Vocabulary-Contract Law 法律英语

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acceptance [ək'septəns] n. 承诺, 同意，认可receiving something from another with the intent to keep it, and showing that this was based on a previous agreement. e.g. Their acceptance of the contract is still in doubt.
act of Parliament ['pɑ:ləmənt] n. 议会制定法，法令，国会法案formally drafted and written law adopted by both chambers or houses of a legislature. e.g. An Act of Parliament creates a new law or changes an existing law.
benefit ['benifit] n. 利益；益处；利润any profit or acquired right or privilege, primarily through a contract. e.g. Are you entitled to unemployment benefit?
binding ['baindiŋ] n./a.约（拘）束力an agreement has been consciously made, and certain actions are now either required or prohibited. e.g. The agreement is binding on both parties.
body of laws n.法的体系，法规录编legal system e.g. What body of laws standardizes interstate business regulations?
breach [bri:tʃ] vt. 破坏，违反 a violation in the performance of or a failure to perform an obligation created by a promise, duty, or law without excuse or justification. e.g. Union officials denounced the action as a breach of the agreement
capacity [kə'pæsiti] n.资格；意思能力 a qualification, power, or ability (as to give consent or make a testament) created by operation of law e.g. He should be retained in his present capacity at a higher salary.
case [keis] n.情况；案例；陈述 a statement of the facts or circumstances, as in a law court, esp. the argument of one side the case for the defendant e.g. In your case, we are prepared to be lenient.
claimant ['kleimənt] n.请求权人；权利请求人；原告party making a formal demand for a payment or asserting a right (such as the ownership of a property) e.g. One of the problems is the bureaucracy the claimant has to face.
common law n. 普通法；判例法；共同习惯法 a body of law that is based on custom and general principles and embodied in case law and that serves as precedent or is applied to situations not covered by statute e.g. The status of a married woman under common law.
comply [kəm'plai] vi. 顺从，答应to act according to an order, set of rules or request e.g. Everyone should comply with the law.
condition [kən'diʃən] n.（合同的）条件条款；状况条件 e.g. Find out what the conditions of the contract are.
consent [kən'sent] v.& n.同意；赞同；答应；允许；合意express or implied approval, or voluntary agreement, compliance, or permission for some act, decision, or purpose. e.g. By the common consent of critics, Shakespeare is the prince of character delineators
consequential loss [kɔnsi'kwenʃəl] n. 从属损失,间接损失 a loss that arises as an indirect result of an act or event compare direct loss in this entry e.g. Consequential loss is the basic value of loss, specifically when it relates to the loss of a property's use.
consideration [kənsidə'reiