SLOPE SEEP Integration
全球地表覆盖产品林地类型融合:以美国为例
全球地表覆盖产品林地类型融合：以美国为例张小红【摘要】近年来,很多学者提出了融合多种地表覆盖产品的方法,以生产出空间一致性较好且精度较高的分类产品.文章以美国区域为研究对象,使用基于模糊理论的方法将三种源数据NLCD2011、FROM-GLC-seg、Globcover2009 V2.3 Globald 的森林类进行融合,将GlobeLand30(2010)林地类型划分成针叶林、阔叶林、混交林.在新图像中,阔叶林、针叶林、混交林用户精度分别达到77％、74％、69％.【期刊名称】《科技创新与应用》【年(卷),期】2018(000)016【总页数】3页(P8-9,12)【关键词】融合;GlobeLand30;细化图【作者】张小红【作者单位】北京建筑大学测绘与城市空间信息学院,北京 100044【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P237引言地表覆盖是指地球表面各种物质类型及其自然属性与特征的综合体，其空间分布与变化对人类社会、生物及自然环境有着重要的影响作用[1]。
现有的全球地表覆盖产品有马里兰大学的全球地表覆盖数据集、MODIS土地覆盖产品等。
以上产品的空间分辨率是300-1000m，在全球尺度上，已经出现了更高空间分辨率的地表覆盖产品，其中包括美国马里兰大学研制的2000年-2012年全球30m森林覆盖及增减数据集和中国研制的GlobeLand30。
为了进一步提高现有的全球地表覆盖产品的精度，满足用户多样化的需求，很多学者提出了融合多种分类产品来提高分类的稳定性与精确度[2]。
目前，具体的融合方法主要有两大类：基于多源遥感数据融合法、基于多源遥感和非遥感数据融合法[3]。
基于多源遥感数据融合法中包含基于模糊集合理论的融合的方法，其可以结合不同地表覆盖产品各自的优势，生产出空间一致性较好且精度较高的产品，比基于遥感影像的传统分类方法工作量少，综合考虑，本文采用基于模糊集合理论的融合方法，利用四种地表覆盖数据产品：NLCD 2011、FROM-GLC-seg、Globcover2009_V2.3_Global、GlobeLand30（2010），以美国区域为对象来进行研究，将GlobeLand30（2010）林地类型划分成针叶林、阔叶林、混交林。
地理信息科学专业英语
专业术语英译汉affine 仿射band 波段cartography 制图学clip 剪切digitizer 数字化仪DLG 数字线划图dpi 每英寸点数edgematching 边缘匹配equator 赤道equiarea 等积geoid 大地水准面geospatial 地理空间GPS 全球定位系统Habitat 栖息地Interface 接口Item 项目Latitude 纬度legend 图例longitude 经度median 中值meridian 子午线metadata 元数据neatline 图廓线Object-Based 基于对象的parcel 宗地photogrammetry 摄影测量precipitation 降水量range 范围raster 栅格resample 重采样resolution 分辨率RMS 均方根scanner 扫描仪siting 选址TIGER 拓扑统一地理编码topology 拓扑tuple 数组UTM 通用横轴墨卡托投影vector 矢量专业术语汉译英保护区protected area比例尺Scale bar标准差Standard deviation标准图幅Standard picture frame单精度Single precision地理空间数据Geospatial data点缓冲区Point buffer动态分段Dynamic segmentation度量标准Metrics多项式变换Polynomial transformation高程基准Elevation base跟踪算法Tracking algorithm规则格网Rules grid过渡带Transition zone基于位置服务Based on location service 畸形线Malformation line几何变换Geometric transformation检验图Inspection chart解析几何Analytic geometry空间要素Space element平面坐标系统Planar coordinate system曲流河Meandering river人口普查地段Census Lot上四分位数The upper quartile矢量数据模型Vector data model数据可视化data visualization数据探查Data exploration双精度Double precision水文要素Hydrological elements泰森多边型Tyson Polygons统一建模语言Unified Modeling Language投影坐标系统Projection coordinate system 线缓冲区Line buffer遥感数据Remote sensing data用材林Timber forest晕渲法Halo rendering method指北针Compass属性表Property sheet最短路径分析Shortest path analysis最小二乘法Least squares method翻译例子如下。
地理相关英语词汇
地理相关英语词汇--------------------------------------------------------- abandoned land 弃耕地abiltic factor 非生物因素；非生命因素abiotic environment 非生物环境；非生命环境ablation 消融〔作用〕Abney level 手水准仪aborigine 土著abrasion (corrasion) 磨蚀〔作用〕刻蚀〔作用〕abrasion (wave-cut) platform 海蚀平台absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定〔状态〕absolute stability 绝对稳定〔状态〕absolute temperature 绝对温度absorption 吸收〔作用〕abyssal region 深海区acacia 合欢树Acacia confusa 台湾相思accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀accessibility 可达度；能达度acclimatization 气候适应accordant drainage 协调水系；调和水系accretion 加积〔作用〕accumulated temperature 积温acid lava 酸性熔岩acid rain 酸雨acid soil 酸性土壤acidic rock 酸性岩acidity (1) 酸度，(2) 酸性activated sludge 活性污泥active layer 活动层；活土层active recreation 主动性康乐active volcano 活火山activity space 活动空间actual evapotranspiration 实际蒸散〔量〕adiabatic cooling 绝对冷却；绝热降温adiabatic heating 绝对增温adiabatic lapse rate 绝热递减率；绝热直减率adiabatic process 绝热过程adiabatic temperature change 绝热温度变化adit mining 棋坑开采法advection 平流advection fog 平流雾aeolian deposit (sediment) 风积物aeration (1)通气[性]，(2)曝气aeration tank 曝气池aerial photograph 航空照片；空中照片aerobic 需氧aerobic treatment 需氧处理aerosol 气溶胶；雾体；大气微粒aesthetic pollution 美感污染aesthetic quality 美感质素afforestation 造林；植林aftershock 余震age composition 年龄构成age group 年龄组别age structure 年龄结构aged-dependency ratio 老年人抚养〔比〕率agents of erosion 侵蚀作用力；侵蚀营力age-sex pyramid 年龄性别金字塔age-specific fertility rate 年龄别生育率age-specific marriage rate 年龄别结婚率age-specific mortality rate 年龄别死亡率agglomerate 集块岩agglomerated settlement 集居聚落agglomeration (1)结集；聚结，(2)聚居点agglomeration economies 集聚经济效益aggradated plain (aggradation plain) 加积平原；填积平原aggradation 右积作用；填积作用aggradation plain (aggradated plain) 加积平原；填积平原aggregate 团聚体；集合体aging of population 人口老化agrarian reform 土地改革agricultural location theory 农业区位理论agricultural waste 农业废料agriculture 农业agro-ecosystem 农业生态系统agrosystem 农业系统A-horizon A层；淋溶层air circulation 空气环流；空气循环air composition 空气成分；空气组成air control zone 空气管制区air mass 气团air mass modification 气团变性air parcel 气块air pollutant 空气污染物air pollution 空气污染；大气污染air pollution source 空气污染〔来〕源air pressure 气压air quality monitoring network 空气质素监察网albedo 反射率alfalfa 苜蓿alfisol 淋溶土algae 藻类algal bloom 藻类过量繁殖alkaline soil 碱性土alkalinity (1)碱度，(2)碱性alkalization 碱化〔作用〕allogenic river 外源河alluvial cone 冲积锥alluvial deposit 冲积物alluvial fan 冲积扇alluvial plain 冲积平原alluvial soil 冲积土alluvial terrace 冲积阶地alluviation 冲积作用alluvium 冲积物；冲积层alpine 高山alpine meadow soil 高山草甸土Alpine mountain-building movement 阿尔卑斯造山运动alpine vegetation 高山植物Alpine-Himalayan Belt 阿尔卑斯－－喜马拉雅山带altimeter 高度计altiplano 高原（玻利维亚）altitude 高度altocumulus 高积云altostratus 高层云aluminium sesquioxide 三氧化二铝amenities 市容ammonia 氨ammophilous 喜砂amorphous 无定形amplitude (1)幅度，(2)振幅anabatic wind 上坡风anaerobic 厌氧anaerobic treatment 厌氧处理；缺氧处理ancillary service 辅助性服务〔行业〕anemometer 风速计aneroid barometer 空盒气压计angle of depression 俯角angle of elevation 仰角angle of incidence 入射角angle of inclination 倾角angle of repose 休止角angular (compass, whole circle) bearing 方位角angulate drainage 角状水系animal husbandry 畜牧〔业〕anion 阴离子；负离子annotated map 注释图annual flood 年最大流量；年最大洪水annual mean temperature 年平均温annual rainfall 年雨量annual range of temperature 年温差annual runoff 年径流；年径流量annular drainage 环状水系Antarctic Circle 南极圈antecedent drainage 先成水系anthracite 无烟煤anthropogenic factor 人为因素anticline 背斜anticyclone 反气旋anticyclonic circulation 反气旋式环流anvil cloud 砧状云apartment building 住宅大厦apex (1)冲积扇顶，(2)顶点aquaculture 水产养殖aquatic plant 水生植物aqueduct 引水槽aquifer 畜水层arable farming 耕作农业arable land 〔可〕耕地arch (1)背斜，(2)拱顶，(3)穹窿Archimedes' screw 〔阿基米得式〕螺旋水斗archipelago 群岛Arctic air mass 北极气团Arctic Circle 北极圈Arctic climate 北极气候arctic front 北极锋arcuate delta 弓形三角洲；扇形三角洲area sampling 区域抽样；地区抽样areal association 地区联系；地域联系areal differentiation 地域分异areal distribution 地区分布；地域分布areal specialization 地区专门化；地域专门化areal variation 地区差异；地域差异arete 刃脊；冰脊arid 干旱arid {dry} climate 干旱气候arid land 旱地aridisol 旱成土aridity 干燥〔度〕干旱〔度〕arithmetic mean 算术平均；等差中项；算术中项arithmetic progression 等差级数；算术级数arterial highway 干线公路artesian basin 自流水盆地artesian water 自流水artesian well 自流井artificial climate 人造气候asbestosis 石棉沉着病ash and cinder cone 凝灰火山渣锥ash cone 凝灰火山锥ash lagoon 煤灰湖asker 蛇〔形〕丘aspect 坡向assembly industry 装配工业assembly line 装配线assimilation 同化〔作用〕association 联系assumed mean 假定平均数asthenosphere 软流圈；岩流圈asymmetrical fold 不对称折曲atlas 地图集atmosphere 大气；大气圈atmospheric absorption 大气吸收atmospheric circulation 大气环流atmospheric disturbance 大气扰动atmospheric heat balance 大气热平衡atmospheric heat source 大气热源atmospheric motion 大气流动atmospheric pollutant 大气污染物atmospheric pollution 大气污染atmospheric pressure 大气压力；气压atmospheric radiation 大气辐射atmospheric refraction 大气折射atoll 环礁attrition 磨耗〔作用〕自磨〔作用〕aureole 〔接触〕变质带autotroph 自养生物autotrophic nutrition 自养营养autumnal equinox 秋分available relief (relative relief) 有效地势；相对地势avalanche 雪崩；山崩average cost 平均成本axial growth 轴向增长axial plane 轴面axial stream 山谷主要河流azimuth 方位角azonal soil 泛域土baby boom 生育高峰back bearing 倒后方位backshore 后滩；滨后〔滩〕backwall 后壁；后坡backwash 回流badland 劣地bajada (bahada) 山麓冲积扇带balanced community 均衡社区balanced ecosystem 平衡生态系统Baltic-Danish farming 波罗的－－丹麦农业bank deposit 河岸沉积〔物〕bank erosion 河岸侵蚀bank failure 塌岸bank full stage 满岸水位bank protection 护岸bankfull discharge 满岸流量bar 沙洲；沙坝bar chart (graph) 条形图；棒形图barbed drainage 倒状水系barchan 新月形沙丘barogram 自记气压曲线图barograph 自记气压计barometer 气压计barometric gradient 气压梯度barren land 荒地；瘠地barrier reef 堡礁；堤礁barrier to migration 迁徙障碍barysphere 重圈basal sapping 基部掏蚀basalt 玄武岩base flow 基本径流；底流base level 基准面base map 底图；基本图basic industry 基础工业basic lava 基性熔岩basic rock 基性岩basic sector 基础部门basin 盆地basin irrigation 淹灌basin perimeter 流域周长；流域周界basin planning 流域规划basin-and-range terrain 盆山相间地形batholith 岩基bauxite 铝土矿bayhead beach 湾头滩bazaar-type economy 摊贩经济beach 海滩beaded stream 串珠〔状〕河流Beaufort scale 蒲福风级bed load 推移质；底沙bed scour 河床冲刷bedding 层理bedding plane 层面bed-load discharge 推移质输送量；底沙输送量bed-load transport 推移质输送；推移质搬运bedrock 基岩；底岩beef cattle 肉用牛behavioral adjustment 行为适应beheaded river (stream) 断头河bell-shaped curve 钟形曲线belt transect 样带bench 阶地bench mark (BM) 水准点beneficiation 矿物增效处理；富集bergschrund 冰后隙；冰斗隙best fit line 最优拟合线B-horizon B层；淀积层bias 偏误；偏差bidder 投标人；出价人bid-rent 出价地租bid-rent curve 出价地租曲线bifurcation ratio 分叉比；分叉率bimodal 集峰binomial curve 二项曲线biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 生化需氧量biocycle 生物循环biodegradation 生物降解biogeochemical cycle 生物地球化学循环biogeography 生物地理学biological concentration 生物密集biological control 生物防治biological indicator 指示生物biological monitor 生物调节者biological productivity 生物生产力biological purification 生物净化biological weathering 生物风化biomass 生物量biome 生物群落biosphere 生物圈biota (biotic community) 生物群biotic balance (equilibrium) 生物平衡biotic barrier 生物阻限biotic climax 生物顶极〔群落〕biotic community (biota) 生物群biotic component 生物组元biotic condition 生物条件biotic environment 生物环境；生命环境biotic equilibrium (balance) 生物平衡biotic factor 生物因素；生命因素biotite 黑云母biotype 生物〔类〕型bird's foot delta 鸟足状三角洲birth control 节育；计划生育birth rate 出生率birth-death ratio 生死比率bituminous coal 烟煤black alkali soil 黑碱土black earth 