(人教版)选择性必修第二册：UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS(含解析)

选择性必修其次册UNIT 1 SCIENCE AND SCIENTISTS Ⅰ.阅读理解
Jose Hernandez made his dream of becoming an astronaut a reality and he did so despite unbelievable difficulties.
“I was working in a field near Stockton，and I heard on my radio that Franklin Chang-Diaz had been selected for the Astronaut Corps，”said Jose，who was a senior in high school at the time.“I was already interested in science and engineering，”Jose remembered.“But that was the moment I said，‘I want to fly in space.’”
As one of four children in a migrant(移民)farming family from Mexico，Jose—who didn’t learn English until he was 12 years old—spent much of his childhood traveling with his family from Mexico to southern California each March，then working northward to the Stockton area by November，picking strawberries and cucumbers at farms along the route.They would then return to Mexico for Christmas and start the cycle all over again in the spring.“Some kids might think it would be fun to travel like that，”Jose laughed.“But we had to work.”
After graduating from high school，Jose was admitted into the University of the Pacific.In 1987，he accepted a full-time job with Lawrence National Laboratory.In 2001，Jose joined the Johnson Space Centre，where he came face-to-face with Franklin Chang-Diaz.
“We actually had common experiences—a similar upbringing，the same language issues.That built up my confidence.Any barriers that existed，he had already overcome them，”Jose smiled.“Now it’s my turn！”
“NASA rejected me not once，not twice，not three times but 11 times.It wasn’t until the 12th time that I got selected，”he said.Jose was selected as part of the 19th class of astronauts in 2004.He circled the globe 217 times but remains a down to Earth guy. Jose Hernandez received the 2016 National Hispanic Hero Award and he continues
his long history in the field of engineering and space.
1.What made Jose determined to be an astronaut?
A.The influence of Astronaut Corps.
B.The success of Franklin Chang-Diaz.
C.His interest in science and engineering.
D.The experience of working in the field.
2.What can we learn about Jose as a child?
A.He did much farm work.
B.He traveled a lot for fun.
C.He hated learning English.
D.He obeyed his family in everything.
3.How did Jose feel when he met Franklin Chang-Diaz personally?
A.Inspired.
B.Valued.
C.Relaxed.
D.Puzzled.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Climb over Barriers
B.Reach for the Stars
C.Work the Hard Way
D.Learn from Your Past
People who regularly sleep for six hours or less each night in middle age are more likely to develop dementia (痴呆) than those who routinely manage seven hours，according to a major study into the disease.
Researchers found a 30% greater risk of dementia in those who during their 50s，60s and 70s consistently had a short night’s sleep，regardless of other risk factors such as heart condition and poor mental health.
Sabia，an author of the study at the University of Paris and her colleagues analyzed survey data from University College London’s Whitehall study，which launched in 1985 and followed the health and lifestyles of more than 10，000 British
volunteers.The French team focused on nearly 8，000 participants who self-reported their sleep patterns.
During 25 years of follow-up，521 participants developed dementia，with most diagnosed in their late 70s.Writing in Nature Communications，the scientists described how those who routinely got six hours of sleep or less each night in their 50s and 60s were 30% more likely to develop dementia than those who typically managed seven hours.
The study does not prove that sleeping too little causes dementia，since sleep loss itself may be one of the earliest symptoms of the disease.But some scientists believe the results strengthen evidence that continuous poor sleep may at least contribute to the disease.
The first pathological changes that lead to dementia occur one to two decades before the disease becomes obvious，as sticky proteins called amyloid build up in the brain.When the 1985 Whitehall study first assessed the sleep of volunteers who later developed dementia，this process had probably not started.This meant that if they were sleeping too little，it was unlikely to have been caused by dementia-related brain changes.
“It strengthens the evidence that poor sleep in middle age could cause or worsen dementia in later life，”said Dr.Liz Coulthard，a consultant senior lecturer in dementia neurology.“It makes sense to take measures to improve sleep such as going outside during daylight hours to help maintain the natural rhythms that promote good sleep，avoiding too much alcohol or caffeine，particularly before bed，and finding a bedtime routine that works for you.”
