张维友〈词汇学教程〉答案(第三版)

《英语词汇学教程》（2015年版）练习答案
【Chapter 1】
7． tart: loose woman bloke: fellow gat: pistol swell: great chicken: coward blue: fight smoky: police full: drunk dame: woman beaver: girl
8. haply = perhaps albeit = although methinks = it seems to me eke = also sooth = truth morn = morning troth = pledge ere = before quoth = said hallowed = holy billow = wave/ the sea bade = bid
12.
Denizens Aliens Translation loans
Semantic loans
kettle die wall skirt husband
confrere pro patria Wunderkind mikado parvenu
chopstick typhoon
black humour long time no see
dream
13. 1) slangs; 2) jargon; 3) argot; 4) content words; 5) native words; 6) translation loans; 7) neologisms; 8) denizens; 9) semantic loans; 10) basic vocabulary
【Chapter 2】
1. The Indo-European Language Family is one of the most important language families in the
world. It is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East and India. English belongs to this family and the other members of the Indo-European have more or less influence on English vocabulary. A knowledge of the Indo-European Language Family will help us understand English words better and use them more appropriately.
2. Indo-European Language Family
Balto-Slavic Indo-Iranian
Celtic Italic Hellenic
Germanic Hindi
Breton Spanish Greek English Lithuanian Persian Scottish French Dutch Prussian Irish Italian German Polish
Portuguese Norwegian Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian Icelandic
Russian
Danish
6. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
Most of the content words are either of Greek or Latin origin. What are left are mostly functional words. This shows that Greek and Latin play a very important part in the English vocabulary.
8. eventful [Latin + English] hydroplane [Greek + Latin]
falsehood [ Latin + English] pacifist [Latin + Greek]
saxophone [German + Greek] heirloom [ French + English]
joss house [ Portuguese + English] television [Greek + Latin]
9. amateur (late) finacé (late) empire (early)
peace (E) courage (E) garage (L)
judgement (E) chair (E) chaise (L)
grace (E) servant (E) routine (L)
jealous (E) savaté (L) genre (L)
gender (E) début (L) morale (L)
state (E) chez (L) ballet (L)
11. allegro, f 轻快
andante, j 行板
diminuendo, g 渐弱
largo, d 缓慢
pianoforte, a 轻转慢
alto, i 女低音
crescendo, b 渐强
forte, e 强
piano, h 轻
soprano, c 女高音
12. cherub (Hebrew) snorkel (G)
coolie (Hindi) tulip (Turk)
lasso (Sp) wok (Ch)
shampoo (Indian) chocolate (Mex)
tepee (Am Ind) jubilee (Gr)
kibitz (G) Sabbath (Heb)
chipmunk (Am Ind) tamale (Mex)
cotton (Arab) voodoo (Afr)
loot (Hindi) sauerbraten (G)
13. a. alligator b. loco
c. rodeo
d. bonanza
e. igloo
f. blitzkrieg
g. wigwam h. canoe
i. hurricane j. boomerang
k. ponchos
【Chapter 3】
1. a. morpheme b. allomorph
c. bound morpheme
d. free morpheme
e. affix
f. inflectional affix
g. derivational affix h. root
i. stem j. base
6. individualistic undesirables
individualist [stem, base] undesirable [stem, base]
individual [stem, base] desirable [stem, base]
dividual [stem, base] desire [root, stem, base] dividu [root, stem, base]
7.
free morpheme = free root
morpheme bound root
bound morpheme inflectional affix
affix prefix
derivational affix
suffix
【Chapter 4】
Affixation
5. non-smoker incapable impractical
disobey insecurity irrelevant
immature inability/disability unofficially
unwillingness illegal disagreement
illogical disloyal inconvenient
non-athletic
6. harden horrify modernize
memorize falsify apologize
deepen glorify sterilize
lengthen intensify beautify
fatten sympathize
a. apologized
b. beautify
c. lengthening
d. sympathized
e. fattening
f. falsify
g. memorizing h. Sterilize
7. a. employee b. politician c. participant
d. waitress
e. conductor
f. teacher
g. pianist h. examinee/examiner
8. trans- = across: transcontinental, trans-Siberian
mono- = one: monorail, monoculture
super- = over, above: superstructure, supernatural
auto- = self: autobiography, automobile
sub- = below: subdivide, subsection
mal- = bad, badly: malpractice, malnutrition
inter-= between: international, interdependent
mini- = little, small: mini-library, miniskirt
pre- = before: prehistorical, preelection
ex- = former:ex-president, ex-convict
Compounding
2.heartbeat [S + V] brainwashing [V + O]
