选项C 不正确;对于选项D ,1r1=1[(2-9)×(-1)r1]×[(2-7)×(-1)r2]=-12(12-9-12-7),所以{1r1}的前n 项和S n =-12(1-7-1-5+1-5-1-3+…+12-9-12-7)=14-49,故选项D 正确.故选BD.4.[多选/2024浙江模拟]已知数列{a n }满足a 1=1,a 2=2,a 3=3,且对任意的正整数m ,n ,都有a 2m +a 2n =2a m +n +|m -n |,则下列说法正确的有(ABD )A.a 4=5B.数列{a 2n +2-a 2n }是等差数列C.a 2n =3n -1D.当n 为奇数时,a n =2+34解析由题意知a 1=1,a 2=2,a 3=3,令m =1,n =2,得a 2+a 4=2a 3+1,解得a 4=5,故A 正确.此时a 4-a 2=3,令m =n +2,得a 2n +4+a 2n =2a 2n +2+2,从而(a 2n +4-a 2n +2)-(a 2n +2-a 2n )=2,所以数列{a 2n +2-a 2n }是以3为首项,2为公差的等差数列,故B 正确.所以a 2n +2-a 2n =3+2(n -1)=2n +1,所以a 2n -a 2=(a 2n -a 2n -2)+(a 2n -2-a 2n -4)+…+(a 4-a 2)=(2n -1)+(2n -3)+…+3=(-1)(2r2)2=n 2-1,所以a 2n =n 2+1,故C 错误.令m =n +1,得a 2n +2+a 2n =2a 2n +1+1,所以a 2n +1=2r2+2-12=n 2+n +1,令k =2n +1,则k 为奇数,则a k =(-12)2+-12+1=2+34,又a 1=1适合上式,所以当n 为奇数时,a n=2+34,故D 正确.故选ABD.5.[2024南京市学情调研]记S n 为数列{a n }的前n 项和,已知a n 为奇数,为偶数,则S 8=169.解析当n 为奇数时,a n =2(r2)=1-1r2,当n 为偶数时,a n =a n -1,∴S 8=2(a 1+a 3+a 5+a 7)=2(1-13+13-15+15-17+17-19)=2(1-19)=169.6.[2024重庆八中校考]在数列{a n}中,a1=8,a4=2,且满足a n+2-2a n+1+a n=0(n∈N*).(1)求数列{a n}的通项公式;(2)设T n=|a1|+|a2|+…+|a n|,求T15的值.-2a n+1+a n=0,∴a n+2-a n+1=a n+1-a n,解析(1)∵a n+2∴数列{a n}是等差数列.设{a n}的公差为d,∵a1=8,a4=2,∴d=4-14-1=-2,∴a n=a1+(n-1)d=10-2n,n∈N*.(2)设数列{a n}的前n项和为S n,则由(1)可得,S n=8n+(-1)2×(-2)=9n-n2,n∈N*.由(1)知a n=10-2n,令a n=0,得n=5,当n>5时,a n<0,则T15=|a1|+|a2|+…+|a15|=a1+a2+…+a5-(a6+a7+…+a15)=S5-(S15-S5)=2S5-S15=2×(9×5-25)-(9×15-152)=130.7.[2023广州市二检]设S n是数列{a n}的前n项和,已知a3=0,a n+1+(-1)n S n=2n.(1)求a1,a2;(2)令b n=a n+1+2a n,求b2+b4+b6+…+b2n.+(-1)n S n=2n,得a2-S1=2,a3+S2=4,解析(1)由a n+1即a2-a1=2,a3+a1+a2=4.又a3=0,所以a1=1,a2=3.+S2k=22k①,(2)当n=2k(k∈N*)时,a2k+1当n=2k-1(k∈N*)时,a2k-S2k-1=22k-1②,+a2k+S2k-S2k-1=22k+22k-1,①+②得a2k+1+2a2k=3×22k-1.得a2k+1因为b n=a n+1+2a n,所以b2+b4+b6+…+b2n=(a3+2a2)+(a5+2a4)+(a7+2a6)+…+(a2n+1+2a2n)=3×2+3×23+3×25+…+3×22n-1=3×2×(1-4)1-4=22n+1-2.。
专题十一 动量守恒中的四类典型模型-2025届高中物理
第七章动量守恒定律专题十一动量守恒中的四类典型模型核心考点五年考情命题分析预测子弹打木块模型本专题是本章的难点,滑块+弹簧模型和滑块+滑板模型是高考的热点.预计2025年高考会出现考查滑块+滑板模型的选择题或滑块+弹簧模型的计算题.滑块+弹簧模型2023:辽宁T15,浙江6月T18;2022:全国乙T25;2021:天津T10;2019:全国ⅢT25滑块+斜(曲)面模型2023:湖南T15,山东T18滑块+滑板模型2023:辽宁T15;2022:山东T18,河北T13题型1子弹打木块模型1.模型图示2.模型特点(1)子弹水平打进木块的过程中,系统的动量守恒.(2)系统的机械能有损失.3.两种情境(1)子弹嵌入木块中,两者速度相等,机械能损失最多(完全非弹性碰撞)动量守恒:mv 0=(m +M )v .能量守恒:Q =F f s =12m 02-12(M +m )v 2.(2)子弹穿透木块动量守恒:mv 0=mv 1+Mv 2.能量守恒:Q=F f d=12m02-(12M22+12m12).1.[子弹未穿透木块/2024江苏淮安模拟]如图所示,质量为M=0.45kg的木块静止于光滑水平面上,一质量为m=0.05kg的子弹以水平速度v0=100m/s打入木块并停在木块中,下列说法正确的是(A)A.子弹打入木块后子弹和木块的共同速度为v=10m/sB.子弹对木块做的功W=25JC.木块对子弹做正功D.子弹打入木块过程中产生的热量Q=175J解析根据动量守恒定律可得mv0=(M+m)v,解得子弹打入木块后子弹和木块的共同速度为v=B0+=10m/s,故A正确;根据动能定理可知,子弹对木块做的功为W=12Mv2-0=22.5J,故B错误;由于子弹的动能减小,根据动能定理可知,木块对子弹做负功,故C错误;根据能量守恒定律可知,子弹打入木块过程中产生的热量为Q=12m02−12(M+m)v2=225J,故D错误.2.[子弹穿透木块]如图所示,在光滑的水平桌面上静止放置一个质量为980g的匀质木块,现有一颗质量为20g的子弹以大小为300m/s的水平速度沿木块的中心轴线射向木块,最终留在木块中没有射出,和木块一起以共同的速度运动.已知木块沿子弹运动方向的长度为10cm,子弹打进木块的深度为6cm.设木块对子弹的阻力保持不变.(1)求子弹和木块的共同速度以及它们在此过程中所产生的内能.(2)若子弹是以大小为400m/s的水平速度从同一方向水平射向该木块,则在射中木块后能否射穿该木块?答案(1)6m/s882J(2)能解析(1)设子弹射入木块后与木块的共同速度为v,对子弹和木块组成的系统,由动量守恒定律得mv0=(M+m)v解得v=6m/s此过程系统所增加的内能ΔE=12m02-12(M+m)v2=882J.(2)假设子弹以v'0=400m/s的速度入射时没有射穿木块,则对以子弹和木块组成的系统,由动量守恒定律得mv'0=(M+m)v'解得v'=8m/s此过程系统所损耗的机械能为ΔE'=12mv'20-12(M +m )v'2=1568J 由功能关系有ΔE =F 阻x 相=F 阻d ΔE'=F 阻x'相=F 阻d'则ΔΔ'=阻阻'='解得d'=1568147cm因为d'>10cm ,所以假设不成立,能射穿木块.题型2滑块+弹簧模型模型图示水平地面光滑模型特点(1)两个或两个以上的物体与弹簧相互作用的过程中,若系统所受外力的矢量和为零,则系统动量守恒;(2)在能量方面,由于弹簧形变会使弹性势能发生变化,系统的总动能将发生变化;若系统所受的外力和除弹簧弹力以外的内力不做功,系统机械能守恒;(3)弹簧处于最长(最短)状态时两物体速度相等,弹性势能最大,系统动能通常最小(完全非弹性碰撞拓展模型);(4)弹簧恢复原长时,弹性势能为零,系统动能最大(弹性碰撞拓展模型,相当于碰撞结束时)3.[滑块与弹簧连接/多选]如图甲所示,一个轻弹簧的两端与质量分别为m 1和m 2的两物块A 、B 相连接并静止在光滑的水平地面上.现使A 以3m/s 的速度向B 运动压缩弹簧,速度—时间图像如图乙,则有(CD)A.在t 1、t 3时刻两物块达到共同速度1m/s ,且弹簧都处于压缩状态B.从t3到t4时刻弹簧由压缩状态恢复原长C.两物块的质量之比为m1:m2=1:2D.在t2时刻A与B的动能之比E k1:E k2=1:8解析由题图乙可知t1、t3时刻两物块达到共同速度1m/s,且此时系统动能最小,根据系统机械能守恒可知,此时弹性势能最大,t1时刻弹簧处于压缩状态,而t3时刻处于伸长状态,故A错误;结合图像弄清两物块的运动过程,开始时A逐渐减速,B逐渐加速,弹簧被压缩,t1时刻二者速度相同,系统动能最小,势能最大,弹簧被压缩到最短,然后弹簧逐渐恢复原长,B仍然加速,A先减速为零,然后反向加速,t2时刻,弹簧恢复原长状态,由于此时两物块速度相反,因此弹簧的长度将逐渐增大,两物块均减速,在t3时刻,两物块速度相等,系统动能最小,弹簧最长,因此从t3到t4过程中弹簧由伸长状态恢复原长,故B错误;根据动量守恒定律,可知t=0时刻和t=t1时刻系统总动量相等,有m1v1=(m1+m2)v2,其中v1=3m/s,v2=1m/s,解得m1:m2=1:2,故C正确;在t2时刻A的速度为v A=-1m/s,B的速度为v B=2m/s,根据m1:m2=1:2,求出E k1:E k2=1:8,故D正确.命题拓展命题条件不变,一题多设问下列说法不正确的是(C)A.t1~t2时间内B的加速度在减小B.t1和t3时刻弹簧的弹性势能相等C.t2时刻弹簧处于压缩状态D.t3时刻弹簧的弹性势能最大解析由v-t图像可知t1~t2时间内B的加速度在减小,A正确,不符合题意;t1和t3时刻,A和B的速度均相等,则A和B系统的总动能相等,弹簧的弹性势能相等,B正确,不符合题意;t2时刻,A和B的加速度均为零,说明弹簧弹力为零,则弹簧在t2时刻处于原长状态,C错误,符合题意;t3时刻,A和B的速度相等,弹簧的弹性势能最大,D正确,不符合题意.4.[滑块与弹簧不连接]如图所示,一木板放在光滑水平面上,木板的右端与一根沿水平方向放置的轻质弹簧相连,弹簧的自由端在Q点.木板的上表面左端点P与Q点之间是粗糙的,P、Q之间的距离为L,Q点右侧表面是光滑的.一质量为m=0.2kg的滑块(可视为质点)以水平速度v0=3m/s从木板的左端沿板面向右滑行,压缩弹簧后又被弹回.已知木板质量M=0.3kg,滑块与木板表面P、Q之间的动摩擦因数为μ=0.2,g=10m/s2.(1)若L=0.8m,求滑块滑上木板后的运动过程中弹簧的最大弹性势能;(2)要使滑块既能挤压弹簧,最终又没有滑离木板,则木板上P 、Q 之间的距离L 应在什么范围内?答案(1)0.22J(2)0.675m≤L <1.35m解析(1)滑块滑上木板后将弹簧压缩到最短时,弹簧具有最大弹性势能,此时滑块、木板共速,取向右为正方向,由动量守恒定律得mv 0=(m +M )v 共由能量守恒定律得E p =12m 02-12(m +M )共2-μmgL解得E p =0.22J(2)滑块最终没有离开木板,滑块和木板具有共同的末速度,设为u ,滑块与木板组成的系统动量守恒,有mv 0=(m +M )u设共速时滑块恰好滑到Q 点,由能量守恒定律得μmgL 1=12m 02-12(m +M )u2解得L 1=1.35m设共速时滑块恰好回到木板的左端P 点处,由能量守恒定律得2μmgL 2=12m 02-12(m +M )u 2解得L 2=0.675m所以P 、Q 之间的距离L 应满足0.675m≤L <1.35m.题型3滑块+斜(曲)面模型模型图示水平地面光滑、曲面光滑模型特点(1)最高点:m 与M 具有共同水平速度v 共,m 不会从此处或提前偏离轨道,系统水平方向动量守恒,mv 0=(M +m )v 共;系统机械能守恒,12m v 02=12(M +m )v 共2+mgh ,其中h 为滑块上升的最大高度,不一定等于圆弧轨道的高度(完全非弹性碰撞拓展模型);(2)最低点:m 与M 分离点,系统水平方向动量守恒,mv 0=mv 1+Mv 2;系统机械能守恒,12m 02=12m 12+12M 22(弹性碰撞拓展模型)5.[滑块脱离曲面]如图所示,在光滑的水平地面上,静置一质量为m的四分之一光滑圆弧滑块,圆弧半径为R,一质量也为m的小球,以水平速度v0自滑块的左端A处滑上滑块,当二者共速时,小球刚好到达圆弧上端B.若将小球的初速度增大为2v0,不计空气阻力,则小球能达到距B点的最大高度为(C)A.RB.1.5RC.3RD.4R解析若小球以水平速度v0滑上滑块,小球上升到圆弧的上端时,小球与滑块速度相同,设为v1,以小球的初速度v0的方向为正方向,在水平方向上,由动量守恒定律得mv0=2mv1,由机械能守恒定律得12m02=12×2m12+mgR,代入数据解得v0=2g,若小球以水平速度2v0冲上滑块,小球上升到圆弧的上端时,小球与滑块水平方向上速度相同,设为v2,以小球的初速度方向为正方向,在水平方向上,由动量守恒定律得2mv0=2mv2,由能量守恒定律得12m×(2v0)2=12×2m22+mgR+12m2,解得v y=6g,小球离开圆弧后做斜抛运动,竖直方向做匀减速运动,则h=22=3R,故距B点的最大高度为3R,故选C.命题拓展情境不变,一题多设问以水平速度v0自滑块的左端A处滑上滑块,小球与滑块分离时的速度是多少?答案0解析从小球滑上滑块至小球离开滑块的过程中,根据能量守恒定律得12m02=12m球2+12m块2,小球和滑块系统水平方向动量守恒,有mv0=mv球+mv块,解得v球=0.6.[滑块不脱离曲面/2024广东广州部分学校联考]如图所示,质量m0=5g的小球用长l=1m的轻绳悬挂在固定点O,质量m1=10g的物块静止在质量m2=30g的14光滑圆弧轨道的最低点,圆弧轨道静止在光滑水平面上,悬点O在物块m1的正上方,将小球拉至轻绳与竖直方向成37°角后,由静止释放小球,小球下摆至最低点时与物块发生弹性正碰,碰后物块恰能到达圆弧轨道的最上端.若小球、物块可视为质点,不计空气阻力,重力加速度g取10m/s2,sin37°=0.6,cos37°=0.8.求:(1)小球与物块碰撞前瞬间小球的速度v0;(2)小球与物块碰撞后瞬间物块的速度v1;(3)圆弧轨道的半径R.答案(1)v0=2m/s(2)v1=43m/s(3)R=115m解析(1)小球下摆至最低点,满足机械能守恒定律,有m0gl(1-cos37°)=12m002解得v0=2g(1-Hs37°)=2m/s(2)小球与物块碰撞,满足动量守恒定律、机械能守恒定律,有m0v0=m0v01+m1v1 12m002=12m0012+12m112解得v1=43m/s(3)物块滑到圆弧轨道最高点的过程,满足动量守恒定律、机械能守恒定律,则有m1v1=(m1+m2)v212m112=12(m1+m2)22+m1gR解得R=115m.7.[滑块与斜面结合]如图,光滑冰面上静止放置一表面光滑的斜面体,斜面体右侧一蹲在滑板上的小孩和其面前的冰块均静止于冰面上.某时刻小孩将冰块以相对冰面3m/s的速度向斜面体推出,冰块平滑地滑上斜面体,在斜面体上上升的最大高度为h=0.3m(h小于斜面体的高度).已知小孩与滑板的总质量为m1=30kg,冰块的质量为m2=10kg,小孩与滑板始终无相对运动.取重力加速度的大小g=10m/s2.(1)求斜面体的质量;(2)通过计算判断,冰块与斜面体分离后能否追上小孩?答案(1)20kg(2)不能,理由见解析解析(1)规定向左为正方向.冰块在斜面体上上升到最大高度时两者达到共同速度,设此共同速度为v,斜面体的质量为m3.对冰块与斜面体,由水平方向动量守恒和机械能守恒定律得m2v0=(m2+m3)v①12m202=12(m2+m3)v2+m2gh②式中v0=3m/s为冰块推出时的速度,联立①②式并代入题给数据得v=1m/s,m3=20kg ③.(2)设小孩推出冰块后的速度为v1,对小孩与冰块,由动量守恒定律有m1v1+m2v0=0④代入数据得v1=-1m/s⑤设冰块与斜面体分离后的速度分别为v2和v3,对冰块与斜面体,由动量守恒定律和机械能守恒定律有m2v0=m2v2+m3v3⑥12m 202=12m 222+12m 332⑦联立③⑥⑦式并代入数据得v 2=-1m/s⑧由于冰块与斜面体分离后的速度与小孩推出冰块后的速度相同且冰块处在小孩后方,故冰块不能追上小孩.题型4滑块+滑板模型示意图木板初速度为零且足够长木板有初速度且足够长,板块反向地面光滑地面光滑v -t 图像8.[滑块、滑板同向运动]如图所示,质量为M 、长为L 的长木板放在光滑水平面上,一个质量也为M 的物块(可视为质点)以一定的初速度从左端冲上木板,如果长木板是固定的,物块恰好停在木板的右端,如果长木板不固定,则物块冲上木板后在木板上滑行的距离为(C)A.LB.34C.2 D.4解析设物块受到的滑动摩擦力为F f ,物块的初速度为v 0.如果长木板是固定的,物块恰好停在长木板的右端,对物块的滑动过程运用动能定理得-F f L =0-12M 02,如果长木板不固定,物块冲上木板后,物块向右减速的同时,木板要加速,最终两者一起做匀速运动,该过程系统所受外力的合力为零,动量守恒,规定向右为正方向,根据动量守恒定律得Mv 0=(M +M )v 1,对系统运用能量守恒定律有F f L'=12M 02−12(2M )12,联立解得L'=2,C 正确,A 、B 、D 错误.9.[滑块、滑板反向运动]质量为M=1.0kg的长木板A在光滑水平面上以v1=0.5m/s的速度向左运动,某时刻质量为m=0.5kg的小木块B以v2=4m/s的速度从左端向右滑上长木板,经过时间t=0.6s小木块B相对A静止,已知重力加速度g取10m/s2,求:(1)两者相对静止时的运动速度v;(2)从木块滑上木板到相对木板静止的过程中,木板A的动量变化量的大小;(3)小木块与长木板间的动摩擦因数μ.答案(1)1m/s,方向水平向右(2)1.5kg·m/s(3)0.5解析设水平向右为正方向(1)从开始到相对静止,系统在水平方向动量守恒-Mv1+mv2=(M+m)v解得v=1m/s,方向水平向右.(2)长木板的动量变化量大小Δp=Mv-(-Mv1)=1.5kg·m/s.(3)对小木块B,根据动量定理得-μmgt=mv-mv2解得μ=0.5.10.[多个滑块综合考查/2024辽宁沈阳模拟]如图,粗糙水平地面上放着两个相同的木板B和C,可视为质点的物块A以初速度v0冲上木板B.