天津专版高考英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第三节题组训练2科普知识
2018年高考英语天津专版二轮复习文档：专题三 阅读理解 第三节 题组3 含答案
A(2017·河西区二模)Airpollutionisgettingmoreandmoreseriousinmanyplacesaroundtheworld.Thefactth atpublicparksincitiesbecomecrowdedprovesthatpeoplelongtobreatheingreen，openspaces.And，inthesesurroundings，theyaregenerallybothpeacefulandpeaceable.Itisraretoseepeoplebeingatoddsorevenfi ghtinginagarden.Itseemstobeprovedthatifhumanbeingscanfreelybreatheandshareair，thereisnoprimaryreasonforthemtostrugglewithoneanother.Butdoweonlysensewhatlifecouldbewhenweenjoygreenspaces?Theplantworldsilentlyshowsuswhatareflectionoflifetruthfullyis.Italsohelpsus toanewbeginning，urgingustocareforourbreath.Wemust，inturn，careforit，opposinganysortofpollutionthatdestroysbothourworldandthatofplants.Theinterdepen dencetowhichwemustpaytheclosestattentioniswhatexistsbetweenourselvesandtheplant world.Oftendescribedas“thelungsoftheplanet”，thewoodsthatcovertheearthofferusthegiftofbreathableairbyreleasingoxygen.Butthei rcapacitytorenewtheairpollutedbyindustryhaslongreacheditslimit.Ifwecontinuetopo llutetheairbyfillingitwithchemicalsanddestroytheabilityofplantstorestoreitwewil lsoonpullourworldintoanunavoidabledisaster.Humansmustlearntosharelife，bothwitheachotherandwithplants.Thistaskcanbecarriedoutonlywheneachtakesituponhe r-orhimselfandonlywhenallworktogether.Thelessontaughtbyplantsisthathumanlifecanon lyexistwithnature.Wemustcometoviewtheair，theplantsandourselvesasthecontributorstotheprotectionoflifeandgrowth，ratherthanproductiveobjectswecanuseandthrowawayfreely.Perhapsthenwewouldfinally begintolive，ratherthanmerelysurvive.语篇解读本文主要讲了为了保护地球，我们应共同努力，和谐地与植物世界共享生活。
2018年高考英语天津专版二轮复习文档：专题三 阅读理解 第三节 题组10 Word版含答案
A(2017·红桥区二模)Inmodernsocietythereisagreatdealofargumentaboutcompetition.Somevalueithighl y，believingthatitisresponsibleforsocialprogressandprosperity(繁荣)．Otherssaythatcompetitionisbad，thatitsetsonepersonagainstanother，andthatitleadstounfriendlyrelationshipbetweenpeople.Ihavetaughtmanychildrenwhoheldthebeliefthattheirself-worthreliedonhowwellth eyperformedattennisandotherskills.Forthem，playingwellandwinningareoftenlive-and-deathaffairs.Intheirsingle-mindedpursuito fsuccess，thedevelopmentofmanyotherhumanqualitiesissadlyforgotten.However，whilesomeseemtobelostinthedesiretosucceed，otherstakeanoppositeattitude.Inaculturewhichonlyvaluesthewinnerandpaysnoattenti ontotheordinaryplayers，theystronglycriticizecompetition.Amongthemostvocalareyoungsterswhohavesufferedu ndercompetitivepressuresfromtheirparentsorsociety.Teachingtheseyoungpeople，Ioftenobserveinthemadesiretofail.Theyseemtoseekfailurebynottryingtowinorachieve success.Bynottrying，theyalwayshaveanexcuse：“Imayhavelost，butitdoesn’tmatterbecauseIreallydidn’ttry.”Whatisnotusuallyadmittedbythemselvesisthebeliefthatiftheyhadreallytriedandlost，thatwouldmeanalot.Suchalosswouldbeameasureoftheirworth.Clearly，thisbeliefisthesameasthatoftruecompetitorswhotrytoprovethemselves.Botharebasedo nthemistakenbeliefthatone’sself-respectreliesonhowwelloneperformsincomparisonw ithothers.Bothareafraidofnotbeingvalued.Onlyasthisbasicandoftentroublesomefearb eginstodisappearcanwediscoveranewmeaningincompetition.1．Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?A．Competitionhelpstosetupself-respect. B．Opinionsaboutcompetitionaredifferentamongpeople. C．Competitionisharmfultopersonalqualitydevelopment.D．Failuresarenecessaryexperienceincompetition.答案 B解析主旨大意题。
2019年高考英语天津专版二轮复习文档：专题三 阅读理解 第二节
第二节 方法运用于命题阅读理解的常考命题1．细节理解题细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。
其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。
其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非等。
2．词义猜测题高考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。
词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。
要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜测词义(重述、定义、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词等)；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻辑猜测词义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等。
3．推理判断题推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。
推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键。
其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不可出现绝对概念。
其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混珠、扩缩范围等。
4．主旨大意题主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。
其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段；确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
其干扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概念；无中生有，生搬硬套等。
注意 解答各类命题时往往是多法并举，而不是一种方法解决一种题。
(2017·天津，B)Fifteenyearsago，ItookasummervacationinLecceinsouthernItaly.Afterclimbingup ahillforapanoramic(全景的)viewofthebluesea，whitebuildingsandgreenolivetrees，Ipausedtocatchmybreathandth enpositionedmyselftotakethebestphotoofthispanorama.Unfortunately，justasItookoutmycamera，awomanapproachedfrombehind，andplant edherselfrightinfrontofmyview.Likeme，thiswomanwasheretostop，sighandappreciate theview.PatientasIwas，afterabout15minutes，mycamerascanningthesunandreviewingthesh otIwouldeventuallytake，Igrewfrustrated.WasittoomuchtoaskhertomovesoIcouldtakej ustonepictureofthelandscape？Sure，Icouldhaveaskedher，butsomethingpreventedmef romdoingso.Sheseemedsocontentinherobservation.Ididn’twanttomesswiththat.Another15minutespassedandIgrewbored.Thewomanwasstillthere.Idecidedtotakethe photoanyway.AndnowwhenIlookatit，Ithinkherpresenceinthephotoiswhatmakestheimage interesting.Thelandscape，beautifulonitsown，somehowcomestolifeandbreathesbecau sethiswomanisengagingwithit.Thisphoto，withtheuniquebeautythatunfoldedbeforemeandthatwomanwho“ruined”it，nowhangsonawallinmybedroom.Whatwouldshethinkifsheknewthatherfigureiscapture d(捕捉) andfrozenonsomestranger’sbedroomwall？Abedroom，afterall，isaveryprivatespace，inwhichsomewomanIdon’tevenknowhasbeenimmortalized(使……永存)．Insomeways，shelivesinmyhouse.Perhapsweallliveineachothers’spaces.Perhapsthisiswhatphotosarefor：toremindusthatweallappreciatebeauty，that weallshareacommondesireforpleasure，forconnection，forsomethingthatisgreatertha nus.Thatphotoisareminder，acapturedmoment，anunspokenconversationbetweentwowome n，separatedonlybyathinsquareofglass.语篇解读 本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。