黑土blast furnace 鼓风炉bleached horizon 漂白层blighted area (1)萎缩地区，(2)枯萎区blizzard 暴风雪；雪暴block diagram 立体图block disintegration 块状崩解；块状分裂block mountain 断块山blood rain 血雨blood worm 红虫；颤虫blow-hole 吹穴blowout (deflation hollow) 吹蚀穴；风蚀洼地bluff 陡坡；陡崖body wave 体波bog 藓沼；沼泽bog peat 沼泽泥炭bora 布拉风（地中海北岸）boreal climate 北部〔森林〕气候boreal forest 北部针叶林borehole 钻孔；探孔boulder 巨砾；石砾boulder clay 泥砾boulder fan 巨砾扇boulder-controlled slope 砾块控制坡boundary (1)界限，(2)边界boundary layer 边界层brackish water 微咸水brackish water habitat 微咸水生境braided stream 分汊河道branching channel 辫状河breaching of dyke 决堤break8ing point 市场分界点breaker zone 碎波区；破波区break-of-bulk-point 转运点breakwater 防波堤breccia 角砾岩breeder reactor 增殖反应堆breeze 微风bridging point 架桥点broad-leaved forest 阔叶林bromine 溴bronchial ailment 支气管失调brown desert steppe soil 棕色荒漠草原土；棕钙土brown earth 棕壤brown forest soil 棕色森林土brown podzolic soil 灰化棕色土；灰化棕壤browsing stock 放牧牲畜buckling (1)弯曲，(2)地壳弯曲buffer 缓冲built-up area 已建区bulk carrier 散装货轮bund 堤Burgess's Concentric Model 伯吉斯同心区模式burrowing animal 穴居动物；钻洞动bush fallowing 灌丛休耕法bush veld 灌丛草原（南非）bushfire 林火business turnover 营业额butte 小方丘；孤丘buttress root 板根by-census 中期人口普查；中期户口统计cactus 仙人掌cadmium 镉Cainozoic (Cenozoic) era 新生calcareous crust 代钙质地表层；石灰结皮；石灰结壳calcareous rock 钙质岩calcareous soil 钙质土；石灰性土壤calcic horizon 钙质层calcification 钙化作用calcimorphic soil 钙成土calciphilous plant 适钙植物；喜钙植物calcite 方解石calcium carbonate 碳酸钙caldera 破火山口Caledonian mountain-building movement 加里东造山运动caliche 钙质层calm (1)无风，(2)静calorie 卡路里；卡Cambrian period 寒武纪camouflage 保护色作用canopy 冠层canyon 峡谷cape 岬〔角〕capillary action 毛〔细〕管作用capital (1)资金；资本，(2)首都capital accumulation 资本累积capital city 首都capital goods 资本货物capital investment 资本投资capital-intensive industry 资本密集工业cap-rock 冠岩；覆盖石caravan 商队(北非)carbohydrate 碳水化合物carbon cycle 碳循环carbon monoxide 一氧化碳carbonaceous rock 炭质岩carbonation 碳化作用carbonic acid 碳酸Carboniferous period 石炭纪carcinogen 致癌物cardinal points 方位基点caribou 驯鹿carnivore 食肉动物；食肉生物carrying capacity 负载能力cartographic technique 绘图技巧cartography 绘图学cascade 小瀑布case study 个案研究；学习事例cash crop 经济作物；现金作物cash tenancy 现金租用耕地制cassava 木薯cast iron 铸铁cataract 急流catastrophic effect 灾难性后果catch crop 填闲作物catchment area (1)集水区，(2)从属区catchwater 引水道category 类型；类别catena (soil catena) 土链cation 阳离子；正离子cation exchange capacity 阳离子交换能力；正离子交换能力cattle rearing 牧牛业cavern 岩洞cavitation 空化〔作用〕cellular circulation 环型环流Celsius scale 摄氏温度表cementation 胶结〔作用〕Cenozoic (Cainozoic) era 新生代census 代人口普查；户口统计central business district (CBD) 商业中心区central city 中心城central place 中地；中心地central tendency 集中趋势centrality 中心性centralization 集中centrally-planned economy 中央计划经济centre of gravity 重心centrifugal drainage 离心水系centrifugal force 离心力centripetal drainage 向心水系centripetal force 向心力cereal 谷类cesspool 污水池；粪池chain island 列岛chain shop 连锁店chalk 白垩chance factor 机遇因素channel (1)海峡，(2)水道，(3)河槽；河床channel capacity 河道容量channel cutting 河道割切channel density 河网密度channel equilibrium 河道平衡channel erosion 河道侵蚀channel filling 河道淤塞channel flow 河道径流；河槽径流channel frequency 河道频数channel gradient (slope) 河道坡度；河床坡度channel improvement 河道整治channel length 河道长度channel realignment 河道改道channel roughness 河床糙度channel slope (gradient) 河道坡度；河床坡度channel width 河道宽度channelled runoff 河道径流channelling 开渠；开新槽chaparral 浓密常绿阔叶灌丛(美国加利福尼亚和墨西哥) chart 图；图表chemical industry 化学工业chemical oxygen demand (COD) 化学需氧量chemical waste 化学废物chemical weathering 化学风化chemically formed sedimentary rock 化学作用形成的沉积岩chemosynthesis 化合作用；化学合成chernozem 黑钙土chestnut brown soil 栗钙褐土chestnut soil 栗钙土child-bearing age group 生育年龄组chili 奇利风（突尼斯的干热风）chinook 钦诺克风（北美）chi-square 卡方chloroflurocarbons (CFCs) 氯氟碳chlorophyll 叶绿素C-horizon C层；母质层choropleth map 等值域图Christaller's Central Place Theory 克里斯泰勒中地学说chute (1)奔流；瀑流，(2)流槽cinder cone 火山渣锥circular causation 循环因果circum-Pacific belt 环太平洋带circumpolar westerlies 环极西风cirque (corrie, cwm) 冰斗cirrocumulus 卷积云cirrostratus 卷层云cirrus 卷云city 城市city (urban) planner 城市规划师city (urban) planning 城市规划city centre 市中心city plan 城市平面图city proper 城市市区部分class 区；组；类class boundary 组界class interval 组区间；组距class limit 组限；区限class mark (class mid-point) 组中点；组中点class mid-point (class mark) 组中点；区中点clastic deposit 碎屑沉积clay 黏土clay loam 黏质壤土clay pan 黏盘clay particle 黏土颗粒clayey 黏质clay-humus complex 黏粒腐殖质复合体cliff 悬崖；峭壁climate 气候climate modification 〔人工〕改变气候climatic amelioration 气候改良climatic anomaly 气候异常climatic barrier 气候障壁climatic change 气候变化；气候变迁climatic classification 气候分类climatic climax 气候顶极〔群落〕climatic deterioration 气候恶化climatic element 气候要素climatic factor 气候因子climatic graph 气候图〔表〕climatic map 气候图climatic oscillation 气候变化；气候变动climatic prediction 气候预报climatic region 气候区climatic regulation 气候调节〔作用〕climatology 气候学climax 顶极〔群落〕climax community 顶极群落climax vegetation 顶极植物climber 攀绿植物climbing plant 攀绿植物climograph 气候图clinometer 倾角仪；测斜仪clint 石灰岩岩脊；石芽closed system 密闭系统clothing industry 制衣业cloud 云cloud cover (cloudiness) 云量cloud reflection 云盖反射cloud seeding 播云；云的催化cloud type 云型cloudiness (cloud cover) 云量cluster sampling 类集抽样coagulation 混凝coal seam 煤层coalfield 煤田coarse texture soil 粗质地土壤coarse tuff 粗粒凝灰岩coarse-grained rock 粗粒岩石coastal landform 海岸地貌；海岸地形coastal plain 海岸平原coastline 海岸线cobble 中砾coding 编码cohesion 内聚力；凝聚力cohort 同期组群coking coal 〔炼〕焦煤col 山口；山坳cold current 寒流cold desert 寒〔带荒〕漠cold front 冷锋cold resistance 耐寒性cold temperate climate 寒温带气候cold wave 寒潮collective farming 集体农业collectivization 集体化colloid 胶体colluvium 崩积物；崩积层；坡积物colonization (1)殖民；拓殖，(2)集群；定殖；占据colony 集群；群体columnar jointing 柱状节理columnar structure 柱状结构combine harvester 联合收割机；多用途收割机commercial centre 商业中心commercial farming 商业性农业commercial zone 商业区commercialization 商业化commune 公社communication (1)交通，(2)通讯community (1)社区，(2)群落community facility 社区设施community organization 社区组织community shopping centre 社区购物中心commuter 通勤者；往返市区工作地点及郊区住所的人commuter zone 通勤带compact texture 致密结构comparative advantage 相对优势comparison goods 需比较商品compass 罗盘；指南针compass (angular, whole circle) bearing 方位角compass points 罗盘指标；罗盘方位competence of stream 河流搬运最大颗粒能力competition for location 区位竞争competition for space 空间竞争component 组元composite cone 复合火山锥composting 堆肥comprehensive redevelopment area 综合性重建区compressional force 挤压力computation 计算concave bank 凹岸concave slope 凹坡concentration 集结concentric zone theory 同心圆地带论concordant (longitudinal) coast 顺向海岸；纵式海岸concretion 结核〔作用〕condensation 凝结condensation level 凝结高度condensation nuclei 凝结核心conduction of heat 热传导conelet 小型火山锥confluence 汇流点congelifraction 融冻〔崩解〕作用conglomerate 砾岩conical hill 锥形山conifer 针叶树coniferous forest 针叶林connectivity 连接程度consequent drainage 顺向水系conservation 养护；保养；保护；保存；节约conservation of resources 资源保养constant slope 直坡constructive plate boundary 建设性皮块边界constructive wave 建设性波浪；堆积浪consumer 消费者consumer behaviour 消费行为；消费者行为container 集装箱；货柜container terminal 集装箱码头；货柜码头containerization 集装箱化；货柜化continent 洲；大陆continental air mass 大陆气团continental apron (rise) 大陆隆continental climate 大陆〔性〕气候continental collision 大陆碰撞continental crust 大陆地壳；陆壳continental drift 大陆漂移continental edge (fringe, margin) 大陆边缘continental fringe (edge, margin) 大陆边缘continental glacier 大陆冰川continental island 大陆岛continental margin (edge, fringe) 大陆边缘continental nucleus 陆核continental plate 大陆板块continental plate boundary 大陆板块边界continental rise (apron) 大陆隆continental rupture 大陆破裂continental shelf 大陆〔棚〕架continental shield 地盾continental slope 〔大〕陆〔斜〕坡continental suturing 大陆缝合作用continentality 大陆性；大陆度contour farming (ploughing) 等高耕作〔法〕contour line 等高线contour map 等高线图contour mapping 等高线绘图contour method 等高线法contour ploughing (farming) 等高耕作〔法〕contraception 避孕contract farming 合约式农业controlled flooding 控制漫灌〔法〕controlled tip 废物堆填区controlled tipping 废物堆填法conurbation 联都；集合城市〔区〕convection (convectional) rain 对流雨convection (convective) current (1)对流，(2)对流气流convection of heat 热对流convective (convection) current (1)对流，(2)对流气流convenience goods 日用品；常用商品conventional sign 图例；沿用图例；惯用符号convergence (1)辐合，(2)聚合convex bank 凸岸convex slope 凸坡cool temperate climate 凉温带气候co-operative farming 合作社式农业coordinate 坐标coral reef 珊瑚礁cordillera 雁列山(美洲 )core (1) 地核；地心，(2)核心core area 核心区corestone 核心石；岩心Coriolis effect 科里奥效应Coriolis force 科里奥利力；地球自转偏向力Corn Belt 玉米带（美）corrasion (abrasion) 磨蚀〔作用〕刻蚀〔作用〕corrective measure 改善措施correlation 相关corrie (cirque, cwm) 冰斗corrosion 溶蚀〔作用〕cosmic ray 宇宙射线cost minimization 生产成本最低化；成本的极少化cost of living 生活费cost-benefit analysis 损益分析；成本收益分析cottage industry 家庭式工业counter radiation 逆辐射counter-urbanization 逆城市化country park 郊野公园country rock 围岩crag and tail 鼻尾丘crater 火山口crest 山脊Cretaceous period 白垩纪crevasse 冰隙；裂隙critical discharge 临界流量critical isodapane 临界等总运费线crop and livestock farming 耕牧混合农业crop breeding 作物育种crop failure 作物失收；作物减产crop rotation 轮植；轮作；轮耕cropping pattern 作物生产型式cropping region 作物区cropping system 耕作制度；农作制度cross breeding 杂交育种；杂交繁育cross section 横剖面；横切面cross-bedding 交错层crown 树冠crude birth rate 粗出生率；毛出生率crude death rate 粗死亡率；毛死亡率crumb structure 屑粒结构crust (earth's crust) 地壳crystal 晶体crystalline rock 结晶岩crystallization 结晶〔作用〕cuesta 单斜脊；单面山cuesta scarp 单斜脊崖（前坡）；鬣崖cultural landscape 文化景观cumulative causation 累积因果cumulative frequency 累积频数；累积频率cumulative frequency curve 累积频数曲线；穹形线cumulonimbus 积雨云cumulus 积云cup anemometer 转杯风速计curde oil 原油current meter 流速计current speed 流速cuspate delta 尖头三角洲cut off slope 削蚀坡cut-and-fill (1)边冲边淤(曲流) (2)先冲后淤(河床) cuticle 角质层cut-off (1)截流；断流，(2)裁湾〔作用〕cut-off lake (oxbow lake) 牛轭湖cutting 〔削〕切面cwm (cirque, corrie) 冰斗cycle of erosion 侵蚀循环cycle of poverty 贫穷循环cyclone 气旋cyclone track 气旋路线cyclonic