已知A质量为2m,与B、C间动摩擦因数均为μ;B、C质量均为m,与地面间动摩擦因数均为12μ.当A运动至B最右端时,A、B速度相同且B、C恰好相撞(碰撞时间极短),撞后B、C粘在一起.重力加速度为g.求:(1)开始时B、C间的距离;(2)A最终离C右端的距离;(3)从A冲上木板B到最终C静止的整个过程系统因摩擦产生的热量.答案(1)029B(2)230272B(3)3536m02解析(1)A在B上滑动时,对A有2μmg=2ma A故a A=μg对B有2μmg-32μmg=ma B故a B=12μg设经过t1时间A、B速度相同,则有v0-a A t1=a B t1解得t1=203B由于x B=12a B12,解得x B=029B,此即B、C的初始距离(2)木板B的长度等于A、B共速时的相对位移,有L=(v0t1-12a A12)-12a B12解得L=023B由动量守恒定律可得,A滑到B最右端时,A、B共速的速度v1=13v0此时B与C发生完全非弹性碰撞,有mv1=2mv2故碰撞后瞬间B、C的速度为v2=16v0A以13v0的速度滑上C,继续以a A=μg的加速度减速,而此时B、C整体所受合力为零,做匀速直线运动,设经过时间t2后A与B、C共速,则有v1-a A t2=v2解得t2=06B此过程中A相对C的位移大小为x AC=(v1t2-12a A22)-v2t2解得x AC=0272B此后A、C相对静止,故A最终离C右端的距离为L-x AC=230272B(3)B、C碰撞过程损失的机械能为12m12-12×2m22=136m02整个过程系统的总机械能损失为12×2m02-0=m02因此整个过程系统因摩擦产生的热量Q=3536m02.1.[滑块+曲面/2023山东]如图所示,物块A和木板B置于水平地面上,固定光滑弧形轨道末端与B的上表面所在平面相切,竖直挡板P固定在地面上.作用在A上的水平外力,使A 与B以相同速度v0向右做匀速直线运动.当B的左端经过轨道末端时,从弧形轨道某处无初速度下滑的滑块C恰好到达最低点,并以水平速度v滑上B的上表面,同时撤掉外力,此时B右端与P板的距离为s.已知v0=1m/s,v=4m/s,m A=m C=1kg,m B=2kg,A与地面间无摩擦,B与地面间动摩擦因数μ1=0.1,C与B间动摩擦因数μ2=0.5,B足够长,使得C 不会从B上滑下.B与P、A的碰撞均为弹性碰撞,不计碰撞时间,取重力加速度大小g=10m/s2.(1)求C下滑的高度H;(2)与P碰撞前,若B与C能达到共速,且A、B未发生碰撞,求s的范围;(3)若s=0.48m,求B与P碰撞前,摩擦力对C做的功W;(4)若s=0.48m,自C滑上B开始至A、B、C三个物体都达到平衡状态,求这三个物体总动量的变化量Δp的大小.答案(1)0.8m(2)0.625m≤s≤2+2m(3)-6J(4)(6+322)N·s解析(1)C下滑过程,由动能定理有m C gH=12m C v2,解得H=0.8m(2)设C滑上B以后,C的加速度大小为a C,B的加速度大小为a1,B、C共速时间为t1,s的最小值为s1,B、C共同的加速度大小为a2,经过t2时间A追上B,s的最大值为s2,则由牛顿第二定律有μ2m C g=m C a C解得a C=5m/s2μ2m C g-μ1(m B+m C)g=m B a1解得a1=1m/s2又v0+a1t1=v-a C t1解得t1=0.5s由运动学规律有s1=v0t1+12a112联立解得s1=58m=0.625mB、C共速后,由牛顿第二定律得μ1(m B+m C)g=(m B+m C)a2解得a2=1m/s2由运动学公式得s2=s1+(v0+a1t1)t2-12a222s2=v0(t1+t2)联立解得s2=2+2m故s的范围为0.625m≤s≤2+2m(3)由题意知s<s1,所以B与P碰撞时,B与C未共速.设C在B板上滑动的时间为t3,B与P相碰时C的速度大小为v1,则由运动学公式得s=v0t3+12a132解得t3=0.4s(另一解舍去)v1=v-a C t3解得v1=2m/s对物体C从刚滑上B到B与P碰撞前的过程,由动能定理有W=12m C(12-v2)解得W=-6J(4)设B与P碰撞前瞬间的速度大小为v2,B与P碰撞后瞬间的速度为v3,B向左运动的加速度大小为a3,B向左运动时间t4与A相遇.设A、B碰撞前瞬间B的速度大小为v4;A、B碰撞后瞬间,A的速度为v5,B的速度为v6,C的速度大小为v7,则由运动学公式得v2=v0+a1t3解得v2=1.4m/s由于P固定在地面上,B与P的碰撞为弹性碰撞,所以有v3=v2=1.4m/sB与P碰撞后向左运动的过程中,对B由牛顿第二定律得μ2m C g+μ1(m B+m C)g=m B a3解得a3=4m/s2自B、P碰撞后至A、B发生碰撞的过程,由运动学公式得s-v0t3=v0t4+v3t4-12a342解得t4(另一解舍去)v4=v3-a3t4解得v41)m/sv7=v1-a C t4解得v7=(22-1)m/s以向右为正方向,A、B发生弹性碰撞,由动量守恒定律得m A v0-m B v4=m A v5+m B v6由机械能守恒定律得12m A02+12m B42=12m A+12m B62联立解得v5=(1m/s、v6=(1m/s(另一组解舍去)即A、B碰撞后,A以速度v5向左运动,B以初速度v6向右运动经分析可得,B、C最终静止,A最终以速度v5向左运动,故自C滑上B开始至三物体达到平衡状态,这三个物体总动量的变化量为Δp=m A v5-[(m A+m B)v0+m C v]解得Δ=(6N·s2.[滑块+弹簧/2022全国乙]如图(a),一质量为m的物块A与轻质弹簧连接,静止在光滑水平面上;物块B向A运动,t=0时与弹簧接触,到t=2t0时与弹簧分离,第一次碰撞结束,A、B的v-t图像如图(b)所示.已知从t=0到t=t0时间内,物块A运动的距离为0.36v0t0.A、B分离后,A滑上粗糙斜面,然后滑下,与一直在水平面上运动的B再次碰撞,之后A再次滑上斜面,达到的最高点与前一次相同.斜面倾角为θ(sinθ=0.6),与水平面光滑连接.碰撞过程中弹簧始终处于弹性限度内.求(1)第一次碰撞过程中,弹簧弹性势能的最大值;(2)第一次碰撞过程中,弹簧压缩量的最大值;(3)物块A与斜面间的动摩擦因数.图(a)图(b)答案(1)0.6m02(2)0.768v0t0(3)0.45解析(1)水平面光滑,故在水平面上两物块碰撞过程动量守恒,从B与弹簧接触到弹簧第一次压缩到最短过程中有m B v1=(m B+m A)v0其中v1=1.2v0可得m B=5m该过程中机械能守恒,设弹簧最大弹性势能为E p,得E p+12(m A+m B)02=12m B12由上式得E p=0.6m02(2)由图像知0~t0内物块B与物块A的位移差等于弹簧的最大压缩量,也就是题图中该段时间物块A、B图像所夹面积,物块A在0~t0时间内的位移S A=0.36v0t0,即为0~t0内,v-t图像中A线与t轴所夹面积.解法1在压缩弹簧的过程中,物块A、B所受弹簧弹力大小相等,方向相反,则物块A的加速度始终是物块B加速度的5倍,有a A=5a B若两者均做初速度为零的变速运动,则两者的位移满足S A=5S'B在图1中深灰色阴影面积为S A,浅灰色阴影面积为S'B.最大压缩量为X=1.2v0t0-S A-S'B=0.768v0t0图1图2解法20~t0过程,由动量守恒定律有mv A+5mv B=(m+5m)v0结合运动学知识有mS A+5mS B=6mv0t0解得S B=1.128v0t0(B在0~t0内的位移)最大压缩量为X=S B-S A=1.128v0t0-0.36v0t0=0.768v0t0(3)设物块A第一次从斜面滑到平面上时的速度为v x,物块A(含弹簧)回到水平面,第二次与B相互作用过程系统机械能守恒、动量守恒.则有m B v2-m A v x=m B v3+m A·2v012m B22+12m A2=12m B32+12m A(2v0)2其中v2=0.8v0可得v x=v0(另一解舍去)物块A第一次从斜面底端滑到最高点的过程,由动能定理有-mgμs cosθ-mgs sinθ=0-12m(20)2物块A第一次从最高点滑到水平面的过程,由动能定理有-mgμs cosθ+mgs sinθ=12m02-0由上式得μ=0.45.1.[多选]如图所示,在光滑的水平面上放有两个小球A和B,mA>m B,B球上固定一轻质弹簧.A球以速率v去碰撞静止的B球,则(BD)A.A球的最小速率为零B.B球的最大速率为2+vC.当弹簧压缩到最短时,B球的速率最大D.两球的动能最小值为222(+)解析A球与弹簧接触后,弹簧被压缩,弹簧对A球产生向左的弹力,对B球产生向右的弹力,故A球做减速运动,B球做加速运动,当B球的速度等于A球的速度时弹簧的压缩量最大,此后A球继续减速,B球继续加速,弹簧压缩量减小,当弹簧恢复原长时,B球速度最大,A球速度最小,此过程满足动量守恒定律和能量守恒定律,有m A v=m A v1+m B v2,12m A v2=12m A12+12m B22,解得v1=−+v,v2=2+v,因为m A>m B,可知A球的最小速率不为零,B球的最大速率为2+v,故A、C错误,B正确;两球共速时,弹簧压缩到最短,弹性势能最大,此时两球动能最小,根据动量守恒定律有m A v=(m A+m B)v共,E k=12(m A+m B)共2,联立可得E k=222(+),故D正确.2.[2024北京八一中学校考/多选]如图所示,静止在光滑水平桌面上的物块A和B用一轻质弹簧拴接在一起,弹簧处于原长.一颗子弹沿弹簧轴线方向射入物块A并留在其中,射入时间极短.下列说法中正确的是(BD)A.子弹射入物块A的过程中,子弹和物块A的机械能守恒B.子弹射入物块A的过程中,子弹对物块A的冲量大小等于物块A对子弹的冲量大小C.子弹射入物块A后,两物块与子弹的动能之和等于射入物块A前子弹的动能D.两物块运动过程中,弹簧最短时的弹性势能等于弹簧最长时的弹性势能解析子弹射入物块A的过程为完全非弹性碰撞,有动能损失,则子弹和物块A的机械能不守恒,故A错误;子弹射入物块A的过程中,子弹对物块A的作用力与物块A对子弹的作用力是一对相互作用力,等大反向,而且两个力作用时间相等,由I=Ft知,子弹对物块A的冲量大小等于物块A对子弹的冲量大小,故B正确;子弹射入物块A后,两物块与子弹的动能之和小于射入物块A前子弹的动能,因为子弹射入物块A过程中有动能转化为内能,故C错误;两物块运动过程中,弹簧最短时与弹簧最长时都是两物块具有共同速度时,有(m A+m子)v1=(m A+m子+m B)v2,ΔE p=12(m A+m子)12−12(m A+m子+m B)22,则弹簧最短时的弹性势能等于弹簧最长时的弹性势能,故D正确.3.[2024河南三门峡模拟/多选]光滑水平面上停放着质量为m、装有光滑弧形槽的小车,一质量也为m的小球以水平速度v0沿槽口向小车滑去,到达某一高度后,小球又返回右端,图甲小车放置在无阻碍的光滑水平面上,图乙小车靠墙停放,已知重力加速度为g,则(BC)A.图甲中小球返回右端将向右做平抛运动B.图乙中小球返回右端将向右做平抛运动C.图甲中小球在弧形槽内上升的最大高度为024D.图甲中全过程小球对小车压力的冲量为mv0解析题图甲中,小球离开小车时,设小球的速度为v1,小车的速度为v2,整个过程中系统在水平方向上动量守恒,以向左为正方向,由动量守恒定律得mv0=mv1+mv2,对系统由机械能守恒定律得12m02=12m12+12m22,联立解得v1=0,v2=v0,所以题图甲中小球返回右端将做自由落体运动,A错误;题图乙中小车静止不动,因此小球返回右端将向右做平抛运动,B正确;设题图甲中小球在弧形槽内上升的最大高度为h,由系统水平方向动量守恒得mv0=2mv,由能量守恒定律得12m02=12×2mv2+mgh,解得h=024,C正确;由以上分析可知,题图甲中小球返回右端将做自由落体运动,小车将向左做匀速直线运动,速度为v0,对小车水平方向,由动量定理可得I x=Δp=mv0,由于小球对小车一直有竖直向下的压力分量,故全过程小球对小车压力的冲量不等于mv0,D错误.4.[多选]如图所示,光滑水平面上有一质量为2M、半径为R(R足够大)的14光滑圆弧曲面C,质量为M的小球B置于其底端,质量为2的小球A以v0=6m/s的速度向B运动,并与B发生弹性碰撞,两小球均可视为质点,则(AD)A.B的最大速率为4m/sB.B运动到最高点时的速率为34m/sC.B能与A再次发生碰撞D.B不能与A再次发生碰撞解析A与B发生弹性碰撞,取水平向右为正方向,根据动量守恒定律和机械能守恒定律得2v0=2v A+Mv B,12·202=12·22+12M2,解得v A=-2m/s,v B=4m/s,故B的最大速率为4m/s,A正确;B冲上C并运动到最高点时二者共速,设为v,则Mv B=(M+2M)v,得v=43m/s,B错误;B冲上C然后又滑下的过程,设B、C分离时速度分别为v'B、v'C,由水平方向动量守恒有Mv B=Mv'B+2Mv'C,由机械能守恒有12M2=12Mv'2B+12·2Mv'2C,联立解得v'B=-43m/s,由于|v'B|<|v A|,所以二者不会再次发生碰撞,C错误,D正确.5.[设问创新/2024江苏盐城模拟]如图所示,一质量为M=3.0kg的长木板B放在光滑水平地面上,在其右端放一个质量为m=1.0kg的小木块A.同时给A和B大小均为v=5.0m/s、方向相反的初速度,使A开始向左运动,B开始向右运动,A始终没有滑离B.在A做加速运动的时间内,B的速度大小可能是(C)A.1.8m/sB.2.4m/sC.2.8m/sD.3.5m/s解析以A、B组成的系统为研究对象,因为系统不受外力,则系统动量守恒,选择水平向右的方向为正方向,从A、B开始运动到A的速度为零,根据动量守恒定律可得(M-m)v=Mv B1,解得v B1=103m/s,从A、B开始运动到A、B共速,根据动量守恒定律可得(M-m)v=(M+m)v B2,解得v B2=2.5m/s,木块A加速运动的过程为其速度减为零到与B共速的过程,此过程中B始终减速,则在木块A做加速运动的时间内,B的速度范围为2.5m/s≤v B≤103m/s,故C正确,ABD错误.6.[2024湖南长沙南雅中学校考]质量为M,长度为d的木块放在光滑的水平面上,在木块的右边有一个销钉把木块挡住,使木块不能向右滑动,质量为m的子弹以水平速度v0射入静止的木块,刚好能将木块射穿.现拔去销钉,使木块能在水平面上自由滑动,而子弹仍以水平速度v0射入静止的木块,设子弹在木块中受到的阻力大小恒定,则(C)A.拔去销钉,木块和子弹组成的系统动量守恒,机械能也守恒B.子弹在木块中受到的阻力大小为B02C.拔去销钉,子弹在木块中运动的时间为2B(+)0D.拔去销钉,子弹射入木块的深度为B+解析拔去销钉,木块和子弹之间的摩擦力是系统内力,故木块和子弹组成的系统动量守恒;但因摩擦力要做功,故系统机械能不守恒,故A错误.当木块固定时,由动能定理可知-fd=0-12m02,解得f=B022,故B错误.拔去销钉,子弹与木块系统动量守恒,则根据动量守恒定律可得mv0=(m+M)v,解得v=B0+,对木块根据动量定理可得ft=Mv,子弹在木块中运动的时间为2B(+p0,故C正确.拔去销钉,由C选项分析可知最终速度,故整个过程根据动能定理有-fx=12(m+M)v2-12m02,解得x=B+,D错误.7.[2024江西南昌模拟]质量相等的A、B两球之间压缩一根轻质弹簧,静置于光滑水平桌面上,当用挡板挡住A球而只释放B球时,B球被弹出落到距桌边水平距离为x的地面上,如图所示,若再次以相同力压缩该弹簧,取走A左边的挡板,将A、B同时释放,则B球的落地点距桌边水平距离为(D)A.2 B.2x C.x解析当用挡板挡住A球而只释放B球时,B球做平抛运动,设高度为h,则有h=12gt2,x=v0t,所以弹簧的弹性势能为E p=12m02.若再次以相同力压缩该弹簧,取走A左边的挡板,将A、B同时释放,取向右为正方向,由动量守恒定律可得0=mv1-。
实验十一 测量金属丝的电阻率-2025届高中物理