(天津专用)2019高考英语二轮增分策略专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破四推理判断_细节推断题课件
“May I help you？” a man asked.“No，” I said.“We’re fine.” Tour guides got on my nerves.What if they talked a long time about a painting you weren’t that interested in？Sally had gone upstairs.The people in the hall seemed very nosy( 爱窥探的 ) ， keeping their eyes on me with curiosity.What was their
语篇解读
41.What do we know about Marian McNay?
A.She was a painter. √
B.She was a community leader.
C.She was a museum director.
D.She was a journalist.
解析 细节理解题。根据第一段中的 watercolorist( 水彩画家 ) 可知，
专题三 第二节 分类突破
四、推理判断——细节推断题
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
内容索引
真题感悟 名师点津
随堂限时练
真题感悟
(2018· 6月天津，B)
When I was 17，I read a magazine article about a museum called
the McNay ， once the home of a watercolorist named Marian
Marian McNay是一位painter(画家)。故答案为A。
(天津专版)高考英语二轮复习专题三阅读理解第三节题组训练2科普知识
第三节题组训练 2 科普知识A(2017·河东区一模) Do you ever wish for a little more time to do everything you need to do？Well，on July 1 you’ll be getting it—but only one more second.On July 1 at exactly 7：59：59 a．m.Beijing time (or on June 30 at 23：59：59 UTC，Coordinated Universal Time)，the world’s atomic(原子的) clocks will pause for a single second，or，more precisely，change to the unusual time of 7：59：60，according to .The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earth’s rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.Just one extra second could cause big problems and affect the way computers and websites work，however.When the last leap second was added back in 2012，more than a few websites had some trouble.As reported by ，popular sites like the community website Reddit crashed when the leap second was added.For Reddit，the problem was eventually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second.Speaking to Wired about the problem back in 2012，Linux creator Linus Torvalds commented：“Almost every time we have a leap second，we find something.It’s really annoying，because it’s code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus n ot tested by users under their normal conditions.”Companies have had to think of their own solutions，and Google’s “leap smear” may be the best-known example.As company engineer Christopher Pascoe explains in a blog post，companies usually try to fix the problem by turning back the clocks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again.However，Pascoe believes this creates problems.He asked：“What happens？Does e-mail that comes in during that second get stored correctly？”Google has a solution：Cut the extra second into milliseconds and then put these tiny amounts of time into the system throughout the day.“This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight，”says Pascoe.“Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day.”For many companies without Google’s money，however，the leap second willlikely still cause some crashes.Don’t worry，though—at least it won’t last long!1．Why do we need to add a leap second?A．The world’s atomic clocks are set to do so.B．To keep in time with the world’s computers.C．To keep atomic clocks in time with the slowing of Earth’s rotation.D．To record the changes to astronomical time.答案 C解析细节理解题。
天津专用019高考英语二轮专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破三细节理解_数字计算题优选习题
天津专用019高考英语二轮专题三阅读理解第二节分类突破三细节理解_数字计算题优选习题三、细节理解——数字计算题(2018·全国Ⅲ，A)Welcome to Holker Hall & GardensVisitor InformationHow to Get to HolkerBy Car：Follow brown signs on A590 from J36，M6.Approximate travel times：Windermere—20 minutes，Kendal—25 minutes，Lancaster—45 minutes，Manchester—1 hour 30 minutes.By Rail：The nearest station is Cark-in-Cartmel with trains to Carnforth，Lancaster and Preston for connections to major cities & airports.Opening TimesSunday－Friday (closed on Saturday)11∶00 am－4∶00 pm,30th March－2nd November.Admission ChargesHall & Gardens GardensAdults：￡12.00 ￡8.00Groups: ￡9.00 ￡5.50Special EventsProducers’ Market13th AprilJoin us to taste a variety of fresh local food and drinks.Meet the producers and get some excellent recipe ideas.Holker Garden Festival 30th MayThe event celebrates its 22nd anniversary with a great show of the very best of gardening，making it one of the most popularevents in gardening.National Garden Day 28th AugustHolker once again opens its gardens in aid of the disadvantaged.For just a small donation you can take a tour with our garden guide.Winter Market 8th NovemberThis is an event for all the family.Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying a live music show and nice street entertainment.21.How long does it probably take a tourist to drive to Holker from Manchester?A.20 minutes.B.25 minutes.C.45 minutes.D.90 minutes.答案 D解析细节理解题。
2018年高考英语天津专版二轮复习文档：专题三 阅读理解 第三节 题组4 含答案
