机制数控方向精品毕业设计柴油机连杆的加工工艺翻译
柴油机“连杆”零件的机械加工工艺规程的编制及工装设计 机械设计毕业论文
柴油机“连杆”零件的机械加工工艺规程的编制及工装设计前言毕业设计是在学完了机械制造工艺及夹具和大部分专业课，并进行了生产实习的基础上进行的一个教学环节。
这是我们在毕业前对所学课程的一次深入的全面的总复习，也是一次理论联系实际的训练，更是一次毕业总结。
因此，毕业设计在这三年的学习中占有十分重要的地位，要求每位毕业生都能发挥所能，搞好自己的设计，给自己的学业划上一个圆满的句号。
我也十分重视这次毕业设计，并希望通过这次设计对自己今后将从事的工作进行一次适应性的训练，锻炼自己分析问题、解决问题的能力。
由于个人能力有限，设计中难免有许多不足之处。
希望各位指导老师给予批评指正，我也会在以后的工作中严格要求自己，努力提高自己的专业技能。
摘要机械制造工业是国民经济最重要的部门之一，是一个国家或地区经济发展的支柱产业，其发展水平标志着该国家或地区的经济实力、科技水平、生活水平和国防实力。
机械制造业的生产能力和发展水平标志着一个国家或地区国民经济现代化的程度，而机械制造业的生产能力主要取决于机械制造装备的先进程度，产品性能和质量的好坏则取决于制造过程中工艺水平的高低。
连杆作为传递力的主要部件广泛应用于各类动力机车上，是各类柴油机或汽油机的重要部件。
连杆在传递力的过程中，承受着很高的周期性冲击力、惯性力和弯曲力。
这就要求连杆应具有高的强度、韧性和疲劳性能。
同时，因其是发动机重要的运动部件，故要求很高的重量精度。
随着汽车行业的发展，连杆的需求量在不断增加，也出现了许多不同的加工制造工艺。
关键词：机械制造、机械制造装备、连杆、加工工艺目录绪论............................................................................ (4)一. 零件的结构工艺分析 (4)1.1. 零件的作用及保护措施 (4)1.2. 毛坯材料的选用、制造并绘制毛坯图 (6)1.3. 连杆工艺规程的设计 (9)1.4. 零件的工艺过程分析 (13)1.5. 工艺方案的确定 (15)1.6. 机械加工余量、切削用量、工序尺寸的确定 (16)1.7. 工序工时定额的计算 (19)二. 连杆机械加工技术近期发展 (22)三. 连杆的修复 (24)四. 工装设计 (25)五. 总结 (33)六. 致谢 (34)七. 参考文献 (35)八. 毕业设计任务 (36)绪论机械制造工业是国民经济最重要的部门之一，是一个国家或地区经济发展的支柱产业，其发展水平标志着该国家或地区的经济实力、科技水平、生活水平和国防实力。
柴油机连杆加工工艺规程及专用钻床夹具的设计.
柴油机连杆加工工艺规程及专用钻床夹具的设计摘要连杆是柴油机的主要传动件之一，本文主要论述了连杆的加工工艺及其夹具设计。
连杆的尺寸精度、形状精度以及位置精度的要求都很高，而连杆的刚性比较差，容易产生变形，因此在安排工艺过程时，就需要把各主要表面的粗精加工工序分开。
逐步减少加工余量、切削力及内应力的作用，并修正加工后的变形，就能最后达到零件的技术要求。
关键词:连杆粉末锻造加工工艺夹具设计Abstract: the connecting rod is one of the main driving medium of diesel engine, this text expounds mainly the machining technology and the design of clamping device of the connecting rod. The precision of size, the precision of profile and the precision of position , of the connecting rod is demanded highly , and the rigidity of the connecting rod is not enough, easy to deform, so arranging the craft course, need to separate the each main and superficial thick finish machining process. Reduce the function of processing the surplus , cutting force and internal stress progressively , revise the deformation after processing, can reach the specification requirement for the part finally .Keyword: Connecting rod Powder-Forging Processing technology Fixture Design目录第1章前言 (1)1.1连杆的结构特点 (1)1.2连杆生产的工艺方法 (1)第2章柴油机加工工艺规程 (2)2.1连杆的技术要求 (2)2.1.1 大、小头孔的尺寸精度、形状精度 (2)2.1.2 大、小头孔轴心线在两个互相垂直方向的平行度 (2)2.1.3 大、小头孔中心距 (3)2.1.4 连杆大头孔两端面对大头孔中心线的垂直度 (3)2.1.5 大、小头孔两端面的技术要求 (3)2.1.6螺栓孔的技术要求 (3)2.1.7对口面的技术要求 (3)2.2连杆的材料和毛坯 (4)2.3工艺过程设计 (7)2.3.1 基准的选择 (7)2.3.2制定工艺路线 (8)2.4连杆的机械加工工艺过程分析 (12)2.4.1 工艺过程的安排 (12)2.4.2 定位基准的选择 (12)2.4.3确定合理的夹紧方法 (13)2.4.4 连杆两端面的加工 (13)2.4.5 连杆大、小头孔的加工 (13)2.4.6 连杆螺栓孔的加工 (14)2.4.7 连杆体与连杆盖的铣开工序 (14)2.5切削用量的选择原则 (14)2.5.2 精加工时切削用量的选择原则 (16)2.6确定各工序的加工余量、计算工序尺寸及公差 (16)2.6.1 确定加工余量 (16)2.6.2 确定工序尺寸及其公差 (17)2.7工时定额的计算 (18)2.7.1 铣连杆两侧面 (18)2.7.2 加工小头孔 (18)2.7.3 粗镗大头孔 (19)2.7.4精铣螺栓座面 (19)2.7.5 铣开连杆体和盖 (20)2.7.6 加工连杆体 (20)2.7.7 加工连杆盖 (21)2.7.8螺栓孔的加工 (22)2.7.9 精磨结合面 (23)2.7.10铣轴瓦锁口槽 (24)2.7.11 精磨大头两平面（先标记朝上） (24)2.7.12 半精镗大头孔及精镗小头孔 (25)2.7.13大头孔两端倒角 (26)2.7.14 钻小头油孔 (26)2.7.15精镗大头孔 (26)2.7.16 镗小头孔衬套 (26)2.7.17 珩磨大头孔 (27)第3章扩小头孔钻床夹具的设计 (28)3.1定位基准的选择 (28)3.2夹紧方案的确定 (28)3.3切削力及夹紧力的计算 (28)3.4夹具体设计 (29)3.5定位误差分析 (30)结论 (31)致谢 (32)参考文献 (33)第1章前言1.1连杆的结构特点连杆是汽车发动机中的主要传动部件之一，它把作用于活塞顶面的膨胀的压力传递给曲轴，又受曲轴的驱动而带动活塞压缩气缸中的气体。
柴油机连杆加工工艺设计方案说明书
摘要连杆机构中两端分别与主动和从动构件铰接以传递运动和力的杆件。
例如在往复活塞式动力机械和压缩机中，用连杆来连接活塞与曲柄。
连杆多为钢件，其主体部分的截面多为圆形或工字形，两端有孔，孔内装有青铜衬套或滚针轴承，供装入轴销而构成铰接。
连杆是汽车发动机中的重要零件，它连接着活塞和曲轴，其作用是将活塞的往复运动转变为曲轴的旋转运动，并把作用在活塞上的力传给曲轴以输出功率。
连杆在工作中，除承受燃烧室燃气产生的压力外，还要承受纵向和横向的惯性力。
因此，连杆在一个复杂的应力状态下工作。
它既受交变的拉压应力、又受弯曲应力。
连杆的主要损坏形式是疲劳断裂和过量变形。
通常疲劳断裂的部位是在连杆上的三个高应力区域。
连杆的工作条件要求连杆具有较高的强度和抗疲劳性能；又要求具有足够的钢性和韧性。
连杆是柴油机的主要传动件之一，本文主要论述了连杆的加工工艺及其部分工序夹具设计。
制定工艺路线时主要考虑粗、精加工安排、加工方法选择、工序集中与分散、加工顺序等方面的要求。
接着确定加工余量、工序尺寸及切削用量，最后设计夹具。
本论文介绍了确定加工连杆的生产纲领及生产类型；确定连杆的毛坯材料及尺寸，确定毛坯加工余量；设计连杆加工工艺；确定部分重要工序所用的工艺装备和设备；计算部分重要工序的切削用量和基本时间；设计重要工序所用的夹具。
连杆的尺寸精度、形状精度以及位置精度的要求都很高，而连杆的工作环境恶劣，刚性比较差，容易产生变形，因此在安排工艺过程时，就需要把各主要表面的粗精加工工序分开。
逐步减少加工余量、切削力及内应力的作用，并修正加工后的变形，才能最后达到零件的技术要求。
关键词: 连杆。
变形。
工作环境。
加工工艺。
夹具设计前言本次设计是一次综合性的练兵设计，是对我们三年来所学知识的一次检验，在设计中既巩固了所学的知识，又为走向工作岗位奠定了良好的基础。
因而，我们必须认真、谨慎、踏实、一步一步、绝不马虎地完成设计。
从而给三年大学生活画上一个完整的句号！毕业设计是一个重要的教案环节，通过毕业实习使我们了解到一些实际与理论的差异。
常用机械加工工艺术语英汉对照
常用机械加工工艺术语英汉对照机械加工是指通过机械制造及加工的方式来完成各种产品的加工。
在机械加工过程中，有很多工艺术语需要了解，这些术语不仅是机械加工人员的必备知识，也是制造企业和客户之间的交流桥梁。
下面就是一份常用机械加工工艺术语的英汉对照表，帮助大家更好地理解机械加工过程。
1. 粗加工Rough machining2. 熟料处理Annealing3. 毛坯Blank4. 精密加工Precision machining5. 转磨Grinding6. 铣削Milling7. 镗孔Boring8. 拉伸Stretching9. 挤压Extruding10. 喷砂Sandblasting11. 抛光Polishing12. 震动去毛刺Vibration deburring13. 静电喷涂Electrostatic spraying14. 焊接Welding15. 热处理Heat treatment16. 钻孔Drilling17. 电脱皮电镀Electroplating18. 火花电切EDM（Electric Discharge Machining）19. 搓丝Threading20. 机械拔丝Drawing21. 齿轮加工Gear processing22. 研磨Grinding23. 铸造Casting24. 制造Manufacturing25. 设计Design26. 模具加工Mold processing27. 机加工Machine processing28. 仪器检测Instrument testing29. 装配Assembly30. 模具制造Mold manufacturing31. 冷拉Cold drawing32. 热挤压Hot extrusion33. 机械刻字机机Mechanical engraving machine34. 粗磨Rough grinding35. 成品Finished product36. 玻璃加工Glass processing37. 塑料加工Plastic processing38. 粉末冶金Powder metallurgy39. 煅烧Calcination40. 成型Molding上文中这些艺术术语的英汉对照不仅可以帮助初学者更好地掌握机械加工技术，对于企业和客户之间的交流以及机械加工制品的质量检测也非常重要。
机电一体化中英文互译
机械专业中英文对照英语词汇瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheel后角clearance angle龙门刨削planing主轴spindle主轴箱headstock卡盘chuck加工中心machining center车刀lathe tool车床lathe钻削镗削bore车削turning磨床grinder基准benchmark钳工locksmith锻forge压模stamping焊weld拉床broaching machine拉broaching装配assembling铸造found流体动力学fluid dynamics流体力学fluid mechanics加工machining液压hydraulic pressure切线tangent机电一体化mechanotronics mechanical-electrical integration 气压air pressure pneumatic pressure稳定性stability介质medium液压驱动泵fluid clutch液压泵hydraulic pump阀门valve失效invalidation强度intensity载荷load应力stress安全系数safty factor可靠性reliability螺纹thread螺旋helix键spline销pin 滚动轴承rolling bearing滑动轴承sliding bearing弹簧spring制动器arrester brake十字结联轴节crosshead联轴器coupling链chain皮带strap精加工finish machining粗加工rough machining变速箱体gearbox casing腐蚀rust氧化oxidation磨损wear耐用度durability随机信号random signal离散信号discrete signal超声传感器ultrasonic sensor集成电路integrate circuit挡板orifice plate残余应力residual stress套筒sleeve扭力torsion冷加工cold machining电动机electromotor汽缸cylinder过盈配合interference fit热加工hotwork摄像头CCD camera倒角rounding chamfer优化设计optimal design工业造型设计industrial moulding design有限元finite element滚齿hobbing插齿gear shaping伺服电机actuating motor铣床milling machine钻床drill machine镗床boring machine步进电机stepper motor丝杠screw rod导轨lead rail组件subassembly可编程序逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller PLC电火花加工electric spark machining电火花线切割加工electrical discharge wire - cutting 相图phase diagram热处理heat treatment固态相变solid state phase changes有色金属nonferrous metal瓷ceramics合成纤维synthetic fibre电化学腐蚀electrochemical corrosion车架automotive chassis悬架suspension转向器redirector变速器speed changer板料冲压sheet metal parts加工spot facing machining车间workshop工程技术人员engineer气动夹紧pneuma lock数学模型mathematical model画法几descriptive geometry机械制图Mechanical drawing投影projection视图view剖视图profile chart标准件standard component零件图part drawing装配图assembly drawing尺寸标注size marking技术要求technical requirements刚度rigidity力internal force位移displacement截面section疲劳极限fatigue limit断裂fracture塑性变形plastic distortion脆性材料brittleness material刚度准则rigidity criterion垫圈washer垫片spacer直齿圆柱齿轮straight toothed spur gear斜齿圆柱齿轮helical-spur gear直齿锥齿轮straight bevel gear运动简图kinematic sketch 齿轮齿条pinion and rack蜗杆蜗轮worm and worm gear虚约束passive constraint曲柄crank摇杆racker凸轮cams共轭曲线conjugate curve成法generation method定义域definitional domain值域range导数\\微分differential coefficient求导derivation定积分definite integral不定积分indefinite integral曲率curvature偏微分partial differential毛坯rough游标卡尺slide caliper千分尺micrometer calipers攻丝tap二阶行列式second order determinant逆矩阵inverse matrix线性程组linear equations概率probability随机变量random variable排列组合permutation and combination气体状态程equation of state of gas动能kinetic energy势能potential energy机械能守恒conservation of mechanical energy 动量momentum桁架truss轴线axes余子式cofactor逻辑电路logic circuit触发器flip-flop脉冲波形pulse shape数模digital analogy液压传动机构fluid drive mechanism机械零件mechanical parts淬火冷却quench淬火hardening回火tempering调质hardening and tempering磨粒abrasive grain结合剂bonding agent砂轮grinding wheelAssembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪Screw driver 起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝)fixture 夹具(治具)pallet 栈板barcode 条码barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合fuse machine热熔机repair修理operator作业员QC品管supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条front plate 前板rear plate 后板chassis 基座bezel panel 面板power button 电源按键reset button 重置键Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表work cell 工作间trolley 台车carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork 叉车personnel resource department 人力资源部production department生产部门planning department企划部QC Section品管科stamping factory冲压厂painting factory烤漆厂molding factory成型厂common equipment常用设备uncoiler and straightener整平机punching machine 冲床robot机械手hydraulic machine油压机lathe车床planer |plein|刨床miller铣床grinder磨床linear cutting线切割electrical sparkle电火花welder电焊机staker=reviting machine铆合机position职务president董事长general manager总经理special assistant manager特助factory director厂长department director部长deputy manager | =vice manager副理section supervisor课长deputy section supervisor =vice section superisor副课长group leader/supervisor组长line supervisor线长assistant manager助理to move, to carry, to handle搬运be put in storage入库pack packing包装to apply oil擦油to file burr 锉毛刺final inspection终检to connect material接料to reverse material 翻料wet station沾湿台Tiana天那水cleaning cloth抹布to load material上料to unload material卸料to return material/stock to退料scraped |\\'skr?pid|报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase来料不良manufacture procedure制程deficient manufacturing procedure制程不良oxidation |\\' ksi\\'dei?n|氧化scratch刮伤dents压痕defective upsiding down抽芽不良defective to staking铆合不良embedded lump镶块feeding is not in place送料不到位stamping-missing漏冲production capacity生产力education and training教育与训练proposal improvement提案改善spare parts=buffer备件forklift叉车trailer=long vehicle拖板车compound die合模die locker锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch压板bolt螺栓administration/general affairs dept总务部automatic screwdriver电动启子thickness gauge厚薄规gauge(or jig)治具power wire电源线buzzle蜂鸣器defective product label不良标签identifying sheet list标示单location地点present members出席人员subject主题conclusion结论decision items决议事项responsible department负责单位pre-fixed finishing date预定完成日approved by / checked by / prepared by核准/审核/承办PCE assembly production schedule sheet PCE组装厂生产排配表model机锺work order工令revision版次remark备注production control confirmation生产确认checked by初审approved by核准department部门stock age analysis sheet 库存货龄分析表on-hand inventory现有库存available material良品可使用obsolete material良品已呆滞to be inspected or reworked 待验或重工total合计cause description原因说明part number/ P/N 料号type形态item/group/class类别quality品质prepared by制表notes说明year-end physical inventory difference analysis sheet 年终盘点差异分析表physical inventory盘点数量physical count quantity帐面数量difference quantity差异量cause analysis原因分析raw materials原料materials物料finished product成品semi-finished product半成品packing materials包材good product/accepted goods/ accepted parts/good parts良品defective product/non-good parts不良品disposed goods处理品warehouse/hub仓库on way location在途仓oversea location海外仓spare parts physical inventory list备品盘点清单spare molds location模具备品仓skid/pallet栈板tox machine自铆机wire EDM线割EDM放电机coil stock卷料sheet stock片料tolerance工差score=groove压线cam block滑块pilot导正筒trim剪外边pierce剪边drag form压锻差pocket for the punch head挂钩槽slug hole废料feature die公母模expansion dwg展开图radius半径shim(wedge)楔子torch-flame cut火焰切割set screw止付螺丝form block折刀stop pin定位销round pierce punch=die button圆冲子shape punch=die insert异形子stock locater block定位块under cut=scrap chopper清角active plate活动板baffle plate挡块cover plate盖板male die公模female die母模groove punch压线冲子air-cushion eject-rod气垫顶杆spring-box eject-plate弹簧箱顶板bushing block衬套insert 入块club car高尔夫球车capability能力parameter参数factor系数phosphate皮膜化成viscosity涂料粘度alkalidipping脱脂main manifold主集流脉bezel斜视规blanking穿落模dejecting顶固模demagnetization去磁;消磁high-speed transmission高速传递heat dissipation热传rack上料degrease脱脂rinse水洗alkaline etch龄咬desmut剥黑膜D.I. rinse纯水次Chromate铬酸处理Anodize阳性处理seal封revision版次part number/P/N料号good products良品scraped products报放心品defective products不良品finished products成品disposed products处理品barcode条码flow chart流程表单assembly组装stamping冲压molding成型spare parts=buffer备品coordinate座标dismantle the die折模auxiliary fuction辅助功能poly-line多义线heater band 加热片thermocouple热电偶sand blasting喷沙grit 砂砾derusting machine除锈机degate打浇口dryer烘干机induction感应induction light感应光response=reaction=interaction感应ram连杆edge finder巡边器concave凸convex凹short射料不足nick缺口speck瑕??shine亮班splay 银纹gas mark焦痕delamination起鳞cold slug冷块blush 导色gouge沟槽;凿槽satin texture段面咬花witness line证示线patent专利grit沙砾granule=peuet=grain细粒grit maker抽粒机cushion缓冲magnalium镁铝合金magnesium镁金metal plate钣金lathe车mill锉plane刨grind磨drill铝boring镗blinster气泡fillet镶;嵌边through-hole form通形式voller pin formality滚针形式cam driver铡楔shank摸柄crank shaft曲柄轴augular offset角度偏差velocity速度production tempo生产进度现状torque扭矩spline=the multiple keys花键quenching淬火tempering回火annealing退火carbonization碳化tungsten high speed steel钨高速的moly high speed steel钼高速的organic solvent有机溶剂bracket小磁导liaison联络单volatile挥发性resistance电阻ion离子titrator滴定仪beacon警示灯coolant冷却液crusher破碎机阿基米德蜗杆Archimedes worm安全系数safety factor; factor of safety安全载荷safe load凹面、凹度concavity扳手wrench板簧flat leaf spring半圆键woodruff key变形deformation摆杆oscillating bar摆动从动件oscillating follower摆动从动件凸轮机构cam with oscillating follower 摆动导杆机构oscillating guide-bar mechanism 摆线齿轮cycloidal gear摆线齿形cycloidal tooth profile摆线运动规律cycloidal motion摆线针轮cycloidal-pin wheel包角angle of contact保持架cage背对背安装back-to-back arrangement背锥back cone ；normal cone背锥角back angle背锥距back