movie-goer [V + Adverbial (place)] baking powder [ V + Adverbial (instrument)] far-reaching [V + Adverbial] dog-tired [noun-adverbial + adj.]
lion-hearted [noun-adverbial + adj.] love-sick [noun-adverbial + adj.]
boyfriend [S + complement] peace-loving [V +O]
snap decision [V + O] easy chair [ S+ C]
on-coming [V +adv] tax-free [noun-adverbial + adj.]
light-blue [adj + adj] goings-on [V +adv]
3. well-bred / well-behaved culture-bound / homebound
needle-work / homework praiseworthy / trustworthy
bar-woman / sportswoman nation-wide / college-wide
clear-minded / strong-minded military-style / western-style
self-control / self-respect budget-related / politics-related
water-proof / fire-proof once-fashionable / once-powerful
news-film / news-letter mock-attack / mock-sadness
sister-in-law / father-in-law home-baked / home-produced
half-way / half-done ever-lasting / ever-green
age-conscious / status-conscious campus-based / market-based
Conversion
7. a. stomach [n → v]
b. room [n → v]
c. wolf [n → v]
d. come / go [v → n]
e. familiar [a → n]
f. innocent [a → n]
g. flat [a → v]
h. ah / ouch [int → v]
i. warm [a → n]
j. has-been / might-have-been [finite v → n]
k. Hamlet [proper n → v]
l. buy [v → n]
m. smooth [a → v]
Blending
motel (mo tor + ho tel) 汽车旅馆
humint (hum an + int elligence) 人工情报，谍报
advertisetics (advertise ment + statis tics) 广告统计学
psywarrior (psy chological warrior) 心理战战士
hoverport (hover craft + port) 气垫船港口
chunnel (ch annel + t unnel) 水底火车隧道
hi-fi (hi gh + fi delity) 高保真
cinemactress (cinem a + actress) 电影女演员
Clipping
copter (heli copter): front clipping dorm (dorm itory): back clipping
lab (lab oratory) :front clipping prefab (pref abricated house): phrase clipping gas (gas oline): front clipping prof (prof essor): back clipping
scope (tele scope): front clipping champ (champ ion): back clipping
sarge (serge ant): back clipping mike (mic rophone): back clipping
ad (ad vertisement): back clipping tec (de tec tive): front and back clipping
Acronymy
1. kg = k ilo g ram ft = f oo t cf = c on f er
cm = c enti m eter $ = dollar
ibid = ibid em etc. = et c etera
VIP = v ery i mportant p erson
OPEC = O rganization of P etroleum E xporting C ountries TOEFL = t esting o f E nglish as a f oreign l anguage
2. a. SALT
b. radar
c. AIDS
d. BASIC
e. Laser
f. WHO
g. sonar
h. G-man
Backformation
2. lase (laser)
escalate (escalator)
babysit (babysitter)
peeve (peevish)
orate (orator)
commute (commuter)
Commonization of Proper Names
3. a. tantalize—Tantalus
b. Argus-eyed—Argus
c. narcissism—Narcissus
d. sabotage—sabots
e. martinet—Martinet
f. yahoo—Yahoo
g. Shylock—Shylock
h. hoovering—Hoover
i. utopia—Utopia
j. Uncle Tomism—Uncle Tom
【Chapter 5】
6. apes—b birds—a cattle—m
cricket—n doves—c foxes—j
geese—k sheep—f wolves—g
monkeys—e pigs—l hyenas—h
turkeys—d swans—i
9. a. A scientist working in a project to develop industrial uses for nuclear power might have all the positive associations with “atomic”, such as “benefit, energy”, etc.
b. A Japanese resident of Hiroshima, victim of the atomic explosion at the end of World War II, might have all the negative associations with “atomic”, such as “suffering, killing, death, horror", et
c.
c. To a student of nuclear physics, “atomic” might be associated with “mystery, science, knowledge”, etc.
10. talkative: implying a fondness for talking frequently and at length (neutral)
articulate: expressing oneself easily and clearly (positive)
gossip: indulging in idle talk or rumours about others (negative)
rambling: talking aimlessly without connection of ideas (negative)
fluent: speaking easily, smoothly, and expressively (positive)
mouthy: overtly talkative, especially in a rude way (negative)
11.
No Appreciative Neutral Pejorative
1 particular fastidious / fussy
2 critical fault-finding / picky
3 style/vogue fad
4 artful cunning / sly
5 unstable fickle / capricious
6 developing underdeveloped / backward
7 encourage/ promote instigate
8 group clique / gang
14. bull [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]
cow [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +BOVINE]
calf [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +BOVINE]
rooster [-HUMAN +MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]
hen [-HUMAN -MALE +ADULT +GALLINE]
chicken [-HUMAN OMALE -ADULT +GALLINE]
-HUMAN
bull cow calf +BOVINE
