中级口译之笔译二.ppt.Convertor

中级口译
笔译
汉译英
关于英译汉的回顾
词性是可以换的，
词量是可以变的，
顺序是可以调的（化有形为无形，易演绎为归纳）
性别不是问题，年龄不是距离，先后不是藩篱。

Example
His repeated promise that he will return the money he has borrowed from me at once can not settle me down.
他一再承诺，他会立即归还欠我的钱，可是我还是不放心。

主语的确定
以原句的主语作为译文的主语
重新确定主语
增补主语
以原句的主语作为译文的主语
英语句子中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词或者名词性的词语。

如果汉语原文中有明确的主语，而且该主语是由名词或者主格人称代词充当的，可以以原句的主语作为译文的主语。

我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。

Our house was built over a hundred years ago.
我是北京人。

I come from Beijing.
如果不适当地处理，锅炉以及机动车排出的废气就会造成城市空气污染。

Exhaust from boilers and vehicles, unless properly treated, causes air pollution in cities.
Have a try
假日里，青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。

The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.
然而悲惨的皱纹，却从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。

Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.
如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么，句子便是文章的“基本部件”。

If vocabulary is the “building materials” for language, sentences are the “fundamental parts” of writings.
中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。

China can be counted on. Among other things, first it upholds the principles and second, it honors its words.
人有失错，马有漏蹄。

As a horse may tumble, so a man may make mistakes.
欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛，从街道上汹涌而来。

The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.
重新确定主语
在许多情况下，需要重新选择和确定主语，以保证译文逻辑通顺、行为流畅，语言自然地道。

用来替代原主语的，可以是句中其他成分，也可以是句外的词语。

他的身材魁梧，生一幅大长方脸，嘴巴宽大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。

He was a giant of a man with a long square face, a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可宝贵的性格。

Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity, free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness; this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.
Have a try
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。

The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.
一九四六年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。

China’s first atomic blast in October, 1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.
胎又瘪了。

We’ve got another flat tire.
树缝里也漏着一两点路灯光，没精打采的，是渴睡的人的眼。

Here and there a few rays from street-lamps filtered through the trees, listless as the eyes of one who is dazing.
增补主语
在汉语中，主语隐含不显或无主语的情况经常出现。

翻译时，必须依照英语的规则，将主语增补起来。

增补主语的习惯，一是要推敲语境，二是要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。

到了济南府，进得城来，家家泉水，户户垂杨，比那江南风景，觉得更为有趣。

When he reached Jinan and entered the city, there were flowing steams by every house and willow trees by every
door, which delighted him even more than the scenery of the south.
沉默呵，沉默呵！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。

Silence, silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.
Have a try
起大风了。

It’s blowing hard.
用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。

You realize your ideals through labor and you guide your labor by ideals.
不懂就是不懂，不要装懂。

不要摆官架子。

钻进去，几个月，一年两年，三年两年，总可以学会的。

We must not pretend to know when we do not know. We must not put on bureaucratic airs. If we dig into a subject for several months, for a year of two, for three or five years, we shall eventually master it.
综合练习：注意确定句子的主语
他（祥子）确实有点像棵树，坚壮，沉默，而又有生气。

He/Xiangzi was indeed rather like a tree, sturdy, silent yet full of life.
自然科学的皇后是数学。

数学的皇冠是数论（number theory）。

哥德巴赫猜想（Goldbach’s conjecture）则是皇冠上的明珠。

The empress of na tural science is mathematics. The crown of mathematics is number theory. And Goldbach’s conjecture is the most precious jewel on the crown.
我们宣传大会的路线，就是要使全党和全国各族人民建立起一个信心，即革命一定要胜利。

Our aim in propagating the line of the congress is to build up the confidence of the whole Party and entire people in the certain triumph of the revolution.
母亲一把大剪刀，仿佛裁掉了我童年的忧伤，给我剪出了一个原来如此瑰丽的世界。

Mother had a big pair of scissors, with which she seemed to cut off the sorrows of my childhood and cut out for me such a surpassingly beautiful world.
人踪是要死的，但死的意义有不同。

中国古代有个文学家叫司马迁的说过：“人固有一死，或重于泰山，或轻于鸿毛。

”为人民利益而死，就比泰山还重；替法西斯卖命，替剥削人民和压迫人民的人去死，就比鸿毛还轻。

All men must die, but death can vary in its significance. The ancient Chinese writer Sima Qian said, “Though death befalls all men alike, it may be heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather.” To die for the people is heavier than Mount Tai, but to work for the fascists and die for the exploiters and oppressors is lighter than a feather.
天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。

Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck falls men overnight.
他指出，中国还处于社会主义初级阶段，社会主义的本质是解放生产力，发展生产力，途径是改革开放。

He pointed out that China has been at the primary stage of socialism; the essence of socialism is to liberate and develop the productive forces through reform and opening-up.
哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。

中国教育界、科学界和文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。

Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. The Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with this university.
真是太荒谬了。