cone distance比例尺scale比热容specific heat capacity闭式链closed kinematic chain闭链机构closed chain mechanism臂部arm变频器frequency converters变频调速frequency control of motor speed变速speed change变速齿轮change gear change wheel变位齿轮modified gear变位系数modification coefficient标准齿轮standard gear标准直齿轮standard spur gear表面质量系数superficial mass factor表面传热系数surface coefficient of heat transfer表面粗糙度surface roughness并联式组合combination in parallel并联机构parallel mechanism并联组合机构parallel combined mechanism并行工程concurrent engineering并行设计concurred design, CD不平衡相位phase angle of unbalance不平衡imbalance (or unbalance)不平衡量amount of unbalance不完全齿轮机构intermittent gearing波发生器wave generator波数number of waves补偿compensation参数化设计parameterization design, PD残余应力residual stress操纵及控制装置operation control device槽轮Geneva wheel槽轮机构Geneva mechanism ；Maltese cross槽数Geneva numerate槽凸轮groove cam侧隙backlash差动轮系differential gear train差动螺旋机构differential screw mechanism差速器differential常用机构conventional mechanism; mechanism in common use 车床lathe承载量系数bearing capacity factor承载能力bearing capacity成对安装paired mounting尺寸系列dimension series齿槽tooth space齿槽宽spacewidth齿侧间隙backlash齿顶高addendum齿顶圆addendum circle齿根高dedendum齿根圆dedendum circle齿厚tooth thickness齿距circular pitch齿宽face width齿廓tooth profile齿廓曲线tooth curve齿轮gear齿轮变速箱speed-changing gear boxes 齿轮齿条机构pinion and rack齿轮插刀pinion cutter; pinion-shaped shaper cutter 齿轮滚刀hob ,hobbing cutter齿轮机构gear齿轮轮坯blank齿轮传动系pinion unit齿轮联轴器gear coupling齿条传动rack gear齿数tooth number齿数比gear ratio齿条rack齿条插刀rack cutter; rack-shaped shaper cutter齿形链、无声链silent chain齿形系数form factor齿式棘轮机构tooth ratchet mechanism插齿机gear shaper重合点coincident points重合度contact ratio冲床punch传动比transmission ratio, speed ratio传动装置gearing; transmission gear传动系统driven system传动角transmission angle传动轴transmission shaft串联式组合combination in series串联式组合机构series combined mechanism串级调速cascade speed control创新innovation creation创新设计creation design垂直载荷、法向载荷normal load唇形橡胶密封lip rubber seal磁流体轴承magnetic fluid bearing从动带轮driven pulley从动件driven link, follower从动件平底宽度width of flat-face从动件停歇follower dwell从动件运动规律follower motion从动轮driven gear粗线bold line粗牙螺纹coarse thread大齿轮gear wheel打包机packer打滑slipping带传动belt driving带轮belt pulley带式制动器band brake单列轴承single row bearing单向推力轴承single-direction thrust bearing单万向联轴节single universal joint单位矢量unit vector当量齿轮equivalent spur gear; virtual gear当量齿数equivalent teeth number; virtual number of teeth当量摩擦系数equivalent coefficient of friction当量载荷equivalent load刀具cutter导数derivative倒角chamfer导热性conduction of heat导程lead导程角lead angle等加等减速运动规律parabolic motion; constant acceleration and deceleration motion等速运动规律uniform motion; constant velocity motion等径凸轮conjugate yoke radial cam等宽凸轮constant-breadth cam等效构件equivalent link等效力equivalent force等效力矩equivalent moment of force等效量equivalent等效质量equivalent mass等效转动惯量equivalent moment of inertia等效动力学模型dynamically equivalent model底座chassis低副lower pair点划线chain dotted line（疲劳）点蚀pitting垫圈gasket垫片密封gasket seal碟形弹簧belleville spring顶隙bottom clearance定轴轮系ordinary gear train; gear train with fixed axes动力学dynamics动密封kinematical seal动能dynamic energy动力粘度dynamic viscosity动力润滑dynamic lubrication动平衡dynamic balance动平衡机dynamic balancing machine 动态特性dynamic characteristics动态分析设计dynamic analysis design动压力dynamic reaction动载荷dynamic load端面transverse plane端面参数transverse parameters端面齿距transverse circular pitch端面齿廓transverse tooth profile端面重合度transverse contact ratio端面模数transverse module端面压力角transverse pressure angle锻造forge对称循环应力symmetry circulating stress对心滚子从动件radial (or in-line ) roller follower对心直动从动件radial (or in-line ) translating follower对心移动从动件radial reciprocating follower对心曲柄滑块机构in-line slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 多列轴承multi-row bearing多楔带poly V-belt多项式运动规律polynomial motion多质量转子rotor with several masses惰轮idle gear额定寿命rating life额定载荷load ratingII 级杆组dyad发生线generating line发生面generating plane法面normal plane法面参数normal parameters法面齿距normal circular pitch法面模数normal module法面压力角normal pressure angle法向齿距normal pitch法向齿廓normal tooth profile法向直廓蜗杆straight sided normal worm法向力normal force反馈式组合feedback combining反向运动学inverse ( or backward) kinematics反转法kinematic inversion反正切Arctan成法generating cutting仿形法form cutting案设计、概念设计concept design, CD防振装置shockproof device飞轮flywheel飞轮矩moment of flywheel非标准齿轮nonstandard gear非接触式密封non-contact seal非期性速度波动aperiodic speed fluctuation非圆齿轮non-circular gear粉末合金powder metallurgy分度线reference line; standard pitch line分度圆reference circle; standard (cutting) pitch circle 分度圆柱导程角lead angle at reference cylinder分度圆柱螺旋角helix angle at reference cylinder分母denominator分子numerator分度圆锥reference cone; standard pitch cone分析法analytical method封闭差动轮系planetary differential复合铰链compound hinge复合式组合compound combining复合轮系compound (or combined) gear train复合平带compound flat belt复合应力combined stress复式螺旋机构Compound screw mechanism复杂机构complex mechanism杆组Assur group干涉interference刚度系数stiffness coefficient刚轮rigid circular spline钢丝软轴wire soft shaft刚体导引机构body guidance mechanism刚性冲击rigid impulse (shock)刚性转子rigid rotor刚性轴承rigid bearing刚性联轴器rigid coupling高度系列height series高速带high speed belt高副higher pair格拉晓夫定理Grashoff`s law根切undercutting公称直径nominal diameter高度系列height series功work工况系数application factor工艺设计technological design工作循环图working cycle diagram 工作机构operation mechanism工作载荷external loads工作空间working space工作应力working stress工作阻力effective resistance工作阻力矩effective resistance moment公法线common normal line公共约束general constraint公制齿轮metric gears功率power功能分析设计function analyses design共轭齿廓conjugate profiles共轭凸轮conjugate cam构件link鼓风机blower固定构件fixed link; frame固体润滑剂solid lubricant关节型操作器jointed manipulator惯性力inertia force惯性力矩moment of inertia ,shaking moment 惯性力平衡balance of shaking force惯性力完全平衡full balance of shaking force惯性力部分平衡partial balance of shaking force 惯性主矩resultant moment of inertia惯性主失resultant vector of inertia冠轮crown gear广义机构generation mechanism广义坐标generalized coordinate轨迹生成path generation轨迹发生器path generator滚刀hob滚道raceway滚动体rolling element滚动轴承rolling bearing滚动轴承代号rolling bearing identification code 滚针needle roller滚针轴承needle roller bearing滚子roller滚子轴承roller bearing滚子半径radius of roller滚子从动件roller follower滚子链roller chain滚子链联轴器double roller chain coupling滚珠丝杆ball screw滚柱式单向超越离合器roller clutch过度切割undercutting函数发生器function generator函数生成function generation含油轴承oil bearing耗油量oil consumption耗油量系数oil consumption factor赫兹公式H. Hertz equation合成弯矩resultant bending moment合力resultant force合力矩resultant moment of force黑箱black box横坐标abscissa互换性齿轮interchangeable gears花键spline滑键、导键feather key滑动轴承sliding bearing滑动率sliding ratio滑块slider环面蜗杆toroid helicoids worm环形弹簧annular spring缓冲装置shocks; shock-absorber灰铸铁grey cast iron回程return回转体平衡balance of rotors混合轮系compound gear train积分integrate机电一体化系统设计mechanical-electrical integration system design 机构mechanism机构分析analysis of mechanism机构平衡balance of mechanism机构学mechanism机构运动设计kinematic design of mechanism机构运动简图kinematic sketch of mechanism机构综合synthesis of mechanism机构组成constitution of mechanism机架frame, fixed link机架变换kinematic inversion机器machine机器人robot机器人操作器manipulator机器人学robotics技术过程technique process技术经济评价technical and economic evaluation 技术系统technique system机械machinery机械创新设计mechanical creation design, MCD机械系统设计mechanical system design, MSD机械动力分析dynamic analysis of machinery机械动力设计dynamic design of machinery机械动力学dynamics of machinery机械的现代设计modern machine design机械系统mechanical system机械利益mechanical advantage机械平衡balance of machinery机械手manipulator机械设计machine design; mechanical design机械特性mechanical behavior机械调速mechanical speed governors机械效率mechanical efficiency机械原理theory of machines and mechanisms机械运转不均匀系数coefficient of speed fluctuation机械无级变速mechanical stepless speed changes基础机构fundamental mechanism基本额定寿命basic rating life基于实例设计case-based design,CBD基圆base circle基圆半径radius of base circle基圆齿距base pitch基圆压力角pressure angle of base circle基圆柱base cylinder基圆锥base cone急回机构quick-return mechanism急回特性quick-return characteristics急回系数advance-to return-time ratio急回运动quick-return motion棘轮ratchet棘轮机构ratchet mechanism棘爪pawl极限位置extreme (or limiting) position极位夹角crank angle between extreme (or limiting) positions计算机辅助设计computer aided design, CAD计算机辅助制造computer aided manufacturing, CAM计算机集成制造系统computer integrated manufacturing system, CIMS 计算力矩factored moment; calculation moment计算弯矩calculated bending moment加权系数weighting efficient加速度acceleration加速度分析acceleration analysis加速度曲线acceleration diagram尖点pointing; cusp尖底从动件knife-edge follower间隙backlash间歇运动机构intermittent motion mechanism 减速比reduction ratio减速齿轮、减速装置reduction gear减速器speed reducer减摩性anti-friction quality渐开螺旋面involute helicoid渐开线involute渐开线齿廓involute profile渐开线齿轮involute gear渐开线发生线generating line of involute渐开线程involute equation渐开线函数involute function渐开线蜗杆involute worm渐开线压力角pressure angle of involute渐开线花键involute spline简谐运动simple harmonic motion键key键槽keyway交变应力repeated stress交变载荷repeated fluctuating load交叉带传动cross-belt drive交错轴斜齿轮crossed helical gears胶合scoring角加速度angular acceleration角速度angular velocity角速比angular velocity ratio角接触球轴承angular contact ball bearing角接触推力轴承angular contact thrust bearing 角接触向心轴承angular contact radial bearing 角接触轴承angular contact bearing铰链、枢纽hinge校正平面correcting plane接触应力contact stress接触式密封contact seal阶梯轴multi-diameter shaft结构structure结构设计structural design截面section节点pitch point 节距circular pitch; pitch of teeth节线pitch line节圆pitch circle节圆齿厚thickness on pitch circle节圆直径pitch diameter节圆锥pitch cone节圆锥角pitch cone angle解析设计analytical design紧边tight-side紧固件fastener径节diametral pitch径向radial direction径向当量动载荷dynamic equivalent radial load径向当量静载荷static equivalent radial load径向基本额定动载荷basic dynamic radial load rating 径向基本额定静载荷basic static radial load tating径向接触轴承radial contact bearing径向平面radial plane径向游隙radial internal clearance径向载荷radial load径向载荷系数radial load factor径向间隙clearance静力static force静平衡static balance静载荷static load静密封static seal局部自由度passive degree of freedom矩阵matrix矩形螺纹square threaded form锯齿形螺纹buttress thread form矩形牙嵌式离合器square-jaw positive-contact clutch 绝对尺寸系数absolute dimensional factor绝对运动absolute motion绝对速度absolute velocity均衡装置load balancing mechanism抗压强度compression strength开口传动open-belt drive开式链open kinematic chain开链机构open chain mechanism可靠度degree of reliability可靠性reliability可靠性设计reliability design, RD空气弹簧air spring空间机构spatial mechanism空间连杆机构spatial linkage空间凸轮机构spatial cam空间运动副spatial kinematic pair空间运动链spatial kinematic chain空转idle宽度系列width series框图block diagram雷诺程Reynolds‘s equation离心力centrifugal force离心应力centrifugal stress离合器clutch离心密封centrifugal seal理论廓线pitch curve理论啮合线theoretical line of action隶属度membership力force力多边形force polygon力封闭型凸轮机构force-drive (or force-closed) cam mechanism 力矩moment力平衡equilibrium力偶couple力偶矩moment of couple连杆connecting rod, coupler连杆机构linkage连杆曲线coupler-curve连心线line of centers链chain链传动装置chain gearing链轮sprocket sprocket-wheel sprocket gear chain wheel联组V 带tight-up V belt联轴器coupling shaft coupling两维凸轮two-dimensional cam临界转速critical speed六杆机构six-bar linkage龙门刨床double Haas planer轮坯blank轮系gear train螺杆screw螺距thread pitch螺母screw nut螺旋锥齿轮helical bevel gear螺钉screws螺栓bolts螺纹导程lead 螺纹效率screw efficiency螺旋传动power screw螺旋密封spiral seal螺纹thread (of a screw)螺旋副helical pair螺旋机构screw mechanism螺旋角helix angle螺旋线helix ,helical line绿色设计green design design for environment马耳他机构Geneva wheel Geneva gear马耳他十字Maltese cross脉动无级变速pulsating stepless speed changes脉动循环应力fluctuating circulating stress脉动载荷fluctuating load铆钉rivet迷宫密封labyrinth seal密封seal密封带seal belt密封胶seal gum密封元件potted component密封装置sealing arrangement面对面安装face-to-face arrangement面向产品生命期设计design for product`s life cycle, DPLC 名义应力、公称应力nominal stress模块化设计modular design, MD模块式传动系统modular system模幅箱morphology box模糊集fuzzy set模糊评价fuzzy evaluation模数module摩擦friction摩擦角friction angle摩擦力friction force摩擦学设计tribology design, TD摩擦阻力frictional resistance摩擦力矩friction moment摩擦系数coefficient of friction摩擦圆friction circle磨损abrasion wear; scratching末端执行器end-effector目标函数objective function耐腐蚀性corrosion resistance耐磨性wear resistance挠性机构mechanism with flexible elements挠性转子flexible rotor齿轮internal gear齿圈ring gear力internal force圈inner ring能量energy能量指示图viscosity逆时针counterclockwise (or anticlockwise)啮出engaging-out啮合engagement, mesh, gearing啮合点contact points啮合角working pressure angle啮合线line of action啮合线长度length of line of action啮入engaging-in牛头刨床shaper凝固点freezing point; solidifying point扭转应力torsion stress扭矩moment of torque扭簧helical torsion spring诺模图NomogramO 形密封圈密封O ring seal盘形凸轮disk cam盘形转子disk-like rotor抛物线运动parabolic motion疲劳极限fatigue limit疲劳强度fatigue strength偏置式offset偏( 心) 距offset distance偏心率eccentricity ratio偏心质量eccentric mass偏距圆offset circle偏心盘eccentric偏置滚子从动件offset roller follower偏置尖底从动件offset knife-edge follower偏置曲柄滑块机构offset slider-crank mechanism 拼接matching评价与决策evaluation and decision频率frequency平带flat belt平带传动flat belt driving平底从动件flat-face follower平底宽度face width平分线bisector 平均应力average stress平均中径mean screw diameter平均速度average velocity平衡balance平衡机balancing machine平衡品质balancing quality平衡平面correcting plane平衡质量balancing mass平衡重counterweight平衡转速balancing speed平面副planar pair, flat pair平面机构planar mechanism平面运动副planar kinematic pair平面连杆机构planar linkage平面凸轮planar cam平面凸轮机构planar cam mechanism平面轴斜齿轮parallel helical gears普通平键parallel key其他常用机构other mechanism in common use起动阶段starting period启动力矩starting torque气动机构pneumatic mechanism奇异位置singular position起始啮合点initial contact , beginning of contact气体轴承gas bearing千斤顶jack嵌入键sunk key强迫振动forced vibration切齿深度depth of cut曲柄crank曲柄存在条件Grashoff`s law曲柄导杆机构crank shaper (guide-bar) mechanism曲柄滑块机构slider-crank (or crank-slider) mechanism 曲柄摇杆机构crank-rocker mechanism曲齿锥齿轮spiral bevel gear曲率curvature曲率半径radius of curvature曲面从动件curved-shoe follower曲线拼接curve matching曲线运动curvilinear motion曲轴crank shaft驱动力driving force驱动力矩driving moment (torque)全齿高whole depth。