A(2017·天津一中4月考)Rome，ParisandNewYorkaretheworld’stopfashioncities，allofwhichhaveproducedsomeofthetoptrends，fromfashionableskirtstothehottestnewshoes.Buthaveyoueverwonderedaboutthenegativ eideasthattheyhaveenforced?InApril2016，theAdvertisingStandardsAuthority (ASA) inBritainbannedanadfromGuccithatfeaturedmodelsdancingaroundandhavingfun，becausetheywereallextremelyskinny.Banningadsduetothemodels’extremefiguresisn’tnew.TheASAbannedanadin2015forthesamereason.InFrance，ithasbeenruledthatmodelsaretoprovideadoctor’snoteprovingthattheyareatahealthyw eight.Sowhatisthehealthyweightformodels？Twentyyearsago，theaveragefashionmodelweighed8%lessthantheaveragewoman.Today，theyweigh23%less.Peoplemaythinkthatbeingatanunhealthyweightwillhelpthemgainthebenefitsthatth emodelsdo.Thisprovidesastandardforbeauty，andthereforepeoplewhowanttoachievethosethingsmayattempttoobtainthemthroughunhea lthyways.Peoplemaythinktheyareoverweight，duetotheimagesofmodels’thinfigures.Theyseesomethingwrongwit htheirbodies，whethertheyareoverweightornot.Thisisakeyfactorinaloweredbodyimage，lowself-esteem，depressionandpossiblyeveneatingdisorders.I’mnotblamingthefashionindustrybyanymeans.It’snottheirfaultthatmanypeople lookuptothemodelsandexpecttolivealifeliketheirs.IamgladthatASAisraisingitsvoice swhendiscussingthegrowingissueofbodyimagesinthefashionindustry.Bybanningthephot osandvideos，speakingoutagainstthemandpushingfordoctors’notesfromthemodels，it’spushingfortheideathatthetraditionalfashionindustry’sbodyimagedemand sshoul dbechangedandsomethingmoreneedstobequestioned.1．OneofGucci’sadswasbannedmainlybecause.A．itsmodelsaremuchtoothinB．noneofitsmodelshadadoctor’snoteC．modelsdidn’tactaccordingtotherules D．itsmodelsweredancinginanunhealthyway答案 A解析细节理解题。
(天津专用)高考英语二轮增分策略 专题三 阅读理解 第二节 分类突破 十四 文章结构题优选习题-人教
十四、文章结构题一、篇章结构题(2018·“六校联盟〞第三次联考)Careers in zoology are extremely varied and unique，and can provide incredible learning and work opportunities for anyone devoted to animal studies and welfare.Zoology，or the study of animals，is a wide field with many specialties，including research，conservation，veterinary(兽医的) medicine，and the care of animals.For people with a love of animals and some training，dreams of careers in zoology may come true.Some careers in zoology focus on research and scientific studies.These careers may allow those with a good theoretical science background to develop and run studies that improve human understanding of the animal world.Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation.Careers in zoology that focus on conservation attach great importance to the continued survival and increased protection of animal species.Conservationists may work with political groups or governments to help make laws to protect and preserve animals，or may work in the field gathering information on potential threats to thehealth of global ecosystems.Some conservationists work in educational fields，trying to improve human efforts to save animals from extinction.Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medicine is an important specialty field，and may take several years of intensive training to qualify as a certified veterinarian.While many veterinarians focus on the small-animal practice of domestic pets，vets in rural areas often work with large farm animals and more adventurous veterinarians may work with exotic species in zoos and wildlife preserves.Humans love to observe animals，and modern-day zoos and wildlife preserves help meet that interest while providing facilities to assist with conservation programs.Zoology careers in zoos can range from overseeing breeding programs，to creating the proper diet for a deer，or to cleaning the tiger’s cage.Many volunteer and entry-level jobs are available for people that love animals.语篇解读文章介绍了动物学相关职业的多样性，并就四种相关的职业进展了具体讲解。
2018年高考英语天津专版二轮复习课件：专题三 阅读理解 第三节 题组9
Our story，as it turned out，was typical.Among Hastings’s 8,000
people living here，almost everybody had at least one about Wally’s
politeness and generosity.There were the times he’d reach into his own
年人的事迹，以及大家对他的感恩和拥护。
1.According to the passage，which of the following statements is TRUE? A.Wally Urtz is always ready to help others every day. √ B.Wally Urtz is a man who wants to draw attention to him. C.Wally Urtz helped the author’s wife on purpose. D.The author had known Wally Urtz before we moved to Hastings-onHudson. 解析 推理判断题。根据文章第三段的内容可推知A项正确。
pocket when someone was short of money；the times he’d show meone who’d just lost a loved one or who was in the
middle of divorce；the many，many times he’d put himself out for
Wally rushed up beside her.“I’ll get those，young lady，” he said
(天津专用)高考英语二轮增分策略 专题三 阅读理解 第二节 分类突破 六 推理判断-写作意图题优选习题
六、推理判断——写作意图题(2018·北京，C)Plastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year.Almost half of that winds up in landfills(垃圾填埋场)，and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans.So far there is no effective way to get rid of it，but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene，which accounts for 40% of plastics.The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours，and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams，or almost 3% of it.To confirm that the worms’ chewing alone was not responsible for the polyethylene breakdown，the researchers made some worms into paste(糊状物) and applied it to plastic films.14hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass—apparently broken down by enzymes(酶) from the worms’ stomachs.Their findings were published in Current Biology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini，co-author of the study，says the worms’ ability to break down their everyday food—beeswax—also allows them to break down plastic.“Wax is a complex mixture，but the basic bond in polyethylene，the carbon-carbon bond，is there as well，” she explains.“The wax worm evolve d a method or system to break this bond.”Jennifer DeBruyn，a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee，who was not involved in the study，says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene.But compared with previous studies，she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting.The next step，DeBruyn says，will be to identify the cause of the breakdown.Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes(肠道微生物)?Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team’s findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills.But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process—not simply “millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic.”43.What can we learn about the worms in the study?A.They take plastics as their everyday food.B.They are newly evolved creatures.C.They can consume plastics.D.They wind up in landfills.答案 C解析推理判断题。