circulation 气旋环流cyclonic flow 气旋流动cyclonic rain 气旋雨daily (diurnal) range of temperature 日温差dairy cattle 乳牛；乳用牛dairy farming 乳牛畜牧业Dalmatian coast 达尔马提亚型海岸；顺向海岸dam 水坝dam-failure 溃坝；垮坝data analysis 数据分析；资料分析data collection 数据搜集；资料搜集data interpretation 数据阐释；资料阐释data processing 数据处理；数据处理data representation 数据表达；资料表达de facto population 现住人口de jure population 常住人口death rate 死亡率debris avalanche 岩屑崩落debris flow 泥石流debris slope 岩屑坡decalcification 脱钙作用decay 腐烂；分解decentralization 分散；离心decibel (dB) 分贝deciduous forest 落叶林decision maker 决策者declining region 衰落区decomposer 分解者decomposing organism 分解生物decomposition 分解〔作用〕deep-focus earthquake 深源地震deferred junction 延长汇点deferred stream 延长河deflation 吹蚀〔作用〕deflation hollow (blowout) 吹蚀穴；风蚀洼地deflation varnish 吹蚀漆皮deflection 偏向deflection (deflective, deviating) force 偏向力；偏转力deflective (deflecting, deviating) force 偏向力；偏转力defoliation 去叶；落叶；脱叶deforestation 伐林deformation 变形；变态deglomeration 反聚集力degradable plastics 可降解塑料degradation 陵削〔作用〕减坡degrading stream 夷低河；削蚀河；下切河流dehydration 脱水〔作用〕deionized water 去离子水delta 三角洲demand potential 需求潜在力demographic data 人口数据；人口资料demographic structure 人口结构demographic transition 人口过渡；人口转变demographic transition theory 人口过渡论demography 人口统计学；人口学dendritic drainage 〔树〕枝状水系denitrification 反硝化作用densely populated 人口稠密density 密度density map 密度图denudation 剥蚀〔作用〕denudation chronology 剥蚀年代dependency population 依赖人口；受抚养人口dependency ratio 依赖比率；抚养比率dependent variable 应变量；应变数depopulation 人口减少；人口下降deposit 沉积物deposition 沉积〔作用〕depreciation (1)折旧，(2)贬值；货币贬值depressed region 葨落区域depression (1)低气压，(2)洼地deranged drainage 冰碛平原水系；扰乱水系desalinization 脱盐作用descriptive statistics 描述统计学desert 荒漠；沙漠desert climate 荒漠气候；沙漠气候desert encroachment 荒漠扩展；沙漠扩侵desert pavement 荒漠〔卵石〕覆盖层；沙漠〔卵石〕覆盖层desert plateau 荒漠高原；沙漠高原desert varnish 荒漠漆皮desertification 荒漠化；沙漠化desiccation 干燥作用；变旱desilication 脱硅作用destructive plate boundary 破坏性板块边界destructive wave 破坏性〔波〕浪detached building 独立式楼宇detritus (1)碎屑；岩屑，(2)腐屑developed country 已发展国家developing country 发展中国家development level 发展水平deviating (deflecting, deflective) force 偏向力；偏转力deviation 偏差Devonian period 泥盆纪dew 露dew point 露点D-horizon D层；基岩层diagenesis 成岩作用diagonal linkage 对角联系diastrophism 地壳运动differential erosion 差别侵蚀differential weathering 差别风化diffuse radiation 扩散辐射diffusion 漫射；扩散dike (dyke) (1)岩墙；岩脉，(2)堤dilution 稀释diminishing return 收益递减dip 倾斜dip angle 倾角dip direction 倾向dip slope 倾向坡direct proportion 正比例disaster relief 救灾discharge 流量disclimax 亚演替顶极discordant coast 横或海岸discordant drainage 不协调水系discrete data 不连续数据disease control 疾病控制diseconomies of scale 规模不经济disintegration 崩解；分解dismembered drainage 解体水系dispersed settlement 分散聚落dispersion (1)离〔中〕趋势；离〔中〕差，(2)离散displacement 位移disposal 处置；处理dissected plateau 切割高原dissection 切割〔作用〕分割〔作用〕dissipation 消散〔作用〕dissolved load 溶解〔搬运〕质dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧distance decay 随距递减；随距衰减distributary 分流distribution 分布distributional pattern 分布形态diurnal (daily) range of temperature 日温差divergence (1)辐散，(2)分向diversification 多元化divided circle (pie graph) 圆瓣图division of labour 分工doldrums 赤道无风带dolerite 粗玄岩doline 溶斗；〔漏斗形〕灰岩坑domain 领域dome 穹丘，圆丘domesti refuse 家庭废物domestic sewage 生活污水；家庭污水domesticated animal 驯养家畜domestication 驯化；驯养dominant animal 优势动物dominant plant 优势植物dominant species 优势种dormancy 休眠dormant volcano 睡火山dormitory suburb 郊外居住区；郊外住宅区dormitory town 居住城镇dot map 点示图double cropping 雨造耕作；双作downcutting 下蚀〔作用〕下切侵蚀downdraft (downdraught) 下沉气流downfold 向斜downstream 下游downthrow 下盘downtown 市中心；城市商业区（美）downward filtering process 下滤过程downwelling 沉降流downwind effect 下沉风效应drag velocity 摩阻流速drainage (1)水系，(2)排水drainage area (1)流域，(2)排水区drainage basin 河盆；河域drainage density 河网密度;排水密度drainage network (1)河网，(2)排水网drainage pattern 水系型〔式〕drainage system 水系draught animal 役畜dredging 清淤；疏浚dreikanter 三棱石；风棱石drift (adlt) mining 横坑开采法drift material 飘流物；漂流物drill rig 钻油台；钻塔drip-tip 滴水叶尖drizzle 微雨；毛毛雨drought 干旱drought-resistant plant 抗旱性植物drowned river valley (rai) 溺谷；溺河drumlin 脊背丘；鼓丘dry (arid) climate 干旱气候dry (wind) gap 旱峡；风口dry adiabatic lapse rate 干绝热〔温度〕递减率；干绝热〔温度〕直减率dry crop 旱田作物dry farming 旱耕〔法〕dry rice 旱稻dry valley 干谷；涸谷dry-bulb thermometer 干球温度计drying agent 干燥剂duckweed 浮萍；青萍dumping area 倾卸区dune 沙丘dune encroachment 沙丘扩侵duplex house 复式房屋durable goods 耐用品duricrust 铝铁硅钙壳duripan 硬盘Dust Bowl 尘暴区（美）dust storm 尘暴dwelling unit 居住单位dyke rock 脉岩dyke(dike) (1)岩墙；岩脉，(2)堤dynamic equilibrium 动态平衡earth movement 地壳运动earth pillar 土柱earth revolution 地球公转earth rotation 地球自转earth-flow 泥流earthquake 地震earthquake focus 震源earthquake intensity 地震强度earthquake origin 震源earthquake period 地震期earthquake prediction 地震预报earthquake scale 地震震级earthquake wave 地震波earthquake zone 地震带earthquake-prooff design 抗震设计earth's axis 地轴earth's crust (crust) 地壳earthy 土状easterlies (1)东风，(2)东风带easting 东行线ecocline 生态变异；生态差型ecological balance 生态平衡ecological community 生态群落ecological crisis 生态危机ecological damage 生态破坏ecological efficiency 生态效率ecological niche 生态位；小生境ecological pyramid 生态塔ecological succession 生态演替ecology 生态学economic base 经济基础economic bloc 经济集团economic depression 经济萧条economic development 经济发展economic growth 经济增长economic man 经济人economic recession 经济衰退economic recovery 经济复苏economic region 经济区economic rent 经济租值economic take-off 经济起飞economic utility 经济效用economically active population 经济活动人口economically inactive population 非经济活动人口economies of scale 规模经济效益ecosphere 生态圈ecosystem 生态系统ecotone 群落过渡带；群落交错区ecotype 生态型edaphic climax 土壤演替顶极〔群落〕edaphic factor 土壤因素eddy 旋涡effciency of energy transfer 能量变换效率；能量转换效率effective precipitation 有效降水〔量〕effluent (1)污水；废水，(2)湖源河eight point compass 八方位罗盘elasticity of demand 需求弹性elasticity of supply 供给弹性elbow of capture 袭夺〔河〕弯electrical conductivity 导电性；导电率electromagnetic wave 电磁波electronics industry 电子业elevated peneplain 上升准平原elevation (1)海拔；高度，(2)仰角eluvial deposit (1)残积物，(2)淋溶沉积物eluvial horizon 淋溶层eluviation 淋溶〔作用〕淋失〔作用〕embankment 堤基emergence 上升emergent (1)露生植物，(2)挺水植物emergent coast 上升海岸emigrant 移民emigration 移居国外empirical data 实验数据employment structure 就业结构end (terminal) moraine 终〔冰〕endangered species 濒临灭绝的生物品种；濒危物种endogenic process 内力作用；内成作用energy balance 能量平衡energy budget 能量收支energy conservation 能源节约energy crisis 能源危机energy deficit 能量亏损energy efficiency 能量效率；能源效率energy flow 能〔量〕流energy level 能量级energy ratio 能量比率energy reserve 能源蕴藏energy resources 能源〔资源〕energy source 能源energy subsidy 能源补助energy surplus 能量过剩energy transfer 能量转移engineering industry 机械工业englacial moraine 内〔冰〕碛entisol 新成土entrenched meander 嵌入曲流；深切曲流entrenched stream 嵌入河；深切河entrenched valley 嵌入〔河〕谷；深切〔河〕谷entrepot 转口港entrepreneur 企业家entrepreneurial factor 企业管理因素environmental capacity 环境容量environmental conservation 环境保护environmental constraint 环境限制environmental degradation 环境退化environmental education 环境教育environmental gradient 环境梯度environmental hazard 环境灾害；环境危害environmental impact 环境影响environmental impact statment 环境影响报告environmental improvement 环境改善environmental lapse rate 环境〔温度〕递减率；环境〔温度〕直减率environmental perception 环境感观environmental planning 环境规则environmental pollution 环境污染environmental quality 环境质素environmental resources 环境资源environmental risk 环境风险Eocene epoch 始新世epeirogenic movement 造陆运动ephermeral (1)短生植物，(2)短生ephermeral stream 季节性河流；间歇〔性〕河〔流〕epicdermis 表皮epicentre 震央；震中epiphyte 附生植物Equator 赤道equatorial air mass 赤道气团equatorial climate 赤道气候equatorial low 赤道低〔气〕压equatorial rain forest 赤道雨林equatorial trough 赤道低压槽eradication of disease 消除疾病erg (sandy desert) 砂质荒漠；砂质沙漠erodibility 可侵蚀性erosion 侵蚀erosion cycle 侵蚀循环erratic 漂石eruption 爆发escarpment 单斜山；马头丘estancia 大牧场(南美)estate (1)大农场，(2)estuarine delta 河口三角洲estuary 河口湾ethnic area 种族区ethnic group 种族群ethnic minority 少数种族ethnic segregation 种族隔离Eurasia 欧亚大洲eustasy 海面升降；海面进退eustatic movement 海面升降运动eutrophic 富养分eutrophication 富养化〔作用〕evaporation 蒸发〔作用〕evapotranspiration 蒸发蒸腾作用even (regular) slope 均匀坡evergreen forest 常绿林evolution 演化；进化excavation (1)掘蚀，(2)挖掘excessive urbanization 过度城市化exchange capacity 交换量exchangeable cation 交换性阳离子；交换性正离子exfoliation 剥离〔作用〕；页状剥落〔作用〕exhaust gas 废气；排气exhumation 剥露〔作用〕exogenic process 外力作用；外成作用exotic river 外源河exponential curve 指数曲线export 出口export-oriented industry 出口导向工业exposed coast 裸露海岸；暴露海岸extended family 大家庭extensive farming 粗放式农业；广耕法external economies 外部经济效益external force 外〔营〕力external migration 国外迁移；境外迁移extinct species 已灭绝生物品种extinct volcano 死火山extinction of species 品种灭绝extrapolation 外推法；外插法extreme climate 极端气候extreme environment 极端环境extreme event 极端事件extreme value 极值extrusion 喷出；挤出extrusive rock 喷出岩extrusive vulcanicity 喷出火山作用eye of tropical cyclone 〔热带气旋〕风眼fabricating industry 装配工业factor of location 区位因素；布局因素factor of production 生产因素。
翻译最后一段
土壤水分和粒度的分布影响实验室产生的可吸入颗粒物摘要：在加利福尼亚州的圣华金河谷，在农业耕种期间，对土壤的管理以减少可吸入颗粒物排放量，对于实现空气质量标准是很重要的。
本研究的目的是针对早期对耕作产生的粉尘排放量的预测工作，对土壤性质进行改善和扩展。
我们主要专注于重力土壤含水量（GWC）和土壤质地。
我们使用一台机械实验室粉尘发生器来测试本次研究收集的23个土壤样品。
平均结果表明，可吸入颗粒物的浓度（mg/m3)呈对数增加，同时，在土壤水势低于1500kPa时，重力土壤水分含量减少。
在重力土壤水分含量是在土壤水势为-1500kPa时重力土壤水分含量的1.5—4倍时，含粘土重量不到10%的土壤开始排放可吸入颗粒物。
在重力土壤水分含量接近土壤水势-1500kPa时的重力土壤水分含量时，含粘土重量高于10%的土壤开始排放可吸入颗粒物。
我们发现，在低重力土壤水分含量测量值下，最大可吸入颗粒物浓度与土壤中砂土、泥沙和粘土的百分含量没有关系。
然而，可吸入颗粒物的浓度与泥沙和粘土百分含量的比例有显著的关系。
这不仅表明粉尘排放量的大小依赖于可吸入颗粒物的颗粒尺寸，同时也表明，在总量稳定，含有较多数量毛细管水的较低水势下，粘土的重要性。
基于模拟结果的汇总数据，可吸入颗粒物的浓度呈线性增加（斜率=564），每个单位增加的量为泥沙和粘土百分含量的比例值。
然而，当根据粘土含量把土壤分成组时，可吸入颗粒物浓度的斜率与泥沙和粘土百分含量的比例值之间是纹理依赖的。
粘土含量<10%的土壤的斜率（斜率=727）是粘土含量>20%的土壤斜率的3.3倍。
基于土壤的性质，已经改善的对可吸入颗粒物排放量的预测，应该提高管理决策，旨在减少耕作产生的可吸入颗粒物。