It’s utterly ridiculous.
农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率地下，这就使得大多数农民处于贫困的困境。

Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farmers place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.
只有冷静才能成功。

Success depends on calm minds.
谓语的确定
根据表意的需要确定谓语
根据构句的需要确定谓语
根据表意的需要
中央政府不干预香港特别行政区的事务。

The Central Government has never intervened in the affairs of the HKSAR.
中国经济将融入世界经济的大潮。

The economy of China will converge with that of the world.
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。

The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.
At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities.
（听说你明天开张，）也许用得着，特意给你送来了。

(I hear that you’re opening tomorrow.) You may have some use for these things, so I took them along.
(I hear that you’re opening tomorrow.) Thought these might come in handy, so I brought them along.
在同新闻界谈话的时候，上海人使用越来越多的最高级形容词。

When they talk to the press, the Shanghai citizens use more and more adjectives of the superlative degree.
You can hear Shanghai people using more and more adjectives of the superlative degree when they talk to the press.
(现在上海人的传统形象开始起了变化，)他们的言语和行动都充满了自信和自豪。

Their words and actions are filled with confidence and pride.
They are confident and proud in their speeches and actions.
Have a try
我又闲了一个多月啦！
I’ve been idle for another month now.
Another month now and I’ve had no work.
（颐和园）1900年遭八国联军破坏……
The palace was reduced to ruins by the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.
The palace suffered ravage in the hands of the allied forces of the eight foreign powers.
她们（指“时装模特”）逐渐镇静下来，有了自信….
They gradually calmed down, restored self-confidence, and…
Gradually, they calmed down and regained self-confidence.
封建社会代替奴隶社会，资本主义代替封建主义，社会主义经历了过程发展后必然代替资本主义。

Feudal society replaced slave society, capitalism supplanted feudalism, and, after a long time, socialism will necessarily supersede capitalism.
谓语的确定要考虑构句的需要
指译文必须遵守英语语法规范，遵循“主谓一致”的原则，保持谓语和主语人称和数的一致，谓语动词的时态、语态正确，表达地道自然。

汉语为意合语言，谓语不受主语支配，没有时态、性、数等的变化。

一年年，燕子来了去了
一年年，阶前草绿了黄了
Year after year the swallows come and go;
Year after year the grass before the terrace grows green, yellows.
九斤老太早已做过八十大寿，仍然不平而且健康。

六斤的双丫角，已经成了一支大辫子。

Old Mrs. Ninepounder celebrated her eightieth birthday some time ago and is as full of complaints, as hale and hearty as ever. Sixponder’s twin tufts of hair have changed into a thick braid.
Have a try
他给我的印象是，态度非常呆板僵硬，仿佛肚子里吞下了一根拨火棍似地。

He had given the impression of absolute rigidity, as though he had swallowed a poker.
农业搞好了，农民能自给，五亿人口就稳定了。

If agriculture is in good shape and the peasants are self-supporting, then the 500 million people will feel secure.
对比：哪个更好？为什么？
关于如何改进市民的居住条件问题市政府给予了充分重视。

A. Full attention has been paid by the municipal government to the improvement of the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
B. The municipal government has paid all attention to the housing conditions of the urban inhabitants.
综合练习：注意谓语的确定
脍炙人口的传统京剧《白蛇传》讲的是源自明朝的故事。

The While Snake, one of the most popular traditional Beijing operas, is based on a story handed down from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644).
意大利著名旅游家马克波罗曾这样叙述他影响中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己是在天堂。

”
The famous Italian traveler Marco Polo was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the most fascinating city in the world, where one feels as if he was in paradise. ”
这架飞机该有多大的重量啊！它载着解放区人民的心，载着全国人民的希望，载着我们国家的命运。

What a heavy load this aero plane bore! It carried the hearts of the people of the liberated areas, the hopes of the entire Chinese people, and the destiny of our country.
英雄造时势，时势造英雄。

Heroes create the times, the times produce their heroes.
一踏进门槛，屋子里的混乱景象使我大吃一惊。

Crossing the threshold, I was taken aback by the mess in the house.
土地和谷物是人们赖以生存的根本。

祭社稷便是表示人们对土地和谷物的警钟。

The earth and the cereals sustain the life of human beings and hence ceremonies were held to pay respect for them.
嵩山有号称“天下第一名刹”的少林寺。

Mount Songshan boasts of Shaolin Temple reputed as “Number One Temple under Heaven”.
他的妻子掌管经济大权。

His wife held purse string.
四川被称为“天府之国”。

Sichuan Province is noted as the “Land of Abundance”.
语序的调整
一句内主要成分位置的调整
句子内部SVO的位置，汉语语序的排列比较灵活，在英语中则比较固定。

汉译英时，需要根据英语习惯进行调整。

中国批评界怎样的趋势，我却不大了然，也不很注意。

I am not too clear, not too interested, either, regarding current trends in China’s li terary criticism.
沙发上坐着一个人。

