全国通用近年高考英语大一轮复习Unit3Inventorsandinventions讲义新人教版选
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(全国通用版)2019版高考英语大一轮复习Unit 3 Inventors and inventions讲义新人教版选修8
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Unit 3
Inventors and inventions
重点
单
词
1。
patent n.专利证书;专利权 2.passive adj.被动的;消极的;被动语态的
3.seize vt。
抓住;捉住;夺 4。
valid adj.有效的;确凿的5.file n.文件;档案;文件夹vt.将……归档;提交 6。
ripe adj.熟的;成熟的
7.jam n.堵塞;阻塞;果酱 8。
dynamic adj。
充满活力的;精力充沛的;动态的;发展变化的
9.tap v.轻打;轻拍;轻敲n.轻轻地敲击(声);(水)龙头10.current n.(水或气)流;电流adj。
现在的;当前的
11.extention n.扩大;延伸
12.distinguish vi。
&vt.显示……的差别;使……有所不同;辨别→distinguished adj。
卓越的;著名的
→distinguishable adj。
易分辨的
13.cube n.立方体;立方→cubic adj.立方的
14.abrupt adj。
突然的;意外的→abruptly adv。
突然地;唐突地
15.convenient adj。
方便的;便利的;就近的→conveniently adv.便利地;方便地→convenience n.方便;便利
16.caution n.小心;谨慎→cautious adj.小心的;谨慎的
句
型
材P20)
2.“only+状语”置于句首的倒装句
Only after you have had that recognition can you say that
you are truly an inventor.(教材P21)
3.so...that。
如此……以至于……
The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new
ideas accepted unless they are truly novel。
(教材P21)
4.“祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陈述句”结构
Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it,
you will have something worth thinking。
(教材P25)
语
法
要
点
复习过去分词(用作定语、表语和宾语补足语)
I carried in my hand a small net used for catching fish。
(教材P21)
He seemed embarrassed by the failure of his patent。
(教材
P24)
Catherine wants her paintings displayed in the gallery。
(教材P24)
1distinguish vi.&vt。
辨别;显示……的差别;使……有所不同
Here was a chance for me to distinguish myself by inventing something merciful that would catch snakes but not harm them.(教材P20)
这回我有机会来表现一下自己,我要发明某种仁慈东西,既可以把蛇抓到又不会伤害到它们。
(1)错误!
(2)错误!
(3)distinguishable adj.易分辨的;能区分的
①Reading good books enriches our mind and teaches us to distinguish between right and wrong.
阅读好书既能丰富我们的知识又能教我们分辨是非。
②Daniel Anderson, a famous psychologist, believes it's important to distinguish television's influences on children from those of the family。
著名心理学家丹尼尔·安德森认为区分电视和家庭对儿童的影响是很重要的.
③Distinguished(distinguish) for its magnificent church towers, the city is an attraction to visitors from all over the world。
以其宏伟的教堂建筑而闻名遐迩,这座城市吸引了来自世界各地的游客。
2convenient adj。
便利的;方便的;就近的
They abruptly disappeared into a convenient hole in the wall。
(教材P20)
他们突然就消失在附近的墙洞里了。
(1)错误!
(2)错误!
(3)conveniently adv。
便利地;方便地
①The Internet makes it convenient for us to get in touch with each other.
互联网使得我们相互联系便利了.
②I’ll call in two weeks to arrange a meeting at your convenience(convenient).
我会在两周后再打电话,把会议安排在您方便的时候.
【巧学活用】——高考小作文
③如果您方便的话,让我们8:30在学校门口碰头。
If_it_is_convenient_for_you,_let’s_meet_at_8:30_outside_the_school_gate.
【提示】convenient作表语时,不用人作主语,而要用物或形式主语it,其后常接介词for 或to或动词不定式,但后跟不定式时,只能用介词for.
3bear vt.(bore;borne/born)忍受;忍耐;负担;生育
I cannot bear the smell of burnt sausage on the barbecue。
(教材P24)
我忍受不了烤肉架上烤焦的香肠的气味。
(1)错误!
(2)错误!
(3)错误!
①Shaw, an animal lover, said he couldn't bear to_part/parting(part) with his dog。
肖是一个喜爱动物的人,他说他舍不得与自己的爱犬分离.
②The woman star couldn't bear the med ia to_expose/exposing(expose) her private life to the public.