柴油机连杆的加工工艺及其夹具设计_毕业设计
数控加工工艺 外文文献
英文原文CNC Machining ProcessFirst, our country's history of the development of numerical control system1. Our country since 1958, by a group of research institutes, colleges and universities and a few started to CNC Machine Tool Plant of the research and development system. At that time, due to the low level of domestic electronic components, such as the department of economic constraints, lack of a larger development.2. In the reform and opening up, China's numerical control technology gradually achieve substantial development. After "65" (81 ---- 85 years) the introduction of foreign technology, "75" (86 ------ 90 years) of the digestion and absorption and the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" (91 ~ 1 -95 years) National Organization of scientific and technological, that makes our country's CNC technology has a qualitative leap in acceptance at that time, through research and identification of country products including Beijing Everest's Chinese I, central China's central NC I and a few high-end Shenyang National Engineering Research Center for Control of Blue-I, as well as other through the "National Quality Supervision and Test Center machine" test NC system of qualified domestic companies such as Nanjing, four products.3. China's CNC machine tool manufacturing industry in the 80's had the stage of rapid development, many machine tool plant products from traditional products to the NC transition. But, generally speaking, the technological level is not high, the quality of the poor, so in the early 90's facing the country's economy from a planned economy to a market economy and adjust the transfer went through the most difficult years of the Depression period, the production capacity at that time down to 50 %, more than four month inventory. From 1995, "Ninth Five-Year Plan" to expand domestic demand from the country after the machine tool market to start, so as to reinforce the approval of imports of CNC equipment, investment focused on support for key numerical control system, equipment, technologies of CNC equipment has played a significant role, especially in 1999, the country's defense industry to civilian industry and the key to putting in a lot of technical department funds, to enable CNCequipment manufacturer market thriving. Three, CNC Technology and Equipment of cars cut CNC Lathe Machining Lathe technology and processing technology similar to, but because of CNC lathe is a fixture, for automatic processing of all finish turning process, which should pay attention to the following aspects.1. A reasonable selection cutting for the high-efficiency metal-cutting processing, the processed materials, cutting tools, cutting conditions is the three major elements. These determine the processing time, tool life and processing quality. Cost-effective processing methods must be a reasonable choice of the cutting conditions. Three elements of cutting conditions: cutting speed, feed rate and cutting depth of the damage directly caused by the tool. With the increase in cutting speed, tool tip temperature will rise; will have mechanical, chemical, thermal wear and tear. 20% increase in cutting speed; tool life will reduce the 1 /2. Feed conditions and the relationship between tool wear and tear at the back of a very small area of. However, the feed rate, cutting temperature rise, wear big behind. Than the impact of cutting speed on tool small. Depth of cut on the tools did not affect the cutting speed and feed rate, but at small cutting depth of cut when cutting materials have been hardened layer, which will affect the tool life. The user is processed according to the material, hardness, cutting status, material type, feed rate, cutting depth, such as the option of using the cutting speed. The most appropriate selections of processing conditions are at the basis of these factors is selected. Have rules, stability, worn and tear is to achieve the ideal conditions for life. However, in actual operation, the selection tool life and tool wear, the size of changes in processing, surface quality, cutting noise, heat processing and so on. In determining the processing conditions required to study the actual situation. The heat-resistant alloys such as stainless steel and hard materials, the coolant can be used best to use rigid blade.2. Reasonable selection tool1) when rough, it is necessary to choose high strength, good durability tool, in order to meet the rough knife when eating large back volume, the feed requirements.2) Fine car, it is necessary to choose high precision, durability good tool to ensure that the requirements of machining accuracy.3) In order to reduce tool change time and convenience of the knife should be used machines and machine folder knife blade.3. A reasonable selection Fixture1) General selection try the work piece clamping fixture to avoid the use of a dedicated fixture;2) positioning the base parts overlap so as to reduce the positioning error.4. To determine the processing routeprocessing route is the index-controlled machining process, tool parts relative trajectory and direction of Sports.1) Should be able to ensure the machining accuracy and surface roughness requirements;2) should try to shorten the processing route, reducing travel time and air knives.5. Processing route of contact with allowanceAt present, CNC lathes have not yet achieved the universal access to conditions, the general should be put on too much rough margin, especially with forging, casting hard cushion cortex in general lathe processing. Must be such as CNC lathe, the need to pay attention to process flexibility.6. Fixture to install the main pointsat present, the hydraulic clamping chuck and hydraulic cylinder are connected by the rod of the implementation, in Figure 1. Hydraulic clamping chuck as follows: First of all, by moving on hand to unload the nut hydraulic cylinder, the discharge of SLIDE, and back-end from the spindle out, and then move the hands to unload screw chuck can be disposed of under the chuck. Four, effectively turning a reasonable Save processing time Index Turning Center's G200 integrated processing unit with a modular, high-power two-axis linkage axis function, thus further shortening the processing time. With other means of job-axis opposite to the concept of clamping, the use of the product can be integrated intelligent processing unit in place so that the work piece clamping and automatic processing. In other words, the automatic setup will not be affected by the processing of another axis, a feature that can be shortened about 10% of the processing time. In addition, the Four processing very quickly, youcan simultaneously have two processing tool. When the machine is put into use in pairs, the efficiency becomes more apparent. In other words, the conventional hard turning and setting two cars can parallel machine. Turning conventional vehicles and hardware differences between the tool and focused only in the coolant system thermostat. However, conventional processing is different: both can be used conventional processing and a tool carrier for processing Tailstock; and hardware when using a tool only. In both types of machine tools can be carried out on the hard dry processing, only the manufacturer's technology program designed to balance the need to beat time, and Index of the module structure of machine tools to provide them with greater flexibility. To improve the productivity of high-precision with the continuous improvement of production efficiency, the user also made for a very high accuracy requirements. Turning Center G200 used for processing, the cold start up to four parts processing required to achieve tolerances of 卤6mm. Processing process, the accuracy is usually maintained at 2mm. Index so made available to the company's clients are high-precision, high efficiency, the integrity of the program, and programs to provide such high precision, requiring careful choice of spindle, bearings and other features. G200 Turning Center Landshut, Germany, BMW car factory in the application of the company achieved good results. The plant is not only the production of engines, but also by the production of cast light metal parts, plastic decorative items inside the vehicle and steering axis. Consider the quality of supervisory staff, and its very precise machining accuracy: tolerance bands for 卤15mm, for bearing tolerance 卤6.5mm. In addition, the processing of the universal joints of the Index companies use automatic intelligent processing unit. The first two parts are used for turning centers before playing pre-processing, post-processing line measurement, and then sent through the conveyor belt for hobbling, cleaning and quenching treatment. The last process using the second processing system Index. G200 Turning Center by two steering knuckle on the car bearing hard. In the machine tool to complete the online survey, then to the discharge unit. Processing unit fully integrated into the layout of the workshop, and in line with ergonomic requirements, covers an area of greatly reduced, and only two staff members to the custody ofmanufacturing cells. Friday, CNC turning and G00 in the magical effect of the skills to ensure dimensional accuracy CNC turning processing technology has been widely used in mechanical manufacturing industry, how efficient, reasonable, and completed by the quality of the work piece by the amount of processing, each engaged in the trade of engineering and technical personnel more or less have their own experience. I engaged in CNC teaching, training and processing for many years, accumulated a certain amount of experience and skills, is to CNC Equipment Factory Guangzhou GSK980T series of machine tool production, for example, introduce a few skills in CNC turning. First, the program first sentence skills G00 We now have access to textbooks and CNC turning technical books, procedures are set up the first sentence of work piece coordinate system, that is, G50 X,Z in the first sentence as a process. According to the directive, a coordinate system can be set so that the tool at a point in this coordinate system as coordinates (X, Z) (In this paper, the origin of work piece coordinate system are set at the right end of the work piece surface). Programming using this method, the knife, the knife must be moved to the established position of G50 can be set for processing, identify the location of the process is as follows.1. of a knife, the rough work piece clamping good;2. Spindle is to hand round the base right side knife flat work piece surface A;3. Z-axis fixed, the release of the tool along the X axis points to C, type G50 Z0, the point of computer memory;4. Program entry mode, type G01 W-8 F50, turning out to be one step work piece;5. X-axis fixed, the release of the tool along the Z-axis points to C, stop turning out measuring the diameter of the work piece level, the importation of G50 X, computer memory that point;6. Program entry mode, enter the G00 X伪Z尾, programming tool runs the specified procedure to the starting point, and then enter the G50 X,Z, procedures for the origin of the computer memory. The above-mentioned steps, the steps that the tool 6 at X,Z Office location is essential; otherwise, the work piece coordinate system will be modified, not the normal processing of the work piece. Processing has been theexperience of the people all know that the above position will be the tool to the cumbersome process of X,Z Department, in the event of an accident, X or Z-axis without servo, tracking error, power outages happen, etc., the system can restart, after restart system loss of G50 work piece coordinate values set by the memory, "reset back to zero run" is no longer working, will need to re-run the tool and reset to X,Z location G50. If it is production, processing, after the End of a return to the starting point for continued processing under the G50 is, in the process some errors on the work piece coordinate system may be modified. In view of the first sentence of the above procedures using G50 work piece coordinate system set up many defects, I will want to approach the work piece coordinate system fixed on the machine will process the first sentence changed to G50 X,Z after G00 X,Z, problem solved. The course of its operation only to find G50 using the above-mentioned five-step process before, that is, 1,2,3,4,5 steps to achieve, it will run the tool to a safe location, out of process, and can run automatically. Even if power outages and other unforeseen circumstances occur, restart the system, in the Edit mode to move the cursor without affecting the safe processing of the work piece processing process program segment, according to automate the processing can continue. First sentence of the above procedure to replace G50 with G00 is the substance of the work piece coordinate system fixed on the machine, no longer limited to the origin G50 X,Z process constraints, without changing the work piece coordinate system, easy operation, reliability, and received an unexpected effect. Chinese metal processing onlineSecond, control of dimensional accuracy skills1. To amend the value of a knife up to ensure dimensional accuracyFirst on the knife because of error or other causes beyond the work piece work piece error tolerance, can not meet the processing requirements, can be added by modifying the knife so that the work piece size to meet the requirement to ensure that the radial dimensions are as follows:a. absolute coordinate input methodAccording to the "big decrease, a small increase" principle, a knife up at 001 ~ 004 modified. Such as cut off on the 2nd slot at a big size work piece 0.1mm, and 002showed up knives are X3.8, may enter the X3.7, to reduce the knife on the 2nd meeting.b. the relative coordinate method as in the previous case, enter 002 knife fill U-0.1, also the same result.Similarly, the axial size of the control also and so on. Such as cylindrical with a knife on the 1st axis somewhere above processing, size, long 0.1mm, can be completed at 001 knife enter W0.1.2. Semi-finishing to ensure that the impact of the elimination of screw gap dimensional accuracyFor the majority of CNC lathe using a longer time, because of the effects of screw space and processing of the work piece dimensions are often unstable situation. At this time, we can rough after finishing a half-space to eliminate the effects of screw. 