5.What risk factor for dementia does the passage focus on?
A.Sleep loss.
B.Age.
C.Poor mental health.
D.Heart condition.
6.How did French scientists get the research findings?
A.By making a comparison.
B.By monitoring sleep patterns.
C.By interviewing British volunteers.
D.By analyzing previous survey data.
7.In what tone do the scientists talk about the research?
A.Casual.
B.Doubtful.
C.Negative.
D.Cautious.
8.What is the purpose of the last paragraph?
A.To give examples.
B.To collect proofs.
C.To offer suggestions.
D.To present arguments.
Ⅱ.完形填空
It was just a typical morning of an ordinary workday.I was at the __1__，on my way to the lab where I was a postdoctoral fellow.But something began to __2__ inside me as I watched the people around me—headphones hanging from their ears，__3__ cast down，unsmiling faces.They looked unhappy.And I realized that I was one of them.Suddenly，I could no longer __4__ with my work life and booked a one-way ticket to fly home.
Over the years，I had grown more __5__due to the pressure of finishing my Ph.D.Those who could have been partners became competitors I disliked and the effect of this competition was exactly the __6__ of what I had hoped for.I began to feel lonely and __7__.I became less and less productive in my scientific work.I __8__ my breaking point that day at the bus stop.I had to end this.I emailed my professors，explaining that I had put the __9__ first and myself second for too long.
Shortly after I got back home，I started to receive some emails from my workmates—I guessed they expected me to join them again soon.After a few __10__ asking how I was，in the emails many expressed their stress of academic life.Vulnerable researchers were __11__ their heads out of their shells (壳)，seeking help.It occurred to me that we all __12__ sometimes，and our vulnerability (脆弱) seemed so much alike that I __13__ myself from all that had bothered me for days.Actually it can be a __14__ game，instead of one where one side gains while the other side loses.Working with
others and asking for help doesn’t make my contributions __15__：it means we can all succeed.
1.A.cafe shop B.bookstore
C.supermarket
D.bus stop
2.A.awaken B.tackle
C.settle
D.disappear
3.A.nose B.eyes
C.neck
D.arms
4.A.go B.continue
bine
D.exchange
5.A.mature B.academic
petitive
D.positive
6.A.output B.alternative
C.case
D.opposite
7.A.inspired B.lost
C.pure
D.guilty
8.A.spotted B.marked
C.hit
D.set
9.A.evaluation B.adaptation
prehension
D.occupation
10.A.jokes B.lines
C.calls
D.accounts
11.A.sticking B.standing
C.bringing
D.figuring
12.A.choke B.urge
C.suffer
D.hesitate
13.A.discouraged B.banned
C.freed
D.prevented
14.A.brand-new B.non-controversial
C.so-called
D.win-win
15.A.unimportant B.improper
C.irregular
D.illogical
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2024·山东省潍坊市高三二模)
Doctors in the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine have followed the meal-time habits of more than 500 people for six years，1.____________(find) weight change is most affected by the size and 2.____________(frequent) of meals rather than the interval (间隔) from first to last meal.It challenges the popular trend of intermittent fasting (禁食) 3.____________ a useful weight loss strategy. Intermittent fasting，also referred to as time-restricted feeding，is a dietary strategy where all meals 4.____________(consume) during a short window of time each day.These windows can extend from 6 to 10 hours，resulting in a person essentially fasting for up to 18 hours each day.
The idea reveals 5.____________ is no link between the time of a person’s eating window each day and weight changes.“Based on other studies that have come out，including 6.____________(we)，we are starting to think timing of meals most likely doesn’t produce 7.____________ instant impact on weight loss，”said doctor Bennett.“What does matter，however，is the total number of medium and large meals a person eats over the day.” It suggests simply eating smaller meals，less frequently，is 8.____________ ultimately leads to weight loss.
All of this doesn’t mean intermittent fasting strategies won’t help.But what does seem increasingly clear is that the weight loss benefits occasionally 9.____________(see) with these eating strategies may be primarily driven by a reduced caloric intake.It doesn’t mean you can simply eat all you want in a short window each day and still expect 10.____________(lose) weight.
选择性必修其次册UNIT 1
Ⅰ.【语篇解读】本文是记叙文。