这位女明星无法忍受媒体将她的私生活公诸于众。
③The idea for the TV show was_born(bear) in his hospital room。
这个电视节目的想法诞生于他的病房。
④You must bear it in mind that your parents hope to depend on you to become a good doctor。
你要记住你的父母希望你成为一名好医生。
【提示】 borne和born都是bear的过去分词,表示“出生,出自”时用born,并且仅用于被动式;表示“生育”时用borne。
4associate vt.联想;联系
Although he is most often associated with the invention of the telephone。
.(教材P26)
虽然人们常把他与电话的发明联系在一起……
(1)错误!
(2)错误!
(3)错误!
①You must bear it in mind that you should never associate with bad companions.
你必须要牢记千万别和坏人交往。
②We are working in association(associate) with a local company to raise money for the homeless.
我们联合一家当地的公司,为无家可归的人筹款。
③Health is frequently thought to_be_associated(associate) with a balanced diet and regular exercise.
人们总是把健康的生活与均衡饮食和经常锻炼联系在一起。
1call up给……打电话;使……回忆起
When I called up my mother in the countryside on the telephone she was very upset。
(教材P20)
我给住在乡下的母亲打电话的时候,她感到很心烦.
(1)call错误!
与打电话有关的短语:
(2)错误!
①The sound of happy laughter called up memories of his childhood。
这幸福的笑声唤起了他对童年的回忆.
②I tried to call you up last night, but no one answered the phone.
我昨晚曾打电话给你,但没人接。
③The game was called off because of the bad weather。
比赛因天气恶劣被取消.
④The Ministry of Education calls on/upon students to exercise for an hour every day.
教育部呼吁学生每天锻炼一个小时。
2set about开始;着手做(about是介词,其后常接名词或动名词)
I set about researching the habits of snakes to find the easiest way to trap them。
(教材P20)
我着手研究蛇的习性,以便能找到捕蛇的最简易的方法。
set out (to do sth)开始(做某事);动身;启程
set off表示“启程;开始”,多指开始踏上征程,常常和on, for等搭配;还可以表示“使爆发;引发”。
①Paul set about working/set out to work the moment he got home。
保罗一到家就开始工作。
②She is going to set out/off for France at five o'clock in the morning.
她准备早上五点钟出发去法国。
③The ene my's tank truck caught fire and set off a chain of explosions.
敌人的油罐车着火,引起了一连串的爆炸。
3get through接通(电话);(设法)做完;通过;(使)熬过;用完;耗尽
I can't get through。
(教材P26)
我打不通电话。
【一词多义】写出下列句中get through的含义。
①It took us only a few minutes to get through the customs。
通过
②I cou ldn't get through to her because her phone was busy all day. 打通电话
③I managed to get through the project and the pain was worth it in the end。
(设法)做完
④Eliza found writing helped her get through the rough days. 熬过
⑤The little boy got through all his money in just one week and had to ask his mom for some more。
用完
⑥Luckily, he got through the exam and his efforts paid off。
通过
(1)错误!
(2)错误!
⑦It’s time I got down to thinking(think) about that essay.
是时候我该认真思考一下那篇论文了.
“祈使句+and/or/otherwise+陈述句”结构
Follow it up, explore all around it, and before you know it, you will have something worth thinking about to occupy your mind.(教材P25)
跟随它,在它的周围探索,不知不觉中,你脑中将会充满值得思考的事情.
【句式点拨】
本句为“祈使句+and+陈述句”结构.
(1)祈使句+and+陈述句=If.。
,+主句
(2)祈使句+or/or else/otherwise+陈述句=If.。
not.。
,+主句
(3)名词词组+and+陈述句
①Work hard,and you will pass the exam。
努力学习,你会通过考试的。
②Work hard, or/otherwise you will fail the exam.
努力学习,否则你考试会不及格的。
③One more hour, and we will_do(do) the job better。
再给一个小时,我们会把工作做得更好。
【提示】以上结构后面的陈述句多用表示将来意义的时态结构.
Ⅰ.品句填词(用所给词的适当形式或根据语境写一个合适的词)
1.David Harris is professor of law and a distinguished(distinguish) scholar at the University of Pittsburgh。
2.Bearing(bear) a heavy burden, the single mother has to work hard to bring up her children.
3.Mom drove cautiously(caution) through the snow and the children wondered what she was going to show them.
4.She argues that the sooner we set about collecting(collect) information, the more active we’ll be。
5.I believe I’m competent in this job, and have wonderful performance beyond your expectation(expect)。
6.The groups you associate with often determine the type of person you become—healthy or unhealthy.
7.The exhibition was organized by the school in association(associate) with local artists。
8.We sit for long hours in front of a computer, glued(glue) to our chairs or stuck to our phones.
9.I'd like to place things where it is convenient(convenience) to get them。
10.When the ice is heated above freezing(freeze) point, it begins to change into a liquid state.