1, such as a knife with G71 cylindrical rough, you can fill in the 001 knife enter U0.3, call the G70 a fine car, parking measurements, and then fill in the 001 knife enter U-0.3, once again calling a G70 Finish . Finish a half after this time, eliminating the effects of screw clearance to ensure the stability of the dimensional accuracy.3. To ensure dimensional accuracy Programmer a. to ensure dimensional accuracy absolute programming there is an absolute and relative programming. Programming refers to the relative curve in the processing, the location of the end of the line segment to the starting point for the coordinates of the segment and to determine the origin of the coordinate system. In other words, programming is relatively often at the origin of the coordinates transform, continuous displacement is bound to result in a cumulative error, the absolute programming are in the processing of the whole process, have a relatively unified reference point, that is, coordinates of the origin, so the accumulated error over the relative Programming small. CNC turning work piece, the work piece precision radial dimension than the axial size of the general high precision, it is in the preparation of procedures, the use of the radial size of the absolute best programming, taking into account the processing and the convenience of programming, often used sizes of axial relative programming, but the essential axial size, the use of the absolute best programming.b. to ensure dimensional accuracy numerical conversionA lot of cases, the pattern on the size of the baseline and benchmark the size of the required programming inconsistent and should be first on the base pattern size coordinates converted to programming in size. Figure 2b, in addition to size of 13.06mm, the rest is marked directly by Figure 2a and size to be converted by the program size. One of,Φ29.95mm, Φ16mm and the three dimensions of 60.07mm respectively limit the size of two average size after the programming.4. Modify the program and control the size of premium knivesCNC Machining, we often encounter such a situation: the procedure to run automatically after stopping measurement and found that fail work piece size, size irregular Change. Such as a knife with 1 cylindrical work piece processing as shown in Figure 3, the post-roughing and semi-finishing parking measurements, the size of the radial axis paragraph as follows: Φ30.06mm, Φ23.03mm and Φ16.02mm. In this connection, I used a knife to amend the procedures and methods make up the remedy, as follows: a. modify the program X30 original program unchanged, X23 changed X23.03, X16 changed X16.04, As a result, are in excess of the shaft above the name of tolerance uniform size 0.06mm; b. knife to fill Knife on the 1st at 001 imported premium U-0.06. After these procedures and a two-pronged knife revised up, and then call the refined procedures, the general size of the work piece can be effectively guaranteed. CNC Turning CNC program is based on automated processing, the actual processing, and the operator only has a strong ability to use the program instructions and a wealth of practical skills in order to produce high-quality processing, processing high-quality work piece.Six, CNC machine tool troubleshooting methods and their attention to matters Missions usually take part in because of repair, some repair experience, combined with the relevant theories are described in the following list, to initiate. First, troubleshooting methods(1) initialization reset Law: Under normal circumstances, because of instantaneous alarm system failure can be hardware reset or system power switch in order to remove the fault, if the system is down because of the storage area, plug thecircuit board or battery less pressure lead to confusion, it must be clear to initialize the system, removing the former should pay attention to make copies of recorded data, if initialization can not be ruled out after the failure remains, were carried out in hardware diagnosis.(2) Parameters to change, actual procedures: system parameters are determined based on system functions, parameter settings may cause system errors or failures of a functional null and void. Sometimes, because of procedural errors can be caused by user downtime, this system can be used to block search function to check and correct all errors, in order to ensure its normal operation.(3) Regulation, the best method of adjustment: adjustment is one of the simplest ways. By adjusting the potentiometer to amend system failures. Repair such as in a factory, the system displays chaotic scene, with normal post-conditioning. Such as in a factory, the spindle brake at start-up and skidding when belt because of its large spindle load torque, and drives set the ramp-up time is too small, the normal post-conditioning. Optimize the system to adjust servo drive system with mechanical drag system the best way to match the General regulation, the approach is very simple, with a multi-line recorder or dual trace storage oscilloscope, respectively, observe instructions and the speed of feedback or response to the relationship between current feedback. By adjusting the ratio of the speed regulator factors and integration time to achieve servo system so that there are high dynamic response characteristics, but not the best job status oscillation. NOT at the scene of the oscilloscope or recorder circumstances, based on experience, that is, adjust so that the electrical start-up, and then slowly adjust to the reverse, until you can eliminate the shock.(4) spare parts to replace the Law: The best diagnosis of spare parts to replace bad circuit board, and start to do the initialization, so that the normal operation of machine tools quickly, and then repair or rework bad board, which is currently the most commonly used anti - approach it.(5) To improve the quality of the power law: the use of the existing power supply, to improve the power supply fluctuations. For high-frequency interference filteringcapacitor can be used by these preventive measures to reduce the power supply board failure.(6) Maintenance of information-tracking: some large manufacturing company based on actual work because of design defects caused by accidental failure, continuously modify and improve the system software or hardware. These changes to the form of constant repair information available to maintenance personnel. Used as the basis for troubleshooting can be completely right troubleshooting.Second, the repair should pay attention to matters(1) removed from a whole block on the circuit board, the Record should be noted that the relative position should be to connect the cable number, for fixed installation of the circuit board, it should be removed before and after the press-fit parts and screws for the record. Demolition under the pressure parts and screws should be placed on a dedicated box, so as to avoid loss, the assembly, the box should be all things to use, or incomplete assembly.(2) Electric iron should be placed on the front easily, away from the circuit board repair. Jerdonii Dressing should be appropriate in order to adapt to the welding circuit and to avoid bumps when welding other components.(3) Measuring the resistance between lines should be off the power, measured resistance should be measured the exchange of red and black table pen twice a year toa large value for the reference value.(4) Circuit board has solder brush most films, it should be measured to find the corresponding point of the solder joint as a test, not to eradicate the solder film, there is some insulation board all the brush layer, only in the spot with a blade scratch Department insulating layer.(5) Should not be arbitrarily cut off the printed circuit. Some maintenance personnel must have experience in repair of household appliances, used to check the line, but the numerical control equipment on the circuit boards are double-sided or multi-hole metal plate of plate, printing and dense fine-line, once cut off the hard welding, and easy to cut off tangent when the adjacent line, again some point, a cut off at one line, and should not make it and line out, need to do to cut off a few lines.(6) Should not be removed components. Some maintenance personnel to determine fault components in the absence of circumstances that is the seat of your pants a component breaks down, removed immediately, so that a higher rate of miscarriage of justice, human element removed have a higher failure rate.(7) Should be used to demolish suction devices and suction devices tin rope, should not have the hardware check. Long time heating pad should not be the same and repeat the demolition in order to avoid pad damage.(8) Replacement of the device, the pin should be the appropriate treatment, welding should not be used in welding acidic oil.(9) Record on the circuit switch, the jumper position, it should not be changed. Control for more than two inspections, or swap components on-board when the attention of the components of the tag in order to avoid confusion, which can not work well plate.中文译文数控加工工艺一，我国数控系统的发展史1.我国从1958年起，由一批科研院所，高等学校和少数机床厂起步进行数控系统的研制和开发。
数控专业毕业设计外文翻译
Conventional Machining ProcessesConventional machining is the group of machining operations that use single- or multi-point tools to remove material in the form of chips. Metal cutting involves removing metal through machining operations. Machining traditionally takes place on lathes, drill presses, and milling machines with the use of various cutting tools. Most machining has very low set-up cost compared with forming, molding, and casting processes. However, machining is much more expensive for high volumes. Machining is necessary where tight tolerances on dimensions and finishes are required.Turning is one of the most common of metal cutting operations. In turning, a workpiece is rotated about its axis as single-point cutting tools are fed into it, shearing away excess material and creating the desired cylindrical surface. Turning can occur on both external and internal surfaces to produce an axially-symmetrical contoured part. Parts ranging from pocket watch components to large diameter marine propeller shafts can be turned on a lathe.Apart from turning, several other operations can also be performed on lathe.Boring and internal turning. Boring and internal turning are performed on the internal surfaces by a boring bar or suitable internal cutting tools. If the initial workpiece is solid, a drilling operation must be performed first. The drilling tool is held in the tailstock, and the latter is then fed against the workpiece. When boring is done in a lathe, the work usually is held in a chuck or on a face plate. Holes may be bored straight, tapered, or to irregular contours. Boring is essentially internal turning while feeding the tool parallel to the rotation axis of the workpiece.Facing is the producing of a flat surface as the result of a tool’s being fed across the end of the rotating workpiece. Unless the work is held on a mandrel, if both ends of the work are to be faced, it must be turned around after the first end is completed and then the facing operation repeated. The cutting speed should be determined from the largest diameter of the surface to be faced.Facing may be done either from the outside inward or from the center outward. In either case, the point of the tool must be set exactly at the height of center of rotation.Because the cutting force tends to push the tool away from the work, it is usually desirable to clamp the carriage to the lathe bed during each facing cut to prevent it from moving slightly and thus producing a surface that is not flat. In the facing of casting or other materials that have a hard surface, the depth of the first cut should be sufficient to penetrate the hard material to avoid excessive tool wear.Parting is the operation by which one section of a workpiece is severed from the remainder by means of cutoff tool. Because cutting tools are quite thin and must have considerable overhang, this process is less accurate and more difficult. The tool should be set exactly at the height of axis of rotation, be kept sharp, have proper clearance angles, and be fed into the workpiece at a proper and uniform feed rate.Threading can be considered as turning since the path to be travelled by the cutting tool is helical. However, there are some major differences between turning and threading. While in turning, the interest is in generating