高考英语一轮复习 语法专项突破 第九讲 情态动词和虚拟语气高三全册英语试题
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入舵市安恙阳光实验学校第九讲情态动词和虚拟语气
一情态动词
1.can/could
(1)表示能力(could常用于过去的能力)。
◆Many people can use the computer. 许多人会用电脑。
◆No one could answer this challenging question.
没人能回答这个具有挑战性的问题。
(2)表示客观或理论上的可能性。
◆It can be very hot here in summer.
这里夏天有时会很热。
◆Accidents can happen to any drunken driver.
醉酒的司机都有可能发生交通事故。
(3)表示请求或允许。
在疑问句中could可以代替can,语气更委婉。
◆(北京高考单项填空)Can I have a word with you? It won’t take long.
我可以和你谈谈吗?不会花很多时间的。
(4)表示推测,意为“可能”,用于否定句和疑问句。
can比could语气强。
◆He can’t be our manager.He has gone to Beijing.
他不可能是我们经理。
我们经理已经去北京了。
2.may/might
(1)表示请求、允许、许可,might比may的语气更委婉。
◆—Might I ask for a picture of your little daughter?
——我可以要一张你小女儿的照片吗?
—Yes, you may.
——是的,可以。
(2)表示推测,意为“或许,可能”,通常用于肯定句和否定句。
might比may语气弱。
◆—I don’t really like James.Why did you invite him?
——我真的不喜欢詹姆斯。
为什么你邀请他?
—Don’t worry.He might not come.He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.
——别担心,他或许不会来。
他说他还不能确定他的计划。
3.must
(1)表示“必须;应该”。
◆—Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?
——我该马上通知他日程改了吗?
—I am afraid you must, in case he comes late for the meeting.
——我想你必须(通知他),以免他开会迟到。
(2)表示推测,意为“一定”,用于肯定句。
◆Someone must have used my umbrella yesterday.I found it wet.
昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞,我发现它湿了。
(3)意为“偏要,非要……不可”。
◆If you must go,at least wait until the storm is over.
如果你非要走,至少要等到暴风雨停止(再走)。
(4)mustn’t表示禁止,意为“不得,不允许;一定不要”。
◆That car is my property; you mustn’t use it without my permission.
那辆车是我的财产,你必须得到我的允许才能使用。
4.shall的用法
(1)用于第一、三人称疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见。
◆Shall we put off the sports meet till next month?
我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月?
◆Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?
明天汤姆可以和我一起去那里吗?
(2)用于第二、三人称陈述句中,表示说话人的命令、警告、威胁、允诺、决心等;或用于条约、规定、法令、法律等,意为“必须”。
◆You shall be punished for what you have done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
5.should
(1)should表示责任、义务、劝告、建议等,意为“应该”。
◆We should be strict with ourselves.
我们应该严格要求自己。
(2)should表示出乎意料的口气,意为“竟然,居然”。
◆Such a gentleman should do that.
这样一位绅士竟然会做那种事。
6.will/would
(1)用于表示意志或意愿。
◆—Why didn’t you come to my party last night?
——昨晚你为什么不参加我的晚会?
—I wanted to, but my mom simply would not let me out so late at night.
——我想参加,但是晚上那么晚我母亲就是不让我出去。
(2)表示“请求;建议”。
用would比will委婉、客气。
◆Will/Would you please keep the door open?
请你把门开着好吗?
(3)表示习惯,will可以表示现在的习惯,意为“总是;习惯于”。
表示过去的习惯性动作用would。
◆He would get up early when he lived in the country.
生活在农村时他过去常常早起。
7.need
表示“需要;必要”,用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。
◆You need n’t be told twice about one single thing.
同一件事不必对你说两遍。
◆—Need I tell him everything that’s happened to his parents?
——我有必要告诉他有关他父母发生的一切吗?
—Yes, you must./No, you needn’t.
——是的,必须。
/不,没必要。
need还可以作实义动词,此时有人称和数的变化,后面可跟名词、带to 的不定式或动名词等作宾语,其否定形式、疑问形式都要通过助动词do构成。
◆Plants need light in order to survive.
植物存活必须有光照。
◆Do I need to leave my telephone number and address?
我有必要把电话号码和地址留下吗?
◆You don’t need to hand in your compositions today.
你们今天不必交作文。
8.dare
表示“敢;敢于”,主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中,一般不用于肯定句。
I dare say是习惯说法,意为“我想,大概”。
◆I dare not face the danger bravely.