1、介绍：在加利福尼亚洲的圣华金河谷的农业活动，可能是产生可吸入颗粒物的罪魁祸首，颗粒物的空气动力学直径≤10μM。
根据加州空气资源委员会在2008年的排放投影数据，农业耕作产生的PM10（66.13Mg/day）占加州圣华金河谷整个地区一年一度的平均PM10排放量（227.59Mg/day)的29%，而占加州圣华金河谷空气域一年一度平均PM10排放量（271.89Mg/day）的24%。
育种学专业词汇英汉互译
育种学专业词汇英汉互译1.作物品种：cultivar2.变种：variety3.国际农业研究磋商组织CGIAR4.作物种质资源信息网络系统：GRIN5.矮秆育种(dwarf breeding)6.叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI)7.收获指数(HI)8.选择育种（breeding by selection）9.核质杂种（nucleo-cytoplasm hybrid）10.近等基因（near isogenic line,NIL）11.重组自交系或重组近交系（recombinant inbred line,RIL）12.自交系（inbred line）13.一环系(first cycle line)14.二环系(second cycle line )15.依阿华坚杆综合种（Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic,BSSS）16.湖北光敏核不育系水稻（hubei photoperiod –sensitive genic male-sterility rice,HPGMR）17.一般配合力(GCA)18.特殊配合力(SCA)19.顶交法(top--cross method)20.品种间杂交种(inter-variety hybrid),21.单交种(single cross hybrid)22.三交种(three way cross hybrid)23.双交种(double cross hybrid)24.综合杂交种(synthetic hybrid)25.雄性不育杂种品种(hybrid with male sterility）26.细胞核雄性不育杂种品种(hybrid with nuclear male sterlity)27.自交不亲和系杂种品种(hybrid with self-incompatibility)28.种间与亚种间杂种品种(interspecific hybrid and intersubspecific hybrid)29.核质杂种(nucleo-cytoplasmic hybrid)30.细胞质雄性不育(cytoplasmic male sterility，CMS ）31.孢子体不育（sporophyte sterility）32.配子体不育（gametophyte sterility）33.国际玉米小麦改良中心（International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center , CIMMYT ）34.复合品种（composite variety ）35.开放授粉品种（open pollination variety）36.混合选择法（mixed bulk selection）37.改良穗行选择法（modified ear-row selection）38.全同胞轮回选择(full-sib recurrent selection，FRS or FS)半同胞轮回选择（half-Sib recurrent selection,SRS or HS）39.半同胞相互轮回选择（Half-Sib reciprocal recurrent selection, HSRRS or HRRS）40.全同胞相互轮回选择（full-sib reciprocal recurrent selection, FSRRS or FRRS）41.AFLP（扩增片断长度多态性）42.SSR（简单重复序列）43.加倍单倍体群体（DH）44.永久F2群体（immortalized F2 population,IF）45.群体分离分析法（Bulked Segregation Analysis，BSA）46.连锁累赘(Linkage drag)。
种苗学专业英语单词
苗木(Nurser y stock)天然更新(Natura l regeneratio n)人工更新(Artifi cialregeneratio n)灌溉施肥(Fertig ation)灌溉(Irriga tion)施肥(Fertil izati on)幼年期(Juvenn ile phase)青年期(Youthphase)壮年期(Mature phase)老年期(Senesc encephase)种子年或丰年，Seed year欠年，Off year平年(Common year)林木结实周期性(The period icity of seed bearin g)结实间隔期(Seed bearin g interv al)种子生产周期(Seed-bearin g period icity)花芽分化(Reprod uctiv e bud initia tion)生理成熟(Seed physio logic al maturi ty)形态成熟(Seed morpho logic al maturi ty)树木种子寿命Tree seed longev ity种子安全含水量(Optimu m seed moistu re conten ts for storag e) 种子休眠Se ed Dorman cy静止(Quiescent)生理休眠（Physio logic al dorman cy，PD）形态休眠（Morpho logic al dorman cy，MD）形态生理休眠（Morpho physi ologi cal dorman cy，MPD）物理休眠（Physic al dorman cy，PY）初生外源休眠(Primar y exogen ous dorman cy)物理休眠(Exogen ous physic al dorman cy，Seed coat dorman cy) 內源休眠(Endoge nousdorman cy)內源形态休眠(Endoge nousmorpho logic al dorman cy)浅性生理休眠(Nondee p physio logic al dorman cy)中度生理休眠(Interm ediat e physio logic al dorman cy)深度生理休眠(Deep physio logic al dorman cy)光休眠(Photod orman cy)干藏后熟(After-ripeni ng)双休眠(Double dorman cy)次生休眠(Second ary Dorman cy)热休眠(Thermo dorma ncy)热抑制(Therma l inhibi tion)条件休眠(Condit ional dorman cy)种子萌发Seed Germin ation出土萌发（Epigea l germin ation）留土萌发(Hypoge al germin ation)极性(Polari ty)再生(Regene ratio n)细胞分化(Cellul ar differ entia tion)不定根(Advent itiou s root预成根(Prefor med root)潜伏根(Latent root)接穗(Scion)砧木(Stock)良种(Improv ed seeds)种子品质(Seed qualit y)遗传品质(Geneti c proper ity)播种品质(Seedin g qualit y)繁殖品质(Propag ation proper ties)净度(Purity)纯净种子(Pure seed)种子含水量(Seed moistu re conten t)发芽能力(Germin ation abilit y, Germin abili ty)发芽率(Germin ation percen tage)发芽势(Germin ation energy)绝对发芽率(Absolu te germin ation percen tage)平均发芽时间(Mean time to germin ation，MTG)场圃发芽率(Fieldgermin ation percen tage)种子生活力(Seed viabil ity)种子优良度(Seed soundn ess)种子活力(Seed vigor)母树林(Seed produc tionforest)种子园(Seed orchard)采穗圃(Cuttin g s orchard)种子采集Se ed Collecting种子调制Se ed Processing种子贮藏Se ed Storag e种子运输Se ed Transportat ion催芽(Seed preger minat ion, Seed strati ficat ion)层积催芽(Seed strati ficat ion)无基质层积催芽(Non-medium strati fi cati on)裸层积(Nakedstrati fi cati on)种子引发(Seed primin g)春季生长型(Prefor med Growth, Predet ermin ed Growth) 全期生长型(Neofor med Growth, Free Growth)根瘤菌(Root nodule bacter ia)裸根苗Bare-root Seedli ngs容器苗Containe r Seedli ngs离体快速繁殖(In vitropropag ation)微体快繁(微繁，Microp ropag ation)苗木出圃Seedlin g Harves t苗木质量评价Seedling Qualit y Evalua tion地径(Root-collar diamet er)苗高(Shootheight)根系长度(Root length)根幅(Root width)侧根数(No. of latera l roots)根系总长度(Length of latera l roots)表面积指数(Specia l area indexof latera l roots)苗木重量(Seedli ng weight)茎根比(Shoot-root ratio)水分状况(Waterstatus)水势(Waterpotent ial)矿质营养状况(Status of minera l nutrit ion)碳水化合物(Carboh ydrat es)生长调节物质(Plantgrowth substa nces)叶绿素萤光(Variab le chloro phyll fluore scenc e) 叶绿素含量(Chloro phyll conten t)根生长势(Root growth potent ial苗木耐寒性(Frosthardin ess)。
斯仑贝谢所有测井曲线英文名称
斯仑贝谢所有测井曲线英文名称斯仑贝谢所有测井曲线英文名称OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRO NYMS USED FOR WIRELINE SCHLUMBERGER TOOLSACT Alumi num Clay ToolAMS Auxiliary Measureme nt SondeAPS Accelerator Porosity SondeARI Azimuthal Resistivity ImagerASI Array Son ic ImagerBGKT Vertical Seismic Profile ToolBHC Borehole Compe nsated Sonic Tool BHTV Borehole TeleviewerCBL Casi ng Bond LogCNT Compe nsated Neutron ToolDIT Dual In duction ToolDLL Dual LaterologDSI Dipole Son ic ImagerFMS Formati on MicroSca nnerGHMT Geologic High Resolution Mag netic Tool GPIT Gen eral Purpose In cli no meter ToolGR Natural Gamma RayGST In duced Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool HLDS Hostile Environment Lithodensity Sonde HLDT Hostile En vir onment Lithode nsity Tool HNGS Hostile En vir onment Gamma Ray Sonde LDT Lithodensity ToolLSS Long Spac ing Sonic ToolMCD Mecha ni cal Caliper DeviceNGT Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Tool NMRT Nuclear Reso nance Mag netic Tool QSST In li ne Checkshot ToolSDT Digital Son ic ToolSGT Sc in tillatio n Gamma Ray ToolSUMT Susceptibility Mag netic ToolUBI Ultras onic Borehole ImagerVSI Vertical Seismic ImagerWST Well Seismic ToolWST-3 3-Compo nents Well Seismic Tool OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRO NYMS USED FOR LWD SCHLUMBERGER TOOLSADN Azimuthal Den sity-Neutro nCDN Compe nsated De nsity-Neutro nCDR Compe nsated Dual ResistivityISONIC Ideal Son ic-While-Drilli ngNMR Nuclear Mag netic Reso nanceRAB Resistivity-at-the-BitOCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRO NYMS USED FORNON-SCHLUMBERGER SPECIALT Y TOOLSMCS Multicha nnel Son ic ToolMGT Multise nsor Gamma ToolSST Shear Son ic ToolTAP Temperature-Acceleratio n-Pressure Tool TLT Temperature Loggi ng ToolOCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRO NYMS AND UNITS USED FORWIRELINE SCHLUMBERGER LOGSAFEC APS Far Detector Cou nts (cps)ANEC APS Near Detector Cou nts (cps)AX Accelerati on X Axis (ft/s2)AY Accelerati on Y Axis (ft/s2)AZ Accelerati on Z Axis (ft/s2)AZIM Con sta nt Azimuth for Deviation Correctio n (deg)APLC APS Near/Array Limest one Porosity Corrected (%)C1 FMS Caliper 1 (i n)C2 FMS Caliper 2 (in)CALI Caliper (in)CFEC Corrected Far Epithermal Counts (cps) CFTC Corrected Far Thermal Counts (cps) CGR Computed (Th+K) Gamma Ray (API un its) CHR2 Peak Cohere nee, Receiver Array, Upper DipoleCHRP Compressi onal Peak Cohere nee, Receiver Array, P&SCHRS Shear Peak Cohere nee, Receiver Array, P&SCHTP Compressi onal Peak Cohere nee,Tran smitter Array, P&SCHTS Shear Peak Cohere nee, Tran smitter Array, P&SCNEC Corrected Near Epithermal Cou nts (cps) CNTC Corrected Near Thermal Cou nts (cps) CS Cable Speed (m/hr)CVEL Compressional Velocity (km/s)DATN Discrimi nated Atte nu ation (db/m)DBI Discriminated Bond IndexDEVI Hole Deviati on (degrees)DF Drilli ng Force (lbf)DIFF Differe nee Betwee n MEAN and MEDIAN in Delta-Time Proc. (microsec/ft)DRH HLDS Bulk De nsity Correction (g/cm3) DRHO Bulk Density Correction (g/cm3)DT Short Spac ing Delta-Time (10'-8' spacing; microsec/ft)DT1 Delta-Time Shear, Lower Dipole (microsec/ft)DT2 Delta-Time Shear, Upper Dipole (microsec/ft)DT4P Delta- Time Compressi on al, P&S (microsec/ft)DT4S Delta- Time Shear, P&S (microsec/ft))DT1R Delta- Time Shear, Receiver Array, Lower Dipole (microsec/ft)DT2R Delta- Time Shear, Receiver Array,Upper Dipole (microsec/ft)DT1T Delta-Time Shear, Tran smitter Array, Lower Dipole (microsec/ft)DT2T Delta-Time Shear, Tran smitter Array, Upper Dipole (microsec/ft)DTCO Delta- Time Compressi onal (microsec/ft) DTL Long Spac ing Delta-Time (12'-10' spac ing; microsec/ft)DTLF Long Spaci ng Delta-Time (12'-10'spac ing; microsec/ft)DTLN Short Spac ing Delta-Time (10'-8' spaci ng; microsec/ftDTRP Delta-Time Compressi onal, Receiver Array, P&S (microsec/ft)DTRS Delta-Time Shear, Receiver Array, P&S (microsec/ft)DTSM Delta-Time Shear (microsec/ft)DTST Delta-Time Ston eley (microsec/ft)DTTP Delta-Time Compressi on al, Tran smitter Array, P&S (microsec/ft)DTTS Delta-Time Shear, Tran smitter Array,P&S (microsec/ft)ECGR En viro nmen tally Corrected Gamma Ray (API un its)EHGR En viro nmen tally Corrected High Resoluti on Gamma Ray (API un its)ENPH Epithermal Neutro n Porosity (%)ENRA Epithermal Neutro n RatioETIM Elapsed Time (sec)FINC Magnetic Field Inclination (degrees) FNOR Mag netic Field Total Mome nt (oersted) FX Mag netic Field on X Axis (oersted)FY Mag netic Field on Y Axis (oersted)FZ Magn etic Field on Z Axis (oersted)GR Natural Gamma