文章主要叙述了出身农夫家庭的Jose在中学
时期受Franklin Chang-Diaz的事迹激励而幻想成为一名宇航员，他为此付出了极大的努力并最终取得了傲人的成果，实现幻想的故事。

1.B[细节理解题。

依据其次段中的“and I heard on my radio that Franklin Chang-Diaz had been selected for the Astronaut Corps”和“But that was the moment I said，‘I want to fly in space.’”可知，当Jose通过收音机得知Franklin Chang-Diaz被选为宇航员的那一刻，早就对理工科感爱好的他立志成为一名宇航员。

]
2.A[细节理解题。

依据第三段内容可知，Jose来自墨西哥的移民农夫家庭，他童年时做了大量的农活。

]
3.A[推理推断题。

依据第五段内容可知，当Jose见到Franklin Chang-Diaz本人时，他意识到他俩有很多共同经受，这包括他目前遇到的障碍，但对方都已经克服了这些障碍，这使得Jose布满信念。

由此可推知，他很受鼓舞。

]
4.B[标题归纳题。

通读全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了出身农夫家庭的Jose 为了成为一名宇航员付出了极大的努力，最终实现幻想，飞上了太空的故事。

B 项(有九天揽月之志)能概括文章大意，适合作文章标题。

]
【语篇解读】本文是说明文。

一项针对老年痴呆症的重大争辩表明，中年时每晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更简洁患痴呆症。

文章介绍了争辩开展的过程以及争辩人员对此的看法和建议。

5.A[推理推断题。

依据其次段可知，这篇文章关注的是痴呆的风险因素是睡眠不足。

]
6.D[细节理解题。

依据第三段中的“Sabia，an author of the study...more than 10，000 British volunteers.”可知，法国科学家通过分析以前的调查数据得到争辩结果。

]
7.D[推理推断题。

依据第五段可推知，科学家们用谨慎的语气谈论这项争辩。

]
8.C[写作意图题。

依据最终一段可推知，最终一段的目的是供应建议。

]
Ⅱ.【语篇解读】本文是夹叙夹议文。

文章叙述了作者在等公交车去试验室的时候，发觉四周的人行色匆忙，并不欢快，意识到自己太长时间把自己的职业放在了第一位，而忽视了自身的欢快。

作者认为：与他人合作并寻求挂念并不会让自己的贡献变得不重要；这意味着我们都可以成功。

1.D[A.cafe shop咖啡店；B.bookstore书店；C.supermarket超市；D.bus stop公交车站。

依据下文“on my way to the lab”可知，作者要去试验室，在公交站等公交车。

]
2.A[A.awaken觉醒；B.tackle处理；解决；C.settle支配；D.disappear消逝。

依据下文“I realized that I was one of them”可知，当作者看到别人戴着耳机眼睛低垂不苟言笑的时候，觉醒到自己也是其中之一。

]
3.B[A.nose鼻子；B.eyes眼睛；C.neck脖子；D.arms胳膊。

依据下文“They looked unhappy”可知，作者在说面部表情，所以应当是眼睛低垂。

]
4.B[A.go去；B.continue连续；bine联合；D.exchange交换。

依据下文“booked a one-way ticket to fly home.”可知，作者产生了厌倦之心，不情愿再连续工作生活。

]
5.C[A.mature成熟的；B.academic学术的；petitive有竞争力的；D.positive 乐观的。

依据下文“due to the pressure of finishing my Ph.D”可知，作者有完成博士学位的压力，所以变得更加爱竞争。

]
6.D[A.output产量；B.alternative可供选择的事物；C.case状况；例子；D.opposite 相反的东西。

依据上文“Those who could have been partners became competitors I disliked”可知，竞争的结果不是作者期望的，是与作者的期望相反的。

]
7.B[A.inspired受启发的；B.lost迷失的；C.pure纯洁的；D.guilty内疚的。

依据上文“Those who could have been partners became competitors I disliked”以及“I began to feel lonely”可知，作者因失去了不想失去的东西而感到孤独，分析四个选项，B项“lost(迷失的)”含义与句子表达的含义全都。

]
8.C[A.spotted观察；B.marked标记；C.hit击打；碰触；D.set放置。

依据下文“my breaking point”可知，在公交车站，作者的坏心情达到了极限，分析四个选项，hit the breaking point为固定短语，含义为：达到了崩溃的极限。