我不敢有勇气地面对困难。
9.ought to
表示义务,意为“应当”,语气比should强,表示不十分肯定或含蓄的推测,意为“应是,应该”。
◆You ought to work harder than before.
你应当比之前更努力地工作。
◆You ought not to be late for such an important meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
[典例] (2016·北京高考单项填空)I love the weekend, because I
____________ not get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
need解析:句意:我喜欢周末,因为在周六和周日我不需要早起。
need not意为“不必”。
情态动词适用句式适用时态意义
must
肯定句一般时、进行时、完成时一定,肯定
Jack described his father, who must have been a brave boy many
years ago, as a strongwilled man.
done the research on his own.
must解析:句意:既然没人给他帮忙,那他肯定是自己做的研究。
主句是对从句表达的原因的一种猜测,must have done想必/准是/一定做过某事,符合主从句之间的逻辑关系。
单句语法填空/单句改错
1.Harry is feeling uncomfortable.He ____________have drunk too much at the party last night.
must解析:句意:Harry觉得不舒服,他昨晚在聚会上肯定喝多了。
由last night及语境可知,此处表示对过去的肯定情况把握较大的推测。
must have done sth.“一定做了某事”。
2.(2016·天津高考单项填空)It was really annoying; I ____________ not get access to the data bank you had recommended.
could解析:句意:这真让人生气,我不能进入你推荐的数据库。
此处强调没有能力做某事,且讲述的是过去的情况,could not,意为“不能”,符合语境。
3.(2016·全国卷甲短文改错)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby.____________________
can→should或去掉can解析:句意:有些同学建议我们去附近的名胜。
suggest作“建议”讲时,后面的宾语从句应该用虚拟语气,从句谓语的形式是“should+动词原形”,should可以省略,但不能换成其他的情态动词。
4.(2016·全国卷甲短文改错)We can chose between staying at home and taking a trip.____________________
chose→choose解析:在情态动词can之后应用动词原形,故把chose 改为choose。
5.(2015·全国卷Ⅰ短文改错)We must found ways to protect our environment. ________________
found→find解析:情态动词后应用动词原形。
二虚拟语气
1.非真实条件句中虚拟语气的用法
情况从句谓语动词主句谓语动词
与现在事实相反
过去式(be的过去
式形式用were) would/could/should/might+动词原形
与过去事实相反过去完成式
would/could/should/might+
have done
与将来事实相反①were to do
②should do
③过去式
would/could/should/might+
动词原形
◆If my brother were here, everything would be all right.
要是我弟弟在这儿,一切都会好的。
◆If it should rain this afternoon, the basketball match would be put off.
要是今天下午下雨,篮球比赛就会被推迟。
◆—John went to the hospital alone.
——约翰自己一个人去的医院。
—If he had told me about it, I would have gone with him.
——要是他告诉我,我就陪他去了。
(1)在if引导的虚拟条件句中,条件句的谓语动词中含有had,were,should 时,可以把if省略,把had,were,should提到句首,变为倒装句。
◆Had you(=If you had) come earlier, you would have caught the early bus.
如果你早点来,就能赶上早班车了。
◆Were I(=If I were) twenty now, I would join the army. 如果我现在20岁,我就参。
◆Should he come(=If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了,让他给我打个电话。
(2)如果主句和从句是对不同时间的事实的虚拟,则被称为错综虚拟语气。
此时主句常有明显的时间状语。
◆Maybe if I had studied science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.
也许如果当时我学的是理科不是文科的话,那么我现在就可以给你更多的帮助了。
2.虚拟语气在含蓄条件句中的用法
有时假设的条件不通过条件状语从句表达出来,而是隐含在某些词或短语中,或隐含在上下文中,这种叫含蓄虚拟语气。
常见的这类词或短语有:without (要是)没有
in case 万一;以防
but for 要不是
supposing 假如
for fear that 以免
otherwise 否则
or 否则
◆We could not have stayed together for a single minute but for a phone call.
要不是一个电话,我们不可能在一起待一分钟。
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
It is
desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/essen tial/a pity+that从句,从句中的谓语动词用“(should+)动词原形”。
◆It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference. 他有必要整理些信息供我参考。
2.宾语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气,表示一种不可能实现的愿望,其谓语动词构成形式如下表:
◆I wish
我希望我是只小鸟,能在天空自由飞翔。
◆I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday.
我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。
(2)表示“建议,命令,要求”等意义时,宾语从句用“(should+)动词原形”。
①坚持:动词insist;②命令:order,command;③建议:动词advise,suggest,propose,recommend;④要求:动词request,require,demand,ask。
◆She suggested that Dale join the debating team, believing that practice in speaking could give him the confidence and recognition that he needed.
她建议戴尔参加辩论队,她认为辩论队里的演讲练习会给予他所需要的信心和认可。
(3)would rather/prefer+that从句(从句用虚拟语气)
①表示愿望与“现在事实或将来事实相反”,从句用一般过去时。
◆I would rather you were not here with me now.
我宁愿你现在不与我一起在这里。
②表示愿望与“过去事实相反”,从句用过去完成时。
◆I would rather you hadn’t done that.
我宁愿你没有做那件事。
3.表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
(1)在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。
其构成是“(should+)动词原形”。
◆We followed his advice that we (should)ask our teacher for help.
我们接受了他的我们应该向老师求助的建议。
(2)as if, as though引导的表语从句常用虚拟语气,与现在事实相反用一般过去时;与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
◆She looks as if nothing had happened to her.
她看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。
4.定语从句中的虚拟语气
It’s (about/high/very) time+that从句(从句用虚拟语气,谓语动词用一般过去时或should+动词原形,should不能省略),意为“某人该做某事了”。
◆It’s time that we should go/went home.
该到我们回家的时间了。
5.if only从句中的虚拟语气
if only引导的感叹句,其虚拟语气的结构与wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气的结构相同。
◆If only the driver hadn’t driven so fast then!
要是司机那时没开那么快就好了。
[典例] (陕西高考)My mom suggests that we ____________(eat) out for a change this weekend.
(should)eat解析:句意:妈妈建议我们这个周末出去吃饭,换换口味。
题干关键词为suggests,意为“建议”,其后所接的宾语从句应用虚拟语气,故谓语动词应用(should) do形式,故填(should) eat。
单句语法填空
1.(2017·湖南衡阳一中月考)It’s time that we ____________(do) something quickly.
did/should do解析:It’s time that…意为“是该做……的时候”,从句常用虚拟语气,即从句谓语动词用should do或动词的过去式,故填
did/should do。
2.(2017·甘肃天水一中段考)John wants to see me now, but I have so much work on hand that I would rather he ____________(come) tomorrow than today.
came解析: would rather后面接从句时,从句中的谓语动词通常要用一般过去时,表示对现在或将来的假设。
3.(江苏高考)I should not have laughed if I____________(think) you
were serious.
had thought解析:句意:如果我(当时)认为你是认真的,我就不会笑了。
主句中谓语动词使用should not have laughed,表明与过去的事实相反,从句谓语动词应该使用had done形式。
4.(2017·浙江杭州地区七校模拟)When you phoned me, I was having a meeting; how I wish I ____________(answer) your call.
had answered解析:句意:当你给我打电话的时候,我正在开会。
我多么希望我(之前)接了你的电话。
wish后的从句中用虚拟语气,根据句意可知是对过去情况的虚拟,所以谓语动词用had done形式。
5.(2017·陕西渭南一模)It is required by law that a driving test ____________(take) before a man gets a license.
(should) be taken解析:句意:法律规定,一个人在获得驾照之前要先参加驾照考试。
It is required that…中,that从句的谓语动词用“should +动词原形”,其中should可以省略;又因为test与take之间是被动关系,故用被动语态,即(should) be taken。
Ⅰ单句语法填空
1.—Will you go to swim with us this afternoon?
—I’m not quite sure.I ____________ go to pick up my daughter at her kindergarten.
might解析:句意:——你今天下午愿意和我们一起去游泳吗?——我不太确定,我可能要去幼儿园接我的女儿。
结合句意和句中的not quite sure 可知,此处表示不太肯定的推测,故用might。
2.(江苏高考单项填空)It was sad to me that they,so poor themselves,____________ bring me food.
should解析:句意:让我难过的是,他们自己那么贫穷,竟然还给我带来食物。
should可以表示说话人惊讶的语气,意为“竟然”。
3.(2017·福建福州二次质检)—How I wish I ____________(pass) the geography exam!
—So you’re sorry that you didn’t work hard.
had passed解析:句意:——我多么希望通过了地理考试啊!——这么说你对没有努力学习后悔了。
考查wish后的宾语从句中虚拟语气的用法。
由语境可知此处表示对过去的愿望,故应用过去完成时。
4.(2017·四川成都七中段考)The young firefighter insisted that he ____________(be) wellprepared and should be sent there to put out the fire.
was解析:句意:那位年轻的消防员坚持说他准备好了,并且坚持要去那里救火。
当insist意为“坚持说;坚持认为”时用陈述语气,且根据主句时态为一般过去时可知,从句也应用过去时。
且此处表达的是说话时所处的一种
状态,故用一般过去时。
故填was。
5.(2015·北京高考单项填空)—Can’t you stay a little longer?