a smooth cylindrical surface, in threading the interest is in cutting a helical thread of a given form and depth which can be calculated from the formulae. There are two basic requirements for thread cutting. An accurately shaped and properly mounted tool is needed because thread cutting is a form-cutting operation. The resulting thread profile is determined by the shape of the tool and its position relative to the workpiece.The second by requirement is that the tool must move longitudinally in a specific relationship to the rotation of workpiece, because this determines the lead of the thread. This requirement is met through the use of the lead screw and the split unit, which provide positive motion of carriage relative to the rotation of spindleLathe bed is foundation of the engine lathe, which heavy, rugged casting is made to support the working parts of the lathe. The size and mass of the bed gives the rigidity necessary for accurate engineering tolerances required in manufacturing. On top of the bed are machined slideways that guide and align the carriage and tailstock, as they are move from one end of the lathe to the other.Headstock is clamped atop the bed at left-hand end of the lathe and contains the motor that drives the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways through a series of gears housed within the gearbox. The function of gearbox is to generate a number of different spindle speeds. A spindle gear is mounted on the rear of the spindle to transmit power through the change gears to the feeding box that distributes the power to the lead screw for threading or to the feed rod for turning.The spindle has a through hole extending lengthwise through which bar stocks can be fed if continuous production is used. The hole can hold a plain lathe center by its tapered inner surface and mount a chuck, a face plate or collet by its threaded outer surface.Carriage assembly is actually an H-shaped block that sits across the guideways and in front of lathe bed. The function of the carriage is to carry and move the cuttingtool longitudinally. It can be moved by hand or by power and can be clamped into position with a locking nut. The carriage is composed of the cross slide, compound rest, tool saddle, and apron.The cross slide is mounted on the dovetail guideways on the top of the saddle and it moved back and forth at 90°to the axis of the lathe by the cross slide lead screw. The lead screw can be hand or power activated.The compound rest is mounted on the cross slide and can be swiveled and clamped at any angle in a horizontal plane. The compound is typically used for cutting chamfers or tapers, but must also be used when cutting thread. The compound rest can only be fed by hand. There is no power to compound rest. The cutting tool and tool holder are secured in the tool post which is mounted directly to the compound rest.The tool saddle is an H shaped casting mounted on the top of the guideways and houses the cross slide and compound rest. It makes possible longitudinal, cross and angular feeding of the tool bit.The apron is attached to the front of the carriage and contains the gears and feed clutches which transmit motion from the feed rod or lead screw to carriage and cross slide. When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage.Tailstock is composed of a low base and the movable part of the tail-stock proper, the transverse adjustments being made with a cross screw furnished with a square head. The two parts are hold together by the holding-down bolts which secure the tailstock to the bed.。
柴油机连杆的工艺设计
第1章柴油机连杆分析1.1柴油机连杆零件的作用柴油机连杆由柴油机连杆大头、杆身和柴油机连杆小头三部分组成，柴油机连杆大头是分开的，一半与杆身为一体，一半为柴油机连杆盖，柴油机连杆盖用螺栓和螺母与曲轴主轴颈装配在一起。
柴油机连杆是较细长的变截面非圆形杆件，其杆身截面从大头到小头逐步变小，以适应在工作中承受的急剧变化的动载荷。
其形状也比较复杂，很多表面并不容易加工，不管是在其工作过程之中还是在加工过程中也很容易产生变形。
基本要求如：柴油机连杆杆身不垂直度<0.5,小头、大头两端面对称面与杆身相应对称面之间的偏移<0.6，杆身横向对称面对大小头孔中心偏移<1.首先必须保证大头中心孔中心线和小头孔中心线之间的平行度，这样才能保证柴油机连杆在工作过程中平稳不刮曲轴和轴瓦；第二个就是保证两个端面的平行度，以及两端面中心线与两孔中心线之间的垂直度，用于保证工作中不会刮伤曲轴平衡块，可以减少噪声，保持平稳；第三个要保证的是柴油机连杆体和盖的分和面之间的配合和吻合，以保证大头孔的圆柱度，以免刮伤轴瓦；第四要确保大小头孔中心线之间的距离，如果其得不到保证，将保证不了发动机在工作时的气体压缩比等。
1.2零件的工艺分析由零件图可知：可将其分为三组加工表面。
它们相互间有一定的位置要求。
现分析如下：首先柴油机连杆的加工表面如下：（1）以端面互为基准加工的两端面。
（2）以小头孔为中心的加工有：钻两个Φ4的油孔，加工侧面工艺凸台。
（3）以大头孔为中心的加工表面有：加工M12螺栓孔。
柴油机连杆精度的参数主要有五个：1.柴油机连杆大端中心面和小端中心面相对于柴油机连杆身中心面的对称；2.柴油机连杆大小头空中心距尺寸精度；3.柴油机连杆大小头孔平行度；4.柴油机连杆大小头孔的尺寸精度、形状精度；5.柴油机连杆大头螺栓孔与接合面的垂直度。
其余技术参数如下表：表1技术要求项目具体要求或数值满足的主要性能大、小头孔的椭圆度，锥度椭圆度0.012锥度0.014保证与衬套、轴瓦的良好配合两孔中心距0.030.05 气缸气体的压缩比两孔轴线在同一个平面内在柴油机连杆轴线平面内：0.03，在垂直柴油机连杆轴线平面内：0.06减少气缸壁和曲轴颈磨损大孔两端面对轴线的垂直度0.015 减少曲轴颈边缘磨损两螺孔中心线（定位孔）的位置精度在两个在45方向上的平行度：0.020.04，对结合面的垂直度：0.015保证正常承载和轴颈与轴瓦的良好配合第2章机械加工工艺规程设计2.1生产纲领的确定生产纲领的大小对生产组织和零件加工工艺过程起着重要的作用，它决定了各工序所需专业化和自动化的程度，以及所选用的工艺方法和工艺装备。
工程机柴油机连杆工艺及其夹具毕业设计论文
工程机柴油机连杆工艺及其夹具设计摘要：连杆是柴油机的主要传动构件之一，其作用是把活塞和曲轴联接起来，使活塞的往复直线运动变为曲轴的回转运动，以输出动力。
因此，连杆工作的稳定性、可靠性对柴油机的整机质量至关重要，质量轻、精度高的连杆，有助于降低柴油机的能耗和噪声。
柴油机连杆的加工工艺是影响柴油机连杆机械性能的重要因素，本文重要对柴油机连杆的加工工艺和夹具进行设计。
关键词：连杆；加工工艺；定位基准；夹具设计Engineering Machine Diesel Engine connecting rod and fixture design processAbstract: The diesel engine connecting rod is one of the main drive components, its role is to link up the piston and the crankshaft, the piston of the reciprocating linear motion into rotary crankshaft motion, to output power. Therefore, the linkage of work stability, reliability is critical to the quality of the diesel engine machine, light weight, high precision, connecting rod, help reduce energy consumption and engine noise. Diesel engine connecting rod of diesel processing technology is an important factor in the mechanical properties of connecting rod, this important process of diesel engine connecting rod and fixture design.Key words: rod; processing technology; positioning reference; fixture design.目录第一章绪论 (1)1.1概述 (1)1.2国内外研究现状和发展趋势 (1)1.3国内柴油机连杆市场状况 (2)1.4连杆的结构特点 (2)第二章连杆的主要技术要求 (4)2.1 材料选择 (4)2.2 表面质量 (4)2.3热处理 (5)2.4 加工精度 (6)2.5 重量 (6)第三章连杆毛坯的选择 (7)第四章连杆加工工艺过程 (9)4.1柴油机连杆加工工艺过程 (9)4.2柴油机连杆主要表面技术要求 (14)第五章连杆机械加工工艺过程分析 (15)5.1 工艺过程安排 (15)5.2定位基准的选择 (15)5.2.1定位基准选择得原则 (15)5.2.2粗基准的选择 (16)5.2.3精基准的选择 (17)5.3加紧力的方向和位置 (19)5.3.1夹紧力的方向 (20)5.3.2夹紧力位置 (20)5.4各主要表面的加工方法及工艺 (21)5.4.1 主要表面的加工方法 (21)5.4.2 工艺过程 (22)5.5加工工序 (23)5.6其他辅助工序 (25)5.6.1热处理工序 (25)5.6.2检查工序 (26)5.6.3清洗工序 (27)5.6.4去毛刺工序 (27)第六章连杆加工中工序余量和尺寸分析 (28)6.1 加工余量的确定 (28)6.2连杆加工余量计算 (30)6.2.1连杆大下头孔两平面加工余量 (30)6.3连杆工时定额计算 (30)6.3.1粗铣连杆大小头平面 (30)6.3.2精铣连杆大小头面 (30)6.3.3粗磨连杆大小头平面 (30)6.3.4精磨连杆大小头平面 (31)6.3.5粗铣连杆两侧面 (31)6.3.6精铣连杆大头孔两侧面 (31)6.3.7钻小头孔 (31)6.3.8扩小头孔 (32)6.3.9半精镗小头孔 (32)6.3.10精镗小头孔 (32)6.4连杆加工尺寸链的计算 (32)6.4.1连杆大头孔的工序尺寸 (32)6.4.2连杆小头加工工序尺寸 (33)第七章连杆夹具设计 (34)7.1连杆夹具设计目的 (34)7.2 夹具的组成 (34)7.2.1定位元件 (34)7.2.2夹紧装置 (34)7.2.3对刀元件 (34)7.2.4夹具体 (34)7.3夹具设计 (34)7.3.1定位基准的选择 (34)7.3.2定位元件的选择 (35)7.4夹紧力装置的设计 (36)7.4.1确定夹紧力的作用点和作用方向 (36)结论 (37)致谢 (38)参考文献 (39)第一章绪论1.1概述连杆是柴油机的主要传动构件之一，其作用是把活塞和曲轴联接起来，使活塞的往复直线运动变为曲轴的回转运动，以输出动力。
机加工行业常用英语词汇
机加工行业常用英语词汇学习Aabrasion n. 磨料,研磨材料,磨蚀剂, a. 磨损的,磨蚀的abrasive belt n. 砂带abrasive belt grinding n. 砂带磨削,用研磨带磨光abrasive cut-off machine n. 砂轮切断机abrasive dressing wheel n. 砂轮修整轮abrasive grain n. 磨料粒度abrasive grit n. 研磨用磨料,铁粒abrasive lapping wheel n. 磨料研磨轮<accuracy of position n. 位置精度accuracy to shape n. 形状精度active cutting edge n. 主切削刃adapter flange n. 连接器法兰盘adjointing flanks n. 共轭齿廓align n. 找中(心),找正,对中,对准,找平,调直,校直,调整,调准angle milling cutter n. 角铣刀angular grinding n. 斜面磨削,斜磨法angular milling n. 斜面铣削angular plunge grinding n. 斜向切入磨削~angular turning n. 斜面车削arbour n. 刀杆,心轴,柄轴,轴,辊轴attachment n. 附件,附件机构,联结,固接,联结法automatic bar machine n. 棒料自动车床automatic boring machine n. 自动镗床automatic copying lathe n. 自动仿形车床automatic double-head milling machine n. 自动双轴铣床automatic lathe n. 自动车床automatic turret lathe n. 自动转塔车床B&belt grinding machine n. 砂带磨床bench lathe n. 台式车床bevel n. 斜角，斜面，倾斜，斜切，斜角规，万能角尺，圆锥的，倾斜的，斜边，伞齿轮，锥齿轮bevel gear cutting machine n. 锥齿轮切削机床bevel gear tooth system n. 锥齿轮系，锥齿轮传动系统borehole n. 镗孔，镗出的孔，钻眼boring n. 镗孔，钻孔，穿孔 boring fixture n. 镗孔夹具boring machine n. 镗床boring tool n. 镗刀boring, drilling and milling machine n. 镗铣床？broaching machine n.拉床，铰孔机，剥孔机broaching tool n. 拉刀broad finishing tool n. 宽刃精切刀，宽刃精车刀，宽刃光切刀Ccalibrate vt. 校准〔正〕，刻度，分度，检查〔验〕，定标，标定,使标准化，使符合标准cam contour grinder n. 凸轮仿形磨床carbide tip n. 硬质合金刀片carbide turning tool n. 硬质合金车刀carbide-tipped tool n. 硬质合金刀具cast iron machining n. 铸铁加工，铸铁切削加工|centerless cylindrical grinder n. 无心外圆磨床ceramic cutting tool n. 金属陶瓷刀具chamfer n.;vt. 倒角，倒棱chamfered cutting edge n. 倒角刀刃champing fixture n. 快换夹具champing jaw n. 快换卡爪chaser n. 螺纹梳刀，梳刀盘，板牙chatter vi.;n. 振动，振荡，震颤，刀振chip n. 切屑，铁屑，刀片，刀头，片，薄片，芯片，基片chip breaker groove radius n. 断屑槽底半径，卷屑槽底半径chip clearance n. 切屑间隙chip cross-sectional area n. 切屑横截面面积、chip curl n. 螺旋形切屑chip flow n. 切屑流chip formation n. 切屑形成chip removing process n. 去毛刺加工chip variable n. 切屑变量chuck n. 卡盘，夹盘，卡头，〔电磁〕吸盘，vt. 固定，装卡，夹紧，卡住chucker n. 卡盘车床，卡角车床circular drillling machine n. 圆工作台钻床circular path n. 环路，圆轨迹circular pitch measurement n. 周节测量》circumference n. 圆周，周线，周界，周围，四周，范围close-grained a. 细颗粒的coeffecient of tool thrust n. 刀具推力系数coil chip n. 卷状切屑cold circular saw n. 冷圆锯cold saw n. 冷锯column drilling machine n. 圆〔方〕柱立式钻床combined drill and milling cutter n. 复合钻铣床complete traverse grinding n. 横进给磨削，切入磨削computer-controlled machine n. 计算机控制机床，数控机床 contact pattern n. 靠模{continuous chip n. 连续切屑continuous spiral chip n. 连续螺旋切屑contour n. 轮廓，外形，外貌，轮廓线，回路，网路，电路，等高线，等值线，轮廓等高距 a. 仿形的，靠模的contour grinding n. 仿形磨削，成形磨削contour milling n. 成形铣削，外形铣削，等高走刀曲面仿形法convex milling attachment n. 凸面铣削附件convex turning attachment n. 中凸车削附件，凸面车削附件coolant lubricant n. 冷却润滑剂coolant lubricant emulsion n. 冷却润滑乳液〔剂〕copy n. 样板，仿形，靠模工作法，拷贝复制品， v. 复制,模仿,抄录·copy grinding n. 仿形磨床copy-mill n. 仿形铣copying turret lathe n. 仿形转塔车床corner n. 角,弯〔管〕头,弯管counterbore n. 埋头孔,沉孔,锥口孔,平底扩孔钻,平底锪钻, n.;vt. 扩孔，锪孔，镗孔，镗阶梯孔crankshaft grinding machine n. 曲轴磨床crankshaft turning lathe n. 曲轴车床creep feed grinding n. 缓进给磨削cross milling n. 横向铣削curly chip n. 卷状切屑，螺旋形切屑，切屑螺旋\cut v.;n. 切削〔割〕，口，片，断，断开，削减，减少，断面，剖面，相交，凹槽cut off n. 切断〔开，去〕，关闭，停车，停止，断开装置，断流器，挡板，截止，截流cut teeeth n. 铣齿cut-off grinding n. 砂轮截断，砂轮切割cutter n. 刀具，切削工具，截断器，切断器，切断机cutting n. 切削，切片，切割，切屑，金属屑，截槽cutting edge profile n. 切削刃轮廓〔外形，断面〕，切削刃角度cutting force n. 切削力cutting lip n. 切削刃，刀刃，钻唇，钻刃cutting operation n. 切削加工，切削操作，切削作业~cutting rate n. 切削效率，切削速率cutting tool n. 刀具，切削工具，刃具cycle n. 周期，周，循环，一个操作过程，轮转，自行车cylindrical grinder n. 外圆磨床Ddeep-hole drilling n.深孔钻削deep-hole milling n. 深孔铣削design n. 设计，计算，计划，方案，设计书，图纸die-sinking n. 凹模dimension n. 尺寸，尺度，维度，量纲，因次,direction of the feed motion n. 进给方向，进刀方向discontinuous chip n. 间断切屑 distance n. 距离，间隔〔隙〕，长度，vt. 隔开double-column planer-miller n. 双柱龙门铣床dress v. 修饰，修整，平整，整理，清理，装饰，调制，准备，打磨，磨光，压平，轿直，清洗，清理，分级drilling n. 钻头，钻床，穿孔器，凿岩机，v. 钻孔，打孔，钻井，钻探drilling machine n. 钻床，钻机，钻孔机，打眼机drilling tool n. 钻孔〔削，井，眼〕工具Eedge point n. 刀口，刀刃efficiency n. 效率，效能，性能，功率，产量，实力，经济性，有〔功，实〕效 end mill n. 立铣刀《external grinding n. 外圆磨削Fface n. 表面，外观，工作面，表盘，屏，幕 v. 面向，朝向，表面加工，把表面弄平face grinding machine n. 平面磨床face milling machine n. 端面磨床feed force n. 进给力feed motion n. 进给运动fine adjustment n. 精调，细调，微调fine boring n. 精密镗孔 finish v.;n. 精加工，抛光，修整，表面粗糙度，完工，最后加工，最后阶段，涂层，涂料finish-cutting n. 精加工，最终切削fixture n. 夹具，夹紧装置，配件，零件，定位器，支架·form n. 型式，类型，摸板，模型，形成，产生，成形，表格 v. 形〔组，构〕成，产生，作出，成形，造型form-turn n. 成形车削free-cutting n. 自由切削，无支承切削，高速切削Ggap n. 间隔，间隙，距离，范围，区间，缺口，开口火花隙， vt. 使产生裂缝 vi. 豁开gear cutting machine n. 齿轮加工机床，切齿机gear generating grinder n. 磨齿机gear hob n. 齿轮滚刀grinding cutter n. 磨具grinding force n. 磨削力(grinding machine n. 磨床grinding wheel diameter n. 砂轮直径grinding wheel width n. 砂轮宽度groove n. 槽，切口，排屑槽，空心槽，坡口，vt. 切〔开，铣〕槽groove milling n.铣槽Hheadstock spindle n. 床头箱主轴，主轴箱主轴，头架轴helical tooth system n. 螺旋齿轮传动装置high precision lathe n. 高精度车床high-speed n. 高速<high-speed machining n. 高速加工hob n. 齿轮滚刀，滚刀，螺旋铣刀，v. 滚铣，滚齿，滚削horsepower n. 马力hobbing machine n. 滚齿机，螺旋铣床，挤压制模压力机，反应阴模机hole n. 孔，洞，坑，槽，空穴，孔道，管道，v. 钻〔穿，冲，开〕孔，打洞hone n. vt. 磨石，油石，珩磨头，磨孔器，珩磨，honing machine n. 珩磨机，珩床，搪磨床，磨孔机，磨气缸机Iinclination n. 倾斜，斜度，倾角，斜角〔坡〕，弯曲，偏〔差，角〕转increment n. 增量，增加，增〔大〕长.indexing table automatic n. 自动分度工作台 infeed grinding n. 切入式磨削installation n. 装置，设备，台，站，安装，设置internal grinding n. 内圆磨削involute hob n. 渐开线滚刀Jjig boring machine n. 坐标镗床Kkeyway cutting n. 键槽切削加工knurling tool n. 滚花刀具，压花刀具，滚花刀L<laedscrew machine n. 丝杠加工机床lap grinding n. 研磨lapping n. 研磨，抛光，精研，搭接，擦准lathe n. 车床lathe dog n. 车床轧头，卡箍，鸡心夹头，离心夹头，制动爪，车床挡块lathe tool n. 车刀level n. 水平，水准，水平线，水平仪，水准仪，电平，能级，程度，强度，a. 水平的，相等的，均匀的，平稳的loading time n. 装载料时间，荷重时间，充填时间，充气时间lock n. 锁，栓，闸，闭锁装置，锁型，同步，牵引，v. 闭锁，关闭，卡住，固定，定位，制动刹住longitudinal grinding n. 纵磨、low capacity machine n. 小功率机床〔机器〕Mmachine axis n. 机床中心线machine table n. 机床工作台machine tool n. 机床，工作母机machining n. 机械加工，切削加工machining (or cutting) variable n. 加工（或切削）变量machining allowance n. 机械加工余量machining cycle n. 加工循环machining of metals n. 金属切削加工，金属加工&magazine automatic n. 自动化仓库，自动化料斗，自动存贮送料装置manufacture n. 制造者，生产者，厂商，产品，制造material removing rate n. 材料去除率metal cutting n. 金属切削metal-cutting technology n. 金属切削工艺学，金属切削工艺〔技术〕metal-cutting tool n. 金属切削刀具，金属切削工具micrometer adjustment n. 微调milling n. 铣削，磨碎，磨整，选矿milling feed n. 铣削进给，铣削走刀量，铣削走刀机构milling machine n. 铣床.milling spindle n. 铣床主轴milling tool n. 铣削刀具，铣削工具mount v. 固定，安装，装配，装置，架设，n. 固定件，支架，座，装置，机构mounting n. 安装，装配，固定，机架，框架，装置mounting fixture n. 安装夹具，固定夹具Nnose n. 鼻子，端，前端，凸头，刀尖，机头，突出部分，伸出部分number of revolutions n. 转数numerical control n. 数控numerically controlled lathe n. 数控车床(Ooblique grinding n. 斜切式磨床operate v. 操纵，控制，运行，工作，动作，运算operating cycle n. 工作循环operation n. 运转，操作，控制，工作，作业，运算，计算operational instruction n. 操作说明书，操作说明operational safety n. 操作安全性，使用可靠性oscillating type abrasive cutting machine n. 摆动式砂轮切割机oscillation n. 振动，振荡，摆动，颤振，振幅out-cut milling n. 切口铣削…oxide ceramics n. 氧化物陶瓷oxide-ceramic cutting tool n. 陶瓷刀具Pperformance n. 实行，执行，完成，特性，性能，成品，制作品，行为，动作，生产率，效率peripheral grinding n. 圆周磨削peripheral speed n. 圆周速度，周速，边缘速度perpendicular a. 垂直的，正交的，成直角的 n. 垂直，正交，竖直，垂线，垂直面physical entity n. 实体，实物pitch n. 齿距，节距，铆间距，螺距，极距，辊距，坡度，高跨比，俯仰角pitch circle n. 节圆￥plain (or cylindrical) milling machine n. 普通（或圆柱形）铣床plain grinding n. 平面磨削plain turning n. 平面车床plane n. 平面，面，投影，刨，水平，程度，阶段，飞机 a.平的 v. 弄平，整平，刨，飞行plane milling n. 平面铣削plane-mill n. 平面铣刀，平面铣床plunge mill n. 模向进给滚轧机plunge-cut n. 切入式磨削，横向进给磨削，全面进刀法，全面进给法plunge-cut thread grinder n. 切入式螺纹磨床plunge-grinding n. 切入式磨削、point n. 点，尖端，刀尖，针尖，指针，交点，要点，论点，特点 v. 指，面向，瞄准，对准，表明，弄尖，强调power n. 功率，效率，能〔容，力〕量，动力，电源，能源 v. 驱〔拖，带，发〕动，给...以动力power hacksaw n. 机动弓锯〔钢锯〕precision boring n. 精镗precision boring machine n. 精密镗床precision machining n. 精密机械加工pressure angle n. 压力角primary cutting edge n. 主切削刃principal feed motion n. 主进给运动，主进刀运动production method s n. 生产方法[式]~profile n. 轮廓，形面，剖面，侧面图，分布图。