Ⅱ。
单句改错(含本单元的词汇和语法)
1.It is the superior intelligence and the use of language that distinguish man 错误! the other animals.
2.The moment she came back from work, she set 错误! to clean the kitchen thoroughly.
3.Many people associate dark clouds 错误! depression and gloom.
4.The girl's face called 错误! the image of his dead wife in his mind.
5.You must bear it in mind 错误! your parents urge that you shouldn't play with
fire.
6.The earthquake has destroyed most houses in the village. How are they going to get 错误! the winter?
7.Alexander tried to get his work 错误! in the medical circles。
8.We cannot hear a woman singing 错误! in the next room。
/hot 错误! we decided to do 9.We were going to play football, but it was too,
so
otherwise。
you will regret it。
10.Seize the chance and ,
or/otherwise
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
When I called up my mother in the countryside 1.on/over/through the phone, she told me snakes came near the house now and then, and they seemed to 2。
have_made(make)their home there。
I got the chance to distinguish3。
myself(I) by inventing something merciful to catch snakes。
No products can help me catch snakes, so I set 4.about researching the habits of snakes in order to trap them. I decided on three approaches:firstly 5。
removing(remove) their habitat; secondly, attracting them 6。
into a trap using perfume or food, and thirdly cooling them。
I used the 7.frozen(freeze) bowl to make the snakes 8.less(little) active, and then collected them。
The next day we 9。
merrily(merry) set all of them free, in other words we released them back into 10.the wild。
Ⅰ.阅读理解
A
Humans have launched themselves into the outer space. They've landed on the moon. They’ve built habitable space stations that orbit the Earth. The next giant leap for mankind is to reach another planet—specifically, Mars。
The problem is that it’s no easy task. The planet is 586 times furth er away from the Earth than the moon, and it'll take around 180 to 220 days to reach Mars, depending on where each planet is in its orbit。
Such long periods in space have suggested many
potential health problems, including hormonal changes, skin conditions, and muscle and bone deterioration(损耗).
Here’s where some furry friends come in. A wide range of animals have been in space, from fruit flies and spiders to cats, and dogs. Such experiments began as far back as the late 1940s in first tests to see if living things could withstand the extreme g–force(重力) of a rocket launch.
Mice continue to play a very important part in space experiments, mainly because the animals make excellent test subjects. They’re small, which makes them inexpensive and easy to care for。
In addition, their size and short life span make it possible to do the equivalent of several human years of tests in a much shorter time. Finally,because mice are mammals, they share many common characteristics with humans in terms of genetics, biology and behavior.
Astromice have hit the headlines recently, as a team of scientists led by Betty Nusgens, professor of biology at the University of Liege in Belgium, found that the mice suffered a 15 percent thinning of their skin after 91 days aboard the International Space Station(ISS).
This experiment was part of a wider NASA mission(任务) called the Mice Drawer System(MDS)。
The Italian Space Agency developed the facility, which allows six mice to be housed, monitored, and automatically fed and watered aboard the ISS, among which three survived during the mission。
The mice have participated in 20 separate experiments, to study such effects as osteoporosis (骨质疏松症), anemia(贫血) and heart health。
Results for the 20 experiments are coming in gradually. But it's clear that mice continue to play an important role in the ongoing quest to conquer the final frontier.
语篇导读本文为说明文.人类从未停止对未知的探索,继人类踏上月球之后,人类开始探索去往火星的旅程。
1.We can infer from Paragraphs 2~3 that ________.
A.Mars is the farthest planet away from Earth discovered so far
B.the journey to Mars could put humans' health at risk
C.it was in the late 1940s that animals were first sent to the ISS
D.animals that have been sent into space have mostly survived
解析B推理判断题。
根据第二段最后一句可知,正是因为去往太空可能会有这些健康问题,所以第三段写到要先用小动物来做实验,故选B项。
2.The underlined word “withstand" in Para。
3 means ________.
A.set up B.hold up
C.work out D.come across
解析B词义猜测题.根据画线词所在句子可知,这些实验早在20世纪40年代就开始了,第一个实验是观测生物是否能够忍受火箭发射的巨大重力。
hold up支持住;承受住,故选B项。
3.According to Betty Nusgens and her team, the mice aboard the ISS ________。
A.suffered the loss of part of their skin
B.all survived for the duration of the mission
C.were fed and watered by the astronauts
D.participated in 20 experiments that made great breakthroughs
解析A细节理解题。
根据第五段可知,在国际空间站待了91天后,这些老鼠的皮肤变薄了15%,故选A项.