—It’s getting late.I really ____________ go now.My daughter is home alone.
must解析:句意:——你不能再待一会儿吗?——天色晚了。
我真的必须得走了。
我女儿一个人在家。
根据语境中“天色晚了”和“女儿一个人在家”可知,这里表示必须得走了。
must意为“必须”。
6.(2017·安徽黄山第二次质检)—I’m afraid I have to leave now, for you see,he is waiting for me.
—Well,if you ____________,at least wait till the heavy rain stops.
must解析:句意:——恐怕现在我不得不离开了,因为你知道,他在等我。
——好的,如果你非得走,至少要等到大雨停了再走。
根据语境可知填must,意为“偏要;非得”。
7.(2017·安徽江淮十校联考)As the deadline is drawing near, no one ____________ leave with his own work uncompleted.
shall解析:句意:由于截止日期即将到来,不完成工作,任何人不许离开。
shall用于第三人称陈述句中,表示命令、警告,符合句意。
8.(四川高考单项填空)I still remember my happy childhood when my mother ____________ take me to Disneyland at weekends.
would解析:句意:我还记得自己快乐的童年,那时,我妈妈常常在周末带我去迪斯尼乐园。
此处would表示“过去常常”,指过去习惯性的动作。
9.(江西高考)When I was a child,I ____________ watch TV whenever I wanted to.
could解析:句意:我小的时候,想什么时候看电视,就什么时候看。
此处发生在过去,用情态动词could表示“能够,被允许”,相当于was allowed to。
10.(浙江高考单项填空)They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigation,or they ____________(come) to our help.
would have come解析:句意:在我们进行调查的几个月里,他们在国外,否则他们会来给我们帮忙的。
or意为“否则”,语境中隐含了一个条件,故本句为含蓄条件句。
由上句中的were可知设空处表示与过去事实相反的假设,故主句谓语应用would have done形式。
Ⅱ单句改错
1.(2015·四川高考短文改错)What do you think I should do?If you are me,would you talk to them?____________________
are→were解析:根据语境可知,此处If引导的虚拟条件句是对现在事实的假设,条件状语从句中的谓语动词应用过去式。
2.They would have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was
delayed.____________________
would→should解析:对过去(已发生)的事情的推测,应该用“情态动词+have done”。
根据语境“要不是因为他们的航班延误了,他们理应在午饭时间到的”可知,此处表示按照常理推断,应用should。
3.(全国卷)Meanwhile,I found out that with more patience I must make my toys last.____________________
must→could/might解析:句意:同时,我发现耐心一些,我可以让我的玩具持久些,故应将must改为could或might。
4.I mustn’t use a clock to wake me up because at six o’clock each morning the train comes by my house.____________________ mustn’t→needn’t解析:句意:因为每天早上6点钟火车都会从我的房子旁边经过,所以我不需要用闹钟叫我起床。
mustn’t表示“禁止”,由句意可知,应将mustn’t改为needn’t。
5.But in fact,Gorka can quite shy,even around the people he has known for a while.____________________
can后加be解析: can后的中心词为形容词shy,can不能单独作谓语,需要借助系动词be构成系表结构。
6.As for the consumers,they had better have their own judgment and not were puzzled by ads.____________________
were→be解析:分析句子结构可知,本句中and后面省略了had better,had better后应接动词原形,故把were改为be。
7.You shouldn’t have bought so much food,because I have prepared everything we need for the picnic.____________________
shouldn’t→needn’t解析:句意:我已经准备了野餐所需的所有东西,所以你本不必买这么多东西的。
needn’t have done表示本不必做某事而实际上做了。
8.Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police with violence were put into
prison.____________________
were→be解析:句意:大多数香港市民坚决要求那些用暴力袭击警察的人被关进监狱。
insist作“坚持,坚决要求”讲时,其后的宾语从句的谓语用“(should+)动词原形”,这里those与put之间存在动宾关系,所以用be put。
9.He made a suggestion that we did some volunteer work this weekend. __________________
did→do解析:句意:他提议这周末我们去做些志愿工作。
suggestion 后接同位语从句时,从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”,should可以省略。
10.Don’t be sleepy all day.It’s time that you fight for your dream.____________________
fight→fought或在fight前加should解析:句意:别整天昏昏欲睡了,你该为你的梦想去奋斗了。
It’s time that…中that后的从句应该用虚拟语气,从句谓语用did/should do,should不可以省略。