第十章恒定电流实验十一测量金属丝的电阻率教材实验要点核心考点五年考情命题分析预测①测长度:用毫米刻度尺,要估读.②测直径:用螺旋测微器,要估读.③测量R x :R x =UI (伏安法).④计算ρ:ρ=SR x L .测电阻率2023:北京T15(2),辽宁T12,浙江1月T16-Ⅱ,全国乙T23;2021:福建T11,北京T16;2019:天津T9(3),江苏T11①考读数:U 、I 、L 及d 的测量.②考电路:电路设计或选择,实物图连线或改错,器材选择.③考运算:根据U -I 图像求R x ,求ρ.④考分析:对实验结果分析.测电阻2023:海南T15;2022:全国甲T22,山东T14;2021:湖北T13,海南T14;2019:海南T11创新实验2023:广东T12,江苏T12,全国甲T22;2022:广东T12,浙江1月T181.实验目的(1)熟悉“测量金属丝的电阻率”的基本原理及注意事项.(2)掌握测电阻的电路图及误差分析.2.实验原理由R =ρ得ρ=B=π24,因此只要测出金属丝的[1]长度l 和[2]直径d ,并用伏安法测出金属丝的电阻R x ,即可求出金属丝的电阻率ρ.用伏安法测金属丝的电阻的实验电路如图甲、乙所示.金属丝的电阻较小,一般采用电流表外接法.图甲图乙3.实验器材待测金属丝、螺旋测微器、毫米刻度尺、电池组、电流表、电压表、滑动变阻器、开关、导线若干.4.实验步骤(1)直径的测量:用螺旋测微器在待测金属丝上的三个不同位置各测一次直径,求出其平均值d,计算出金属丝的横截面积S=π24.(2)电路的连接:按实验原理电路图甲或乙连接好电路.(3)长度的测量:用毫米刻度尺测量接入电路中的被测金属丝的有效长度,反复测量[3]三次,求出其平均值l.(4)U、I的测量:把滑动变阻器的滑片调节到实验原理部分图甲电路图中a端对应的位置或图乙电路图中b端对应的位置,电路经检查确认无误后,闭合开关S,改变滑动变阻器滑片的位置,读出几组相应的电流表、电压表的示数I和U的值,记入表格内,断开开关S.(5)整理:拆除实验电路,整理好实验器材.5.数据处理(1)在求R x的平均值时可用两种方法①平均值法:用R x=分别算出各次的阻值,再取平均值.②图像法:用U-I图线的斜率求出阻值,如图所示.(2)计算电阻率将记录的数据R x、l、d的值代入电阻率计算式ρ=R x=[4]π24.6.误差分析(1)金属丝的横截面积是利用直径计算而得到的,直径的测量是产生误差的主要来源之一.(2)采用伏安法测量金属丝的电阻时,由于采用的是电流表外接法,测量值小于真实值,使电阻率的测量值偏小.(3)金属丝的长度测量、电流表和电压表的读数等会带来偶然误差.(4)由于金属丝通电后发热升温,会使金属丝的电阻率变大,造成测量误差.命题点1教材基础实验1.[读数+数据处理+误差分析]在“测定金属的电阻率”实验中,所用测量仪器均已校准.待测金属丝接入电路部分的长度约为50cm.(1)用螺旋测微器测量金属丝的直径,其中某次的测量结果如图甲所示,其读数应为0.397(0.396~0.399均可)mm(该值接近多次测量的平均值).图甲(2)用伏安法测金属丝的电阻R x.实验所用器材为:电池组(电压为3V)、电流表(内阻约为0.1Ω)、电压表(内阻约为3kΩ)、滑动变阻器R(阻值为0~20Ω,额定电流为2A)、开关、导线若干.某小组同学利用以上器材正确连接好电路后,进行实验测量,并记录数据如下:次数1234567 U/V0.100.300.70 1.00 1.50 1.70 2.30 I/A0.0200.0600.1600.2200.3400.4600.520由以上实验数据可知,他们测量R x采用的是下图中的乙图(选填“乙”或“丙”).所测金属丝的电阻R x为 4.46Ω,测量值小于(选填“大于”或“小于”)真实值.(3)本实验所用测量仪器均已校准,下列关于误差的说法正确的是CD(有多个正确选项,填选项前的字母).A.用螺旋测微器测量金属丝的直径时,由于读数引起的误差属于系统误差B.由电流表和电压表的内阻引起的误差属于偶然误差C.若将电流表和电压表的内阻计算在内,可以减小由测量仪表引起的系统误差D.用U-I图像处理数据求金属丝的电阻可以减小偶然误差解析(1)由题图甲可知,螺旋测微器的读数为0+39.7×0.01mm=0.397mm.(2)由表中实验数据可知,所测得的最小电压很小,接近于0,故滑动变阻器选用的是分压式接法,因此实验采用的是题图乙所示电路.作出金属丝的U-I图像,如图所示,由图像可知R=ΔΔ=4.46Ω.由于采用电流表外接法,故测量值小于真实值.(3)由读数引起的误差是偶然误差,由电压表与电流表的内阻引起的误差是系统误差,A 、B 错误.若将电流表和电压表的内阻计算在内,则消除了电表内阻对实验结果的影响,即减小了由测量仪表引起的系统误差,C 正确.用U -I 图像处理数据,体现了多次测量求平均值的思想,而且剔除了个别偶然误差比较大的点,如图中的第6个点,故可以减小偶然误差,D 正确.2.[实验原理/2023全国乙]一学生小组测量某金属丝(阻值约十几欧姆)的电阻率.现有实验器材:螺旋测微器、米尺、电源E 、电压表(内阻非常大)、定值电阻R 0(阻值10.0Ω)、滑动变阻器R 、待测金属丝、单刀双掷开关K 、开关S 、导线若干.图(a )是学生设计的实验电路原理图.完成下列填空:(1)实验时,先将滑动变阻器R 接入电路的电阻调至最大,闭合S.(2)将K 与1端相连,适当减小滑动变阻器R 接入电路的电阻,此时电压表读数记为U 1,然后将K 与2端相连,此时电压表读数记为U 2.由此得到流过待测金属丝的电流I =2-10,金属丝的电阻r =102-1.(结果均用R 0、U 1、U 2表示)(3)继续微调R ,重复(2)的测量过程,得到多组测量数据,如下表所示:U 1(mV )0.570.710.85 1.14 1.43U 2(mV )0.971.211.451.942.43(4)利用上述数据,得到金属丝的电阻r =14.2Ω.(5)用米尺测得金属丝长度L =50.00cm.用螺旋测微器测量金属丝不同位置的直径,某次测量的示数如图(b )所示,该读数为d =0.150mm.多次测量后,得到直径的平均值恰与d 相等.(6)由以上数据可得,待测金属丝所用材料的电阻率ρ= 5.0×10-7Ω·m.(保留2位有效数字)解析(2)由于电压表内阻非常大,故K接2时电压表两端电压与K接1时金属丝和R0两端电压相等,即U2=U1+IR0,故流过金属丝的电流I=2-10,由电阻的定义式可知金属丝的电阻r=1=102-1.(5)由题图(b)可知螺旋测微器的固定刻度读数为0mm,可动刻度读数为15.0×0.01mm=0.150mm,故该读数为d=0.150mm.(6)金属丝的横截面积S=14πd2,由电阻定律有r=ρ,将相关数据代入解得ρ=5.0×10-7Ω·m.命题点2创新设计实验3.[实验目的创新/2023浙江1月]在“测量金属丝的电阻率”实验中:(1)测量一段金属丝电阻时所用器材和部分电路连线如图1所示,图中的导线a端应与0.6(选填“-”“0.6”或“3”)接线柱连接,b端应与0.6(选填“-”“0.6”或“3”)接线柱连接.开关闭合前,图1中滑动变阻器滑片应置于左(选填“左”或“右”)端.图1(2)合上开关,调节滑动变阻器,得到多组U和I数据.甲同学由每组U、I数据计算电阻,然后求电阻平均值;乙同学通过U-I图像求电阻.则两种求电阻的方法更合理的是乙(选填“甲”或“乙”).(3)两同学进一步探究用镍铬丝将满偏电流I g=300μA的表头G改装成电流表.如图2所示,表头G两端并联长为L的镍铬丝,调节滑动变阻器使表头G满偏,毫安表示数为I.改变L,重复上述步骤,获得多组I、L数据,作出I-1图像如图3所示.图2图3则I-1图像斜率k= 2.3(2.2~2.4均可)mA·m.若要把该表头G改装成量程为9mA的电流表,需要把长为0.26(0.24~0.28均可)m的镍铬丝并联在表头G两端.(结果均保留2位有效数字)解析(1)通常情况下金属丝的电阻值约为几欧姆,又电源为两节干电池,为了减小实验误差,尽可能多地获得数据,电流表应选用0.6A量程,即a端与“0.6”接线柱连接,所以b端也应与“0.6”接线柱连接;由图1可知,滑动变阻器采用了分压接法,为了保护实验器材,开关闭合前,滑动变阻器滑片应置于左端.(2)利用图像法处理数据,描点连线时可将误差比较大的数据点舍掉,因此乙同学的方法更合理.(3)由图3可知,I-1图像的斜率为k=7.8-6.03.27-2.5mA·m=2.3mA·m;结合图3将(3.27 m-1,7.8mA)代入I=k·1+b,解得b=0.28mA,则图像所对应的表达式为I=2.3×1+0.28(mA),当I=9mA时,解得L=0.26m.4.[实验器材创新/2024广东名校联考]工业上经常用“电导仪”来测定液体的电阻率,其中一个关键部件如图甲所示,它是把两金属片放到液体中形成一个液体电阻,两金属片中间的液体即电阻的有效部分.某研究小组想测定某导电溶液的电阻率,在实验室找到了一个透明塑料长方体容器,容器内部左右两侧插入两片面积均为S=10cm2、不计电阻的正方形铂片作为两个电极(正对放置),现将容器充满待测的导电溶液.实验所用器材如下:电压表(量程为15V,内阻约为30kΩ);电流表(量程为300μA,内阻约为50Ω);滑动变阻器(最大阻值为10Ω,允许通过的最大电流为0.1A);电池组(电动势E=12V,内阻r=6Ω);单刀单掷开关一个;导线若干.(1)该小组先用多用电表粗测溶液电阻,他们先选择欧姆“×100”挡,欧姆调零后测量结果如图乙所示,为了使读数更精确些,接下来要进行的步骤是D(填正确答案标号).A.换为“×10”挡,重新测量B.换为“×1k”挡,重新测量C.换为“×10”挡,先欧姆调零再测量D.换为“×1k”挡,先欧姆调零再测量(2)为了准确测量其阻值,并测量多组数据,请在图丙中用笔画线代替导线,将实物图补充完整.(3)某次测量过程中,两个铂片间距d=20cm,测量时电流表读数为I=275μA,电压表指针偏转如图丁所示,电压表读数为U= 5.5V,则该溶液电阻R= 2.0×104Ω(结果保留2位有效数字).(4)实验时,仅多次改变两个铂片间距d,测得多组U、I数据,计算出对应的电阻R,在如图戊所示的坐标纸上描出对应的点,并将(3)中计算的数据点也补充到图戊上,描绘出R-d图线,根据图线可求出该导电溶液的电阻率ρ=96(95、96、97均可)Ω·m (计算结果保留整数);若考虑电表内阻的影响,计算结果与真实值相比会相等(选填“偏大”“偏小”或“相等”).解析(1)从题图乙测量结果可知溶液的电阻比较大,为了减小误差,应换用大挡位测量,选择“×1k”挡,然后欧姆调零,再次测量,所以选择D.(2)根据多用电表粗测结果可知待测溶液电阻阻值较大,而题中所给滑动变阻器的最大阻值较小,同时需要测量多组数据,所以滑动变阻器需要选择分压式的接法,结合题给数据可知待测电阻和电压表的内阻比较接近,阻值均较大,所以电流表采用内接法,实物图如图1所示.图1图2(3)电压表最小分度值为0.5V,所以题图丁中电压表读数为5.5V;则该溶液电阻R==2.0×104Ω.(4)描点并作出R-d图线如图2所示.根据电阻定律可得R=ρ=d,可知R-d图线斜率k=.又结合图2可得图线斜率k=4.8×1040.5Ω/m=9.6×104Ω/m,又ρ=kS,联立代入数据后得到导电溶液的电阻率为ρ=96Ω·m.考虑到电流表内接有R测==d+R A,可知R-d图线斜率仍为,所以计算的结果与真实值相比不会发生变化.测量电阻的四种创新方法方法1差值法测电阻电流表差值法电压表差值法电路图基本原理定值电阻R0中的电流I0=I2-I1,电流表A1两端的电压U1=(I2-I1)R0定值电阻R0两端的电压U0=U2-U1,电压表V1中的电流I1=U2-U1R0可测物理量(1)若R0为已知量,可求得电流表A1的内阻r1=(I2-I1)R0I1;(2)若r1为已知量,可求得R0=I1r1I2-I1(1)若R0为已知量,可求得电压表V1的内阻r1=U1U2-U1R0;(2)若r1为已知量,可求得R0=U2-U1U1r11.[电流表差值法/2024山东齐鲁名校质量联合检测]某科技小组要测量某种电阻材料的电阻率,他们找来一根用该材料制成的粗细均匀的电阻丝,该电阻丝的阻值大约为10Ω.(1)首先用螺旋测微器测量该电阻丝的直径,示数如图甲所示,则该电阻丝的直径d =8.000mm.(2)他们又精确测量该电阻丝的阻值R x .除待测电阻丝外,实验室还提供了下列器材:电流表A 1(量程为0~1A ,内阻约为0.4Ω);电流表A 2(量程为0~10mA ,内阻为10Ω);定值电阻R 1(阻值为10Ω);定值电阻R 2(阻值为100Ω);定值电阻R 3(阻值为1000Ω);滑动变阻器R 4(最大阻值为5Ω,额定电流为3A );电源(电动势为12V ,内阻为0.5Ω).①因为实验室没有提供电压表,该实验小组用电流表A 2和定值电阻改装成所需要的电压表,定值电阻应选用R 3.(选填“R 1”“R 2”或“R 3”)②在图乙中将实验电路补充完整.(待测金属丝用“”表示)(3)用刻度尺测得电阻丝接入电路中的长度为10.10cm.(4)电流表A 1的示数用I 1表示,电流表A 2的示数用I 2表示,该小组通过调节滑动变阻器进行了多次测量,以I 1为纵轴,I 2为横轴,根据测量数据画出的图像如图丙所示,则所测电阻材料的电阻率约为 5.1×10-3Ω·m.(结果保留2位有效数字)解析(1)由题图甲可知,螺旋测微器的读数为8.000mm.(2)电流表A 2和定值电阻改装成的电压表的最大读数为U =10mA ×(10Ω+R ),定值电阻R 选用R 3时,改装后的电压表量程为0~10.1V ,略小于电源电动势,若选用R 1或R 2,改装后的量程会比电源电动势小很多,实验时不安全或测量范围偏小,故应选用R 3.②如图所示的连接方式可准确测量R x 两端的电压和通过R x 的电流.(4)由题意可知,I 2(R 3+A 2)=(I 1-I 2)R x ,又R x =Bπ(2)2,结合题图丙并代入数据解得ρ≈5.1×10-3Ω·m.2.[电压表差值法]在测量定值电阻阻值的实验中,提供的实验器材如下:电压表V 1(量程为3V ,内阻r 1=3kΩ),电压表V 2(量程为5V ,内阻r 2=5kΩ),滑动变阻器R (额定电流为1.5A,最大阻值为100Ω),待测定值电阻R x,电源E(电动势为6.0V,内阻不计),开关S,导线若干.回答下列问题:(1)实验中滑动变阻器应采用分压(选填“限流”或“分压”)式接法;(2)将如图甲所示的虚线框中的电路原理图补充完整;图甲图乙(3)根据下表中的实验数据(U1、U2分别为电压表V1、V2的示数),在图乙给出的坐标纸上补齐数据点,并绘制U2-U1图像;测量次数12345U1/V 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00U2/V 1.61 2.41 3.21 4.02 4.82(4)由U2-U1图像得到待测定值电阻的阻值R x= 1.82×103Ω(结果保留3位有效数字);(5)完成上述实验后,若要继续采用该实验原理测定另一个定值电阻R y(阻值约为700Ω)的阻值,在不额外增加器材的前提下,要求实验精度尽可能高,请在图丙的虚线框内画出你改进的电路图.图丙答案(1)分压(2)如图1所示(3)如图2所示(4)1.82×103(5)如图3所示图1图2解析(1)由于各电压表的电阻值比较大,为了让待测电阻分得较大电压,滑动变阻器要选择分压式接法.(2)完整的电路图如图1所示.(3)根据表中的实验数据绘制的U2-U1图像如图2所示.(4)根据实验电路图,有R x=2-111,变形得U2=+11U1,则图线的斜率为k=+11,又根据U2-U1图像可得斜率k=.82-.61.00-.00=1.605,则有1.605=+11,代入r1=3kΩ,解得R x=1.82×103Ω.(5)因待测电阻R y(阻值约为700Ω)的阻值较小,若仍与电压表V1串联,则R y所分得的电压过小,不利于测量,故可使待测电阻R y与已测出阻值的R x串联,使其替代R x接入图1电路,此时R x+R y分得的总电压较大,可得出较准确的R x+R y值,故改进后的电路图如图3所示.方法2半偏法测电表内阻电流半偏法电压半偏法电路图实验步骤(1)先断开S2,再闭合S1,将R1由最大阻值逐渐调小,使电流表读数等于其量程I m;(2)保持R1不变,闭合S2,将电阻箱R2由最大阻值逐渐调小,当电流表读数等于12I m时记录下R2的值,则R A=R2(1)将R2的阻值调为零,闭合S,调节R1的滑动触头,使电压表读数等于其量程U m;(2)保持R1的滑动触头不动,调节R2,当电压表读数等于12U m时记录下R2的值,则R V=R2实验原理当闭合S2时,因为R1≫R A,故总电流变化极小,认为不变(仍为I m),电流表读数为I2,则R2中的电流为I2,所以R A=R2R V≫R1,R2接入电路时可认为电压表和R2两端的总电压不变,仍为U m,当电压表读数为U2时,R2两端电压也为U2,则二者的电阻相等,即R V=R2误差分析(1)测量值偏小:R A测=R2<R A真.(2)原因分析:当闭合S2时,总电阻(1)测量值偏大:R V测=R2>R V真.(2)原因分析:当R2的阻值由零减小,总电流增大,大于原电流表的满偏电流,而此时电流表半偏,所以流经R 2的电流比电流表所在支路的电流大,R 2的电阻比电流表的内阻小,而我们把R 2的读数当成电流表的内阻,故测得的电流表的内阻偏小.(3)减小误差的方法:选电动势较大的电源E ,选最大阻值非常大的滑动变阻器R 1,满足R 1≫R A 逐渐增大时,R 2与电压表两端的总电压也将逐渐增大,因此电压表读数等于12U m 时,R 2两端的电压将大于12U m ,使R 2>R V ,从而造成R V 的测量值偏大.显然电压表半偏法适用于测量内阻较大的电压表的内阻.(3)减小误差的方法:选电动势较大的电源E ,选最大阻值较小的滑动变阻器R 1,满足R 1≪R V 3.[测电流表内阻/2023海南]用如图甲所示的电路测量一个量程为100μA 、内阻约为2000Ω的微安表头的内阻,所用电源的电动势约为12V ,有两个电阻箱可选,R 1(0~9999.9Ω),R 2(0~99999.9Ω)图甲(1)R M 应选R 1,R N 应选R 2;(2)根据电路图甲,请把实物图乙连线补充完整;图乙(3)下列操作顺序合理排列是:①③②④;①将滑动变阻器滑片P 移至最左端,将R N 调至最大值;②闭合开关S 2,调节R M ,使微安表半偏,并读出R M 的阻值;③断开S 2,闭合S 1,调节滑片P 至某位置再调节R N 使表头满偏;④断开S 1、S 2,拆除导线,整理好器材(4)如图丙是R M 调节后的面板,则待测表头的内阻为1998.0Ω,该测量值小于(选填“大于”“小于”或“等于”)真实值.(5)将该微安表改装成量程为2V的电压表后,某次测量指针指在图丁所示位置,则待测电压为 1.28V.图丁(6)某次半偏法测量表头内阻的实验中,S2断开,电表满偏时读出R N的值,在滑片P不变的情况下,S2闭合后调节电阻箱R M,使电表半偏时读出R M,若认为O、P间电压不变,则微安表内阻为(用R M、R N表示).-解析(1)根据半偏法的测量原理可知,闭合开关S2之后,要求通过R N的电流应基本不变,就需要R N较大,对下方分压电路影响甚微,故R M应选R1,R N应选R2.(2)按实验原理图依次连接实物电路,如图所示.(3)闭合开关S1前,需要调节滑动变阻器滑片,使测量电路短路,即滑片P移至最左端,然后断开S2、闭合S1,调节滑片P使微安表达到满偏,接着闭合S2,保证滑片P不动,调节R M,使微安表半偏,最后断开所有开关,拆除导线,整理器材.故正确的操作顺序是①③②④.(4)根据半偏法的测量原理可知,读出的R M即微安表的内阻,则由图丙可知微安表的内阻为1998.0Ω.闭合S2后,相当于R M由无穷大变成有限值,R M的阻值变小,流过R N的电流大于原来的电流,则流过R M的电流大于A2,故R M的阻值小于R A.(5)按读数规则,微安表的示数为64μA,按换算关系2V100μA=64μA可知待测电压U x为1.28V.(6)根据题意可得I A(R A+R N)=(A2+A2A)R N+A2·R A,得R A=-.[测电压表内阻]某同学利用图甲所示电路测量量程为2.5V的电压表V的内阻(内阻为数千欧姆),可供选择的器材有:电阻箱R(最大阻值为99999.9Ω),滑动变阻器R1(最大阻值为50Ω),滑动变阻器R 2(最大阻值为5kΩ),直流电源E (电动势为3V ),开关1个,导线若干.实验步骤如下:①按电路原理图甲连接实验器材;②将电阻箱阻值调为零,将滑动变阻器的滑片移到与图中最左端所对应的位置,闭合开关S ;③调节滑动变阻器滑片,使电压表满偏;④保持滑动变阻器滑片的位置不变,调节电阻箱的阻值,使电压表的示数为2.00V ,记下电阻箱的阻值.回答下列问题:(1)实验中应选择滑动变阻器R 1(选填“R 1”或“R 2”).(2)根据图甲所示电路将图乙中的实物连线.图乙(3)实验步骤④中记录的电阻箱阻值为630.0Ω,若认为调节电阻箱时滑动变阻器上的分压不变,计算可得电压表的内阻为2520Ω(结果保留到个位).