Ray (API un its)HALC High Res. Near/Array Limest one Porosity Corrected (%)HAZI Hole Azimuth (degrees)HBDC High Res. Bulk Den sity Correctio n(g/cm3)HBHK HNGS Borehole Potassium (%)HCFT High Resoluti on Corrected Far Thermal Counts (cps)HCGR HNGS Computed Gamma Ray (APIun its)HCNT High Resolution Corrected Near Thermal Counts (cps)HDEB High Res. En ha need Bulk De nsity (g/cm3)HDRH High Resolution Den sity Correeti on (g/cm3)HFEC High Res. Far Detector Cou nts (cps) HFK HNGS Formation Potassium (%)HFLC High Res. Near/Far Limesto ne Porosity Corrected (%)HEGR En viro nmen tally Corrected High Resolution Natural Gamma Ray (API un its) HGR High Resolution Natural Gamma Ray (API un its)HLCA High Res. Caliper (inHLEF High Res. Lon g-spaced Photoelectric Effect (barns 尼-)HNEC High Res. Near Detector Cou nts (cps) HNPO High Resolution En ha need Thermal Nutron Porosity (%)HNRH High Resolution Bulk Density (g/cm3) HPEF High Resolution Photoelectric Effect (barns/e-)HRHO High Resolution Bulk Density (g/cm3) HROM High Res. Corrected Bulk Density(g/cm3)HSGR HNGS Sta ndard (total) Gamma Ray (API un its)HSIG High Res. Formati on Capture Cross Secti on (capture un its)HSTO High Res. Computed Sta ndoff (in) HTHO HNGS Thorium (ppm)HTNP High Resolution Thermal Neutro n Porosity (%)HURA HNGS Ura nium (ppm)IDPH Phasor Deep In ducti on (ohmm)IIR Iron Indicator Ratio [CFE/(CCA+CSI)]ILD Deep Resistivity (ohmm)ILM Medium Resistivity (ohmm)IMPH Phasor Medium In duction (ohmm)ITT In tegrated Tran sit Time (s)LCAL HLDS Caliper (in)LIR Lithology In dicator Ratio [CSI/(CCA+CSI)] LLD Laterolog Deep (ohmm)LLS Laterolog Shallow (ohmm)LTT1 Tran sit Time (10： microsec)LTT2 Tran sit Time (8： microsec)LTT3 Tran sit Time (12： microsec)LTT4 Tran sit Time (10： microsec)MAGB Earth's Mag netic Field (n Tes)MAGC Earth Con ductivity (ppm)MAGS Magnetic Susceptibility (ppm)MEDIAN Media n Delta-T Recomputed (microsec/ft)MEAN Mean Delta-T Recomputed (microsec/ft)NATN Near Pseudo-Atte nuati on (db/m)NMST Mag netometer Temperature (degC)NMSV Mag netometer Sig nal Level (V)NPHI Neutron Porosity (%)NRHB LDS Bulk De nsity (g/cm3)P1AZ Pad 1 Azimuth (degrees)PEF Photoelectric Effect (barns 尼-)PEFL LDS Lon g-spaced Photoelectric Effect (barns/e-)PIR Porosity In dicator Ratio [CH Y/(CCA+CSI)] POTA Potassium (%)RB Pad 1 Relative Beari ng (degrees)RHL LDS Lon g-spaced Bulk Den sity (g/cm3)RHOB Bulk De nsity (g/cm3)RHOM HLDS Corrected Bulk Den sity (g/cm3)RMGS Low Resolution Susceptibility (ppm)SFLU Spherically Focused Log (ohmm)SGR Total Gamma Ray (API un its)SIGF APS Formation Capture Cross Secti on (capture un its)SP Spontan eous Pote ntial (mV)STOF APS Computed Sta ndoff (in)SURT Receiver Coil Temperature (degC)SVEL Shear Velocity (km/s)SXRT NMRS differe ntial Temperature (degC) TENS Ten si on (lb)THOR Thorium (ppm)TNRA Thermal Neutro n RatioTT1 Tran sit Time (10' spac ing; microsec)TT2 Tran sit Time (8' spac ing; microsec)TT3 Tran sit Time (12' spac ing; microsec)TT4 Tran sit Time (10' spac ing; microsec) URAN Uran ium (ppm)V4P Compressio nal Velocity, from DT4P (P&S; km/s)V4S Shear Velocity, from DT4S (P&S; km/s)VELP Compressi onal Velocity (processed from waveforms; km/s)VELS Shear Velocity (processed from waveforms; km/s)VP1 Compressional Velocity, from DT, DTLN, or MEAN (km/s)VP2 Compressio nal Velocity, from DTL, DTLF, or MEDIAN (km/s)VCO Compressio nal Velocity, from DTCO (km/s) VS Shear Velocity, from DTSM (km/s)VS1 Shear Velocity, from DT1 (Lower Dipole;km/s)VST Ston ely Velocity, from DTST km/s)VS2 Shear Velocity, from DT2 (Upper Dipole;km/s)VRP Compressio nal Velocity, from DTRP (Receiver Array, P&S; km/s)VRS Shear Velocity, from DTRS (Receiver Array, P&S; km/s)VS1R Shear Velocity, from DT1R (Receiver Array, Lower Dipole; km/s)VS2R Shear Velocity, from DT2R (Receiver Array, Upper Dipole; km/s)VS1T Shear Velocity, from DT1T (Tra nsmitter Array, Lower Dipole; km/s)Array, Upper Dipole; km/s)VTP Compressio nal Velocity, from DTTP (Tra VS2T Shear Velocity, from DT2T (Tra nsmitternsmitter Array, P&S; km/s)VTS Shear Velocity, from DTTS (Tra nsmitter Array, P&S; km/s)#POINTS Number of Tran smitter-Receiver Pairs Used in Son ic Process ingW1NG NGT Win dow 1 cou nts (cps)W2NG NGT Win dow 2 cou nts (cps)W3NG NGT Win dow 3 cou nts (cps)W4NG NGT Win dow 4 cou nts (cps)W5NG NGT Win dow 5 cou nts (cps)OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAMACRO NYMS AND UNITS USED FOR LWD SCHLUMBERGER LOGSAT1F Atte nuation Resistivity (1 ft resoluti on; ohmm)AT2F Attenuation Resistivity (2 ft resolution; ohmm)AT3F Attenuation Resistivity (3 ft resolution; ohmm)AT4F Attenuation Resistivity (4 ft resolution; ohmm)AT5F Attenuation Resistivity (5 ft resolution; ohmm)ATR Atte nu ati on Resistivity (deep; ohmm)BFV Bou nd Fluid Volume (%)B1TM RAB Shallow Resistivity Time after Bit (s)B2TM RAB Medium Resistivity Time after Bit (S)B3TM RAB Deep Resistivity Time after Bit (s) BDAV Deep Resistivity Average (ohmm)BMAV Medium Resistivity Average (ohmm) BSAV Shallow Resistivity Average (ohmm) CGR Computed (Th+K) Gamma Ray (API un its) DCAL Differential Caliper (in)DROR Correction for CDN rotational density(g/cm3).DRRT Correction for ADN rotational density(g/cm3).DTAB AND or CDN Den sity Time after Bit (hr) FFV Free Fluid Volume (%)GR Gamma Ray (API Uni ts)GR7 Sum Gamma Ray Win dowsGRW7+GRW8+GRW9-Equivale nt to Wireli ne NGT window 5 (cps)GRW3 Gamma Ray Win dow 3 cou nts (cps)-Equivale nt to Wireli ne NGT wi ndow 1GRW4 Gamma Ray Win dow 4 cou nts (cps)-Equivale nt to Wireli ne NGT wi ndow 2GRW5 Gamma Ray Win dow 5 cou nts (cps)-Equivale nt to Wireli ne NGT wi ndow 3GRW6 Gamma Ray Win dow 6 cou nts (cps)-Equivale nt to Wireli ne NGT wi ndow 4GRW7 Gamma Ray Win dow 7 cou nts (cps)GRW8 Gamma Ray Win dow 8 cou nts (cps)GRW9 Gamma Ray Win dow 9 cou nts (cps) GTIM CDR Gamma Ray Time after Bit (s) GRTK RAB Gamma Ray Time after Bit (s) HEF1 Far He Bank 1 counts (cps) HEF2 Far He Bank 2 counts (cps) HEF3 Far He Bank 3 counts (cps) HEF4 Far He Bank 4 counts (cps) HEN1 Near He Bank 1 coun ts (cps)HEN2 Near He Bank 2 counts (cps)HEN3 Near He Bank 3 counts (cps)HEN4 Near He Bank 4 counts (cps)MRP Magn etic Resonance PorosityNTAB ADN or CDN Neutro n Time after Bit (hr)PEF Photoelectric Effect (barns 尼-)POTA Potassium (%) ROPE Rate of Penetration (ft/hr)PS1F Phase Shift Resistivity (1 ft resoluti on; ohmm)PS2F Phase Shift Resistivity (2 ft resolutio n; ohmm)PS3F Phase Shift Resistivity (3 ft resolutio n; ohmm)PS4F Phase Shift Resistivity (4 ft resolution; ohmm)PS5F Phase Shift Resistivity (5 ft resolutio n; ohmm)PSR Phase Shift Resistivity (shallow; ohmm)RBIT Bit Resistivity (ohmm)RBTM RAB Resistivity Time After Bit (s)RING Ring Resistivity (ohmm)ROMT Max. Den sity Total (g/cm3) from rotati onal process ingROP Rate of Pen etratio n (m/hr)ROP1 Rate of Pen etrati on, average over last 1 ft (m/hr).R0P5 Rate of Pen etrati on, average over last 5 ft(m/hr)ROPE Rate of Pen etrati on, averaged over last 5 ft (ft/hr)RPM RAB Tool Rotatio n Speed (rpm)RTIM CDR or RAB Resistivity Time after Bit (hr)SGR Total Gamma Ray (API un its)T2 T2 Distribution (%)T2LM T2 Logarithmic Mea n (ms)THOR Thorium (ppm)TNPH Thermal Neutr on Porosity (%)TNRA Thermal RatioURAN Uran ium (ppm)OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM ADDITIONAL ACRO NYMS AND UNITS(PROCESSED LOGS FROM GEOCHEMICAL TOOL STRING)AL2O3 Computed AI2O3 (dry weight %)AL2O3MIN Computed Al2O3 Sta ndard Deviati on (dry weight %)AL2O3MAX Computed Al2O3 Sta ndard Deviati on (dry weight %)CAO Computed CaO (dry weight %)CAOMIN Computed CaO Sta ndard Deviatio n (dry weight %)CAOMAX Computed CaO Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)CACO3 Computed CaCO3 (dry weight %)CACO3MIN Computed CaCO3 Sta ndard Deviati on (dry weight %)CACO3MAX Computed CaCO3 Sta ndard Deviati on (dry weight %)CCA Calcium Y ield (decimal fractio n)CCHL Chlori ne Y ield (decimal fractio n)CFE Iron Yield (decimal fraction)CGD Gadoli nium Y ield (decimal fracti on)CHY Hydroge n Y ield (decimal fracti on)CK Potassium Y ield (decimal fractio n)CSI Silic on Y ield (decimal fractio n)CSIG Capture Cross Sectio n (capture un its) CSUL Sulfur Y ield (decimal fractio n)CTB Backgro und Y ield (decimal fractio n) CTI Tita nium Y ield (decimal fractio n)FACT Quality Con trol CurveFEO Computed FeO (dry weight %)FEOMIN Computed FeO Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)FEOMAX Computed FeO Sta ndard Deviation(dry weight %)FEO* Computed FeO* (dry weight %)FEO*MIN Computed FeO* Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)FEO*MAX Computed FeO* Sta ndardDeviati on (dry weight %)FE2O3 Computed Fe2O3 (dry weight %)FE2O3MIN Computed Fe2O3 Sta ndard Deviati on (dry weight %)FE2O3MAX Computed Fe2O3 Sta ndard Deviati on (dry weight %)GD Computed Gadoli nium (dry weight %)GDMIN Computed Gadoli nium Sta ndard Deviati on (dry weight %)GDMAX Computed Gadoli nium Sta ndard Deviati on (dry weight %)K2O Computed K2O (dry weight %)K2OMIN Computed K2O Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)K2OMAX Computed K2O Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)MGO Computed MgO (dry weight %)MGOMIN Computed MgO Sta ndard Deviatio n (dry weight %)MGOMAX Computed MgO Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)S Computed Sulfur (dry weight %)SMIN Computed Sulfur Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)SMAX Computed Sulfur Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)SIO2 Computed SiO2 (dry weight %)SIO2MIN Computed SiO2 Standard Deviation (dry weight %)SIO2MAX Computed SiO2 Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)THORMIN Computed Thorium Sta ndard Deviati on (ppm)THORMAX Computed Thorium Sta ndard Deviati on (ppm)TIO2 Computed TiO2 (dry weight %)TI02MIN Computed TiO2 Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)TIO2MAX Computed TiO2 Sta ndard Deviation (dry weight %)URANMIN Computed Uranium Sta ndard Deviati on (ppm)URANMAX Computed Uran ium Sta ndard Deviati on (ppm)VARCA Variable CaCO3/CaO calciumcarb on ate/oxide factor。