(天津专用)高考英语二轮增分策略 专题三 阅读理解 第二节 分类突破 十一 主旨大意-标题归纳题优选习题
十一、主旨大意——标题归纳题(2018·6月天津，C)There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus：food.Recent development has made possible machines that print，cook，and serve foods on a mass scale.And the industry isn’t stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer，a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake.Not everybody can do that—it takes years of experience，but a printer makes it easy.A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-cre ate forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same，” freeing cooks to complete other tasks.In another restaurant，all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed，rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050，and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.Sustainability is becoming a necessity.3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution.Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids(水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料).3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions.Grocery stores of the future might stock “food” that lasts years on end，freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier.Hod Lipson，a professor at Columbia University，said，“Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content，like vitamins.So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket，you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing，the industry has many challenges to overcome.Currently，most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them，and the printing process is quite time-consuming，because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways.On top of that，most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients，because meat and milk products may easily go bad.Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers，believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.语篇解读本文是一篇科普说明文，主要介绍了3D食物打印机的优点和缺点。
二轮复习高考英语 阅读理解试题(含答案)
二轮复习高考英语阅读理解试题(含答案)一、高中英语阅读理解1．阅读理解With all the recent concern about the environment, people want to see their money used to better the planet. Here are four well-known environmental organizations.World Wildlife Fund (WWF)The World Wildlife Fund is perhaps one of the best-known organizations for the protection of endangered species and their habitats around the world. They've been around for over 45 years. You can donate through their website , join their organization as a member, or adopt an animal through their online adoption center.National Geographic Society (NGS)National Geographic Society is well-known for their magazine and their specials on TV. The organization itself is one of the longest-running in the world—they've been around since 1888, focus on exploration and conservation of forests, oceans, habitats, species and societies. You chopse to donate through the website ，buy something at their online store, or order a magazine subscription.National Wildlife Federation (NWF)Founded officially in 1937, the National Wildlife Federation tries to protect wildlife at all costs. In fact, they believe that having the public educated is the best way to help the environment—-the more you know, the more you can protect the world we live in. Donations to the NWF can be made through their website nwf. org or through other options, like matching gifts, workplace giving, or memorial donations.Ecology Fund, comSet up in 1976，Ecology Fund, com is run on user clicks. Advertisers buy ad space on the site every time someone clicks. The money goes to buy endangered wilderness land to protect it from companies that would destroy it. So far, Ecology Fund, com has bought land in many areas. The best thing about this site is that you needn't donate any money—all you have to do is click.（1）Which environmental organization has the longest history?A. Ecology .B. World Wildlife Fund.C. National Geographic Society.D. National Wildlife Federation.（2）What does NWF think is the most important in environmental protection?A. Knowledge.B. Management.C. Money.D. Patience.（3）In what way does differ from the other three organizations?A. The size of networks.B. The way of operation.C. The strength of influence.D. The degree of popularity.【答案】（1）C（2）A（3）B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四个著名的环保组织。
【天津专版】2019年高考英语二轮复习文档 专题三 阅读理解 第二节 含答案
第二节方法运用于命题阅读理解的常考命题1．细节理解题细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案.其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等.其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非等.2．词义猜测题高考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大.词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围.要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜测词义(重述、定义、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词等)；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻辑猜测词义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等.3．推理判断题推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力.推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键.其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不可出现绝对概念.其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混珠、扩缩范围等.4．主旨大意题主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现.其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段；确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩.其干扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概念；无中生有，生搬硬套等.注意解答各类命题时往往是多法并举，而不是一种方法解决一种题.(2017·天津，B)Fifteenyearsago，ItookasummervacationinLecceinsouthernItaly.Afterclimbingupahillforapanoramic(全景的) viewofthebluesea，whitebuildingsandgreenolivetrees，Ipausedtocatchmybreathandthenpositionedmyselftotakethebestphotoofthispanorama.Unfortunately，justasItookoutmycamera，awomanapproachedfrombehind，andplantedherselfrightinfrontofmyview.Likeme，thiswomanwasheretostop，sighandappreciatetheview.PatientasIwas，afterabout15minutes，mycamerascanningthesunandreviewingtheshotIwouldeventuallytake，Igrewfrustrated.WasittoomuchtoaskhertomovesoIcouldtakejustonepictureofthelandsc ape？Sure，Icouldhaveaskedher，butsomethingpreventedmefromdoingso.Sheseemedsocontentinherobservation.Ididn’tw anttomesswiththat.Another15minutespassedandIgrewbored.Thewomanwasstillthere.Idecidedtotakethe photoanyway.AndnowwhenIlookatit，Ithinkherpresenceinthephotoiswhatmakestheimageinteresting.Thelandscape，beautifulonitsown，somehowcomestolifeandbreathesbecausethiswomanisengagingwithit.Thisphoto，withtheuniquebeautythatunfoldedbeforemeandthatwomanwho“ruined”it，nowhangsonawallinmybedroom.Whatwouldshethinkifsheknewthatherfigureiscaptured(捕捉) andfrozenonsomestranger’sbedroomwall？Abedroom，afterall，isaveryprivatespace，inwhichsomewomanIdon’tevenknowhasbeenimmortalized(使……永存)．Insomeways，shelivesinmyhouse.Perhapswealllivein eachothers’spaces.Perhapsthisiswhatphotosarefor：toremindusthatweallappreciatebeauty，thatweallshareacommondesireforpleasure，forconnection，forsomethingthatisgreaterthanus.Thatphotoisareminder，acapturedmoment，anunspokenconversationbetweentwowomen，separatedonlybyathinsquareofglass.41．Whathappenedwhentheauthorwasabouttotakeaphoto? A．Hercamerastoppedworking.B．Awomanblockedherview.C．Someoneaskedhertoleave.D．Afriendapproachedfrombehind.答案 B解析细节理解题.根据第二段中的“...awomanapproachedfrombehind，andplantedherselfrightinfrontofmyview.”可知，就在“我”拿出相机的时候，一位女士从后面走过来，正好停在“我”的视线前面，即“我”的视线被挡住(blocked)了，故选B 项.42．Accordingtotheauthor，thewomanwasprobably.A．enjoyingherselfB．losingherpatienceC．waitingforthesunsetD．thinkingaboutherpast答案 A解析细节理解题.根据第三段中的“Sheseemedsocontentinherobservation...withthat.”可知，选A项.43．Intheauthor’sopinion，whatmakesthephotosoalive? A．Therichcolorofthelandscape.B．Theperfectpositioningofthecamera.C．Thewoman’sexistenceinthephoto.D．Thesoftsunlightthatsummerday.答案 C解析细节理解题.根据第四段中的“...Ithinkherpresenceinthephotoiswhatmakestheimageinteresting.”可知，作者认为，那位女士在照片中的存在使得这张照片有趣，即：那位女士在照片中的存在让照片变得很生动.故选C项. 44．Thephotoonthebedroomwallenablestheauthortobetterunderstand. A．theneedtobeclosetonatureB．theimportanceofprivatespaceC．thejoyofthevacationinItalyD．thesharedpassionforbeauty答案 D解析推理判断题.根据第六段中的“...toremindusthatweallappreciatebeauty，thatweallshareacommondesireforpleasure，forconnection，forsomethingthatisgreaterthanus.”可知，通过那张照片作者明白了：我们都欣赏美，都有着对快乐的共同渴望、对人际关系改善的共同期待和对超越自身价值的共同追求.由此可知，这张照片让作者更好地理解人们对美的共同热爱.45．Thepassagecanbeseenastheauthor’sreflectionsupon. A．aparticularlifeexperienceB．thepleasureoftravelingC．theartofphotographyD．alostfriendship答案 A解析推理判断题.本文讲述的是作者的一次特殊经历及由此产生的一些人生感悟，故选A 项.(2017·天津，C)Thismonth，Germany’stransportminister，AlexanderDobrindt，proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆)．Theywoulddefinethedriver’sroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincras heswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomecallthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles：thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverl essfuture.Dobrindtwantsthreethings：thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(财产) damageoverpersonalinjury；thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansbasedonageorrace；andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheel—tocheckemail，say—thecar’smakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving，”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfootingtohumandrivers，hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers，consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律责任) issueisthebiggestoneofthemall，”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds，UK.AnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordriverlesscars，introducedearlierthisyear，insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’，peopleexpectdriverlesscars，”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”Becauseoftheconfusion，Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanope ration.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown，saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity，California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore，wheregovernment-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS，however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodw ouldgetabsolutelynowherehere，”saysCalo.46．Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2referto? A．Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B．Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C．Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D．Asituationwheredr ivers’roleisnotclear.答案 D解析词义猜测题.根据第二段中的“...thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedr iverlessfuture.”可知，deathvalley指的就是半自主驾驶和完全无人驾驶汽车之间的灰色地带，即：对司机角色的定义不清楚.故选D项. 47．TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto. A．stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB．helppromotefullyautomaticdrivingC．protectdriversofallagesandracesD．preventseriouspropertydamage答案 B解析推理判断题.第一段说Dobrindt提出第一套自主驾驶车辆的规章，将会定义自主驾驶车辆司机的角色，这个提议就是处理“deathvalley”这个问题的；第四段说交规的改变会准许全自动驾驶，而且会将完全无人驾驶汽车和有人驾驶汽车放到一个平等的法律地位上，由此推断，Dobrindt提出此建议的目的就是推广全自动驾驶.故选B项. 48．Whatdoconsumersthinkoftheoperationofdriverlesscars?A．Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies. B．Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers. C．Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents. D．Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.答案 D解析细节理解题.根据第七段中的“Whenyousay‘driverlesscars’，peopleexpectdriverlesscars，”Meratsays.“Youknow—nodriver.”可知，人们认为的无人驾驶汽车，就是没有司机的汽车，当然也不该包括人的责任问题，故选D项. 49．Driverlessvehiclesinpublictransportseenobrightfuturein.A．Singapore B．theUKC．theUS D．Germany答案 C解析细节理解题.根据最后一段中的“ThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS，however.”可知，无人驾驶汽车作为公共交通方式在美国反响却很差，即：在美国，无人驾驶汽车在公共交通领域看不到光明的前景，因此选C项.50．Whatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A．AutonomousDriving：WhoseLiability?B．FullyAutomaticCars：ANewBreakthroughC．AutonomousVehicles：DriverRemoved!D．DriverlessCars：RootofRoadAccidents答案 A解析标题归纳题.全文围绕自主驾驶车辆的司机的角色认定以及谁该负法律责任的问题展开了讨论，故选A项.跟踪训练A(2016·河东区一模)There’snodoubtthatourcharacterhasaprofoundeffectonourfuture.Whatwemustreme mber，however，isnotmerelyhowpowerfulcharacterisininfluencingourfate(命运)，buthowpowerfulweareinshapingourowncharacterand，therefore，ourownfate.Charactermaydetermineourfate，butcharacterisnotdeterminedbyfate.It’sacommonmistaketothinkofcharacterassomethingthatisfullyformedandfixedve ryearlyinlife.Itcallstomindoldproverbslike“Aleopardcan’tchangeitsspots”and “Youcan’tteachanolddognewtricks”．Thisperspectivethatourcharacteris“etchedinstone”issupportedbyagreatdealofmodernpsychologyemphasizingself-acceptance.AsPopeyesay s，“IamwhatIam.”Thehiddenmessageis：Don’texpectmetobemore，better，ordifferent.Ultimately，theseviewsofhumanitytotallyundervaluethelifelongpotentialforgrowththatcomeswith thepowerofreflectionandchoice.Howdepressingitwouldbetobelievethatwecan’tchoosetobebetter，morehonest，morerespectful，moreresponsible，andmorecaring.Noneofusshouldgiveupthepersonalseekingtoimproveourcharacter.Notbe causewe’rebad，wedon’thavetobesicktogetbetter，butbecausewe’renotasgoodaswecouldbe.Therearesomanythingsinlifewecan’tcontrol，whetherwe’rebeautifulorsmart，whetherwehadgoodparentsorbad，whetherwegre wupwithaffirmationornegation.It’sinspiringtorememberthatnothingbut moralwillpowerisneededtomakeusbetter.No，itisn’teasy.Butifwemakeagreatefforttobecomemoreawareofthehabitsofheartandmindt hatdriveourbehavior，wecanbegintoplacenewemphasisonourhighervaluessothatwebecomewhatwewantourchildre ntothinkweare.1．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．WeShapeOurOwnCharacterB．CharacterDeterminesOurFateC．CharacterIsFullyFormedandFixedD．WeMustMeetWhatOurChildrenNeed答案 A解析标题归纳题.纵观全文，文章主要讲述了什么塑造了我们的性格以及我们的性格受哪些因素的影响，结合各个选项的意思，可知选A.2．Theauthoragreesthat.A．aleopardcan’tchangeitsspotsB．inlifewemustattachimportancetoself-acceptanceC．weshouldn’texpectourselvestobemoredifferent D．characterisnotfullyformedandfixedveryearly答案 D解析细节理解题.根据第二段第一句“It’sacommonmistaketothinkofcharacterassomethingthatisfullyformedandfixedvery earlyinlife.”可知D选项的意思与之相符，故选D.3．Intheauthor’sopinion，whichofthefollowingisTRUE?A．Wecan’tchoosetobebetter.B．Weshouldseektoimproveourcharacterforwe’rebadenough. C．Weshouldvalueourlifelongpotentialforgrowth. D．Weshouldmakechoicesconstantly.答案 C解析推理判断题.根据第四段的内容可知，作者认为我们应该高度重视我们个人的终身发展，故本题应选C.4．Whatdoweneedtoimproveourselvesaccordingtotheauthor?A．Oursmartness. B．Ourwillpower.C．Ourfate. D．Ourcharacter.答案 B解析细节理解题.根据第六段最后一句可知,作者认为我们需要意志力来自我完善.故选B.5．Whatcanweinferfromthepassage?A．Itisnotdifficulttoimproveourselves. B．Wemusttryourbesttobeasgoodaspossible. C．Ourchildrenshouldcopyourbehavior. D．Weshouldcontrolasmanythingsaspossibleinlife.答案 B解析推理判断题.根据第五段的内容可推知选B项.B(2017·河北区二模)Iamawriter.Ispendagreatdealofmytimethinkingaboutthepoweroflanguage—thewayi tcanevoke(唤起) anemotion，avisualimage，acomplexidea，nguageisthetoolofmytrade.AndIusethemall—alltheEnglishesIgrewu pwith.BornintoaChinesefamilythathadrecentlyarrivedinCalifornia，I’vebeengivingmorethoughttothekindofEnglishmymotherspeaks.Likeothers，Ihavedescribedittopeopleas“broken”English.ButIfeelembarrassedtosaythat.IthasalwaysbotheredmethatIcanthinkofnowayt odescribeitotherthan“broken”，asifitweredamagedandneededtobefixed，asifitlackedacertainwholeness.I’veheardothertermsused，“limitedEnglish”，forexample.Buttheyseemjustasbad，asifeverythingislimited，includingpeople’sperceptions(认识) ofthelimitedEnglishspeaker.Iknowthisforafact，becausewhenIwasgrowingup，mymother’s“limited”Englishlimitedmyperceptionofher.IwasashamedofherEnglish.IbelievedthatherEnglish reflectedthequalityofwhatshehadtosay.Thatis，becausesheexpressedthemimperfectly，herthoughtswereimperfect.AndIhadplentyofevidencetosupportme：thefactthatpeopleindepartmentstores，atbanks，andatrestaurantsdidnottakeherseriously，didnotgivehergoodservice，pretendednottounderstandher，orevenactedasiftheydidnothearher.Istartedwritingfictionin1985.AndforreasonsIwon’tgetintotoday，IbegantowritestoriesusingalltheEnglishesIgrewupwith：theEnglishsheusedwithme，whichforlackofabettertermmightbedescribedas“broken”；andwhatIimaginetobehertranslationofherChinese，herinternal(内在的) language，andforthatIsoughttopreservetheessence，butneitheranEnglishnoraChinesestructure.Iwantedtocatchwhatlanguageabilitytestsc annevershow：herintention，herfeelings，therhythmsofherspeechandthenatureofherthoughts.6．Bysaying“Languageisthetoolofmytrade.”，theauthormeansthat. A．sheusesEnglishinforeigntradeB．sheisfascinatedbylanguagesC．sheworksasatranslatorD．sheisawriterbyprofession答案 D解析句意理解题.由文章第一句“Iamawriter.”和第一段的内容可知，此处表示作者是一名作家.7．Theauthorusedtothinkofhermother’sEnglishas.A．impolite B．amusingC．imperfect D．practical答案 C解析细节理解题.作者在文章的第二段和第三段中描写她母亲的英语时用了：broken(蹩脚的)，limited(有限的)，imperfect(不完美的)三个形容词，故选C. 8．WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3? A．AmericansdonotunderstandbrokenEnglish.B．Theauthor’smotherwasnotrespectedsometimes.C．Theauthor’smotherhadapositiveinfluenceonher. D．BrokenEnglishalwaysreflectsimperfectthoughts.答案 B解析推理判断题.从第三段的最后一句可推断，作者的母亲有时因其蹩脚的英语而不受人尊重.9．Theauthorgraduallyrealizeshermother’sEnglishis.A．wellstructuredB．intheoldstyleC．easytotranslateD．richinmeaning答案 D解析推理判断题.通过最后一段的内容可知作者改变了对母亲蹩脚的英语的看法，认为她的蹩脚英语内涵丰富.10．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．Thechangeoftheauthor’sattitudetohermother’sEnglish. B．Thelimitationoftheauthor’sperceptionofhermother.C．Theauthor’smisunderstandingof“limited”English.D．Theauthor’sexperiencesofusingbrokenEnglish.答案 A解析主旨大意题.文章讲述了作者对母亲所讲的蹩脚英语的态度随着时间的推移所发生的变化.。