〗(4)如果此电压表是由一个表头和电阻串联构成的,可推断该表头的满偏电流为D (填正确答案标号).A.100μAB.250μAC.500μAD.1mA答案(2)如图所示解析(1)本实验测电压表的内阻,实验中电压表示数变化不大,则接入电阻箱后电路的总电阻变化不大,故需要滑动变阻器的最大阻值较小,故选R 1可减小实验误差.(2)滑动变阻器为分压式接法,实物图连线如图所示.(3)电压表和电阻箱串联,它们各自两端的电压分别为2.00V 和0.50V ,则R V =4R =2520Ω.(4)电压表的满偏电流I g =V =.52520A ≈1mA ,故D 正确.方法3等效替代法测电阻等效替代法测电阻是借助电阻箱、单刀双掷开关、电压表或电流表等测电阻的一种方法,利用电阻箱与待测电阻对电路产生相同的阻碍效果,进行等效替代.电流等效替代电压等效替代电路图步骤(1)按如图所示的电路图连接好电路,并将电阻箱R 0的阻值调至最大,滑动变阻器的滑片P 置于a 端.(2)闭合开关S 1、S 2,调节滑片P ,使电流表指针指在适当的位置,记下此时电流表的示数I .(3)断开开关S 2,再闭合开关S 3,保持滑片P 的位置不变,调节电阻箱,使电流表的示数仍为I .(4)此时电阻箱连入电路的阻值R 0与未知电阻R x 的阻值相等,即R x =R 0(1)按如图所示电路图连好电路,并将电阻箱R 0的阻值调至最大,滑动变阻器的滑片P 置于a 端.(2)闭合开关S 1、S 2,调节滑片P ,使电压表指针指在适当的位置,记下此时电压表的示数U .(3)断开开关S 2,再闭合开关S 3,保持滑片P 的位置不变,调节电阻箱,使电压表的示数仍为U .(4)此时电阻箱连入电路的阻值R 0与未知电阻R x 的阻值相等,即R x =R 04.[电压等效替代法]如图所示的实验电路可以用来测量电阻,可供选用的实验器材如下:A.待测电阻R x (阻值约为55Ω)B.定值电阻R 0(阻值为16Ω)C.电压表V 1(0~3V ,内阻很大,可看成理想电压表)D.电压表V 2(0~15V ,内阻很大,可看成理想电压表)E.滑动变阻器R 1(0~5Ω,2A )F.滑动变阻器R 2(0~50Ω,2A )G.蓄电池(电动势为4.0V ,内阻忽略不计)H.开关、导线等(1)要完成本实验且较准确地进行测量,电压表应该选用C ,滑动变阻器应该选用F .(填器材前面的字母)(2)实验步骤如下:①按照电路图连接实验器材,断开开关S0,单刀双掷开关S空置,把滑动变阻器的触头滑到最左端;②闭合S0,将单刀双掷开关掷于“1”,调节滑动变阻器触头,使电压表读数为2.8V;③将单刀双掷开关掷于“2”,不再滑动(选填“向左滑动”“向右滑动”或“不再滑动”)滑动变阻器触头,观察并记录电压表读数为1.6V.(3)根据实验数据,被测电阻的测量值R x=56Ω.(4)由于蓄电池内阻r的存在,R x的测量值将等于真实值(选填“大于”“小于”或“等于”).解析(1)由于电源电动势为4.0V,0~15V量程的电压表量程太大,因此选用量程为0~3V的电压表;最大阻值为5Ω的滑动变阻器R1会使被测电阻两端的电压超过3V,因此不能选用,只能选用最大阻值为50Ω的滑动变阻器R2.(2)根据实验原理,滑动变阻器接入电路的阻值是不能改变的,否则就不能解出R x的值.(3)根据闭合电路的欧姆定律可知,闭合开关S0,单刀双掷开关掷于“1”位置时,有=-,得=37;单刀双掷开关掷于“2”位置时,有00=-0,得0=23,联立解得R x=56Ω.(4)蓄电池的内电阻r与滑动变阻器连入电路的电阻可当作一个整体,则r的存在不影响R x的值.[电流等效替代法/2021浙江6月]小李在实验室测量一电阻R x的阻值.(1)因电表内阻未知,用如图甲所示的电路来判定电流表该内接还是外接.正确连线后,合上开关S,将滑动变阻器的滑片P移至合适位置.单刀双掷开关K掷到“1”,电压表的读数U1=1.65V,电流表的示数如图乙所示,其读数I1=0.34A;将K掷到“2”,电压表和电流表的读数分别为U2=1.75V,I2=0.33A.由此可知应采用电流表外(选填“内”或“外”)接法.(2)完成上述实验后,小李进一步尝试用其他方法进行实验:①器材与连线如图丙所示,请在图丁的虚线框内画出对应的电路图;②先将单刀双掷开关掷到左边,记录电流表的示数,再将单刀双掷开关掷到右边,调节电阻箱的阻值,使电流表的读数与前一次尽量相同,电阻箱的示数如图丙所示,则待测电阻R x=5Ω.此方法有(选填“有”或“无”)明显的实验误差,其理由是电阻箱的分度值与待测电阻比较接近(合理即可).图丁解析(1)由题图乙可知,电流表使用的是0~0.6A的量程,分度值为0.02A,估读到与分度值相同位,故读数为I1=0.34A.两次测量中,电压测量值的绝对误差ΔU=U2-U1=1.75V-1.65V=0.10V,电流测量值的绝对误差ΔI=I1-I2=0.34A-0.33A=0.01A,电压测量值的相对误差Δ1=0.101.65=0.061,电流测量值的相对误差Δ2=0.010.33=0.033,可见电流测量值的相对误差小于电压测量值的相对误差,为了减小系统误差,应采用电流表外接法.(2)②由题可知,使两次电流表的示数尽量相同,则两次电路的总电阻接近相等,可知待测电阻的阻值近似等于电阻箱的阻值,由题图丙可知电阻箱的读数为5Ω,则R x=5Ω.此方法有明显的实验误差,因为电阻箱的分度值为1Ω,与待测电阻(约5Ω)比较接近,在调节电阻箱的阻值时,很可能无法使电流表的读数与前一次完全相同,即电阻箱的阻值很可能无法调节到和待测电阻相同.方法4电桥法测电阻操作:如图甲所示,实验中调节电阻箱R3,使灵敏电流计G的示数为0.图甲图乙原理:当I G=0时,有U AB=0,则1=3,2=;电路可以等效为如图乙所示.根据欧姆定律有11=22,而13=2,由以上两式解得R1R x=R2R3或12=3,这就是电桥平衡的条件,由该平衡条件可求出待测电阻R x的阻值.。
2015-2018 Mustang半钢杆升级套件M-4130-MA商品说明书
NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSKit contains:1 - M-4138-MA half shaft RH1 - M-4139-MA half shaft LHNOTICE: Suspension fasteners are critical parts that affect the performance of vital components and systems. Failure of these fasteners may result in major service expense. Use the same or equivalent parts if replacement is necessary. Do not use a replacement part of lesser quality or substitute design. Tighten fasteners as specified.NOTICE: Any fasteners with damage or corrosion must be replacedINSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS:NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 1: Raise and support vehicle to gain access to underside.STEP 2: Remove the wheel nuts from both rear wheels.STEP 3: Remove and discard the spindle nut.NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 4: Using Special Service Tool: 205-D070 (D93P-1175-B) or equivalent, Press the halfshaft breaking the splines free from the hub.NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 5: Remove the 2 bolts and position the brake caliper and anchor plate assembly aside. Clean and remove any thread locking compound from the bolts.NOTE: Do not allow the brake caliper and anchor plate assembly to hang from the brakehose or damage to the hose may occur.STEP 6: Remove the brake disc.NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 7: Remove the wheel speed sensor bolt (1) and position aside the wheel speed sensor.Remove the parking brake cable bracket bolt (2) and position the parking brake cable bracket aside.STEP 8: Support the suspension at curb height. Use General Equipment: Vehicle/Axle StandsNO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 9: Remove the 2 lower arm vertical link bolts and remove the lower arm vertical link. Clean and remove any thread locking compound from the bolts.STEP 10: Remove the wheel knuckle-to-upper arm bolt and nut (1).Remove the wheel knuckle-to-toe link bolt and nut (2). Remove the wheel knuckle-to-lower arm bolt (3). Remove the knuckle / hubNO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSassembly. A light tap from a dead blow hammer may be required to assist the halfshaft removal from the hub. Clean and remove any thread locking compound from the boltsNOTE: Support the halfshaft when removing the knuckle / hub assembly.NOTE: Hub is removed from the image for clarity.Rear Halfshaft Notes:NOTICE: Never pick up or hold the halfshaft by only the inner or outer Constant Velocity (CV) joint. Damage to the CV joint will occur.NOTICE: Never use a hammer to remove or install the halfshafts. Damage to the CV joint may occur. NOTICE: Never use the halfshaft assembly as a lever to position other components. Damage to the halfshaft or CV joint may occur.NOTICE: Do not allow the boots to contact sharp edges or hot exhaust components. Damage to the halfshaft boots will occur.NOTICE: Do not drop assembled halfshafts. The impact may cut the boots from the inside without evidence of external damagNO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 11: Be sure to clean area around halfshaft of any dirt and debris prior to removal of the halfshaft to prevent any debris from contaminating parts. Then, using a pry bar, remove the halfshaft. Inspect the old inner spline for the retainer clips. (If not on spline, locate within differential)STEP 12: Inspect the new halfshafts and verify the halfshaft retainer clips are in place.STEP 13: Install the halfshaft until the halfshaft circlip is fully seated.NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSNOTE: After insertion, pull the halfshaft inner end to make sure the circlip is locked.When seated correctly, the halfshaft retainer circlip can be felt as it snaps into the differential side gear groove.NOTICE: Tighten the following suspension bushing fasteners with the suspension loaded or with the weight of the vehicle resting on the wheels and tires, otherwise incorrect clamp load and bushing damage may occur.STEP 14: Place a small amount of anti-seize onto the outer halfshaft splines. Position the wheel knuckle / hub assembly, guide the halfshaft into the hub and install the wheel knuckle-to-lower arm bolt (1) withNO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSBLUE thread locking compound. Torque to: 203 lb.ft (275 Nm). Install the wheel knuckle-to-toe link bolt and nut (2) with BLUE thread locking compound. Torque to: 129 lb.ft (175 Nm). Install the wheel knuckle-to-upper arm bolt and nut (3) with BLUE thread locking compound. Torque to: 76 lb.ft (103 Nm).NOTE: Hub is removed from the image for clarity.STEP 15: Position the parking brake cable bracket and install the parking brake cable bracket bolt with BLUE thread locking compound. Torque to: 21 lb.ft (28 Nm). Position the wheel speed sensor and install the wheel speed sensor bolt with BLUE thread locking compound. Torque to : 80 lb.in (9 Nm)NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 16: Position the lower arm vertical link and install the 2 lower arm vertical link bolts with BLUE thread locking compound. Tighten the lower arm vertical link upper bolt. Torque to: 76 lb.ft (103 Nm) Tighten the lower arm vertical link lower bolt. Torque to: 129 lb.ft (175 Nm)STEP 17: Install the rear rotors onto the rear hubs.NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 18: Install the brake caliper and anchor