英汉海洋科学名词
autecology 个体生态学
authigenic sediment 自生沉积
autoinhibitory substance 自体抑制物质
autotroph 自养生物
ahermatypic coral 非造礁珊瑚
air gun 气枪
air lifting 气举
air-born substances 气源物质
airborne infrared radiometer 机载红外辐射计
air-sea boundary process 海-气边界过程
"Arctic Water, North Polar Water " 北极水
arc-trench-basin system 沟弧盆系
armor block 护面块体
armored diving 铠装潜水
artificial island 人工岛
beach cusp 滩角
beach cycle 海滩旋回
beach face 滩面
beach nourishment 人工育滩
beach profile 海滩剖面
beach ridge 滩脊
beach rock 海滩岩
beam trawl 桁拖网
abiotic zone 无生命带
abrasion platform 海蚀台地
absolute salinity 绝对盐度
abundance 丰度
abyssal circulation 深渊环流
abyssal clay 深海粘土
abyssal fauna 深渊动物
【经典外文翻译】--底土的土壤结构和饱和导水率—-毕业论文设计
英文原文：Low-cost programmable pulse generator for particle telescopecalibrationAbstractIn this paper we present a new calibration system for particle telescopes including multi pulse generator and digital controller. The calibration system generates synchronized pulses of variable height for every detector channel on the telescope. The control system is based on a commercial microcontroller linked to a personal computer through an RS-232 bidirectional line. The aim of the device is to perform laboratory calibration of multi-detector telescopes prior to calibration at accelerator. This task includes evaluation of linearity and resolution of each detector channel, as well as coincidence logic. The heights of the pulses sent to the detectors are obtained by Monte Carlo simulation of telescope response to a particle flux of any desired geometry and composition. Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.To assure a correct interpretation of data obtained with scientific instruments onboard satellites, as well as to compare these data with those of similar instruments, a thorough pre-flight calibration is required. For solar and cosmic ray particle telescopes, this calibration is usually carried out in two steps: first, a calibration of each individual detector using radioactive sources and standard nuclear instrumentation (NIM or CAMAC modules),following by a final test of the whole telescope performed in a particle accelerator site. The success of calibration on accelerator requires that, prior to the experiences, all detectors and electronics parameter (polarization voltages, amplifier gains and shaping times, thresholds, etc.) have nearly definitive values. Here we propose a cheap and simple pre-calibration procedure based on a new system that we have called Programmable Pulse Generator (PPG). The PPG developed in our laboratory has been designed for a specific instrument, a four-detector cosmic ray telescope, but it can easily be modified for similar experiments.The standard calibration procedure for individual detectors and their electronic chains consists of introducing pulses of known amplitudes coming from a pulse generator, together with the pulses released in the detector by particles coming from a radioactive source. However, these standard pulse generators do present severallimitations: The pulse amplitude must be set manually. Thus, to generate the pulses that different particles with different energies would release on the detectors, it is necessary to change the pulse heights every time.Standard pulse generators only provide one output signal, so either several modules are needed to calibrate a complete telescope, or it is necessary to split the single output in order to get several signals. It is difficult to check the coincidence logic because the four signals are not independent.To overcome these difficulties, pulse generators of programmable amplitude and rate have been proposed. Abdel-Aal [1]presented a programmable random pulse generator where the height and separation of individual pulses are controlled by software.But in his scheme the pulses are released directly from a digital-to-analog converter(DAC),thus having the temporal characteristics of the DAC output. Our purpose is to generate variable height analog pulses with similar shape to that released by nuclear detectors.The low-cost PPG presented here is intended to introduce every detector channel ，the pulses released by any particle flux supposed to be encountered by the instrument on real experiments (in our case, on outer space environment). The proposed pre-calibration scheme is sketched in the diagram of Fig 1. For a big number of simulated events, the energy signals released at the different detectors of the telescope are stored on a personal computer (PC). For each individual event, the energy signal data are sent through a bidirectional RS-232-C line to the PPG, which transforms the results of the simulation into real pulses and sends them to the real instrument.Fig 12 PPG descriptionThe design of the PPG is divided into two functional modules: digital electronics and analog electronics, whose block diagrams are enclosed in dashed boxes shown inFig2. The data arriving at the digital module from the PC are sent to 12 bit DAC. The DAC output voltages are transformed in the analog module into suitable pulses, ready to be introduced into the test input of the related detector channel of the telescope.Analog and digital modules are described with some detail in Sections 2.1 and2.2. In Section 2.3 we describe some noise problems related with the microcontroller,and the way we found to solve them.2.1 Analog moduleThis module must be capable of producing signal pulses similar to those generated in the detectors by the passage of energetic charged particles, whose shape can be described by the following function:()V t exp exp .1/R F R F A t t ττττ⎡⎤⎛⎫⎛⎫=---⎢⎥ ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭⎣⎦(1) The relevant signal parameters are the pulse height or amplitude A, the rise time R τ and the fall time F τ (here expressed as 1/e times rather than 10-90% times).Using semiconductor detectors, typical values for R τ and F τ are approximately 5ns and 10 us, respectively.Our particular telescope has four detectors, therefore four almost simultaneous pulses with different amplitudes 14A A -have to be generated for each simulated event. These amplitudes are sent by the digital module to the analog module, together with a start pulse (see Fig 2). The communication is performed through a coupler circuit for isolation purposes. The start signal is sent to a reference pulse generator, which generates a pulse of constant amplitude, rise and fall times. One of the inputs of each multiplier is this reference pulse, and the other is one of the DAC amplitude signals. Thus, every multiplier acts as a modulator: when the reference pulse arrives,the multiplier generates a similar pulse whose amplitude is the respective voltage given by the digital module.The reference pulse generator is the most critical element in the system, because any noise in the reference pulse will be present (and not independently) in each of the output signals. The core of this element is the circuit shown in Fig 3. Before a start pulse arrives to the reference pulse generator, the capacitor 1C is charged atvoltage 15ref CV A V +, ultra-precision, guaranteed long-term drift voltage reference has been used for this purpose (MAX677BCPP). Once the capacitor 1C present stablevoltage and a start pulse is generated, this capacitor is connected to 1R switching therelay 1K . In order to avoid the characteristic glitches of the mechanic relays, amercury relay has been used. Mikhailov [2]has pointed out recently the limited pulse rate (~100 pps) achievable with mercury relays, but we focuses on modulating the pulse amplitude rather than reaching a high pulse rate. When 1C is connected to 1R , the equations describing the evolution of the circuit of Fig3 are the following:()112121110R i R i i i dt C +++=⎰ ()2122210.R i i i dt C ++=⎰ (2) The solution of this linear system with the conditions ()10ref v V = and ()200v = gives an output pulse ()2v t with the functional form (1) and amplitude ref V . Thoughthe rise and fall times depend on resistor and capacitor values through a complicated algebraic expression, for 12C C (condition fulfilled here) the following approximate expressions hold:12212R R R C R R τ≅+ ()121F R R C τ≅+ (3)The values and characteristics of capacitors, resistors and reference voltage are given in Table 1; for these values 5R τ≅ns and 10F τ≅ s μ. The shape, rise and falltime of the reference pulse are shown in Fig 4 .Fig 4. Oscilloscope images of the reference pulse rise (left) and fall (right) flanges. The quoted values of rise and fall time refer to 10-90%of the amplitude. The values of R τ and R τ in the text refer to 1/e of the amplitude.The reference pulse generator must present very good time stability against temperature and power supply variations, as well as noise immunity. In order to meet these restrictions, special components have been used, and the reference pulse generator has been placed inside a Faraday cup with the aim of isolating it from the rest of the system.In order to respond to the high-frequency components of the reference pulse (rise time~5 ns), the multiplier AD834, which presents 4 ns transition time, has been chosen.The output range provided by the multipliers 0-1000 mV, and the output signals of every detector channel are digitized by 0-4096 bit ADC. Thus, every multiplier output must be adjusted to cover the corresponding ADC range. This requirement is fulfilled by suitable pi attenuators, that match the PPG output and test input characteristic impedances, while adapting the output and input ranges. These attenuators can be easily changed to match any detector channel.中文翻译：底土的土壤结构和饱和导水率摘要饱和导水率sat K ，是在从耕作层和底土中采集来的土壤样品上衡量的。