2018年高考英语天津专版二轮复习文档专题三 阅读理解 第二节 Word版含答案
第二节方法运用于命题阅读理解的常考命题1．细节理解题细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。
其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。
其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非等。
2．词义猜测题高考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。
词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。
要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜测词义(重述、定义、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词等)；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻辑猜测词义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等。
3．推理判断题推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。
推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键。
其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不可出现绝对概念。
其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混珠、扩缩范围等。
4．主旨大意题主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。
其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段；确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
其干扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概念；无中生有，生搬硬套等。
注意解答各类命题时往往是多法并举，而不是一种方法解决一种题。
(2017·天津，B)Fifteenyearsago，ItookasummervacationinLecceinsouthernItaly.Afterclimbingupahillforapanoramic(全景的) viewofthebluesea，whitebuildingsandgreenolivetrees，Ipausedtocatchmybreathandthenpositionedmyselftotakethebestphotoofthispanorama.Unfortunately，justasItookoutmycamera，awomanapproachedfrombehind，andplantedherselfrightinfrontofmyview.Likeme，thiswomanwasheretostop，sighandappreciatetheview.PatientasIwas，afterabout15minutes，mycamerascanningthesunandreviewingtheshotIwouldeventuallytake，Igrewfrustrated.WasittoomuchtoaskhertomovesoIcouldtakejustonepictureofthelandscape ？Sure，Icouldhaveaskedher，butsomethingpreventedmefromdoingso.Sheseemedsocontentinherobservation.Ididn’twantt omesswiththat.Another15minutespassedandIgrewbored.Thewomanwasstillthere.Idecidedtotakethephot oanyway.AndnowwhenIlookatit，Ithinkherpresenceinthephotoiswhatmakestheimageinteresting.Thelandscape，beautifulonitsown，somehowcomestolifeandbreathesbecausethiswomanisengagingwithit.Thisphoto，withtheuniquebeautythatunfoldedbeforemeandthatwomanwho“ruined”it，nowhangsonawallinmybedroom.Whatwouldshethinkifsheknewthatherfigureiscaptured(捕捉) andfrozenonsomestranger’sbedroomwall？Abedroom，afterall，isaveryprivatespace，inwhichsomewomanIdon’tevenknowhasbeenimmortalized(使……永存)．Insomeways，shelivesinmyhouse.Perhapsweallliveineachoth ers’spaces.Perhapsthisiswhatphotosarefor：toremindusthatweallappreciatebeauty，thatweallshareacommondesireforpleasure，forconnection，forsomethingthatisgreaterthanus.Thatphotoisareminder，acapturedmoment，anunspokenconversationbetweentwowomen，separatedonlybyathinsquareofglass.41．Whathappenedwhentheauthorwasabouttotakeaphoto?A．Hercamerastoppedworking.B．Awomanblockedherview.C．Someoneaskedhertoleave.D．Afriendapproachedfrombehind.答案 B解析细节理解题。
2018年高考英语天津专版二轮复习文档：专题三 阅读理解 第三节 题组2 含答案
A(2017·河东区一模)Do you ever wish for a little more time to do everything you need to do？Well，on July 1 you’ll be getting it—but only one more second.On July 1 at exactly 7：59：59 a．m.Beijing time (or on June 30 at 23：59：59 UTC，Coordinated Universal Time)，the world’s atomic(原子的) clocks will pause for a single second，or，more precisely，change to the unusual time of 7：59：60，according to .The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earth’s rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.Just one extra second could cause big problems and affect the way computers and websites work，however.When the last leap second was added back in 2012，more than a few websites had some trouble.As reported by ，popular sites like the community website Reddit crashed when the leap second was added.For Reddit，the problem was eventually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second.Speaking to Wired about the problem back in 2012，Linux creator Linus Torvalds commented：“Almost every time we have a leap second，we find something.It’s really annoying，because it’s code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions.”Companies have had to think of their own solutions，and Google’s “leap smear”may be the best-known example.As company engineer Christopher Pascoe explains in a blog post，companies usually try to fix the problem by turning back the clocks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again.However，Pascoe believes this creates problems.He asked：“What happens？Does e-mail that comes in during that second get stored correctly？”Google has a solution：Cut the extra second into milliseconds and then put these tiny amounts of time into the system throughout the day.“This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight，”says Pascoe.“Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day.”For many companies without Google’s money，however，the leap second will likelystill cause some crashes.Don’t worry，though—at least it won’t last long!1．Why do we need to add a leap second?A．The world’s atomic clocks are set to do so.B．To keep in time with the world’s computers.C．To keep atomic clocks in time with the slowing of Earth’s rotation.D．To record the changes to astronomical time.答案 C解析细节理解题。
高三英语二轮复习 第3模块 阅读理解 专题八 科普知识型阅读理解课件 大纲
专题八 │ 真题典例
( )3.The researchers' conclusion was based on a
study of the African elephant's ________.