plate assembly using 2 bolts with BLUE thread locking compound. Torque to: 129 lb.ft (175 Nm)NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 19: Install the new spindle nuts with Blue thread locking compound. Torque Stage 1: 98 lb.ft (133 Nm). Torque Stage 2: 45°STEP 20: Remove the differential fluid fill plug.NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 21: Check and top off the differential with clean differential gear lubricant. The differential gear lubricant level should be within 9mm (0.354 in.) from the fluid level fill plug opening. Recommended fluid: Motorcraft® SAE 75W-85 Premium Synthetic Hypoid Gear Lubricant / XY-75W85-QLSTEP 22: Install the differential fluid fill plug. Torque to: 25 lb.ft (34 Nm)NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSWARNING: When a wheel is installed, always remove any corrosion, dirt or foreign material present on the mounting surface of the wheel and the mounting surface of the wheel hub, brake drum or brake disc. Make sure that any fasteners that attach the rotor to the hub are secured so they do not interfere with the mounting surfaces of the wheel. Failure to follow these instructions when installing wheels may result in the wheel nuts loosening and the wheel coming off while the vehicle is in motion, which could result in loss of control,leading to serious injury or death to vehicle occupant(s).NOTE: Make sure to apply a thin coat of anti-seize lubricant only to the interface betweenthe wheel pilot bore and the hub pilot. Do not allow the anti-seize to make contact with the wheel-to-brake disc/drum mounting surface, wheel studs, wheel nuts, brake pads or brakedisc friction surfaces or damage to components may occur.WARNING: Retighten wheel nuts within 160 km (100 mi) after a wheel is reinstalled.Wheels can loosen after initial tightening. Failure to follow this instruction may result in serious injury to vehicle occupant(s).NOTE: Failure to tighten the wheel nuts in a star/cross pattern can result in high brake disc runout, which accelerates the development of brake roughness, shudder and vibration. NOTE: The wheel nut torque specification is for clean, dry wheel stud and wheel nut threads. NOTE: Final tightening to be performed with vehicle resting on tires.STEP 23: Clean the mounting surface of the wheel. Apply the substance from the specified tube.Material: High Temperature Nickel Anti-Seize Lubricant / XL-2NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT MAY BE REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR AGREEMENT AND WRITTEN PERMISSION OFFORD PERFORMANCE PARTSSTEP 24: Position the wheel and install the wheel nuts. Tighten the wheel nuts in a star pattern. Torque to: 148 lb.ft (200 Nm)。
第四章 第5讲 三角函数的图象与性质-2025年高考数学备考
第四章三角函数第5讲三角函数的图象与性质课标要求命题点五年考情命题分析预测1.借助单位圆能画出三角函数(正弦、余弦、正切)的图象,了解三角函数的周期性、单调性、奇偶性、最大(小)值.2.借助图象理解正弦函数、余弦函数在[0,2π]上,正切函数在(-π2,π2)上的性质.三角函数的定义域本讲每年必考,主要考查三角函数的定义域、值域(最值)、周期性、单调性、对称性和奇偶性,有时与函数零点和极值点综合命题,题型以选择题和填空题为主,难度中等.预计2025年高考命题趋势变化不大,备考时要注意区分正弦函数和余弦函数的图象与性质,不要混淆,另应关注新角度、新综合问题.三角函数的值域(最值)2021全国卷乙T4三角函数的性质及应用2023新高考卷ⅠT15;2023全国卷乙T6;2023天津T5;2022新高考卷ⅠT6;2022全国卷乙T15;2022全国卷甲T11;2022北京T5;2021新高考卷ⅠT4;2020全国卷ⅢT16;2019全国卷ⅠT11;2019全国卷ⅡT9学生用书P0801.用“五点法”作正弦函数和余弦函数的简图在正弦函数y =sin x ,x ∈[0,2π]的图象上,起关键作用的五个点是(0,0),(π2,1),①(π,0),(3π2,-1),②(2π,0).在余弦函数y =cos x ,x ∈[0,2π]的图象上,起关键作用的五个点是(0,1),(π2,0),③(π,-1),(3π2,0),④(2π,1).五点法作图有三步:列表、描点、连线(注意光滑).2.正弦、余弦、正切函数的图象与性质三角y =sin xy =cos xy =tan x函数图象定义域R R ⑤{x |x ≠k π+2,k ∈Z}值域⑥[-1,1]⑦[-1,1]R周期性周期是2k π(k ∈Z 且k ≠0),最小正周期是⑧2π.周期是2k π(k ∈Z 且k ≠0),最小正周期是⑨2π.周期是k π(k ∈Z 且k ≠0),最小正周期是⑩π.对称性对称轴方程是⑪x =k π+2(k ∈Z ),对称中心是⑫(k π,0)(k ∈Z ).对称轴方程是⑬x =k π(k ∈Z ),对称中心是⑭(k π+2,0)(k ∈Z ).无对称轴,对称中心是⑮(2,0)(k ∈Z ).奇偶性⑯奇函数⑰偶函数⑱奇函数单调性在⑲[-2+2k π,2+2k π](k ∈Z )上单调递增,在⑳[2+2k π,32+2k π](k ∈Z )上单调递减.在㉑[2k π-π,2k π](k ∈Z )上单调递增,在㉒[2k π,2k π+π](k ∈Z )上单调递减.在㉓(-2+k π,2+k π)(k ∈Z )上单调递增.注意y =tan x 在其定义域内不单调.常用结论1.三角函数的对称性与周期T 的关系(1)相邻的两条对称轴(或两个对称中心)之间的距离为2;(2)相邻的对称中心与对称轴之间的距离为4;(3)相邻的两个最低点(或最高点)之间的距离为T .2.与三角函数奇偶性有关的结论(1)若函数y =A sin (ωx +φ)(x ∈R )是奇函数,则φ=k π(k ∈Z );若为偶函数,则φ=k π+π2(k ∈Z ).(2)若函数y =A cos (ωx +φ)(x ∈R )是奇函数,则φ=k π+π2(k ∈Z );若为偶函数,则φ=k π(k ∈Z ).(3)若y=A tan(ωx+φ)为奇函数,则φ=kπ(k∈Z).1.设A是△ABC最小的内角,则sin A+cos A的取值范围是(D)A.(-2,2)B.[-2,2]C.(1,2)D.(1,2]解析∵A是△ABC最小的内角,∴0<A≤π3,∴π4<A+π4≤7π12,sin(A+π4)≤1,则sin A+cos A=2sin(A+π4)∈(1,2],故选D.2.函数f(x)=tan(-4x+π6)的最小正周期为(A)A.π4B.π2C.πD.2π解析函数f(x)=tan(-4x+π6)的最小正周期T=π||=π|-4|=π4.3.[全国卷Ⅱ]若x1=π4,x2=3π4是函数f(x)=sinωx(ω>0)两个相邻的极值点,则ω=(A)A.2B.32C.1D.12解析依题意得函数f(x)的最小正周期T=2π=2×(3π4-π4)=π,解得ω=2,选A.4.函数f(x)=sin(x-π4)的图象的一条对称轴的方程是(C)A.x=π4B.x=π2C.x=-π4D.x=-π2解析函数y=sin x的图象的对称轴方程为x=kπ+π2(k∈Z),令x-π4=kπ+π2(k∈Z),得x=kπ+3π4(k∈Z),故函数f(x)=sin(x-π4)的图象的对称轴方程为x=kπ+3π4(k∈Z).令k=-1,得x=-π4.故选C.5.[易错题]函数y=2sin(-x+π3)(x∈[-π,0])的单调递增区间是(A)A.[-π,-π6]B.[-5π6,-π6]C.[-π3,0]D.[-π6,0]解析令π2+2kπ≤-x+π3≤3π2+2kπ,k∈Z,则-7π6-2kπ≤x≤-π6-2kπ,k∈Z.又x∈[-π,0],所以所求单调递增区间为[-π,-π6].6.函数f(x)=tan(3x+π6)的图象的对称中心为(χ6-π18,0)(k∈Z).解析令3x +π6=χ2,k ∈Z ,解得x =χ6-π18,k ∈Z ,所以f (x )的图象的对称中心为(χ6-π18,0),k ∈Z.学生用书P082命题点1三角函数的定义域例1函数y =lg (sin x 的定义域为{x |2k π<x ≤π3+2k π,k ∈Z}.解析要使函数有意义,则sin >0,Hs -12≥0,解得2χ<<π+2χ(Ap,-π3+2χ≤≤π3+2χ(Ap,所以2k π<x ≤π3+2k π(k ∈Z ),所以函数的定义域为{x |2k π<x ≤π3+2k π,k ∈Z}.方法技巧求三角函数的定义域实质上是解不等式或不等式组,常借助于三角函数的图象解决.训练1函数f (x )=tanbtan2tan2-tan 的定义域为{x |x ≠χ4,k ∈Z}.解析tan 2x ,tan x 有意义,则≠π2+χ,2≠π2+χ,k ∈Z ,又tan 2x -tan x ≠0,即2tan1-tan 2-tan x ≠0,则tan x ≠0,即x ≠k π,k ∈Z ,综上可得,x ≠χ4,k ∈Z ,则函数f (x )的定义域为{x |x ≠χ4,k ∈Z}.命题点2三角函数的值域(最值)例2(1)[2021全国卷乙]函数f (x )=sin3+cos3的最小正周期和最大值分别是(C)A.3π和2B.3π和2C.6π和2D.6π和2解析因为函数f (x )=sin3+cos 3=2(sin 3cos π4+cos3sin π4)=2sin (3+π4),所以函数f (x )的最小正周期T =2π13=6π,最大值为2.故选C.(2)已知函数f (x )=cos (2x +π3)+2的定义域为[α,π],值域为[52,3],则α的取值范围是(C )A.[2π3,π]B.[0,2π3]C.[2π3,5π6]D.[π2,5π6]解析由题意知,2x+π3∈[2α+π3,7π3],且y=cos(2x+π3)在[α,π]上的值域为[12,1],∴2α+π3≥5π3,且2α+π3≤2π,解得2π3≤α≤5π6,∴α的取值范围是[2π3,5π6],故选C.方法技巧三角函数值域的不同求法1.把所给的三角函数式变换成y=A sin(ωx+φ)+b的形式求值域.2.把sin x或cos x看作一个整体,转换成二次函数求值域.3.利用sin x±cos x和sin x cos x的关系转换成二次函数求值域.训练2(1)[2023四川省模拟]已知函数f(x)=cos2x+sin x-14的定义域为[0,m],值域为[34,1],则实数m的最大值为(A)A.πB.7π6C.4π3D.3π2解析由已知,得f(x)=cos2x+sin x-14=1-sin2x+sin x-14=-sin2x+sin x+34,令t=sin x,函数f(x)可转换为y=-t2+t+34=-(t-12)2+1,因为y∈[34,1],所以根据二次函数的图象与性质可得t∈[0,1],即sin x∈[0,1],又x∈[0,m],所以根据三角函数的图象与性质可得m∈[π2,π],所以实数m的最大值为π,故选A.(2)函数y=sin x-cos x+sin x cos x12解析令sin x-cos x=t,则t=2sin(x-π4),t∈[-2,2],t2=sin2x+cos2x-2sin x cos x,故sin x cos x=1-22,所以y=t+1-22=-12(t-1)2+1,所以当t=1时,函数有最大值1;当t=-2时,函数有最小值-2-12,即值域为[-2-12,1].命题点3三角函数的性质及应用角度1三角函数的周期性例3(1)[2023天津高考]已知函数f(x)图象的一条对称轴为直线x=2,f(x)的一个周期为4,则f(x)的解析式可能为(B)A.f(x)=sin(π2x)B.f(x)=cos(π2x)C.f(x)=sin(π4x)D.f(x)=cos(π4x)解析对于A,f(x)=sin(π2x),其最小正周期为2ππ2=4,因为f(2)=sinπ=0,所以函数f(x)=sin(π2x)的图象不关于直线x=2对称,故排除A;对于B,f(x)=cos(π2x),其最小正周期为2ππ2=4,因为f(2)=cosπ=-1,所以函数f(x)=cos(π2x)的图象关于直线x=2对称,故选项B符合题意;对于C,D,函数y=sin(π4x)和y=cos(π4x)的最小正周期均为2ππ4=8,均不符合题意,故排除C,D.综上,选B.(2)[全国卷Ⅲ]函数f(x)=tG1+B2的最小正周期为(C)A.π4B.π2C.πD.2π解析f(x)=tan1+tan2=sin cos1+sin2cos2=sinvoscos2+sin2=sin x cos x=12sin2x,所以f(x)的最小正周期T=2π2=π.故选C.方法技巧1.求三角函数周期的基本方法(1)定义法.(2)公式法:函数y=A sin(ωx+φ)(或y=A cos(ωx+φ))的最小正周期T=2π||,函数y=A tan(ωx+φ)的最小正周期T=π||.(3)图象法:求含有绝对值符号的三角函数的周期时可画出函数的图象,通过观察图象得出周期.2.有关周期的2个结论(1)函数y=|A sin(ωx+φ)|,y=|A cos(ωx+φ)|,y=|A tan(ωx+φ)|的最小正周期T均为π||.(2)函数y=|A sin(ωx+φ)+b|(b≠0),y=|A cos(ωx+φ)+b|(b≠0)的最小正周期T均为2π||.角度2三角函数的单调性例4(1)[2022北京高考]已知函数f(x)=cos2x-sin2x,则(C)A.f(x)在(-π2,-π6)上单调递减B.f(x)在(-π4,π12)上单调递增C.f(x)在(0,π3)上单调递减D.f(x)在(π4,7π12)上单调递增解析依题意可知f(x)=cos2x-sin2x=cos2x,对于A,因为x∈(-π2,-π6),所以2x∈(-π,-π3),函数f(x)=cos2x在(-π2,-π6)上单调递增,所以A不正确;对于B,因为x∈(-π4,π12),所以2x∈(-π2,π6),函数f(x)=cos2x在(-π4,π12)上不单调,所以B不正确;对于C,因为x∈(0,π3),所以2x∈(0,2π3),函数f(x)=cos2x在(0,π3)上单调递减,所以C正确;对于D,因为x∈(π4,7π12),所以2x∈(π2,7π6),函数f(x)=cos2x在(π4,7π12)上不单调,所以D不正确.故选C.(2)[全国卷Ⅱ]若f(x)=cos x-sin x在[-a,a]上是减函数,则a的最大值是(A)A.π4B.π2C.3π4D.π解析f(x)=cos x-sin x=2cos(x+π4),因为函数y=cos x在区间[0,π]上单调递减,则由0≤x+π4≤π,得-π4≤x≤3π4.因为f(x)在[-a,a]上是减函数,|-π4|<3π4,所以-a≥-π4,解得a≤π4.又区间[-a,a]有意义时,a>0,所以0<a≤π4,所以a的最大值是π4.方法技巧三角函数单调性问题的常见类型及求解策略常见类型求解策略已知三角函数解析式求单调区间(1)将函数化简为“一角一函数”的形式,如y=A sin(ωx+φ)+b(A>0,ω>0);(2)利用整体思想,视“ωx+φ”为一个整体,根据y=sin x的单调区间列不等式求解.