油柴机连杆加工工艺_学位论文
摘要本文主要论述了柴油机连杆的加工工艺及其夹具设计。
在X5032立式铣床上采用200端铣刀同时铣削连杆的两端面，所加工的连杆为模锻毛坯，且大小端等高，要求同时铣削二件连杆，保证铣一端面其厚度尺寸为30.5，铣另一端面保证厚度尺寸为27.5，铣削时需采用双件双工位铣夹具，并以连杆的端面、大头外圆、小头外圆为定位基准，且在两个不同的工位上采用不同的定位元件，以保证定位可靠。
并且由于两件同时加工，所以在装夹工件时应同时装夹，便于操作，夹紧可靠，利于加工。
连杆的尺寸精度、形状精度以及位置精度的要求都很高，而连杆的刚性比较差，容易产生变形，因此在安排工艺过程时，就需要把各主要表面的粗精加工工序分开。
逐步减少加工余量、切削力及内应力的作用，并修正加工后的变形，就能最后达到零件的技术要求。
关键字：柴油机;连杆;加工工艺目录摘要 (1)绪论 (3)第一章．连杆的基本设计 (3)1.1连杆的材料和毛坯 (6)1.2连杆的结构特点 (7)1.3连杆的主要技术要求 (8)1.3.1大、小头孔的尺寸精度、形状精度 (9)1.3.2大、小头孔轴心线在两个互相垂直方向的平行度 (9)1.3.3大、小头孔中心距 (9)1.3.4连杆大头孔两端面对大头孔中心线的垂直度 (9)1.3.5大、小头孔两端面的技术要求 (9)1.3.6螺栓孔的技术要求 (9)1.3.7有关结合面的技术要求 (10)第二章连杆加工工艺的总体分析.........................................................................2.1连杆的机械加工工艺过程分析 (9)2.1.1确定毛坯的制造形式 (9)2.1.2工艺路线的拟定 ............................................. 错误！未定义书签。
2.1.3基准的选择 (9)2.2连杆的检验 (13)2.2.1观察外表缺陷及目测表面粗糙度 (13)2.2.2连杆大头孔圆柱度的检验 (13)2.2.3连杆体、连杆上盖对大头孔中心线的对称度的检验 (13)2.2.4连杆大小头孔平行度的检验 (13)2.2.5连杆螺钉孔与结合面垂直度的检验 (14)第三章．夹具的设计 .......................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
机械制造工艺外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系别：工程技术系专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：侯亮学号：052115072015年 4 月 3 日外文资料翻译原文Introduction of MachiningHave a shape as a processing method, all machining process for the production of the most commonly used and most important method. Machining process is a process generated shape, in this process, Drivers device on the work piece material to be in the form of chip removal. Although in some occasions, the workpiece under no circumstances, the use of mobile equipment to the processing, However, the majority of the machining is not only supporting the workpiece also supporting tools and equipment to complete.Machining know the process has two aspects. Small group of low-cost production. For casting, forging and machining pressure, every production of a specific shape of the workpiece, even a spare parts, almost have to spend the high cost of processing. Welding to rely on the shape of the structure, to a large extent, depend on effective in the form of raw materials. In general, through the use of expensive equipment and without special processing conditions, can be almost any type of raw materials, mechanical processing to convert the raw materials processed into the arbitrary shape of the structure, as long as the external dimensions large enough, it is possible. Because of a production of spare parts, even when the parts and structure of the production batch sizes are suitable for the original casting, Forging or pressure processing to produce, but usually prefer machining.Strict precision and good surface finish, machining the second purpose is the establishment of the high precision and surface finish possible on the basis of. Many parts, if any other means of production belonging to the large-scale production, Well Machining is a low-tolerance and can meet the requirements of small batch production. Besides, many parts on the production and processing of coarse process to improve its general shape of the surface. It is only necessary precision and choose only the surface machining. For instance, thread, in addition to mechanical processing, almost no other processing method for processing. Another example is the blacksmith pieces keyhole processing, as well as training to be conducted immediately after the mechanical completion of the processing.Primary Cutting ParametersCutting the work piece and tool based on the basic relationship between the following four elements to fully describe : the tool geometry, cutting speed, feed rate, depth and penetration of a cutting tool.Cutting Tools must be of a suitable material to manufacture, it must be strong, tough, hard and wear-resistant. Tool geometry -- to the tip plane and cutter angle characteristics -- for each cutting process must be correct.Cutting speed is the cutting edge of work piece surface rate, it is inches per minute toshow. In order to effectively processing, and cutting speed must adapt to the level of specific parts -- with knives. Generally, the more hard work piece material, the lower the rate.Progressive Tool to speed is cut into the work piece speed. If the work piece or tool for rotating movement, feed rate per round over the number of inches to the measurement. When the work piece or tool for reciprocating movement and feed rate on each trip through the measurement of inches. Generally, in other conditions, feed rate and cutting speed is inversely proportional to.Depth of penetration of a cutting tool -- to inches dollars -- is the tool to the work piece distance. Rotary cutting it to the chip or equal to the width of the linear cutting chip thickness. Rough than finishing, deeper penetration of a cutting tool depth.Rough machining and finishing machiningThere are two kinds of cuts in machine- shop work called, respectively, the "roughing cut" and the "finishing cut". When a piece is "roughed out", it is quite near the shape and size required, but enough metal has been left on the surface to finish smooth and to exact size." Generally speaking, bars of steel, forging, castings, etc. are machined to the required shape and size with only one roughing and one finishing cut. Sometimes, however, certain portions of a piece may require more than one roughing cut. Also, in some jobs, for example, when great accuracy is not needed, or when a comparatively small amount of metal must be removed, a finishing cut may be all that is required. The roughing cut, to remove the greater part of the excess material, should be reasonably heavy, that is, all the machine, or cutting tool, or work, or all three, will stand. So the machinist’s purpose is to remove the excess stock as fast as he can without leaving, at the same time, a surface too torn and rough, without bending the piece if it is slender, and without spoiling the centers. The finishing cut, to make the work smooth and accurate, is a finer cut. The emphasis here is refinement - very sharp tool, comparatively little metal removed, and a higher degree of accuracy in measurement. Whether roughing or finishing, the machinist must set the machine for the given job. He must consider the size and shape of the work and the kind of material, also the kind of tool used and the nature of the cut to be made, then he proceeds to set the machine for the correct speed and feed and to set the tool to take the depth of cut desired.Automatic Fixture Design外文资料翻译译文机械制造工艺机械加工是所有制造过程中最普遍使用的而且是最重要的方法。
论柴油机连杆的加工工艺_毕业设计
电子科技大学毕业设计（论文）论文题目：论柴油机连杆的加工工艺教学中心：电子科技大学网络教育重庆学习中心指导教师：邓文亮职称：讲师学生姓名：刘飞学号: V专业：机械设计制造及自动化2020年05月01日电子科技大学毕业设计（论文）任务书题目：论柴油机连杆的加工工艺任务与要求：本设计要求第一认真分析所要加工零件的结构、技术要求、生产纲领等内容从而制定一套该零件的加工工艺规程。
认真分析该加工工艺规程的优势，进而绘制出各个要紧工序的工序卡片，设计要紧工序的机床夹具，分析计算定位误差，设计机床夹具的要紧零件。
时刻： 2021 年 3月1 日至 2021年 5 月 15 日共 12 周办学单位：电子科技大学网络教育重庆学习中心学生姓名：刘飞学号： V专业：机械设计制造及自动化指导单位或教研室：重庆科创职业学院指导教师：邓文亮职称：讲师2012年3月5日毕业设计(论文)进度打算表电子科技大学毕业设计(论文)中期检查记录表摘要本文要紧论述了柴油机连杆的加工工艺及其夹具设计。
因为连杆是活塞式发动机和紧缩机的要紧零件之一，其大头孔与曲轴连接，小头孔通度日塞销与活塞连接，其作用是将活塞的气体压力传送给曲轴，又收曲轴驱动而带动活塞紧缩汽缸中的气体。
连杆经受的是冲击动载荷，因此要求连杆质量小，强度高刚性较差，没有良好的定位基准，柴油机连杆是柴油机中的关键零件之一，它将发动机活塞的直线反复运动转化为回转运动，在工作中要紧经受拉压交变应力。
它工作的稳固性和靠得住性对整台柴油机工作的质量相当重要。
这就涉及到零件的工作部位的加工精度要求。
因此在安排工艺进程时，依照“先基准后一样”的加工原那么。
连杆的要紧加工表面为大小头孔和两头面，较重要的加工表面为连杆体和盖的结合面及螺栓孔定位面。
在夹具设计方面也要针对连杆结构特点比较小，设计应时应注意夹具体结构尺寸的大小等，最终就能够达到零件的理想要求。
关键词: 连杆变形加工工艺夹具设计AbstractThis paper mainly discusses the diesel engine machining process of the connecting rod and fixture design. Because the connecting rod piston engines is one of the main parts and compressor, the big hole and crankshaft connection, small head hole through the piston pins connected with the pistons, its effect is the piston of gas pressure to transfer to the crankshaft, and gathered the crankshaft drive and the piston compressor cylinder driving the gas. Under the impact of the connecting rod is dynamic load, therefore, ask the connecting rod quality small, high strength rigid is bad, no good position datum, diesel engine is key parts of the diesel engine connecting rod, one of the engines pistons straight line it repeated movements into rotary motion, in the work which mainly bear and compressive alternating stress. It work to the stability and reliability of the diesel engine is very important to the quality of the work. This is involved parts where the work of the processing accuracy. So in the arrangement process, according to the \"first after benchmark general\" processing principle. The main processing surface is connecting rod head size holes and two end, of more important processing surface is the combination of the connecting rod body and cover face and bolt hole positioning surface. The fixture design for connecting rod structure characteristics to smaller, should pay attention to the design timely concrete structure with the size of the size, and finally achieved the components the ideal requirements.KEY WORDS Connecting rod Deformination Processing technology Design of clamping device目录第一章柴油机连杆的加工工艺........................................ 错误!未定义书签。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译314连杆机构
Link mechanismLinkages include garage door mechanisms, car wiper mechanisms, gear shift mechanisms. They are a very important part of mechanical engineering which is given very little attention...A link is defined as a rigid body having two or more pairing elements which connect it to other bodies for the purpose of transmitting force or motion . In every machine, at least one link either occupies a fixed position relative to the earth or carries the machine as a whole along with it during motion. This link is the frame of the machine and is called the fixed link.An arrangement based on components connected by rotary or sliding interfaces only is called a linkage. These type of connections, revolute and prismatic, are called lower pairs. Higher pairs are based on point line or curve interfaces.Examples of lower pairs include hinges rotary bearings, slideways , universal couplings. Examples of higher pairs include cams and gears.Kinematic analysis, a particular given mechanism is investigated based on the mechanism geometry plus factors which identify the motion such as input angular velocity, angular acceleration, etc. Kinematic synthesis is the process of designing a mechanism to accomplish a desired task. Here, both choosing the types as well as the dimensions of the new mechanism can be part of kinematic synthesis.Planar, Spatial and Spherical MechanismsA planar mechanism is one in which all particles describe plane curves is space and all of the planes are co-planar.. The majority of linkages and mechanisms are designed as planer systems. The main reason for this is that planar systems are more convenient to engineer. Spatial mechanisma are far more complicated to engineer requiring computer synthesis. Planar mechanisms ultilising only lower pairs are called planar linkages. Planar linkages only involve the use of revolute and prismatic pairsA spatial mechanism has no restrictions on the relative movement of the particles. Planar and spherical mechanisms are sub-sets of spatial mechanisms..Spatial mechanisms / linkages are not considered on this pageSpherical mechanisms has one point on each linkage which is stationary and the stationary point12of all the links is at the same location. The motions of all of the particles in the mechanism are concentric and can be repesented by their shadow on a spherical surface which is centered on the common location..Spherical mechanisms /linkages are not considered on this pageMobilityAn important factor is considering a linkage is the mobility expressed as the number of degrees of freedom. The mobility of a linkage is the number of input parameters which must be controlled independently in order to bring the device to a set position. It is possible todetermine this from the number of links and the number and types of joints which connect the links...A free planar link generally has 3 degrees of freedom (x , y, θ ). One link is always fixed so before any joints are attached the number of degrees of freedom of a linkage assembly with n links = DOF = 3 (n-1)Connecting two links using a joint which has only on degree of freedom adds twoconstraints. Connecting two links with a joint which has two degrees of freedom include 1 restraint to the systems. The number of 1 DOF joints = say j 1 and the number of joints with two degrees of freedom = say j 2.. The Mobility of a system is therefore expressed as mobility = m = 3 (n-1) - 2 j 1 - j 2Examples linkages showing the mobility