rooster hen chicken +GALLINE
+MALE -MALE -ADULT
【Chapter 6】
Polysemy
4. The word board first denoting "a table" has later acquired two very divergent senses. Each of them has given rise to another sense from which the original notion has disappeared. The process can be shown as follows:
Homonymy
4. 1) Make both ends meat is a parody of make both ends meet which means “have enough
money for one’s needs”. Here the butcher cleverly uses the pair of homonyms meat and meet to make a pun. It makes a proper answer to the lady’s question. (1) Butchers cannot make both ends meat (make whole sausages with all meat) because they cannot make both ends meet (If they made sausages with all meat, which is more costly, they would not earn enough money to survive.) (2) Don’t complain. All the butchers do the same. I am not the only one who is making sausages with bread.
2) Swallow is a bird which is seen in summer. But by one swallow we see, we cannot
deduce that it is already summer time. Swallow can also mean a mouthful of wine. On a cold winter day, if one has a swallow of wine, one may feel warm.
3) Arms has two meanings: weapons; the human upper limbs. Since “a cannon ball took off
his legs”, the soldier was not able to fight on, so he “laid down his arms”, which means “surrender”. It can also mean he laid down his upper limbs.
Synonymy
3. avaricious: greedy courteously: politely
emancipate: set free customary: usual
width: breadth adversary: opponent gullible: deceived remainder: residue
innocent: sinless obstacle: obstruction vexation: annoyance
5. a. identifiable b. safety
c. motivates
d. delicate
e. surroundings
f. artificial
g. prestige h. perspire
i. accomplishment j. silent
k. impressive l. evaporate
6. run move spin
turn whirl roll
7. a. stead b. gee-gee c. ripe
d. mature
e. effective
f. efficient
g. fatigued, children h. tired, kids i. declined
j. refused k. rancid l. addled
m. Penalties n. fines o. rebuked
p. accused
Antonymy
5. a. similar/same b. safe
c. sharp/ smart
d. send
e. stingy/ selfish h. simple
f. significant/sensible i. sure
g. skeptical/ suspicious l. smooth
j. slipshod/ slovenly/ sloppy k. sleepiness/ sleep / slumber
m. subjective n. sob/ scowl
6. a. old-fashioned b. completely
c. moisture
d. special
e. essential
f. similarity
g. innocent h. rigid
i. loosen j. clarity
k. deserted l. fruitful
m. peremptory n. depressed
o. indifferent
7. a. feed—starve, cold-fever b. wisdom—follies
c. haste—leisure
d. penny—pound, wise—foolish
e. speech—silence
f. absence—presence
g. admonish—praise i. wise men—fools
h. young—old private—public saint—devil
j. mind—body k. foul—fair
l. danger—security m. deliberate--prompt
n. children—parents o. bully—coward
p. head—tail
8. right—wrong single—return
dry—sweet hard—easy
strong—faint rough—calm
light—dark cold—warm
high—low/deep
Hyponymy
3.furniture: desk, chair, table, bed
matter: liquid, gas, solid
meat: pork, beef, mutton
go: run, fly, walk
4.profession workplace
surgeon: clinic, hospital
plumber: house, building
lawyer: office, law courts
mechanic: garage
photographer: studio
foreman: worksite, factory
5.
6. In Sentence 1), got, furniture, recently are superordinates because they are general and convey a very vague idea whereas in Sentence 2), the three words are replaced respectively by bought, cupboard, three days ago, which are subordinates, conveying a definite and clear idea. So Sentence 2) is better than Sentence 1.
In Sentence 3), it is said, magnificent building, destroyed, yesterday are superordinate terms, which are comparatively much more general than the news says, Royal Hotel, burnt down, last night respectively in 4), which can be described as subordinates. Since 4) is clearer than 3) in meaning, it is better.
Semantic field
3. Group 1 is synonymously semantic field and Group 2 is semantic filed. The difference lies: In 1 the words are synonyms, none of them covers the meaning of another, and they differ only in style and emotive values. In 2 the words are not synonyms, but each refers to a specific type of horse. Horse is a cover term or superordinate, and others are subordinates. These terms have no difference in style or affective meaning.
【Chapter 7】
4. 1) extension 2) extension
3) narrowing 4) degradation
5) elevation 6) narrowing
7) extension 8) extension