对于y=A cos(ωx+φ),y=A tan(ωx+φ),可以利用类似方法求解.注意求函数y=A sin(ωx+φ)+b的单调区间时要先看A和ω的符号,尽量化成ω>0的形式,避免出现增减区间的混淆.已知三角函数的单调性求参数(1)求出原函数的相应单调区间,由已知区间是求出的单调区间的子集,列不等式(组)求解.(2)由所给区间求出“ωx+φ”的范围,由该范围是某相应正、余弦函数的某个单调区间的子集,列不等式(组)求解.角度3三角函数的奇偶性与对称性例5(1)[2022全国卷甲]将函数f(x)=sin(ωx+π3)(ω>0)的图象向左平移π2个单位长度后得到曲线C,若C关于y轴对称,则ω的最小值是(C)A.16B.14C.13D.12解析记曲线C的函数解析式为g(x),则g(x)=sin[ω(x+π2)+π3]=sin[ωx+(π2ω+π3)].因为函数g(x)的图象关于y轴对称,所以π2ω+π3=kπ+π2(k∈Z),得ω=2k+13(k∈Z).因为ω>0,所以ωmin=13.故选C.(2)[2022新高考卷Ⅰ]记函数f(x)=sin(ωx+π4)+b(ω>0)的最小正周期为T.若2π3<T <π,且y=f(x)的图象关于点(3π2,2)中心对称,则f(π2)=(A)A.1B.32C.52D.3解析因为2π3<T<π,所以2π3<2π<π,解得2<ω<3.因为y=f(x)的图象关于点(3π2,2)中心对称,所以b=2,且sin(3π2ω+π4)+b=2,即sin(3π2ω+π4)=0,所以3π2ω+π4=kπ(k∈Z),又2<ω<3,所以13π4<3π2ω+π4<19π4,所以3π2ω+π4=4π,解得ω=52,所以f(x)=sin(52x+π4)+2,所以f(π2)=sin(52×π2+π4)+2=sin3π2+2=1.故选A.方法技巧1.三角函数图象的对称轴和对称中心的求解方法:对于函数f(x)=A sin(ωx+φ)(ω≠0),令ωx+φ=kπ+π2,k∈Z,求出对称轴方程;令ωx+φ=kπ,k∈Z,求出对称中心的横坐标(纵坐标为0).对于y=A cos(ωx+φ),y=A tan(ωx+φ),可以利用类似方法求解(注意y=A tan(ωx+φ)的图象无对称轴).说明选择题可以通过验证f(x0)的值进行判断,即f(x0)=±A⇔x=x0是函数f(x)图象的对称轴方程;f(x0)=0⇔点(x0,0)是函数f(x)图象的对称中心.2.三角函数中奇函数一般可化为y=A sinωx或y=A tanωx的形式,而偶函数一般可化为y =A cosωx+b的形式.训练3(1)[2023全国卷乙]已知函数f(x)=sin(ωx+φ)在区间(π6,2π3)单调递增,直线x=π6和x=2π3为函数y=f(x)的图象的两条相邻对称轴,则f(-5π12)=(D)A. B.-12 C.12解析由题意得12×2π||=2π3-π6=π2,解得|ω|=2,易知x=π6是f(x)的最小值点.若ω=2,则π6×2+φ=-π2+2kπ(k∈Z),得φ=-5π6+2kπ(k∈Z),于是f(x)=sin(2x-6π5+2kπ)=sin(2x-5π6),f(-5π12)=sin(-5π12×2-5π6)=sin(-5π3)=sinπ3=ω=-2,则π6×(-2)+φ=-π2+2kπ(k∈Z),得φ=-π6+2kπ(k∈Z),于是f(x)=sin(-2x-π6+2kπ)=sin(-2x-π6)=sin(2x-56π),所以f(-5π12)故选D.(2)在函数①y=cos|2x|,②y=|cos x|,③y=cos(2x+π6),④y=tan(2x-π4)中,最小正周期为π的所有函数为(A)A.①②③B.①③④C.②④D.①③解析对于①,y=cos|2x|=cos2x,其最小正周期为2π2=π;对于②,y=|cos x|的最小正周期为π;对于③,y=cos(2x+π6)的最小正周期为2π2=π;对于④,y=tan(2x-π4)的最小正周期为π2.所以最小正周期为π的所有函数为①②③.(3)函数f(x)=3sin(2x-π3+φ)+1,φ∈(0,π),且f(x)为偶函数,则φ=5π6,f(x)图象的对称中心为(π4+χ2,1),k∈Z.解析∵f(x)=3sin(2x-π3+φ)+1为偶函数,∴-π3+φ=kπ+π2,k∈Z,即φ=5π6+kπ,k∈Z.又φ∈(0,π),∴φ=5π6,∴f(x)=3sin(2x+π2)+1=3cos2x+1.由2x=π2+kπ,k∈Z,得x=π4+χ2,k∈Z,∴f(x)图象的对称中心为(π4+χ2,1),k∈Z.1.[命题点2/2023福建模拟]若对任意x∈R都有f(sin x)=-cos2x+cos2x+2sin x-3,则f(x)的值域为[-4,0].解析易知f(sin x)=2sin2x-1+1-sin2x+2sin x-3=sin2x+2sin x-3,所以f(x)=x2+2x-3(-1≤x≤1),曲线y=x2+2x-3的对称轴为直线x=-1,所以函数f(x)在区间[-1,1]上单调递增,所以f(-1)≤f(x)≤f(1),即-4≤f(x)≤0,所以f(x)的值域为[-4,0].2.[命题点2/2023潍坊市高三统考]已知函数f(x)=3sin x+4cos x,且f(x)≤f(θ)对任意x∈R恒成立,若角θ的终边经过点P(4,m),则m=3.解析因为f(x)=3sin x+4cos x=5sin(x+φ),其中cosφ=35,sinφ=45,则sin(θ+φ)=1,所以θ+φ=π2+2kπ(k∈Z),所以θ=π2-φ+2kπ(k∈Z),所以sinθ=sin(π2-φ)=cosφ=35,同理cosθ=45,所以tanθ=4=sin cos=34,所以m=3.3.[命题点3角度1/多选/2023福建省福州市联考]如图所示,一个质点在半径为2的圆O上以点P为起始点,沿逆时针方向运动,每3s转一圈.该质点到x轴的距离关于时间t的函数记为f(t).下列说法正确的是(AC)A.f(t)=|2sin(2π3t-π4)|B.f(t)=2sin(2π3t-π4)C.f(t)的最小正周期为32D.f(t)的最小正周期为3解析由题可知,质点的角速度为2π3rad/s,因为点P为起始点,沿逆时针方向运动,设经过t s之后所成角为φ,则φ=2π3-π4,根据任意角的三角函数定义有y P=2sin(2π3-π4),所以该质点到x轴的距离为f(t)=|2sin(2π3t-π4)|,故A正确,B错误;因为f(t)=|2sin(2π3t-π4)|,所以f(t)的最小正周期为π2π3=32,故C正确,D错误.故选AC.4.[命题点3/多选/2023河北名校联考]已知函数f(x)=2sin(ωx+π4)+b(ω>0)的最小正周期T满足π2<T<3π2,且P(-π8,1)是f(x)图象的一个对称中心,则(AC)A.ω=2B.f(x)的值域是[-2,2]C.直线x=π8是f(x)图象的一条对称轴D.f(x+π4)是偶函数解析对于A,因为P(-π8,1)是函数f(x)图象的一个对称中心,所以-π8ω+π4=kπ(k∈Z),且b=1,得ω=2-8k(k∈Z).又π2<T<3π2,且ω>0,即π2<2π<3π2,所以43<ω<4,所以ω=2,故A正确.对于B,由对A的分析得f(x)=2sin(2x+π4)+1,因为-1≤sin(2x+π4)≤1,所以f(x)∈[-1,3],故B不正确.对于C,解法一由2x+π4=kπ+π2(k∈Z),得x=χ2+π8(k∈Z),当k=0时,x=π8,所以直线x=π8是函数f(x)图象的一条对称轴,故C正确.解法二将x=π8代入f(x),可得f(π8)=3(f(x)的最大值),所以直线x=π8是f(x)图象的一条对称轴,故C正确.对于D,因为f(x+π4)=2sin[2(x+π4)+π4]+1=2sin(2x+π2+π4)+1=2cos(2x+π4)+1,显然该函数不是偶函数,故D不正确.综上所述,选AC.学生用书·练习帮P2961.函数f(x)=tan(2x+π4)的定义域为(C)A.{x|x≠kπ+π2,k∈Z}B.{x|x≠2kπ+π2,k∈Z}C.{x|x≠χ2+π8,k∈Z}D.{x|x≠kπ+π8,k∈Z}解析由2x+π4≠kπ+π2,k∈Z,得2x≠kπ+π4,k∈Z,∴x≠χ2+π8,k∈Z,∴函数y=tan(2x+π4)的定义域为{x|x≠χ2+π8,k∈Z}.2.[2023天津新华中学统练]下列函数中,最小正周期为π的奇函数是(D)A.y=sin(2x+π2)B.y=tan2xC.y=2sin(π-x)D.y=tan(x+π)解析对于函数y=sin(2x+π2)=cos2x,最小正周期为π,是偶函数,排除A;对于函数y=tan2x,最小正周期为π2,是奇函数,排除B;对于函数y=2sin(π-x)=2sin x,最小正周期为2π,是奇函数,排除C;对于函数y=tan(π+x)=tan x,最小正周期为π,是奇函数,故选D.3.下列函数中,以π2为周期且在区间(π4,π2)单调递增的是(A)A.f(x)=|cos2x|B.f(x)=|sin2x|C.f(x)=cos|x|D.f(x)=sin|x|解析A中,函数f(x)=|cos2x|的最小正周期为π2,当x∈(π4,π2)时,2x∈(π2,π),函数f(x)单调递增,故A正确;B中,函数f(x)=|sin2x|的最小正周期为π2,当x∈(π4,π2)时,2x∈(π2,π),函数f(x)单调递减,故B不正确;C中,函数f(x)=cos|x|=cos x的最小正周期为2π,故C不正确;D中,f(x)=sin|x|=sin,≥0,由正弦函数图象知,在x≥0和x<0时,f(x)均以2π为周期,但在整个-sin,<0,定义域上f(x)不是周期函数,故D不正确.故选A.4.已知函数f(x)=sin(ωx+θ)+3cos(ωx+θ)(θ∈[-π2,π2])是偶函数,则θ的值为(B)A.0B.π6C.π4D.π3解析由已知可得f(x)=2sin(ωx+θ+π3),若函数为偶函数,则必有θ+π3=kπ+π2(k∈Z),又由于θ∈[-π2,π2],故有θ+π3=π2,解得θ=π6,经代入检验符合题意.故选B.5.[2023江西月考]已知函数f(x)=sin(ωx+φ)(ω>0,0<φ<π2)的两个相邻的零点为-13,23,则f(x)的图象的一条对称轴方程是(B)A.x=-16B.x=-56C.x=13D.x=23解析设f(x)的最小正周期为T,则2=23-(-13)=1,得T=2π=2,所以ω=π,又因为-π3+φ=kπ(k∈Z),且0<φ<π2,所以φ=π3,则f(x)=sin(πx+π3),由πx+π3=kπ+π2(k∈Z),解得x=k+16(k∈Z),取k=-1,得一条对称轴方程为x=-56.6.已知函数f(x)=-2tan(2x+φ)(0<φ<π2)的图象的一个对称中心是点(π12,0),则该函数的一个单调递减区间是(D)A.(-5π6,π6)B.(-π6,π3)C.(-π3,π6)D.(-5π12,π12)解析因为函数f(x)=-2tan(2x+φ)的图象的一个对称中心是点(π12,0),所以2×π12+φ=χ2,k∈Z,解得φ=χ2-π6,k∈Z.又0<φ<π2,所以φ=π3,所以f(x)=-2tan(2x+π3).令-π2+kπ<2x+π3<π2+kπ,k∈Z,解得-5π12+χ2<x<π12+χ2,k∈Z,所以函数f(x)的单调递减区间为(-5π12+χ2,π12+χ2),k∈Z.当k=0时,得f(x)的一个单调递减区间为(-5π12,π12).7.[全国卷Ⅰ]设函数f(x)=cos(ωx+π6)在[-π,π]的图象大致如图,则f(x)的最小正周期为(C)A.10π9B.7π6C.4π3D.3π2解析解法一由题图知,f(-4π9)=0,∴-4π9ω+π6=π2+kπ(k∈Z),解得ω=-3+94(k∈Z).设f(x)的最小正周期为T,易知T<2π<2T,∴2π||<2π<4π||,∴1<|ω|<2,当且仅当k=-1时,符合题意,此时ω=32,∴T=2π=4π3.故选C.解法二由题图知,f(-4π9)=0且f(-π)<0,f(0)>0,∴-4π9ω+π6=-π2(ω>0),解得ω=32,经验证符合题意,∴f(x)的最小正周期T=2π=4π3.故选C.8.[2024安徽铜陵模拟]已知函数f(x)=a sin4x+cos4x的图象关于直线x=π12对称,则f(π24)=(A)A.3 C.-12 D.-1解析由题设f(x)=2+1sin(4x+φ)(a≠0)且tanφ=1,又函数图象关于直线x=π12对称,所以π3+φ=π2+kπ,k∈Z⇒φ=π6+kπ,k∈Z,则tanφ=tan(π6+kπ)=tanπ6=1⇒a=3,综上,f(x)=3sin4x+cos4x=2sin(4x+π6),故f(π24)=2sinπ3=3.故选A.9.[多选/2023江苏南京模拟]已知x1,x2是函数f(x)=2sin(ωx-π6)(ω>0)的两个不同零点,且|x1-x2|的最小值是π2,则下列说法正确的是(ABD)A.函数f(x)在[0,π3]上单调递增B.函数f(x)的图象关于直线x=-π6对称C.函数f(x)的图象关于点(π,0)中心对称D.当x∈[π2,π]时,函数f(x)的值域是[-2,1]解析由题意可知,最小正周期T=2π=π,所以ω=2,f(x)=2sin(2x-π6).对于选项A,当x∈[0,π3]时,2x-π6∈[-π6,π2],所以f(x)在[0,π3]上单调递增,故A正确;对于选项B,f(-π6)=2sin[2×(-π6)-π6]=2sin(-π2)=-2,所以f(x)的图象关于直线x =-π6对称,故B正确;对于选项C,f(π)=2sin(2π-π6)=-1≠0,所以f(x)的图象不关于点(π,0)中心对称,故C错误;对于选项D,当x∈[π2,π]时,2x-π6∈[5π6,11π6],sin(2x-π6)∈[-1,12],f(x)∈[-2,1],故D正确.故选ABD.10.定义运算a*b为:a*b=(≤p,(>p,例如,1*2=1,则函数f(x)=sin x*cos x的值域为[-1,22].解析f(x)=sin x*cos x,当x∈[π+2kπ,5π4+2kπ],k∈Z,这时sin x≥cos x,所以f(x)=cos x,这时函数的值域为[-1;当x∈[-3π4+2kπ,π4+2kπ],k∈Z,这时sin x≤cos x,所以f(x)=sin x,这时函数的值域为[-1综上,函数的值域为[-1 11.[2023上海松江二中模拟]若函数y=sin(πx-π6)在[0,m]上单调递增,则m的最大值为23.解析由x∈[0,m],知πx-π6∈[-π6,mπ-π6],因为函数在[0,m]上单调递增,所以-π6<mπ-π6≤π2,即0<m≤23,所以m的最大值为23.12.[2024安徽合肥一中模拟]已知函数f(x)=sin x cos x-3cos2x(1)求函数f(x)的最小正周期和单调递减区间;(2)求函数f(x)在区间[-π6,π4]上的值域.解析(1)因为f(x)=sin x cos x-3cos2x=12sin2x=12sin2x-2x=sin(2x-π3),所以函数f(x)的最小正周期为T=2π2=π.由2kπ+π2≤2x-π3≤2kπ+3π2(k∈Z)可得kπ+5π12≤x≤kπ+11π12(k∈Z),所以函数f(x)的单调递减区间为[kπ+5π12,kπ+11π12](k∈Z).(2)当-π6≤x≤π4时,-2π3≤2x-π3≤π6,则-1≤sin(2x-π3)≤12,因此,函数f(x)在区间[-π6,π4]上的值域为[-1,12].13.设函数f(x)=2cos(12x-π3),若对于任意的x∈R都有f(x1)≤f(x)≤f(x2)成立,则|x1-x2|的最小值为(C)A.π2B.πC.2πD.4π解析函数f(x)=2cos(12x-π3),若对于任意的x∈R,都有f(x1)≤f(x)≤f(x2),则f(x1)是函数的最小值,f(x2)是函数的最大值,|x1-x2|的最小值就是函数的半个周期,故2=12×2π12=2π,故选C.14.[2023湘潭模拟]若函数f(x)=cos2x+sin(2x+π6)在(0,α)上恰有2个零点,则α的取值范围为(B)A.[5π6,4π3)B.(5π6,4π3]C.[5π3,8π3)D.(5π3,8π3]解析由题意得,函数f(x)=cos2x+sin(2x+π6)=3sin(2x+π3),因为0<x<α,所以π3<2x+π3<2α+π3,又由f(x)在(0,α)上恰有2个零点,可得2π<2α+π3≤3π,解得5π6<α≤4π3,所以α的取值范围为(5π6,4π3].15.[2023福建龙岩模拟]已知函数f(x)=2|sin x|+cos x,则f(x)的最小值为(C)A.-5B.-2C.-1D.0解析解法一f(x)=2|sin x|+cos x,分别作出y=2|sin x|(图1)与y=cos x (图2)的部分图象,如图所示.图1图2从图中可以看出,当x=π时,两个函数同时取得最小值,此时f(π)=2|sinπ|+cosπ=-1最小.解法二因为f(-x)=2|sin(-x)|+cos(-x)=2|sin x|+cos x=f(x),所以f(x)=2|sin x|+cos x为偶函数,又f(x+2π)=2|sin(x+2π)|+cos(x+2π)=2|sin x|+cos x=f(x),所以f(x)的一个周期为2π.当x∈[0,π]时,f(x)=2sin x+cos x,f'(x)=2cos x-sin x,令f'(x)=0,则tan x=2,故存在x0∈(0,π2),使得f'(x0)=0,当x∈[0,x0)时,f'(x)>0,f(x)单调递增;当x∈(x0,π]时,f'(x)<0,f(x)单调递减,又f(0)=1,f(π)=-1,结合f(x)为偶函数,周期为2π,作出f(x)=2|sin x|+cos x的图象如图,由图可知,函数的最小值为-1.故选C.16.[多选/2022新高考卷Ⅱ]已知函数f(x)=sin(2x+φ)(0<φ<π)的图象关于点(2π3,0)中心对称,则(AD)A.f(x)在区间(0,5π12)单调递减B.f(x)在区间(-π12,11π12)有两个极值点C.直线x=7π是曲线y=f(x)的对称轴D.直线y x是曲线y=f(x)的切线解析因为函数f(x)的图象关于点(2π3,0)中心对称,所以sin(2×2π3+φ)=0,可得4π3+φ=kπ(k∈Z),结合0<φ<π,得φ=2π3,所以f(x)=sin(2x+2π3).