are shown below..A system with a mobility of 0 is a structure. A system with a mobility of 1 can be fixed in position my positioning only one link. A system with a mobility of 2 requires two links to be positioned tofix the linkage position..This rule is general in nature and there are exceptions but it can provide a very useful initial guideas the the mobility of an arrangement of links...Grashof's LawWhen designing a linkage where the input linkage is continuously rotated e.g. driven by a motor it is important that the input link can freely rotate through complete revolutions.Thearrangement would not work if the linkage locks at any point. For the four bar linkage Grashof's law provides a simple test for this conditionGrashof's law is as follows:Referring to the 4 inversions of a four bar linkage shown below ..Grashof's law states that one of the links (generally the shortest link) will be able to rotate continuously if the followingcondition is met...b (shortest link ) + c(longest link) < a + dFour Inversions of a typical Four Bar LinkageNote: If the above condition was not met then only rocking motion would be possible for any link..Mechanical Advantage of 4 bar linkageThe mechanical advantage of a linkage is the ratio of the output torque exerted by the driven link to the required input torque at the driver link. It can be proved that the mechanical advantage is directly proportional to Sin( β ) the angle between the coupler link(c) and the driven link(d), and is inversely proportiona l to sin( α ) the angle between the driver link (b) and the coupler3(c) . These angles are not constant so it is clear that the mechanical advantage is constantly changing.The linkage positions shown below with an angle α = 0 o and 180 o has a near infinite mechanical advantage. These positions are referred to as toggle positions. These positions allow the 4 bar linkage to be used a clamping tools.The angle β is called the "transmission angle".As the value sin(transmission angle) becomes small the mechanical advantage of the linkage approaches zero. In these region the linkage is very liable to lock up with very small amounts of friction. When using four bar linkages to transfer torque it is generally considered prudent to avoid transmission angles below 450 and 500. In the figure above if link (d) is made the driver the system shown is in a locked position. The system has no toggle positions and the linkage is a poor designFreudenstein's EquationThis equation provides a simple algebraic method of determining the position of an output lever knowing the four link lengths and the position of the input lever.Consider the 4 -bar linkage chain as shown below..4The position vector of the links are related as followsl1 + l2 + l3 + l4 = 0Equating horizontal distancesl 1cos θ 1 + l 2cos θ 2 + l 3cos θ 3 + l 4cos θ 4 = 0 Equating Vertical distancesl 1sin θ 1 + l 2sin θ 2 + l 3sin θ 3 + l 4sin θ 4 = 0 Assuming θ 1 = 1800then sin θ 1= 0 and cosθ 1 = -1 Therefore- l 1 + l 2cosθ 2 + l 3cosθ 3 + l 4cos θ 4 = 0and .. l 2sin θ 2 + l 3sin θ 3 + l 4sin θ 4 = 0 Moving all terms except those containing l 3 to the RHS and Squaring both sidesl 32 cos 2θ 3 = (l 1 - l 2cos θ 2 - l 4cos θ 4 ) 2l 32 sin 2θ 3 = ( - l 2sin θ 2 - l 4sin θ 4) 2Adding the above 2 equations and using the relationshipscos ( θ 2 - θ 4) = cos θ 2cos θ 4+ sin θ 2sin θ 4 ) and sin2θ + cos2θ = 15the following relationship results..Freudenstein's Equation results from this relationship asK 1cos θ 2 + K2cos θ 4 + K 3= cos ( θ 2 - θ 4 )K1 = l1 / l4K2 = l 1 / l 2K3 = ( l 32 - l 12 - l 22 - l 2 4 ) / 2 l 2 l 4This equation enables the analytic synthesis of a 4 bar linkage. If three position of the output lever are required corresponding to the angular position of the input lever at three positions then this equation can be used to determine the appropriate lever lengths using three simultaneous equations...Velocity Vectors for LinksThe velocity of one point on a link must be perpendicular to the axis of the link, otherwise there would be a change in length of the link.On the link shown below B has a velocity of v AB= ω.AB perpendicular to A-B. " The velocity vector is shown...Considering the four bar arrangement shown below. The velocity vector diagram is built up as follows:•As A and D are fixed then the velocity of D relative to A = 0 a and d are located at the same point•The velocity of B relative to a is v AB= ω.AB perpendicular to A-B. This is drawn to scale as shown6•The velocity of C relative to B is perpedicular to CB and passes through b•The velocity of C relative to D is perpedicular to CD and passes through d•The velocity of P is obtained from the vector diagram by using the relationship bp/bc = BP/BCThe velocity vector diagram is easily drawn as shown...Velocity of sliding Block on Rotating LinkConsider a block B sliding on a link rotating about A. The block is instantaneously located at B' on the link..The velocity of B' relative to A = ω.AB perpendicular to the line. The velocity of B relative to B' = v. The link block and the associated vector diagram is shown below..Acceleration Vectors for LinksThe acceleration of a point on a link relative to another has two components:•1) the centripetal component due to the angular velocity of the link.ω 2.Length•2) the tangential component due to the angular acceleration of the link....7•The diagram below shows how to to construct a vector diagram for the acceleration components on a single link.The centripetal acceleration ab' = ω 2.AB towards the centre of rotation. The tangential component b'b = α. AB in a direction perpendicular to the link..The diagram below shows how to construct an acceleration vector drawing for a four bar linkage.•For A and D are fixed relative to each other and the relative acceleration = 0 ( a,d are together )•The acceleration of B relative to A are drawn as for the above link•The centripetal acceleration of C relative to B = v 2CB and is directed towards B ( bc1 ) •The tangential acceleration of C relative to B is unknown but its direction is known•The centripetal acceleration of C relative to D = v 2CD and is directed towards d( dc2) •The tangential acceleration of C relative to D is unknown but its direction is known.•The intersection of the lines through c1 and c 2 locates cThe location of the acceleration of point p is obtained by proportion bp/bc = BP/BC and the absolute acceleration of P = ap8The diagram below shows how to construct and acceleration vector diagram for a sliding block on a rotating link..The link with the sliding block is drawn in two positions..at an angle dωThe velocity of the point on the link coincident with B changes fro m ω.r =a b 1to ( ω + dω) (r +dr) = a b 2The change in velocity b1b2has a radial component ωr d θ and a tangential component ωdr + r dω The velocity of B on the sliding block relative to the coincident point on the link changes from v = a b 3 to v + dv = a b 4.The change in velocity = b3b4which has radial components dv and tangential components v d θThe total change in velocity in the radial direction = dv- ω r d θRadial acceleration = dv / dt = ω r d θ / dt = a - ω2 rThe total change in veloci ty in the tangential direction = v dθ + ω dr + r αTangential acceleration = v dθ / dt + ω dr/dt + r d ω / dt= v ω + ω v + r α = α r + 2 v ωThe acceleration vector diagram for the block is shown below9Note : The term 2 v ω representing the tangentia l acceleration of the block relative to the coincident point on the link is called the coriolis component and results whenever a block slides along a rotating link and whenever a link slides through a swivelling block连杆机构连杆存在于车库门装置，汽车擦装置，齿轮移动装置中。
机械加工介绍(中英文对照)英文翻译
机械加工介绍（中英文对照）1 LathesLathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool.The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod.The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed.The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives.Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size ofmaximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle.The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw.The size of a lathe is designated by two dismensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers.Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon. Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system. Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type, designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet.Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful, because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece, thy are not suitable for quantity production. Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time. In addition, a skilled machinist is required for all the operations, and such persons are costly and often in short supply. However, much of theoperator’s t ime is consumed by simple, repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made. Consequently, to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required, turret lathes, screw machines, and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing.2 Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that wouldnot have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes.Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S. Air Force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve, Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape.A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a seriesof magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems.The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.3 TurningThe engine lathe, one of the oldest metal removal machines, has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes. Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered.The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal, and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today.Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator. The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilledoperator. In redesigning an experimental part for production, economical tolerances should be used.Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now, more than ever before, this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method, the turret lathe merits a high rating.In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts, it is most economical to use the turret lathe. In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe, the designer should strive for a minimum of operations.Automatic Screw Machines Generally, automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics, multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines. Originally designed for rapid, automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts, the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field, and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts. Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine. Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine. The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities.Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned, tooling , and feeds and speeds employed, minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances.In some cases, tolerances of 0.05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut . groove width can be held to 0.125mm on some parts. Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0.0125mm. Onhigh-production runs where maximum output is desirable, a minimum tolerance of 0.125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn2 Simple Machines and ToolsA What Do the Simple Machines Mean?Simple machines are devices which allow energy to be transferred from one place to another. With the help of machines our lives are made much easier.To many people the word "machine" means things like a tractor, an electric drill, a bulldozer, a sewing machine or a bicycle. These are machines, but they are really very complicated ones, such as ones made up of many simple machines. There are only a few kinds of simple machines. They are the lever, the wheel and axle, the inclined plane, gears, pulleys and hydraulics.Simple machines can do the following:They allow energy to be transferred from the place where it is available to the place where it is used.They can change the size and direction of force. Certain types of machines allow us to apply a very large force to something by using a small force. This is called a force advantage.They can change the distance and speed with which something is moving. This is called giving a distance or speed advantage.A typical example of simple machines is the lever, which has found extremely wide use in our production practice. Some other simple machines can be seen like a seesaw, an axe, a wheelbarrow, a pair of scissors and a hammer. These are examples of levers. By using these, tasks which would be difficult for you to do can be done more easily.A lever is a rigid bar. The crowbar in Figure 1 is an example of a simple lever. All levers have the following parts:1. The fulcrum is the fixed point around which the lever can turn.2. The effort force is the force applied to the lever. It is sometimes called the input force or simply the effort.3. The effort arm is the distance between the fulcrum and the point where the effort force is applied.4. The load force is the force moving the load. It is the output force of the lever and is sometimes simply called the load.5. The load arm is the distance from the