9) narrowing 10) narrowing
11) elevation 12) degradation
13) degradation 14) degradation
5. a. associated transfer
b. abstract to concrete
c. concrete to abstract
d. abstract to concrete
e. abstract to concrete
f. abstract to concrete
g. associated transfer
h. associated transfer
i. synesthesia (transfer of sensation from sight to hearing)
j. synesthesia (transfer of sensation)
6. a. objective b. subjective, objective
c. objective
d. subjective
e. subjective
f. subjective
g. subjective h. subjective, objective
7. a. die b. graveyard
c. bedlam疯人院
d. old people
e. strike
f. Policeman
g. stupid pupil h. poor people
i. toilet j. fat person
k. unemployed mother
【Chapter 8】
2. 1) a. to repair
b. measurement and determination of one’s position
c. predicament
d. injection
2) a. a single complete dividing part (of a rocket)
b. the theatre or acting as a profession
c. a particular point or period in a process of development
d. to plan, arrange and carry out
3) a. interchange and discussion of ideas, esp. for mutual understanding or
harmony
b. conversation
c. a written conversation (of a play, etc.)
3. a. synonymy
b. explanation/ definition
c. exemplification
d. relevant details
e. relevant details
f. relevant details
4. a. stop people drinking
stop drinking by themselves
b. a stone house which is big
a house built of big stones
c. a picture possessed by Betty
a photograph of Betty
d. aunts who are visiting
paying a visit to aunts
e. take Jane as his wife
preside over Jane’s wedding
f. a weapon that can fly over long distance and that it explodes when it h its the thing it
aims at
an object that is thrown at somebody in order to hurt him
【Chapter 9】
6. a—2) b—9) c—3)
d—6) e—1) f—8)
g—5) h—4) i—7)
j—10)
7. a. stand out against
b. approve of
c. get … over with
d. looking into
e. come up with
f. comply with
g. cashed in on
h. go without
i. to profit by / from
j. dut down …to
8. a cool cat = a really calm person
blow one's stack = lose control over oneself
fly off the handle = become excessively angry
what's more = furthermore
get away with = commit an illegitimate act without penalty
of course = naturally
get on = get old
pepper and salt = grey (hair)
make up for = compensate for
lost time = time wasted
take it easy = relax, not worry
get up = rise from bed
turn in = go into bed
take care of = manage or look after
like a breeze = without effort or easily
time off = time for rest
get it made = be successful
this is it = be in a position or place, or have possession of an object beyond which more of the same is unnecessary
Sam is really a calm person. He never loses control of himself and hardly ever becomes too angry. Furthermore, he knows how to manage his business financially by using a few tricks… Needless to say, he, too, is getting older. His hair is beginning to turn grey, but he knows how to compensate for wasted time by relaxing. He rises early, exercises, and goes to bed early. He manages his frankfurter dispensary without visible effort, until it is someone else's turn to work there. Sam is successful, he has reached his life's goal.
9. a. “Well, it's the old story of the stitch in time,” he said.
A stitch in time saves nine.
b. Fleur's head was lost in the tool-box, but her voice was heard saying: “Too many cooks,
better let me.”
Too many cooks spoil the broth.
c. But not many other people held that view discerning his finger still very large in every
pie — so much so that there often seemed less pie than finger.
have a finger in the pie
d. I’m thinking of putting up a “Silence is golden” placard in his offic
e. Nobody can hear
themselves think.
Speech is silver, silence is golden.
e. They four had one likeness: their appearance and their work was as it were a wheel in
the middle of a wheel.
wheel within wheels
f. He quotes them extensively nevertheless, together with other equally suspect
evidence, because otherwise he would have no straw with which to make his bricks.
make bricks without straw
10. wind and weather wheeling and dealing
waifs and strays town and gown
top and tail time after time
rules and regulations rise and fall
rags and tatters puff and blow
pick and shovel peace and quiet
over and above one and only
off and on neck and neck
shoulder to shoulder moan and groan
milk and water man and beast
11. a. 好奇伤身。