对于A,解法一由2kπ+π2≤2x+2π3≤2kπ+3π2(k∈Z),得kπ-π12≤x≤kπ+5π12(k∈Z);当k =0时,-π12≤x≤5π12.因为(0,5π12)⊆(-π12,5π12),所以函数f(x)在区间(0,5π12)单调递减,故A正确.解法二当x∈(0,5π12)时,2x+2π3∈(2π3,3π2),所以函数f(x)在区间(0,5π12)单调递减,故A正确.对于B,解法一由2x+2π3=kπ+π2(k∈Z),得x=χ2-π12(k∈Z),当k=0时,x=-π12;当k=1时,x=5π12;当k=2时,x=11π12.所以函数f(x)在区间(-π12,11π12)只有一个极值点,故B不正确.解法二当x∈(-π12,11π12)时,2x+2π3∈(π2,5π2),所以函数f(x)在区间(-π12,11π12)只有一个极值点,故B不正确.对于C,解法一由选项B解法一的分析知,函数f(x)图象的对称轴方程为x=χ2-π12(k∈Z),而方程χ2-π12=7π6(k∈Z)无解,故C不正确.解法二因为f(7π6)=sin(2×7π6+2π3)=sin3π=0,所以x=7π6不是曲线y=f(x)的对称轴,故C不正确.对于D,因为f'(x)=2cos(2x+2π3),若直线y x为曲线y=f(x)的切线,则由2cos(2x+2π3)=-1,得2x+2π3=2kπ+2π3或2x+2π3=2kπ+4π(k∈Z),所以x=kπ或x=kπ+π3(k∈Z).当x=kπ(k∈Z)时,f(x)kπ(k∈Z),解得k=0;当x=kπ+π3(k∈Z)时,f(x)kπ-π3(k∈Z)无解.综上所述,直线y x为曲线y=f(x)的切线,故D正确.综上所述,选AD.17.[条件创新]已知函数f(x)=2sinωx(ω>0)在区间[-3π4,π4]上单调递增,且直线y=-2与函数f(x)的图象在[-2π,0]上有且仅有一个交点,则实数ω的取值范围是[14,23].解析易知f(x)的图象关于点(0,0)对称,则由函数f(x)在[-3π4,π4]上单调递增可得4≥3π4(T为f(x)的最小正周期),即2π4≥3π4,结合ω>0,解得0<ω≤23.因为直线y=-2与函数f(x)的图象在[-2π,0]×2π≤2π,×2π>2π,解得14≤ω<54.综上,ω∈[14,23].18.[2023湖北省部分重点中学联考]已知函数f(x)=4sin2(π4+2)sin x+(cos x+sin x)·(cos x-sin x)-1.(1)求f(x)的解析式及其图象的对称中心;(2)若函数g(x)=12[f(2x)+af(x)-af(π2-x)-a]-1在区间[-π4,π2]上的最大值为2,求实数a的值.解析(1)f(x)=2[1-cos(π2+x)]·sin x+cos2x-sin2x-1=sin x·(2+2sin x)+1-2sin2x-1=2sin x.对称中心为(kπ,0),k∈Z.(2)g(x)=sin2x+a sin x-a cos x-2-1,令sin x-cos x=t,则sin2x=1-t2,(小技巧:函数式中既含正余弦的和或差(sin x-cos x或sin x+cos x),又含二者的乘积(即sin x·cos x),可令sin x-cos x=t或sin x+cos x=t,然后转化为关于t的二次函数求最值)∴y=1-t2+at-2-1=-(t-2)2+2 4-2.∵t=sin x-cos x=2sin(x-π4),x∈[-π4,π2],∴x-π4∈[-π2,π4],∴-2≤t≤1.①当2<-2,即a <-22时,y max =-(-2-2)2+24-2=-2a -2-2.令-2a -2-2=2,解得a .②当-2≤2≤1,即-22≤a ≤2时,y max =24-2,令24-2=2,解得a =-2或a =4(舍去).③当2>1,即a >2时,y max =-(1-2)2+24-2=2-1,由2-1=2,得a =6.综上,a =-2或6.19.[条件创新/多选]已知函数f (x )=cos (2x +φ)(|φ|<π2),F (x )=f (x )+'(x )为奇函数,则下述四个结论正确的是(BC )A.tan φ=3B.若f (x )在[-a ,a ]上存在零点,则a 的最小值为π6C.F (x )在(π4,3π4)上单调递增D.f (x )在(0,π2)上有且仅有一个极大值点解析由f (x )=cos (2x +φ),得f '(x )=-2sin (2x +φ),则F (x )=f (x )+'(x )=cos (2x +φ)-3sin (2x +φ)=-2sin (2x +φ-π6).因为F (x )为奇函数,所以φ-π6=k π(k ∈Z ),所以φ=k π+π6(k ∈Z ).因为|φ|<π2,所以φ=π6.对于A ,由以上可得tan φA 错误;对于B ,令f (x )=cos (2x +π6)=0,得2x +π6=k π+π2(k ∈Z ),则x =χ2+π6(k ∈Z ),即函数f (x )的零点为x =χ2+π6(k ∈Z ),且该函数零点的绝对值的最小值为π6,所以a 的最小值为π6,故B 正确;对于C ,F (x )=-2sin 2x ,当x ∈(π4,3π4)时,2x ∈(π2,3π2),此时函数F (x )单调递增,故C 正确;对于D ,函数f (x )=cos (2x +π6),令2x +π6=2k π(k ∈Z ),得x =k π-π12(k ∈Z ),所以函数f (x )在(0,π2)上无极大值点,故D 错误.。
马勒滤清器产品表对照表
180 201 511 6Q0 201 051B, S1832B 6Q0 201 051C, 6Q0 201 051 J 1K0 201 051 C, 1K0 201 051 K 1K0 129 620D, 1K0 129 620F, 1KD 129 620B, 1KD 129 620A 191 819 638 8A0 819 439A 1J0 819 644A, 180 819 644 6Q0 819 653, 6RD 820 367, 6Q0 820 367B 1K0 819 644 1H0 819 644 377 819 638 180 819 638 8A0 819 439A 6Q0 820 367B 1K1 819 653A, 1KD 819 644, 1KD 819 653 1H0 819 644A 180 819 638
OX 128/1D ECO OX128/1D机滤芯 OX 254D4 ECO OX254D4机滤芯 OX 396D ECO OX 398D ECO KL 449 KL 460 KL 450/1 KL 450 KL 479 KL 502 LX 1678 LX 1679 LX 1680 LX 1681 LX 1721 LX 1897 LX 1898 LX 1682 LX 1701 LX 1900 LX 1722 LX 1723 LX 1899 LX 2024/1 LX 3184 074环保机滤芯 劲情劲取环保机滤芯 普桑汽油滤 POLO电喷燃油滤 桑塔纳电喷燃油滤(铝) 捷达电喷燃油滤 宝来燃油滤 捷达柴油车柴滤 普桑空滤芯 2000型空滤芯 2VQS空滤芯 B5空滤芯 POLO空滤芯(1.4) 劲情劲取空滤芯 高尔空滤芯 捷达空滤芯(KF2917) 捷达王空滤芯(KF2916) 捷达柴油车空滤芯 宝来空滤芯(1.8) 宝来空滤芯(1.8T) 途安速腾空滤芯 LX2024/1空滤芯 新朗逸空滤芯
2018年款HYUNDAI IONIQ Plug-in Hybrid用户手册说明书
PairingPairingPhone 34671216Camera2018 IONIQ Plug-in HybridAndroid Auto & Apple CarPlaySmartphone IntegrationNOTEand proceed.Connect a USB cable from your phone to the vehicle’s USB slot.Android Auto Android AutoApple CarPlayAllow permission from your phone to connectto your vehicle.Enjoy using the applications displayed on your vehicle’s multimedia screen.123Android Auto Apple CarPlayNOTERefer to your phone’s owner’s manual or visit for more information.Press the BLUETOOTH ® icon on the screen.Then press BLUETOOTH CONNECTION .Press ADD NEW .Then turn on your phone’s BLUETOOTH and select the device (Ioniq) found by your phone.23NOTE• S The vehicle will confirm successfulphone pairing completion.5Nav2018 IONIQ Plug-in HybridNavigation and Display AudioCUSTOM BUTTON (if equipped)The Custom Button (can enjoy your favorite features of the multimedia system with the touch of a button.Learn how to set up your Custom Button by reviewing the steps below.Press the SETUP button. Then press theCUSTOM BUTTONicon on the screen.Select from thefollowing options toset as your favorites. For example, select PHONE PROJECTION .12Custom FavoritesInitial SetupBEFORE YOU STARTplease follow the instructions on the previous pages.Press the PUSH TO TALKbutton on the steering wheel. You will hear a beep.After the beep, say the command “CALL ”followed by the name of the desired contact.Example:“CALL JOHN SMITH ”Select the number you would like to call by saying“LINE 1,” “LINE 2,” “HOME ,” or “MOBILE .”1 2 3from your phone to thevehicle’s USB slot.Notice the icon displayedon your screen.Press the PUSHTO TALK button onthe steering wheeland say a commandafter the beep.2For Apple CarPlay, you will see these screens:For Android Auto, you will see these screens:3Android Auto Apple CarPlayEND CALL button on the steering wheel.2018 IONIQ Plug-in HybridHere are a few common voice commands to use after the phone has been paired:Say “CALLof the saved contact with whom you wish to speak.For example, “CALL JOHN SMITH.”“DIAL” makes a call by dialing the spoken numbers.For example: “DIAL 1-800-633-5151.”“PHONE” provides guidance on phone-related commands.“CALL HISTORY” displays the phone’s call history screen.“CONTACTS” displays the phone’s contacts screen.NOTECompatibility and performance may vary based on your phone, the phone’s software, and your wireless carrier.Making a CallCommon Phone Voice CommandsPress the PUSH TO TALKbutton on the steering wheel.You will hear a beep.1 After the beep, say a command:“FIND POI *.”This step will display the list of POI categoriesthat you can say. Say “RESTAURANTS .”A list of POI categories will be displayed. If youwould like to find coffee shops nearby, say “COFFEE SHOPS .”*Point of Interest234Press the PUSH TO TALKbutton and say “CANCEL ROUTE ” after the prompt to stop navigation guidance.8Follow the prompt and say “YES ” to set as yourdestination.6Touch the UNIFIED SEARCHbox.Enter the address of your destination and pressDONE .The location will be pinned on the map.If the address is correct, press SET AS DESTINATION .2 3 4to begin your route.Press thePUSH TO TALKbutton and say “CANCEL ROUTE ” after the promptto stop navigation guidance.62018 IONIQ Plug-in HybridNavigationDestination Search by VoiceNOTEBlue Link ® subscription is required. To enroll, please visit your dealer or visit . All product names, trademarks, logos, and brands are property of their respective owners. All company, product, trademarks, and service names used herein are for illustrative purposes only.Press theDESTINATIONSEARCH button.When prompted, you can say the name of a Point of Interest nearby, an address, or a Point of Interest in a city.Example: “FIND COFFEE SHOPS NEAR ME .”A list of nearbydestinations matchingyour search criteria will be displayed.Select a destination from the list for a map view.12。
1_kg_级防窥屏商务本_Acer_TravelMate_航海家P6
1混合办公模式已经成为职场人士的主流业态,经常在出差或商务办公之间切换,职场人更加需要一款既轻薄便携、又能高效胜任各种复杂生产的轻薄笔记本电脑,而最近推出的Acer TravelMate航海家P6就是这样一款专为职场而生的商务本。
外观轻薄永远是笔记本产本不断追求极致的参数之一,AcerTravelMate航海家P6的重量仅为1.05kg,而目前市场上主流的轻薄本一般都在1.4~1.5kg左右,航海家P6的重量相比这些产品足足轻了300多克。
从数据上来说可能不太直观,但如果你是一个经常出差的商务人士,Acer TravelMate航海家P6就可以为你减轻大约一部手机加一个充电宝的重量,这足以让你在这场长途中减轻背包的重量。
另外值得一提的是,Acer TravelMate航海家P6在做到1.05kg极致轻薄同时,机身使用了镁铝合金的材质,而不是使用材质更轻的塑料。
金属材质带来的好处是质感的提升,金属磨砂的A面设计,除了放在角落的Logo,整个A面相当的整洁,满满地透露出商务人士的成熟内敛。
另外在配色方面,Acer选用了更加符合商务身份的深黑色,整个A面及B面边框和C面保持了高度一致性,让整机看起来更加浑然一体。
屏幕Acer TravelMate航海家P6配备了一块14英寸大小,16:10屏幕比例的IPS屏幕,不同于市面上常见的16:9屏幕比例的笔记本,Acer TravelMate航海家P6这块屏幕能够在瀑布流页面中显示更多的信息,例如在Excel表格中能够显示更多的行信息,在Word中能够将一页A4大小的信息页面更好地铺满整块屏幕,在邮件中也能显示更多的内容。
Acer TravelMate航海家P6的屏幕分辨率为1920×1 200,已经算得上是2K高清分辨率屏,无论是编辑Excel表格或是制作PPT、Adobe应用等。
而且,对于这个尺寸的屏幕,并非越高的分辨率就越好,毕竟包括Windows系统以及很多应用,在更高清分辨率下的显示体验并不理想。
JBSS.A.