4.The main purpose of the article is to ________。
A.describe the role mice play in scientific research
B.report on the results of the Mice Drawer System
C.analyze how mice could pave the way to Mars
D.change people's traditional attitudes toward mice
解析C写作意图题.文章主要讲述了为检测人类在去往火星探索的旅程中可能遭受的身体损害,需要用小动物来做实验,而在众多小动物中,老鼠被认为是最适合的,因此老鼠为人类通向火星奠定了基础,故选C项.
B
What do you do when you need to look something up? Go to the library? Open an encyclopedia(百科全书)? Click onto the Internet? These days, most people go straight to Wikipedia, the online encyclopedia. But how reliable is it?
There is no denying the popularity and usefulness of Wikipedia。
It attracts as many as 78 million visitors every month, and the site is available in more than 270 different languages. It's one of the most comprehensive resources available, which
includes almost all details, facts and information that may be concerned。
It's got much more information than an ordinary encyclopedia。
The site is updated on a daily basis by thousands of people around the world. Anyone with an Internet connection can log on and edit the contents or add a new page。
And you don’t need any formal training。
Of course, there are some controls。
Wikipedia has a team of more than 1,500 administrators who check for false information. And main targets for harmful comments (such as politicians) are off–limits to public editing。
But with more than 16 million articles to keep an eye on, it isn’t easy。
So, while Wikipedia benefits from being constantly updated with information from all over the world, it's also open to “vandals"(破坏他人财产者).
Some of the damage is easy to notice. One person drew devil horns and a moustache on Microsoft chairman Bill Gates’ photo, while another edited Greek philosopher Plato’s biography to say he was a “Hawaiian weather man who is wildly believed to have been a student of ‘Barney the purple Dinosaur' and to have been deeply influenced by his dog, Cutie”.
But other things are harder to spot。
The most common form of vandalism involves adding tiny items of false information into the biography of a famous person. Unbelievably, some of this misinformation has appeared in newspapers, with The Daily Mail, The Guardian and The Independent all having fallen victim to the dirty tricks。
For example, in an article about British comedian Sir Norman Wisdom, one newspaper claimed that he co–wrote Dame Vera Lynn’s wartime hit There'll be bluebirds over the White Cliffs of Dover. He did no such thing. And in another article, it was reported that TV theme tune composer Ronnie Hazlehurst had written the S Club 7 hit Reach。
Once again, not true.
So, if you're going to use any information from Wikipedia, make sure you double–check it first。
语篇导读本文为议论文,介绍维基百科的受欢迎程度,指出其优点,同时也指出其有些信息有虚假成分的不足之处。
5.Which of the following would the author most probably agree with?
A.Before using the information from Wikipedia, one should first check it.
B.Though popular and widely used, Wikipedia provides little reliable information.
C.It is understandable that some people add false information to Wikipedia.
D.Updated on a daily basis, any information from Wikipedia is reliable。
解析A细节理解题。
根据最后一段可知,A项准确地表达了作者的建议。
B项表述过于否定;C项表述有误;D项表述过于肯定,故选A项。
6.We can learn from the passage that ________。
A.because of its popularity, 78 million people from 270 countries visit Wikipedia monthly
B.Wikipedia is the most comprehensive resource with all information we need C.anyone who has access to the Internet can edit any contents of Wikipedia as they like
D.the primary job of the administrators is to make sure true information is conveyed 解析D细节理解题.根据第二段第二句可知,A项表述有误;由第二段第三句可知,B项错误;由第三段第三句可知,C项错误。
D项是对第三段第二句的另一种表述,准确反映了原文信息,故选D项。
7.What does the underlined part “off–limits” in Paragraph 3 mean?
A.Not convenient. B.Not welcome。
C.Not accessible。
D.Not boundless.
解析C词义猜测题。
根据第三段第一句可推知,off–limits意为“禁止入内;禁止使用”,故选C项.
8.What’s the writer's attitude to Wikipedia?
A.Negative。
B.Worried.
C.Indifferent. D.Objective.
解析D观点态度题.从全文来看作者分别介绍了维基百科的优缺点,客观地对其进行了评述,故选D项。
Ⅱ。
语法填空
Grow vegetables
With high inflation(通货膨胀) and food shortages across Russia, some Russians are growing their own 1.vegetables(vegetable)。
The country’s struggling economy has kept food prices rising and put millions of people 2。
in poverty。
In the former Soviet
Union, Russians 3。
who/that lived in traditional country homes called dachas often grew their own food。
Today, many Russian families-including some in cities-are again growing food 4.to deal(deal) with the hard economic times。
Irina Bulozhenko lives and works in Moscow。
“Our grandma has a dacha whe re she grows lots of things like cabbages and beets. I am cooking borscht right now 5.and错误! am using our beets and carrots。
The onions are ours。
So we are saving on what we 6.have grown(grow) in summer. So that's why we don’t feel it so ba dly."