b. 闻声知鸟，闻言知人。

c. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

d. 美貌只是一层皮；不可以貌取人。

e. 良药苦口。

f. 谨慎是安全之本。

g. 子为人之父；从小看大。

h. 不满是前进的第一步；不满就是进步的开始。

i. 入乡随俗。

j. 吃一堑，长一智。

k. 烈火试真金，逆境炼意志。

l. 你可以一时欺骗所有的人，永远欺骗一部分人，但你不可能永远欺骗所有的人。

【Chapter 10】
12. draft (AmE) — draught (BrE)
gaol (BrE) — jail (AmE)
aesthetic (BrE) — esthetic (AmE)
check (AmE) — cheque (BrE)
travel (AmE) — travell (BrE)
catalog (AmE) — catalogue (BrE)
13. subway (AmE) = underground/ tube (BrE)
subway (BrE): underground passage way across a road
public school (AmE) = private school (BrE esp. boarding school)
14. The information can be found in Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English(The 5th Edition).
laugh: to laugh because something is funny or because you are enjoying yourself
guffaw: to laugh heartily and boisterously
chuckle: to laugh quietly, especially because you are thinking about something that you think is funny
giggle: to laugh quietly and repeatedly like a child because of something funny or because you are nervous or embarrassed
titter: to laugh quietly, but a little unkindly at some thing embarrassing someone has said or done snigger (British) / snicker (American): to laugh unkindly and quietly, especially if you are laughing at something that is not supposed to be funny
15. The information can be found in Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (2009).
rich: ◆◆◆◆◇ = belonging to 1200
wealthy: ◆◆◇◇◇= belonging to 3200
affluent: ◆◇◇◇◇= belonging to 8100
These words can not be used interchangeably because they differ in intensity of meaning, in range of meaning and in formality. Generally the higher the frequency of use, the more common it is. Comparatively, affluent is the most formal, strongest and most infrequently-used word.
16. There are 9 meanings, 5 synonyms, 4 antonyms and 6 superordinates of the word dull provided in the Collins COBUILD English Dictionary (2009).。