农业专业英语词汇(FG)
农业专业英语词汇（FG）一、作物种植类1. Agriculture（FG）：农业2. Crop（FG）：作物3. Planting（FG）：种植4. Harvest（FG）：收获5. Irrigation（FG）：灌溉6. Fertilizer（FG）：肥料7. Pesticide（FG）：农药8. Seedling（FG）：幼苗9. Germination（FG）：发芽10. Cultivation（FG）：耕作二、土壤与肥料类1. Soil（FG）：土壤2. Fertility（FG）：肥力3. Humus（FG）：腐殖质4. Loam（FG）：壤土5. Sandy soil（FG）：沙土6. Clay soil（FG）：黏土7. Organic matter（FG）：有机物8. Compost（FG）：堆肥9. Manure（FG）：粪肥10. Nitrogen（FG）：氮11. Phosphorus（FG）：磷12. Potassium（FG）：钾三、农业技术类1. Agricultural technology（FG）：农业技术2. Biotechnology（FG）：生物技术3. Genetic engineering（FG）：基因工程4. Plant breeding（FG）：植物育种5. Transgenic（FG）：转基因6. photosynthesis（FG）：光合作用7. Respiration（FG）：呼吸作用8. Growth regulator（FG）：生长调节剂9. Integrated pest management（FG）：病虫害综合治理10. Precision agriculture（FG）：精准农业四、农业机械设备类1. Tractor（FG）：拖拉机2. Plow（FG）：犁3. Harrow（FG）：耙4. Seeder（FG）：播种机5. Sprayer（FG）：喷雾器6. Reaper（FG）：收割机7. Thresher（FG）：脱粒机8. Grain dryer（FG）：粮食烘干机9. Silo（FG）：粮仓10. Irrigation system（FG）：灌溉系统五、农产品加工类1. Processing（FG）：加工2. Milling（FG）：磨粉3. Pressing（FG）：榨取4. Fermentation（FG）：发酵5. Drying（FG）：干燥6. Canning（FG）：罐装7. Freezing（FG）：冷冻8. Preservation（FG）：保鲜9. Packaging（FG）：包装10. Quality control（FG）：质量控制六、农业经济与管理类1. Agricultural economics（FG）：农业经济学2. Farm management（FG）：农场管理3. Marketing（FG）：市场营销4. Supply chain（FG）：供应链5. Cooperative（FG）：合作社6. Subsidy（FG）：补贴7. Policy（FG）：政策8. Sustainable development（FG）：可持续发展9. Rural development（FG）：农村发展10. Food security（FG）：粮食安全七、农业生态与环境类1. Agroecology（FG）：农业生态学2. Biodiversity（FG）：生物多样性3. Ecosystem（FG）：生态系统4. Conservation（FG）：保护5. Sustainable agriculture（FG）：可持续农业6. Organic farming（FG）：有机农业7. Environmental impact（FG）：环境影响8. Climate change（FG）：气候变化9. Soil erosion（FG）：土壤侵蚀10. Water management（FG）：水资源管理八、畜牧业相关词汇1. Animal husbandry（FG）：畜牧业2. Livestock（FG）：牲畜3. Pasture（FG）：牧场4. Grazing（FG）：放牧5. Breeding（FG）：繁殖6. Milking（FG）：挤奶7. Vaccination（FG）：疫苗接种8. Feed（FG）：饲料9. Manure management（FG）：粪便管理10. Meat processing（FG）：肉类加工九、渔业与水产养殖类1. Fisheries（FG）：渔业2. Aquaculture（FG）：水产养殖3. Fish farming（FG）：养鱼4. Pond（FG）：池塘5. Fish feed（FG）：鱼饲料6. Harvesting（FG）：捕捞7. Fish processing（FG）：鱼类加工8. Marine conservation（FG）：海洋保护9. Freshwater ecosystem（FG）：淡水生态系统10. Aquatic biodiversity（FG）：水生生物多样性十、农业教育与培训类1. Agricultural education（FG）：农业教育2. Vocational training（FG）：职业培训3. Extension service（FG）：推广服务4. Farmer field school（FG）：农民田间学校5. Demonstration plot（FG）：示范田6. Capacity building（FG）：能力建设7. Knowledge transfer（FG）：知识转移8. Scholarships（FG）：奖学金9. Internship（FG）：实习10. Continuing education（FG）：继续教育十一、农业法律法规与政策类1. Agricultural law（FG）：农业法2. Land tenure（FG）：土地所有权3. Intellectual property rights（FG）：知识产权4. Food safety regulations（FG）：食品安全法规5. Environmental regulations（FG）：环境法规7. Export subsidy（FG）：出口补贴8. Import quota（FG）：进口配额9. Tariff（FG）：关税10. Agricultural policy（FG）：农业政策十二、农业研究与开发类1. Research and development（FG）：研究与开发2. Experimental station（FG）：试验站3. Laboratory（FG）：实验室4. Innovation（FG）：创新5. Grant（FG）：资助6. Patent（FG）：专利7. Technical paper（FG）：技术论文8. Peer review（FG）：同行评审9. Research project（FG）：研究项目10. Technology transfer（FG）：技术转移十三、农业市场营销与贸易类1. Market analysis（FG）：市场分析2. Consumer behavior（FG）：消费者行为3. Branding（FG）：品牌化4. Distribution channel（FG）：分销渠道6. Export（FG）：出口7. Import（FG）：进口8. Commodity market（FG）：商品市场10. International trade（FG）：国际贸易十四、农业灾害与风险管理类1. Drought（FG）：干旱2. Flood（FG）：洪水3. Pest（FG）：害虫4. Disease（FG）：病害5. Disaster management（FG）：灾害管理6. Risk assessment（FG）：风险评估7. Insurance（FG）：保险8. Crop loss（FG）：作物损失9. Early warning system（FG）：预警系统10. Emergency response（FG）：紧急响应。
植物生长调节剂 统计数据
植物生长调节剂统计数据英文回答：Plant growth regulators, also known as plant hormonesor phytohormones, are chemical substances that regulate various aspects of plant growth and development. These regulators play a crucial role in controlling processessuch as cell division, cell elongation, and differentiation. They are naturally produced by plants and act as signaling molecules, transmitting information from one part of the plant to another.There are five major classes of plant growth regulators: auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Each class of regulator has specific functionsand effects on plant growth. For example, auxins promotecell elongation and are involved in tropisms, such as phototropism (bending towards light) and gravitropism (root growth towards gravity). Cytokinins, on the other hand, stimulate cell division and are involved in the formationof new organs, such as shoots and roots.Gibberellins are responsible for stem elongation andfruit development. They also play a role in seedgermination and breaking dormancy. Abscisic acid, on the contrary, inhibits growth and promotes dormancy in buds and seeds. It also regulates stomatal closure, which helpsplants conserve water during periods of stress. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that regulates various aspects of plant growth, including fruit ripening, leaf senescence, andflower development.Plant growth regulators are widely used in agriculture and horticulture to manipulate plant growth and development. For example, the application of auxins can stimulate root development in cuttings, promoting the propagation of new plants. Cytokinins can delay senescence in cut flowers, extending their shelf life. Gibberellins can be used to promote seed germination and increase fruit size. Abscisic acid can be applied to induce bud dormancy in fruit trees, preventing premature flowering and fruiting. Ethylene is often used to trigger fruit ripening in commercial settings.中文回答：植物生长调节剂，也被称为植物激素或植物内源激素，是一类调节植物生长和发育的化学物质。
Unit,24年小学五年级上册第2次英语第3单元测验卷
Unit,24年小学五年级上册英语第3单元测验卷考试时间：80分钟（总分:110）A卷一、选择题(共计20题，共40分)1、Which animal is famous for building dams?哪种动物以筑坝而闻名？A) BeaverB) OtterC) FoxD) Raccoon2、Which plant is often found in tropical regions?哪种植物通常生长在热带地区？A. Coconut tree (椰子树)B. Oak (橡树)C. Pine (松树)D. Fern (蕨类植物)3、What is the capital of France?法国的首都是什么？A) London (伦敦)B. Berlin (柏林)C. Paris (巴黎)D. Madrid (马德里)4、What plant is used to flavor food and has a strong aroma? 哪种植物用于调味并有强烈的香气？A. Garlic 大蒜B. Maple 枫树C. Oak 橡树D. Pine 松树5、What is the English translation of "食用植物"?A, Edible plantsB, Inedible plantsC, Poisonous plantsD, Ornamental plants6、What is a baby dog called?小狗叫做什么？A) KittenB) PuppyC) CalfD) Chick7、What do you call a group of sheep?A. Flock (群)B. Herd (群)C. Pack (群)D. Pod (群)8、Which plant is often used in cooking? (哪种植物常用于烹饪？)A) Basil (罗勒)B) Cactus (仙人掌)C) Oak tree (橡树)D) Grass (草)9、What is the main purpose of a school?学校的主要目的是什么？A) To entertainB. To educateC. To feedD. To sell10、听音，选出你所听到的答语。
《棕榈油类知识讲座》PPT课件
二.棕榈植物介绍
棕榈树通常2-3年开场结果，8-15年进入旺 产期，到18-20年后开场老化、产量降低，这时 候通常需要砍掉重植。棕榈果生长在棕榈树的 大果串上，每个果串大约有棕榈果2000多个。 人们通过水煮、碾碎、榨取的过程，可以从棕 榈果肉中获得毛棕榈油〔CPO〕和棕榈粕 〔PE〕；同时在碾碎的过程中，棕榈的种子 〔即棕榈仁〕被别离出来，再经过碾碎和去掉 外壳，剩下的果仁经过榨取得到毛棕榈仁油 〔CPKO〕和棕榈仁粕〔PKE〕。以上所有的 这些产品，均被有效的应用于食品、化工、农 业等广泛领域。可以说，棕榈是一种很好的经 济类植物。
棕榈苗圃 棕榈幼苗
棕榈树形态
棕榈果和棕榈果仁
100 tons FFB
Product Obtained 100吨FFB可以获取
Pure Oil 21 tons 纯油21吨
Bunch ash 0.5 tons 灰0.5吨
Palm Kernel 4 tons 棕果仁4吨
Evaporation 10 %
棕榈油提炼工厂
棕榈油精炼－分提工艺流程
CPO (Crude Palm Oil) 毛棕榈油
Physical Refinery 物理精炼 Bleaching 脱色 Deodorization 脱臭
PFAD RBDPO
Crystallization 结晶
Fractionation 分提
RBD-OL
RBD-ST
在餐饮业，最通常用的是棕榈液油〔PALM OLEIN，在中国也称之为"食用棕榈油"〕。其 卓越的天然抗氧化性能使其在烹调食物、特别 是煎炸食物时表现出很好的"耐炸性"，另外棕 榈液油和其他食用油脂相比本钱更低，因此对 于喜欢高温烹调的中国餐饮业而言，棕榈液油 实际上是一种很适合的选择。
红锥+厚荚相思同龄混交林的生长量与土壤肥力研究
文章编号：1673-887X(2023)05-0122-03红锥+厚荚相思同龄混交林的生长量与土壤肥力研究莫先杰，叶燕烙，莫冰萍（广西壮族自治区国有高峰林场，广西壮族自治区南宁530001）摘要对高峰林场红锥+厚荚相思同龄混交林及对照林分红锥纯林采取相同的营林措施，监测2种林分在16~22年龄时在林木生长量、土壤pH 值和土壤养分含量等方面的动态变化及差异。
结果表明，林分第16年到第22年，混交林和纯林内所有树种高生长和径生长均逐年增加；林分林龄16~19年，红锥+厚荚相思同龄混交林和红锥纯林单位面积蓄积量均逐年增加。
林龄20年时间伐，间伐当年混交林和纯林单位面积蓄积量均降低；在间伐后的21~22年，混交林和纯林单位面积蓄积量均逐年增加。
红锥纯林单位面积蓄积量增长速度比混交林快，且在期末高出混交林34.7%。
混交林pH 值高于纯林，表明混交林降酸能力比纯林好。
混交林土壤肥力比纯林的高。