JBS S.A.A GLOBALFOODCOMPANYGlobal and diversified platformValue added product portfolio with brands Focus on operational excellenceHigh performance team with more than230 thousand employeesNet Revenue of R$150 billion (LTM)Second largest global food company¹JBS AT A GLANCEBeef 32%Poultry 22%Pork 16%Prepared & Others 30%LTM Revenue3Q15R$150 biA GLOBAL COMPANYAn Exclusive Global Production and Sales PlatformAs % of Total Revenue¹Production footprintCANADA3%USA47%MEXICO6%BRAZIL12%South Am/OTHERSEUROPERUSSIAASIAAFRICA & MIDDLE EASTOCEANIA6%6%4%4%1%11%IPO JBS SANet Revenue: R$14.1 bi20072008Net Revenue: R$30.3 bi2009BERTIN2010EXPANSION IN USA AND AUSTRALIANet Revenue: R$54.7 bi2013ACQUISITIONS: TYSON IN BRAZILAND MEXICO2014CARGILL PORKNet Revenue LTM3Q15¹:R$150.1bi2015230,000 EMPLOYEESFrom a Brazilian beef company in 2007 to a Global food companyEVOLUTION200619,000EMPLOYEESNet Revenue: R$3.9 biSTRATEGYGlobal and Diversified Production and Distribution Platform progressing towards value added products with brandsProduction platformBrandingValue added productsSales and distribution platform\\\\\\\\\\\\+300 production units in+15 countries+350,000 costumers and sales to +150 countries|Net Revenue Growth:77%HISTORICAL PERFORMANCEConstant Revenues and EBITDA Margin GrowthEBITDA Margin (%)EBITDA (R$ million)Net Revenue (R$ million)|EBITDA Growth:124%7.1%6.9%6.6%8.4%11,8%9.6%8.2%9.2%8.9%24,22227,22226,41928,96930,77934,30333,81938,90543,0291,7101,8741,7502,4333,6183,2902,7583,5773,8343T133T134T134T131T141T142T142T143T143T144T144T141T151T152T152T153T153T153Q134Q131Q142Q143Q144Q141Q152Q153Q15CONSOLIDATED RESULTS3Q153,6183,83411.8%8.9%3Q143Q1530,77943,0293Q143Q153Q15 CONSOLIDATED HIGHLIGHTSEBITDA Margin (%)CONSOLIDATED NET SALES (R$ MILLION)CONSOLIDATED EBITDA (R$ MILLION)|Robust sales growth |Solid operational results39.8%6.0%1,092.93,441.40.381.193Q143Q152,1305,0663Q143Q15NET INCOME (R$ MILLION)FREE CASH FLOW GENERATION (R$ MILLION)|Net income reached a historical high|Increased Earnings Per Share (EPS)(Cancelation of shares held in treasury)|Robust Free Cash Flow Generation137.8%3Q15 CONSOLIDATED HIGHLIGHTS288.6%Earnings Per Share (R$)Reported Net IncomeAdjusted Net Income4,246.725,84841,7072.54x2.55x 3Q143Q15NET DEBT -US$ MILLIONNET DEBT (R$ MILLION) / LEVERAGERECENT ACQUISITIONS|Tyson de Mexico|Primo Group |Moy Park |Big Frango|Céu Azul|Anhambi |Tyson do Brasil|Total Value:~US$3.5billion |Revenues:~US$5.0billion2,32x¹3Q15 CONSOLIDATED HIGHLIGHTS10,54610,4983Q143Q15JBS S.A.41%JBS Foods 11%JBS USA Holdings 48%Capital Market 45.0%Commercial Banks 54.9%BNDES 0.1%BREAKDOWN BY CURRENCY AND COSTBREAKDOWN BY COMPANYMATURITY (R$ MILLION)-5,058 1,7523,2313,7901,64610,6436,28119,422Short Term*201620172018201920202021After 2021US$91%R$9%✓13.61% p.a.✓4.76% p.a.DEBT PROFILE AND MATURITYBREAKDOWN BY SOURCE52.08.943.1Financial Liability Operational AssetNet ExposURE FX HEDGING POLICYJBS EXPOSURE TO US DOLLAR (R$ BILLION)HEDGE POSITION (R$ BILLION)41.41.7HedgeUnhedged PositionFX Variation on Net Exposure: R$10.1 billion Effect on Financial Results: R$6.1 billion Effect on Equity:R$4.0 billionHedge Result: R$9.5 billionFinancialLiabilityOperational AssetNetExposureFX Exposure and Hedge Position at the end of 3Q15CONSOLIDATED EXPORTSJBS Exports breakdown in 2Q15 and 3Q15Greater China¹16.8%Mexico 11.0%Japan 10.9%South America10.5%Africa & Middle East10.5%USA 9.5%Russia 9.1%E.U.6.5%South Korea 4.7%Canada 2.4%Others 8.2%3Q14US$4,361.1 millionSouth America16.8%Greater China¹15.1%Africa & MiddleEast 12.6%Mexico 12.2%USA 9.5%Japan 9.4%E.U.5.2%South Korea 4.9%Russia 3.8%Canada 2.1%Others 8.3%3Q15US$ 3,941.3millionJBS FOODS3,376.85,012.23Q143Q15JBS FOODS|Expressive organic growth and via acquisitions.|Continuous EBITDA margin expansion.|Commitment to improved performance.|Focus in quality,innovation and brands.48.4%80.5%NET REVENUE (R$ MILLION)EBITDA (R$ MILLION)576.01,040.017.1%20.7%3Q143Q1513.7%15.9%20.7%1Q 142Q 143Q 144Q 1420141Q 152Q 153Q 1510.612.917.020.02013 (Acquisition)¹2014LTM3Q153Q15 AnnualizedNET REVENUE (R$ BILLION)CONSISTENCY OF RESULTS (EBITDA Margin %)21.7%31.8%EVOLUTION OF JBS FOODS18.0%OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE✓Costumer Service (OTIF –on time in full)23% improvement✓Point of Purchase Out of Stock24% improvement✓Active CostumersAn increase of 29 thousand✓Perceived Quality26% improvement in quality drivers✓Productivity DriversAn increase of 400 bps in operational efficiency indexJBS MERCOSUL554.6640.88.6%9.0%3Q143Q156,470.57,146.93Q143Q15JBS MERCOSUL10.5%15.5%|Recovery of exports and opening of Chinese and Saudi markets.|Operational profitability improvement.|Better supply and demand dynamics.|Continuous investments in Friboi brand.|Outlook of trade with the US.NET REVENUE (R$ MILLION)EBITDA (R$ MILLION)JBS EUROPE4,0064,7235,5086,383201220132014LTM 3Q15In NaturaConvenience and Value Added UK Convenience and Value Added Europe Poultry Breeding Grounds RigamontiNET REVENUE (R$ MILLION)+59%JBS EUROPE OVERVIEW|15 production units with 12 thousand employees |450 thousand tons of products processed annually42%51%7%In NaturaPrepared & Breaded Convenience & Others62%27%10%RetailFoodservice Others²MOY PARK: VALUE ADDED PRODUCTSIn NaturaPrepared & BreadedConvenience & OthersP r o d u c t sC h a n n e l M i x ¹C o s t u m e r s267620112014+50MOY PARK: INNOVATION BENCHMARKINGDEVELOPMENT OF PRIVATE LABEL PRODUCTSNEW PRODUCT SAMPLES DEVELOPED BY MOY PARKEMBEDDED CHEFSFOOD DEVELOPMENT INNOVATION & INSIGHT HEADCOUNTR&D HeadcountBENCHMARK IN POULTRY BREEDING PRACTICES✓Antibiotic Free ✓Free Range ✓OrganicsJBS USA BEEF504.9196.88.6%3.4%3Q143Q155,849.35,750.93Q143Q15JBS USA BEEF-1.7%-61.0%Swift (bolinha) e PrimoNET REVENUE (US$ MILLION)EBITDA (US$ MILLION)|Lower cattle availability in US as a consequence of stronger Heifer and Cow retention.|Impact of Australian dollar devaluation Dollar.|New management in Primo leading the process of reorganization,integration and synergy capturing.|30%expansion of value added products (consumer ready )in 2015and 60%in 2016,reaching 340million lbs.PRIMO: VALUE ADDED PRODUCT DIVERSIFICATIONProcessedP r o d u c t sC h a n n e l M i x ¹L e a d i n g B r a n d s74%5%18%2%Retail Foodservice Distributors Exports & OthersPRIMO: LEADING BRANDS IN OCEANIAPrimo 40%George Weston23%Dorsogna 11%Ingham 3%Bertocchi 10%Other 5%Private Label8%Leading Brand in Australia✓Premier Beehive 37%Hellers 28%Private Label10%A.Verkerk 9%Hobsons Choice4%Tegel Foods4%Other 8%Leading Brand in New Zealand✓JBS USA PORK113.248.412.1%6.2%3Q143Q15937.8785.43Q143Q15JBS USA PORK-57.2%-16.3%|Increase in pork supply and decrease in prices.|Increase of products and clients portfolio through the acquisition of Cargill Pork,concluded in October 30th.|Increased sales of value added products.|Defined management team at the New JBS USA Pork with the initiation of integration and synergy capturing.NET REVENUE (US$ MILLION)EBITDA (US$ MILLION)NEW JBS USA PORK|Proforma Net Revenue of US$6.3 billion.|Proforma EBITDA of US$565 million (Pre-Synergies).|20%market share .|90,000hog processing capacity per day.|5.0million lbs of prepared and value added products per week.|2.0million lbs of bacon produced perweek.FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTSOPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS05 hog processing units 01 lamb processing unit 03consumer ready facilities05feed mills04genetic unitsCA21TX1AR21OKCO1MO2IA211MNIL1KY1NC1JBS USA CHICKEN PILGRIM’S PRIDE(PPC)435.4274.319.2%13.0%3Q143Q152,268.02,112.53Q143Q15JBS USA CHICKEN (PPC)-6.9%-37.0%|Robust Cash generation.|Decrease in prices in domestic and export markets.|US$30million impact of non recurring costs in the quarter.|US$200million in operational improvements through 2015.|Challenging environment for exports,but with the expectation of markets reopening.NET REVENUE (US$ MILLION)EBITDA (US$ MILLION)NEW PILGRIM’S IN MEXICO|US$1.6 billion in revenue annually.|28% Market Share.|US$50.0 million synergies in progress.|Conclusion of Tyson de México acquisition in July 2015.|Integration 100% concluded.|+10,000 Team members.| 1.3 million poultry processed per day.|Strong nationally recognized brands .|New Vera Cruz complex initiating in December 2015.FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTSOPERATIONAL HIGHLIGHTS06 poultry processing units 17Distribution CentersFACILITIES FOOTPRINTMARKETING AND INNOVATIONM a r k e t i n g a n d I n n o v a t i o nAdding ValueBottled Water Market Value¹US$ ~160 billionTHE POWER OF MARKETING AND INNVOATION IN FOOD✓FOOTBALL oriented Marketing, through the sponsorship of teams and events.✓SINGLE-TIER , with no price category diversification.SEARA BRAND UNTILL 2013......REPOSITIONING TROUGHOUT 2014✓Seara is the brand of the contemporary woman, with FOCUS ON QUALITY , taste and convenience.✓Seara becomes a MULTI-TIER brand .Experimente SearaA QUALIDADE VAI TE SURPREENDERREPOSITIONING OF THE SEARA BRANDBRAND PREFERENCETRIPLED90% COSTUMERS CONSIDERSSEARA IN THE BUYINGPROCESSCONSIDERED THE BRAND OF THE MODERN WOMAN! SECOND PLACE ON TOP OF MIND!ONE OF THE MOST REMEMBEREDTV COMERCIALS IN TEN (SOURCE: DATAFOLHA)SEARA WAS THE MOST APPRECIATED BRAND IN 2014P r e m i u mM a i n s t r e a mR e g i o n a l / A c c e s sBRAND REPOSITIONINGBUYING RATE¹(Per semester)VOLUME PER OCCASION(Volume growth)PENETRATION(Presence in Brazilian homes)+3,579,950 homes(1H15 vs. 1H14)46%+ 7.1%+12.7%2.5 visits(1H15 vs. 1H14)REPEATED PURCHASEBesides the conquest of new buyers throughout Brazil, the repetition conversion is already happening at Seara.Testers Repeaters Monthly PenetrationRepeat Rate: 67%BUYING BEHAVIOUR EVOLUTION19.520.324.626.426.427.630.27.27.07.68.78.89.09.1 Aug/Sep 14Oct/Nov 14Dec/Jan 15Feb/Mar Apr/Mar 15Jun/Jul 15Aug/Sep 15Frozen Margerines13.213.213.613.913.715.015.3 22.524.528.829.631.131.832.5Jul/Aug 14Sep/Oct 14Nov/Dec 14Jan/Feb 15Mar/Apr 15May/Jun 15Jul/Aug 15Industrialized PizzasFROZEN AND MARGERINES INDUSTRIALIZED AND PIZZAS MARKET SHARE EVOLUTIONFRIBOI“D e c o m m o d i t i z a t i o n ”FRIBOI WAS...FRIBOI FROM 2013 ONWARDS|Sparse Marketing Investments.|Beef still treated as commodity .|Increase in Marketing investments through a well known national TV celebrity.|Slogan “Ask for Friboi. Reliable Beef has a Name ”.|Focus on communicating the reliability benefit through guarantee of origin.|Commercials aired on TV, radio, banners, magazines and stand ups.41“DECOMMODITIZING ” BEEF42100%115%120%125%135%150%98%101%104%103%2013 Pre Campaign 2013 Post Campaign2014YTD 2015Friboi average price vs Market average priceAfter the Slogan “Ask for Friboi. Reliable Beef has a Name”, Friboi prices increased 5% compared to themarket averageSource: JBS and Shoppingbrasil IFRNote 1: Basket is composed by: shoulder, rump, strip loin, round cuts, tenderloin, flank steak, and top sirloin cap.PRICING INDEX OF JBS BRANDS IN BRAZILFRIBOI BRAND POSITIONING IN THE MARKET (Basket of Cuts¹)POSITIONING OF FRIBOI IN THE BRAZILIAN MARKETMission“To be the best in whatwe set out to do,completely focused onour business, ensuring thebest products andservices for ourcustomers, consistencyfor our suppliers,profitability for ourshareholders and theopportunity of a betterfuture for all our teammembers.43。
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【增长】祁俊:2018年1—5月行业销量同比增长35.6%,预计全年同比增速
10%
经历一段调整期后,中国工程机械行业自2016年触底反弹。
2017年,全行业销售收入实现5403亿元,同比增长12.7%,出口总额201.05亿美元,同比增长18.5%。
2018年1—5月,这一良好势头被延续,全行业工程机械产品销量同比增长35.6%,出口量同比增长40%。
中国工程机械工业协会会长祁俊在6月20日召开的第十五届中国(北京)国际工程机械、建材机械及矿山机械展览与技术交流会(简称“BICES 2019”)新闻发布会上称:“在全世界经济的整体回升带动下,全球工程机械全行业销售2017年增长了5个点左右,国内行业表现更为强劲,同比增速超出预期。
”
中国工程机械工业协会重点关注的包括挖掘机、装载机、推土机、平地机、汽车起重机、随车起重机、工业车辆、压路机和摊铺机9类产品,2017年全年销量达到796041台,同比增加45.7%。
其中,挖掘机全年销量达到140303台,同比增长99.5%,装载机全年销量97659台,同比增长44.9%,汽车起重机全年销量20434台,同比增长113.9%,压路机全年销量17421台,同比增长45.7%。
2018年,中国工程机械行业继续保持稳定增长。
2018年1—5月,行业销量同比增长35.6%,出口量同比增长40%。
祁俊表示,经历高速增长后,行业基数越来越大,国内基建和房地产投资的变化对行业有一
定影响,预计2018年下半年将回归到正常的稳定增长。
“新的投资、新的需求正在不断产生,工程机械产品研发要跟上,新产品供给要跟上。
”祁俊说,“例如,新环保标准下旧设备退出的新需求,以及一带一路建设,新农村建设,铁路建设、水利建设,地下管廊建设等领域新投资产生的需求。
”
截止2017年底,中国工程机械设备保有量已经达到700万台以上,祁俊认为,“长期看,工程机械行业仍将保持又稳又好的发展趋势。
预计2018年,行业销售收入将继续保持增长,同比增幅保持10%左右,而BICES 2019也将吸引更多人参与。
”。