]
9.D[A.evaluation评估；B.adaptation适应；prehension理解；D.occupation 职业。

依据上文“I had to end this”以及下文“myself second for too long”可知，作者向教授解释自己把职业放在第一位的时间太长了。

]
10.B[A.jokes笑话；B.lines行；C.calls电话；D.accounts账户。

依据上文“Shortly after I got back home，I started to receive some emails from my workmates”可知，
作者在看别人写给他的信。

]
11.A[A.sticking伸出；B.standing站；C.bringing带来；D.figuring弄明白。

依据下文“their heads out of their shells”可知，此处作者使用比方的手法，把脆弱的争辩人员比方成乌龟，从壳子里面伸出头寻求挂念。

]
12.C[A.choke噎住；B.urge敦促；C.suffer患病苦痛；D.hesitate迟疑；依据下文“our vulnerability seemed so much”可知，作者感受到了每个人都有患病苦痛的时候。

]
13.C[A.discouraged使……灰心；B.banned禁止；C.freed解脱；D.prevented预防。

依据下文“from all that had bothered me”可知，作者把自己从几天来困扰自己的一切中解脱出来。

]
14.D[A.brand-new崭新的；B.non-controversial不会引起争议的；C.so-called所谓的；D.win-win双赢的。

依据下文“instead of one where one side gains while the other side loses”可推理出，这是一场双赢的玩耍。

]
15.A[A.unimportant不重要的；B.improper不合适的；C.irregular不规章的；
D.illogical不合规律的。

依据下文“it means we can all succeed”可知，作者认为与他人合作并寻求挂念愿味着我们都可以成功，并不会让我的贡献变得不重要。

]Ⅲ.【语篇解读】本文是说明文。

文章介绍了一项新的争辩。

争辩表明，影响体重变化的最大因素是饮食的量和频率，而不是从第一顿饮食到最终一顿饮食的间隔时间，该争辩发觉挑战了间歇性禁食作为一种有用的减肥策略的流行趋势。

1.finding[考查非谓语动词。

分析句子可知，句子成分完整，空处用非谓语动词形式，find是句中have followed the meal-time habits...自然发生的结果，应用find 的现在分词形式finding，作结果状语。

故填finding。

]
2.frequency[考查词性转换。

分析句子可知，空处和size并列，作介词by的宾语，应用frequent的名词形式frequency，表示“(发生的)频率”，是不行数名词。

故填frequency。

]
3.as[考查介词。

结合常识可知，间歇性禁食常被当作一种有用的减肥策略，空处应用介词as，表示“当作”。

故填as。

]
4.are consumed[考查时态语态和主谓全都。

句意：间歇性禁食，也被称为限时进食，是一种饮食策略，每天在短时间内食用全部食物。

句子在解释间歇性禁食
的内涵，是一般性的事实，应用一般现在时，where引导的同位语从句与主句时态保持全都，空处作从句的谓语，和主语all meals之间是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，且主语是复数，be动词用are。

故填are consumed。

]
5.there[考查there be句型。

分析句子可知，reveals后面接了省略了that的宾语从句，从句中表示两者之间没有关联，应用there be句型，空处填there。

故填there。

]
6.ours[考查代词。

分析句子可知，空处作介词including的宾语，表示“我们的争辩”，应用名词性物主代词。

故填ours。

]
7.an[考查冠词。

空处表示泛指，意为“一个，一种”，应用不定冠词，且instant 的发音以元音音素开头，应用an。

故填an。

]
8.what[考查名词性从句。

suggests后接了省略了that的宾语从句，从句中缺少表语，空处需引导名词性从句作is的表语，表语从句中缺少主语，指物，应用连接代词what。

故填what。

]
9.seen[考查非谓语动词。

that引导的表语从句中主要成分完整，空处作benefits 的后置定语，且see和benefits之间为规律上的动宾关系，应用see的过去分词形式seen。

故填seen。

]
10.to lose[考查非谓语动词。

此处用了固定短语expect to do sth，表示“期盼做……”，空处需用不定式的形式to lose作expect的宾语。

故填to lose。

]。