But for some families, 7.growing(grow) their own share food is still not enough. To help them, Russian volunteers have set up Share Food Program. The food 8。
is donated(donate) by restaurants or individuals, and given to those in need。
Tatyana Golubyeva said that receiving food through the program had become 9。
important(importance) to her family。
“We spend now a lot less on food than before,when we did not know about Share Food Program and did not use it. Now we hope that we’ll get not only bread, 10.but some other food, as well...” She noted that the donations had cut the amount her family spends on food in half。
语篇导读本文为说明文.俄罗斯经济的不景气,导致食品物价上涨,国内出现高通货膨胀以及食物短缺。
一些俄罗斯人开始自己种植蔬菜,以减少日常食物方面的开支。
1.vegetables解析考查名词的数.vegetable为可数名词,根据语境可知用复数形式。
2.in解析考查介词。
in poverty贫困,处于贫困中。
3.who/that解析考查连词。
句中的lived in traditional country homes called dachas 为定语从句,修饰先行词Russians.定语从句中缺少主语,故用关系代词who/that。
4.to deal解析考查非谓语动词。
此处为不定式短语作目的状语。
5.and解析考查连词.根据句子结构可知,空处前后两个句子为并列关系,故用and连接。
6.have grown解析考查时态和主谓一致。
句意:因此,我们通过食用今年夏天耕种的食材,达到了节约的目的。
表示过去的动作对现在产生的影响,故用现在完成时态;从句主语为we,谓语动词用复数形式.
7.growing解析考查非谓语动词。
句意:但对很多家庭来说,自己种植食材还远远不够.从句子结构看,此处为动名词短语growing their own food作主语。
8.is donated解析考查时态、语态和主谓一致。
句意:这些食物由餐馆或者个人捐赠,给予那些需要帮助的人.讲述的是现在的情况,用一般现在时;主语为the food,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;the food与donate之间为动宾关系,故用被动语态。
9.important解析考查词性转换。
此处要用形容词作表语。
10.but解析考查连词。
not only.。
but(also)..。
不但……而且…….
Ⅲ。
短文改错
One day I saw an advertisement in a local newspaper。
I 错误!① up the company,and I was given the job immediately. They asked me to take a tour around the city 错误!② next morning。
The manager just told me to say anything 错误!③ I could imagine about the city。
My first tour was 错误!④. The old bus was not air–conditioned,错误!
⑤ it was in the middle of summer, so 错误!⑥ was really uncomfortable to be inside the
bus. The tourist
tourists
⑦ soon became very hot and bad–tempered. I had a very hard time
错误!⑧ them down。
This was 错误!⑨ I stayed there only for a few weeks. Then I left and joined in⑩ a better company。
① 解析动作发生在过去,故用一般过去时。
② 解析the next morning特指过去那个时间的第二天早晨。
③ 解析这是一个定语从句,先行词为anything,关系代词只能用that。
④ 解析此处was后用形容词,构成系表结构.
⑤ 解析句意:旧公交没有空调,并且是在盛夏时节,因此会感到不舒服.上下句之间为递进关系,故用and.
⑥ 解析不定式是真正的主语,用it作形式主语。
⑦ 解析应该是许多游客。
⑧ 解析have a hard time doing sth做某事有困难。
⑨ 解析This is/was why。
.这就是为什么……。
⑩ 解析join in指的是加入活动,与company不符;join指的是加入某组织或团体,故in多余.
Ⅳ.书面表达
在国外某知名学习论坛上,一名署名为Jack的中学生认为许多同学不会合理安排时间,于是邀请网友参与讨论。
假如你对此话题感兴趣,现请你用英文回帖,分析合理安排时间的重要
性,并分享自己在学习生活中安排时间的经验或教训。
注意:1.词数100左右;2。
适当增加细节以使行文连贯.
【参考范文】
Dear Jack,
It’s due to the inappropriate assignment of time that we often find it difficult to fulfill tasks in time, which often leads to low efficiency and failures.
But, as a matter of fact,we can take certain steps to help ourselves out。
The following is how I usually arrange my time。
Firstly, I list all the jobs that must be done and decide which one requires immediate attention。
Secondly,I divide the work into separate parts so it will be easier to see whether each part is being accomplished as desired。
Finally, I assign each task a certain amount of time so that it will be carried out systematically。
If we assign our time appropriately, we'll find all the work will be done in time and a sense of accomplishment will replace the anxiety at first.。