关键词红锥；厚荚相思；同龄混交林；生长量；土壤肥力中图分类号S714文献标志码Adoi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-887X.2023.05.046Study on the Growth Amount and Soil Fertilityof the Same Age Mixed Forest of Castanopsis hystrix and Acacia crassicarpaMo Xianjie,Ye Yanlu,Mo Bingping(State-owned Gaofeng Forest Farm of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Nanning 530001,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,China)Abstract ：The same forest management measures were taken for the same age mixed forest with Castanopsis hystrix+Acacia crassi ‐carpa and the pure forest with dividend cone in the control forest,and the dynamic changes and differences in tree growth,soil pH value and soil nutrient content of the two stands were monitored at the age of 16~22years.The results showed that the height and di ‐ameter growth of all tree species increased year by year from the 16th to the 22nd year in mixed and pure stands.The stand age was 16~19years,and the stock per unit area of Castanopsis hystrix and Acacia crassicarpa mixed forest and red cone pure forest in ‐creased year by year.The stock volume per unit area of mixed forest and pure forest decreased when the forest was intercut for 20years.In 21~22years after thinning,the stock per unit area of mixed forest and pure forest increased year by year.The accumulation per unit area of pure Castanopsis hystrix forest increased faster than that of mixed forest,and was 34.7%higher than that of mixed forest at the end of the period.The pH value of mixed forest was higher than that of pure forest,indicating that the acid lowering abil ‐ity of mixed forest was better than that of pure forest.The soil fertility of mixed forest is higher than that of pure forest.Key words ：Castanopsis hystrix ,Acacia crassicarpa ,same age mixed forest,the amount of growth,soil fertility红锥（Castanopsis hystrix Miq.）在植物分类上属壳斗科锥属，原产中国西藏东南部、云南南部、贵州、湖南西南部、福建东南部、海南、广东、广西等地，材质优良，具有生长快、坚硬耐腐等特点，是高级家具、建筑装修、造船、车辆、工艺雕刻等优质用材[1-3]。
杜仲果实和叶片转录组数据组装及基因功能注释
杜仲果实和叶片转录组数据组装及基因功能注释
本研究采用转录组技术对山梨醇杜仲果实及叶片进行了研究，以揭示
其基因样本的表达模式。
以下是研究过程及研究结果：
一、测序数据组装
1. 样本准备：本次研究以植物的果实及叶片为研究对象，采集杜仲果
实及叶片样本，提取细胞总RNA进行后续分析。
2. 样本测序：将样本RNA进行数序分析，获取测序数据，用于后续比
对分析。
3. 数据组装：获取测序数据后，对数据进行组装，获得表达谱数据。
二、基因功能注释
1. 比对分析：将组装数据比对到参考基因组上，识别所查测序到序列，确定基因组上的所查测序到。
2. 基因功能注释：识别出的所查测序到的基因以及其对应的功能，进
行功能注释，探究这些基因在产生植物物种性状中的作用，如叶类型、花类型、果实形状等方面。
三、结论
本次研究共收集山梨醇杜仲果实及叶片样本，经过测序组装及基因功
能注释，发现了一些与物种性状相关的基因，为我们进一步探究植物
性状的形成提供了参考，为植物基因组学研究及育种研究提供了重要的依据。
农业资源与环境专业英语名词
facilitate 为…提供便利 facilities 设备 factor 因素 favorable microbial 有益微 生物 favorable 令人满意的 fertility 肥力 fertility 可育性 fertilizer 肥料
filial 子代 first era 早期时代 fission 融合 fixation 固定 flax 麻 flow 水流 foliar n“burn” 氮肥灼伤 foot 英尺 forages 牧草 foreign material 杂质 forethought 事先计划 formation 孕穗期 formulation 剂型 four popular 广泛应用的 fraction 部分 frequency 频率 frequen冻 fructose 果糖 function 功能 fungicide 杀菌剂 fuse 融合
A
a series of 一系列的 a set of 一组 abnormalities 异常 acidic 酸的 acre 英亩 acreage 农场，面积 actual 有效的 adapt 适合 adaptability 适应性 address 解决 adequate 充足的 adequate 足够的 adopted 采用 advance 提升 advent 生效 adversely 负面的 aerated 通气良好的 affected 感病 aggravate 加剧 agronomic college 农学院 agronomic 农作物 agronomy 农学 alkalinity 碱性 alleles 等位基因 alleviate 消除 alternative 可选择的 amino acid 氨基酸 ammonia 铵 ammonium citrate 柠檬酸铵 ammonium nitrate 二氧化氮 ammonium 胺 amplify 扩增 anaerobic 无氧 analyze 分析，分解 angiosperm 被子植物 animal manures 动物厩肥 anticipate 预计 anticipate 预见到 application 接种 application 应用 apply 施用 appropriate 适宜的
造林相关词的翻译
造林相关词的翻译第一篇：造林相关词的翻译造林相关词的翻译：(CDM)造林再造林：afforestation and reforestation绿化造林：Forestation造林决策：Silviculture造林规划：afforestation planning引种造林：Introduction and Afforestation造林树种：afforestation tree species抗旱造林：Drought-resistance afforestation造林技术：afforestation technique造林技术：afforestation technology造林方式：afforesting means造林立地：afforestation site造林技术：forestation technique造林密度：Planting density造林模式：afforestation model覆盖造林：film mulch造林树种：silvicultural species造林设计：Design of Afforestation集水造林：Afforestation by water harvesting造林规划设计：Afforestation programming devise抗旱造林：forestations of fight a drought造林规划设计：Silviculture Planning and Design典型造林模式：Typical afforestation model抗旱造林技术：technology of drought resistance for afforestation造林决策支持模型：Afforestation Decision Support Model抗旱造林技术：Technology of drought resistance andafforestation第二篇：颜色词翻译参考red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。
托福听力农业高频词汇
托福听力农业高频词汇托福听力场景中，农业是高频考试场景，一起来看看托福听力农业高频词汇表吧!agriculture (farming) 农业agricultural 农业的land (soil) 土壤;土地soil conservation 土壤保护vegetable 蔬菜horticulture 园艺学hydroponics 水栽法，营养液栽培法greenhouse(glasshouse, hotbed) 温室cabbage 洋白菜soil erosion 泥土流失silt 粉砂，泥沙clay 黏土，湿土clod 土块agrarian 土地的，农业的pilot (experimental ) 试验性的harrow( rake) 耙，耙土ridge 田埂furrow 犁沟plot (patch)小块地ranch 农场，牧场plantation 种植园orchard 果园nursery 苗圃seedbed 苗床sickle 镰刀spade 铲，锹shovel (平头) 铲pick 稿tractor 拖拉机cultivate (till) 耕作sow(seed) 播种harvest 收割sorghum 高粱oats燕麦rye 黑麦millet 粟，小米lettuce 生菜mustard 芥菜weed 除草irrigate 灌溉manure(fertilizer) 肥料spray 喷洒(农药)insecticide(pesticide)杀虫剂pest 害虫rust 锈病grain (cereal) 谷物，谷粒granary(grain store) 粮仓mill 碾，磨wheat 小麦corn 玉米rice 大米barley 大麦以上是托福听力考试中有关农业的词汇介绍，希望能帮助大家备考。
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N c cos ( N u ) tan cos N N sin D cos
N is the normal at slice base
15
c sin u sin tan W (XR XL) F N N sin tan cos F
18
Use mathematically most rigorous method
●
Satisfy all equations of statics
With software now available, there is no reason to not use a fully rigorous method F of S versus lambda plot can help with determining difference between methods
296.89 179.1 sy
Total Normal Stress (kPa)
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Why not use the finite element computed stresses inside a traditional limit equilibrium framework to overcome the weaknesses of the method?
Licensees in more than 100 countries
Other 5% Latin America 6% Australia / NZ 5% Canada 12%
USA 22% Pacific Rim 23%
Europe 27%
Public Agencies 16%
Other 3%
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Mohr-Coulomb, c and Ø Undrained strength ( = 0) Spatial Mohr-Coulomb Bedrock (impenetrable material) Bilinear failure envelopes Strength as a function of the depth Anisotropic strength User-defined: vs n strength functions Strength as a function of overburden
Take advantage of strengths of each method and overcome the weaknesses of each other
+
=
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1 Geometry 2 Material properties 3 Trial slip surface extents and shape 4 Pore-water pressure 5 External loads
Our objective at GEO-SLOPE is to create software that is both technically comprehensive and easy to use, making geotechnical modeling accessible and practical for all geotechnical engineers.
Example – Steady state seepage analysis of an earth dam Example – Stability analysis of an earth dam using SEEP/W result
Part 1 – Overview of the basic theory and requirements in the use of SLOPE/W.
Janbu Simplified
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Ordinary or Fellenius Bishop's Simplified Janbu's Simplified Spencer Morgenstern-Price GLE (Generalized Limit Equilibrium) Corps of Engineers 1 & 2 Lowe-Karafiath Janbu Generalized
Headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, GEO-SLOPE International Ltd. is a privately-held company.
GEO-SLOPE International Ltd. develops, markets and supports state-of-the-art software for geotechnical and geo-environmental modeling.
Example – Stability analysis of an earth dam under surcharge load
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GLE formulation developed by Prof. D.G. Fredlund at University of Saskatchewan Based on two factor of safety equations
We constantly seek to improve its engineering capabilities and remain current with the rapid changes in the computer industry.
Version 7.0 of all products Released May 1, 2007 Latest version – 7.15 (Beta)
Product integration – use results of one product in another product
These two features greatly expands the types of problems that can be analsed on the concept of Regions (polygons) and Points
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W ater
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1 Geometry 2 Material properties 3 Trial slip surface extents and shape 4 Pore-water pressure 5 External loads
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1.30
1.25 M ent om
Factor of Safety
1.20
1.15
1.10
1.05
Force
1.00 0.0
0.1
0.2 Lam bda
0.3
0.4
0.5
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1.25
1.20
M ent om
Factor of Safety
1.15
1.10
1.05
Force
1.00 0.0
0.2
N
is function of:
- gravity (W) - soil strength & geometry - factor of safety (F) - interslice shear force (X), X = λ X fn(interslice)
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Bishop
Morgenstern-Price or Spencer
Dr. Leonard Lam
CnTech Co., Ltd.,
Beijing, China, Sept 9, 2009 ChengDu, China, Sept 11, 2009
Dr. Leonard Lam
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Made in China, Born in ShenZhen Raised up in Hong Kong Educated in Canada Ph.D. – University of Saskatchewan, Canada Senior Project Engineer with Clifton & Associates Ltd., Canada Partner, Senior Engineer with GEO-SLOPE since 1993 Long term interest in numerical modeling for engineering practice Key developer of SLOPE/W and SEEP/W
0.4 Lam bda
0.6
0.8
1.0
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1.25
1.20
M ent om
Factor of Safety
1.15
Water
Water
1.10
1.05
Force
1.00 0.0
0.1
0.2 Lam bda
0.3
0.4
0.5
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1.6
1.5 M ent om
Factor of Safety
1.4
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Ordinary or Fellenius Bishop & Janbu Simplified Spencer & Morgenstern-Price Corp of Engineers & Lowe-Karafiath
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