fulcrum to the position of the load.A wheelbarrow allows us to lift a heavy load by using a fairly small force. The wheelbarrow can be draw as a rigid bar as is shown in figure 2. the wheel axle acts as the fulcrum. It can easily be seen that the effort arm is longer than the load arm. This gives a force advantage because the load force is greater than the effort force that is applied. However, the effort force has to be moved much further than the load.Fig.1 A crow-bar Fig.2 A wheelbarrowIf the fulcrum is placed so that the load arm is longer than the effort arm, a large force is needed to move a small load, but it moves the load a long way. This gives a speed advantage. This idea can be seen in the fishing rod. The large effort force applied by the fisherman moves only a small load, the fish. However itdoes allow the fisherman to drag the fish in quickly.Often simple machines are made of double levers. Scissors, pliers, nutcrackers and tinsnips are all double levers.double levers 双重杠杆effort arm 力臂effort force 作用力force advantage 力增益in a more convenient way 以某种较为方便的方式inclined plane 斜面load arm 重力臂load force 荷载力（重力）rigid bar 刚性杆speed advantage 速度增益input force 输入力文中为作用力output force 输出力文中为载荷力或阻力B Tools and MachinesEach department in manufacturing uses tools to do its job. In general, tools and machines process (change) materials or information. Production department workers use tools to change materials into finished products. The finance department uses calculators and computers to keep track of the company's finances. Marketing workers send product information to consumers through advertisements made with video and audio recording machines. Workers in manufacturing must know how to use the tools of their trade.Defining tools and machinesTools extend human abilities in doing the work of processing (changing) materials or information. So, strictly speaking, machines are also tools. Tools extend human abilities by increasing the power, speed, efficiency, accuracy, and productivity of work. We cannot drive nails in boards withour bare hands, but we can drive nails with a tool – the hammer. We can do math problems in our head, but an electronic calculator is faster and more accurate. Both the hammer and the calculator are tools that extend our abilities.Generally, tools can be described as hand tools, power hand tools, or machines. A hand tool is the simplest form. The user holds it in the hand and moves it to perform work. It is powered only by the user. Hand saws, screwdrivers, and hand planes are examples of hand tools. Power hand tools are improved hand tools. The user holds one in the hand and moves it to perform work, but the processing power comes from an external source, such as an electric motor. Power circular saws, electric screwdrivers, and power planes are some power hand tools. Machines stay still during processing and use an externally powered tool that is fastened to the machine to do the actual processing. Table saws, drill presses, and planers are all machines.Another category of manufacturing tools is equipment. Equipment covers devices that cannot be defined as machine, power hand tools, or hand tools. Equipment stays still on a structure during processing and uses human or thermal (heat) power too process materials. Examples include the human-powered squaring shears for shearing metal and ovens, and furnaces used to melt materials.All tools, machines, and equipment extend human abilities by increasing the power, speed, efficiency, accuracy, and productivity of processing materials or information.The six basic machinesWe base the principles that describe how tools work on the basic machines – wheelsevers, pulleys, inclined planes, wedges, and screws, (see the fig.). The purpose of these basic machines is to gain a mechanical advantage in doing work. A mechanical advantage is an increase in a force. Mechanical advantage of force is abbreviated MAF. A simple example is driving nails in wood. Without a hammer, you would not be able to drive the nails. By placing the hammer in your hand, you create a lever that gives you a mechanical advantage of force over the nail. The nail itself uses wedge action to cut into the wood.For anther example, look at the frill press, often found in labs. The drill bit uses a wedge for its cutting action. Inclined planes hold the drill bit in the chuck. Screw threads hold the drill press together. Pulleys transfer power from the motor to the drill bit. The handle on the drill press acts as a lever attached to a wheel and axle. Every time one of the six basic machines is used in a tool or machine, mechanical advantage is realized. Identify the six basic machines in other tools and machines in your lab.drill bit 钻头drill press 钻床electric screwdriver 电动螺丝刀finance department 财务部marketing worker 销售人员power circular saw 电动圆盘锯power hand tool 电动工具power plane 电刨mechanical advantage 机械增益中文译文1.车床车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计的机床。
连杆中英互译
连杆是柴油机的要紧传动件之一，本文要紧论述了连杆的加工工艺及其夹具设计。
连杆的尺寸精度、形状精度和位置精度的要求都很高，而连杆的刚性比较差，容易产生变形，因此在安排工艺进程时，就需要把各要紧表面的粗精加工工序分开。
慢慢减少加工余量、切削力及内应力的作用，并修正加工后的变形，就能够最后达到零件的技术要求。
连杆零件加工工艺大量生产的工艺特征：零件的互换性：具有广泛的互换性，少数装配精度较高处，采用分组装配法和调整法。
毛坯的制造方法和加工余：广泛采用金属模机器造型，铸或其他商效方法。
毛坯精度高，加工余量小。
机床设备及其布置形式：广泛采用商效专用机床及自动机床，按流水线和自动排列设备。
工艺装备：广泛采用高效夹具，复合刀具，专用量具或自动检验装置，靠调整法达到精度要求。
对工人的技术要求：对调整工的技术水平要求高，对操作工的技术水平要求较低。
工艺文件：有工艺过程卡或工序卡，关键工序要调整卡和检验卡。
成本：较低。
生产率：高。
工人劳动条件：较好。
第二节零件的分析一、零件的分析（1）加工表面的尺寸精度和形状精度。
（2）主要加工表面之间的相互位置精度。
（3）加工表面的粗糙度及其他方面的表面质量要求。
（4）热处理及其他要求。
连杆零件的图样的视图正确，完整，尺寸，公差及技术要求齐全。
但基准孔Φ14H8mm要求μm比较高，需要绞孔。
本零件的两大小头孔的加工并不困难。
根据零件的技术要求，其大小头孔的两中心的平行度要求比较高，达Φ，因此在加工时应设计一夹具来保证两孔中心的平行度要求。
另外就是该零件的油槽加工，分析该小孔是做油孔之用，位置精度不需要太高，只要钻至沟槽之内，即能使油路畅通就行。
再就是铣小头孔上十字形通槽，需要设计一夹具来加工。
二、选择毛坯及毛坯制造方法(1) 根据零件用途确定毛坯类型。
(2)根据批量（生产纲领）确定毛坯制造方法。
(3)根据手册查定表面加工余量及余量公差。
根据技术要求，零件材料为ZG310—570，即铸造碳钢。
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数控机床加工精度异常故障的诊断和处理生产中经常会遇到数控机床加工精度异常的故障。
此类故障隐蔽性强，诊断难度比较大。
形成这类故障的原因主要有五个方面：{1}机床进给单位被改动或变化。
{2}机床各个轴的零点偏置[NULL OFFSET]异常。
{3}轴向的反向间隙[BACK LASH]异常。
{4}电机运行状态异常，即电气及控制部分异常。
{5}机械故障，如丝杠，轴承，轴联器等部件。
另外加工程序的编制，刀具的选择及人为因素，也可能导致加工精度异常。
1．系统参数发生变化或改动系统参数主要包括机床进给单位，零点偏置，反向间隙等。
例如SIMENS，FANUC系统，其进给单位有公制和英制两种。
机床修理过程中某些处理，常常影响到零点偏置和间隙的变化，故障处理完毕后应作适时的调整和修改；另一方面，由于机械磨损严重或连结松动也可能造成参数实测值的变化，需要对参数做相应的修改才能满足机床加工精度的要求。
2．机械故障导致的加工精度异常一台THM6350立式加工中心，采用SIMENS 840D系统。
在加工联杆模具过程中，忽然发现Z轴进给异常，造成至少1毫米的切削误差量（Z向过切）。
调查中了解到：故障是忽然发生的。
机床在点动，MDI（手动数据输入方式）操作方式下各个轴运行正常，且回参考点正常；无任何报警提示，电气控制部分硬故障的可能性排除。
分析认为，主要应对以下几个方面逐一进行检查。
[1]检查机床精度异常时正在运行的加工程序段，特别是刀具长度补偿，加工坐标（G54—G59）的校对和计算。
[2]在点动方式下，反复运动Z轴，经过视，触，听对其运动状态诊断，发现Z向运动噪音异常，特别是快速点动，噪音更加明显。
由此判断，机械方面可能存在隐患。
[3]检查机床Z轴精度。
用手摇脉冲发生器移动Z轴，（将其倍率定为1X100的挡位，即每变化一步，电机进给0.1毫米），配合百分表观察Z轴的运动情况。
在单向运动精度保持正常后作为起始点的正向运动，脉冲器每变化一步，机床Z轴运动的实际距离d=dl=d2=d3….=0.1mm，说明电机运行良好，定位精度也良好。
而返回机床实际运动位移的变化上，可以分为四个阶段：①机床运动距离d1>d=0.1mm(斜率大于1)；②表现出为d1=0.1>d2>d3(斜率小于1)；③机床机构实际没移动，表现出最标准的反向间隙；④机床运动距离与脉冲器给定数值相等（斜率等于1），恢复到机床的正常运动。
无论怎样对反向间隙（参数1851）进行补偿，其表现出的特征是：除了③阶段能够补偿外，其他各段变化依然存在，特别是①阶段严重影响到机床的加工精度。
补偿中发现，间隙补偿越大，①阶段移动的距离也越大。
分析上述检查认为存在几点可能原因：一是电机有异常；二是机械方面有故障；三是丝杠存在间隙。
为了进一步诊断故障，将电机和丝杠完全脱开，分别对电机和机械部分进行检查。
检查结果是电机运行正常；在对机械部分诊断中发现，用手盘动丝杠时，返回运动初始有非常明显的空缺感。
而正常情况下，应能感觉到轴承有序而平滑的移动。
经过拆卸检查发现其轴承确实受损，且有滚珠脱落。
更换后机床恢复正常。
3．机床电气参数未优化电机运行异常有一台北京产的立式数控铣床，配备SIMENS840D系统。
在加工过程中，发现X轴精度异常。
检查发现X轴存在一定间隙，且电机启动时存在不稳定的现象。
有手触摸X轴电机时感觉电机抖动比较厉害，停止是抖动不明显，尤其是点动方式下比较明显。
分析认为，故障原因有两点，一是丝杠反向间隙很大；二是X轴电机工作异常。
利用SIMENS系统的参数功能，对电机进行调试。
首先对存在的间隙进行补偿；调整伺服增益参数及脉冲抑制功能参数，X轴电机的抖动消除，机床加工精度恢复正常。
4．机床位置环异常或控制逻辑不妥一台TH61140加工中心，系统是FANUC18I，全闭环控制方式。
加工过程中，发现该机床Y轴精度异常，精度误差最小为0.006mm，最大为1.4mm。
检查中，机床已经按照要求设置了G54工件坐标系。
在MDI（手动数据输入方式）方式下，以G54坐标系运行一段程序即“G00G90G54Y80F100；M30；”，待机床运行结束后显示器上显示的机械坐标值为“-1046.605”，记录下该数值。
然后在手动方式下，将机床点动到其他任意位置，再次在MDI方式下运行上次的程序段，待机床停止后，发现此时机床机械坐标数值显示为“-1046.992”，同第一次执行后的数值相比差了0.387mm。
按照同样的方法，将Y轴点动到不同的位置，反复执行该程序段显示器上显示的数值不定。
用百分表对Y轴进行仔细检查，发现机械位置实际误差同数显显示出的误差基本一致，从而认为故障原因为Y轴重复定位误差过大。
对Y轴的反向间隙及定位精度进行检查，重新做补偿，均无效果。
因此怀疑光栅尺及系统参数等有问题。
但为什么产生如此大的误差，却未出现相应的报警信息呢？进一步检查发现，次轴为垂直方向的轴，当Y轴松开时主轴箱向下掉，造成了误差。
对机床的PLC逻辑控制程序做了修改，即在Y轴松开时，先把Y轴使能加载，再把Y轴松开；而在夹紧时，先把轴夹紧后，再把Y轴使能去掉。
调整后机床故障得以解决。
CNC machining accuracy of the abnormal fault diagnosisand treatmentProduction often encounter unusual precision CNC machining of the fault. Such failure concealed strong, and the diagnosis more difficult. Such a failure of the main reasons there are five areas: (1) machine tool unit to be altered or changed. (2)-axis machine tools all the 0.1 bias [NULL OFFSET] anomaly. (3) axial reverse the gap [BACK LASH] anomaly. (4) abnormal motor running, electrical and control of the anomaly. (5) mechanical failure, such as the screw, bearings, shaft and other components for the. In addition the establishment of procedures for processing, tool selection and human factors, may also lead to abnormal processing accuracy1. System parameters change or alterationSystem parameters including machine feeding units, 0.1 bias, such as reverse gap. For example, SIMENS, FANUC system, feeding its metric and English units of two. Machine repair in certain treatment, often affecting 0.1 gap and offset the change, fault should be disposed of after timely adjustments and amendments on the other hand, due to mechanical wear or link may also be caused by loose parameters measured the changes , The parameters need to be revised accordingly to meet the requirements of precision machining.2. Mechanical failure caused by abnormal processing precisionTHM6350 a vertical machining centers, used SIMENS 840D system. Die-processing in the process, suddenly found Z-axis feed anomaly, at least one millimeter of error of cutting (Z to the cut-off). In that survey: the fault is all of a sudden. Machine tools to move in, MDI (manual data input method) mode of operation under normal operation of the shaft, and the reference point back to normal without any warning tips, electrical control of the hard rule out the possibility of failure. Analysis, the main one by one the following aspects should be checked[1] check accuracy of abnormal machine is running at the processing procedures, the length of particular tool compensation, processing coordinates (G54-G59) the proof-reading and computing. [2] to move in the way, the Z-axis movement repeatedly, through visual, touch, listen to their campaign of state, found that the noise Z to the abnormal movement, in particular to move fast, noise more pronounced. This judgement, machinery possible hidden dangers[3] Z-axis precision machine tool inspection. Using hand-cranked generator mobile Z-axis, (its rate set at the Shift 1 X100, which is in step, the electrical feed 0.1 mm), with Bai Fenbiao observe the movement of Z-axis. In a one-way movement tomaintain normal accuracy of the positive movement as a starting point, every change in pulse-step machine Z-axis movement o f the actual distance d = dl = d2 = d3… .= 0.1 mm, that motor running well and also positioning accuracy Good. Back to the actual movement and displacement of the machine changes, can be divided into four stages:① machine movement distance d1> d = 0.1mm (slope greater than 1); ② show for d1 = 0.1> d2> d3 (slope less than 1); ③ machine actually did not move bodies, showing the most standard reverse gap ; ④ movement from the machine and pulse for a given numerical equivalent (slope equal to 1), return to the normal movement of the machineNo matter how the reverse gap (parameters 1851) compensation to their performance characteristics: In addition to ③ stage to compensation, all of the other changes still exist, especially ① stage seriously affect the accuracy of the processing machine. Compensation found that the greater the compensation gap, ①stage of moving from the greaterAnalysis of the inspection that there may be a few reasons: First, motor abnormalities and the other is in a mechanical fault; three screw there is space. In order to further diagnose problems, and the screw will be fully undocked from the electrical, mechanical and electrical were part of the inspection. Inspection results of the electrical operating normally in the diagnosis of the mechanical parts that move hand-screw, to return to the initial campaign have a very clear sense of vacancy.And under normal circumstances, should be able to feel bearing orderly and smooth movement. After the demolition inspection found that it really damaged bearings, and the ball is falling. After the replacement machine back to normal3. Machine did not optimize the electrical parameters of abnormal motor runningBeijing has a capacity of vertical milling machine, equipped with SIMENS840D system. In the process, we found abnormal X-axis precision. X-axis inspection found that there are certain gaps, and the motor of instability at the start of the phenomenon.A hand touching the X-axis motor, sensory motor jitter relatively powerful, and stop dithering is not obvious, especially under way to move more obvious. Analysis of that failure for two reasons, First, screw reverse big gap and the other is abnormal X-axis electrical work. SIMENS system using the parameters of function, the motor debugging. First on the compensation gap, adjusting the servo gain parameters and pulse suppression parameters, X-axis motor to eliminate the jitter, precision machining back to normal4. Central location of machine control logic is nothing wrong or unusualTH61140 a processing center, the system is FANUC18I, closed-loop control the whole way. In the process, found that the Y-axis precision machine tools abnormal, the smallest error for the accuracy of 0.006 mm, the largest to 1.4 mm. During the。