A．DNA
B．height
C．weight
D．population
专题八 │ 真题典例
【解析】 A 细节理解题。根据第三段“Once they obtained DNA sequences(序列)from two fossils(化石)， mammoths and mastodons, the team compared them with DNA from modern elephants. They found to their amazement that modern forest and savanna elephants are as distinct from each other as Asian elephants and mammoths”可判断研究者的结论是建立在对非洲大象的 DNA的研究结果的基础上的，故选A。
专题八 │ 真题典例
The scientists used detailed genetic analysis to prove that the African savanna elephant and the African forest elephant have been distinct species for several million years. The divergence of the two species took place around the time of the divergence of Asian elephants and woolly mammoths. This result amazed all the scientists.
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第三节题组训练 2 科普知识A(2017·河东区一模)Do you ever wish for a little more time to do everything you need to do？Well，on July 1 you’ll be getting it—but only one more second.On July 1 at exactly 7：59：59 a．m.Beijing time (or on June 30 at 23：59：59 UTC，Coordinated Universal Time)，the world’s atomic(原子的) clocks will pause for a single second，or，more precisely，change to the unusual time of 7：59：60，according to .The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in ti me with the slowing of Earth’s rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.Just one extra second could cause big problems and affect the way computers and websites work，however.When the last leap second was added back in 2012，more than a few websites had some trouble.As reported by ，popular sites like the community website Reddit crashed when the leap second was added.For Reddit，the problem was eventually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second.Speaking to Wired about the problem back in 2012，Linux creator Linus Torvalds commented：“Almost every time we have a leap second，we find something.It’s really annoying，because it’s code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions.”Companies have had to think of their own solutions，and Google’s “leap smear” may be the best-known example.As company engineer Christopher Pascoe explains in a blog post，companies usually try to fix the problem by turning back the clocks byone second at the end of the day so that they play that second again.However，Pascoe believes this creates problems.He asked：“What happens？Does e-mail that comes in during that second get stored correctly？”Google has a solution：Cut the extra second into milliseconds and then put these tiny amounts of time into the system throughout the day.“This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight，”says Pascoe.“Our clocks have already taken this into accoun t over the course of the day.”For many companies without Google’s money，however，the leap second will likely still cause some crashes.Don’t worry，though—at least it won’t last long!1．Why do we need to add a leap second?A．Th e world’s atomic clocks are set to do so.B．To keep in time with the world’s computers.C．To keep atomic clocks in time with the slowing of Earth’s rotation.D．To record the changes to astronomical time.答案 C解析细节理解题。
根据文章第二段中“The addition of a leap second(闰秒)，announced by the Paris Observatory，is to keep our clocks in time with the slowing of Earth’s rotation(旋转) and astronomical time as measured by the sun.”可知，闰秒是由于地球自转变慢引起的，为了与由太阳测量的天文时间一致而增加一秒，故选C。
2．What happened to the website Reddit when the leap second was added in 2012? A．It crashed because of a virus attack.B．Its network time added two extra seconds.C．All of the code in its Linux system went wrong.D．One of its software systems got confused and the site broke down.答案 D解析细节理解题。
根据第三段最后一句和第四段中“th e problem was eventually found to be with a Linux system that got confused when it checked the network time and found an extra second”可知，闰秒发生时，网站崩溃，运行系统混乱，故选D。
3．What does the underlined word “something” refer to in the 5th paragraph? A．The code not working properly.B．The extra second.C．The problem.D．Normal conditions.答案 A解析代词指代题。
根据文章第五段中“we find something.It’s really annoying，because it’s code(代码) that is almost never used，and thus not tested by users under their normal conditions”可知，something指代后文出现的一些从没使用过和测试过的代码，即代码不正常地工作，故选A。
4．How do companies usually deal with the problem of the extra second?A．By shutting down computers at the end of the day.B．By stopping receiving emails that come in during that second.C．By turning the clocks back by one second at the end of the day.D．By cutting the extra second into milliseconds throughout the day.答案 C解析细节理解题。
根据第六段中“companies usually try to fix the problem by turning back the clocks by one second at the end of the day so that they play that second again”可知，解决额外一秒的做法是在一天结束时将时钟往回调一秒，故选C。
5．What’s Christopher Pascoe’s attitude toward Google’s solution to the problem? A．Unfavorable. B．Doubtful.C．Approving. D．Cautious.答案 C解析推理判断题。
根据倒数第二段中“‘This means that when it became time to add an extra second at midnight，’says Pascoe.‘Our clocks have already taken this into account over the course of the day.’”可知，午夜时分多一秒时，时钟已经在白天将这一秒考虑在内了，所以Pascoe认同这个方法，故选C。