A man was sitting on a couch.
马可波罗的中国之行，给他留下最深刻印象的是杭州西湖的秀美。

The beauty of the West Lake in Hangzhou was what pressed Marco Polo most during his trip to China.
Have a try
造成的公园，遛鸟者时常可见。

Taking a walk in parks with caged birds in hand is a common scene in the early morning.
Early in the park we often see people walk with caged birds in hand.
生日是自己长大以后听家里人（养父母）说的……
I was told about my birthday by my foster-parents when I grew up.
二状语位置的调整
汉语状语的位置一般在主语和谓语之间：
主语---状语---谓语---宾语（有时为了强调，也放在主语之前）
英语状语的位置一般出现在宾语后的句尾：
主语---谓语---宾语---状语（但是从语法上讲，句首、句中、句尾都可能出现）
我们明天上午九点动身。

We are going to start at nine tomorrow morning.
这本书是三天前买的。

The book was bought three days ago.
他每晚都要看电视。

He watches TV every evening.
Have a try
在机器中很多能量是由于部件之间的摩擦而损失的。

In a machine a great deal of energy is lost because of the friction between its parts.
他们肩并肩地以疯狂速度向那座石塔奔去。

They ran side by side at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.
Side by side and at a fantastic speed they ran towards the stone pagoda.
Side by side they ran at a fantastic speed towards the stone pagoda.
三、一系列表示时间、地点、方式状语位置的调整
汉语中的语序通常为：
时间---地点---方式---动词
而在英语中的排列则为：
动词---方式---地点---时间
大会将于（1）今年九月（2）在北京（3）隆重开幕。

The meeting will begin (1) ceremoniously (2) in Beijing (3) the following September.
他（1）每晚（2）都在图书馆（3）用心读书。

He reads hard in the library every evening.
Have a try
他一九三五年八月二十二日早晨六点三十分诞生在湖南的一个小县城。

He was born in a small town of Hunan Province at six thirty on the morning of August 22, 1935.
设在位于纽约市中心一座摩天大楼第四十层楼里的那间办公室，就是他工作的小天地。

The office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in th center of New York City is the world he works in.
定语位置的调整
汉语的定语总是放在中心词前面。

英语定语的位置比较灵活，单词作定语，除了少数词之外，一般放在中心词之前。

较长的定语，则放在中心词之后。

浩瀚的大海
The vast sea
古老的中原文化
The time-honored Central Plain culture
举世闻名的万里长城
The world-famous Great Wall
一九四九解放以前，中国人民曾经遭受世界罕见的恶性通货膨胀的灾祸。

Before liberation in 1949 the Chinese people suffered from some of the worst inflation the world had ever known. Have a try
正月十五元宵节，街上挂着各式各样精巧的灯笼。

On the evening of the Lantern Festival, the 15th of the first lunar month, exquisite lanterns of diverse designs are hung along the streets.
避暑山庄和北京的故宫、山东曲阜的孔庙一样，是中国保存最完好的古代建筑群，也是中国现存规模最大的古典皇家园林。

The Summer Palace of Chengdu is one of the three best-preserved magnificent ancient architectural complexes in China, the other two being the forbidden City in Beijing and the Confucian Temple in Qufu of Shandong Province.
卢沟桥位于北京广安门外10公里处的丰台区永定河口。

Lugou Bridge spans the Yongding River mouth at Fengtai District, about 10 kilometers from Guanganmenwai Street of Beijing.
综合练习
我们相信，在新的一年里，通过双方的努力，我们的业务和友好合作关系会得到发展。

We believe we will be able to develop business relations and friendly cooperation through our common efforts in the coming year.
大街上奔跑着各种品牌的汽车。

Cars of different brands run along the streets.
那一座书架上的书都是关于生态学的。

The books on that shelf are all on ecology.
黄果树瀑布高68米，宽81米，每秒钟流量700多立方米，滚滚而下如天河倾泻。

The Huangguoshu Cataract is 68 meters high and 81 meters wide. With a flow of more than 700 cubic meters of water per second, huge amounts of water like pouring from the sky.
要弄懂喷气发动机的工作原理，最简单的方法是观察空气是怎样从气球里逸出来的。

The simplest way to understand how a jet engine works is to watch air escaping from a balloon.
他的计划虽然无懈可击，却不能付诸实施。

His plan is impractical though invulnerable.
从山坡上滚下来的石头其动量（momentum）会越来越大。

A rock rolling down the mountainside will be gathering momentum.
只有在河水很浅的地方我们才能涉水而过。

We can only ford where the river is very shallow.
晚上我们从中国大使馆回旅馆的时候，天已经完全黑了。

In the evening, it was already dark when we were on our way to the hotel from the Chinese embassy.
你丈夫念书，你挣钱养家，他不会感到不自在吧。

I hope your husband doesn’t feel bad about it, with him studying and you earning the money.。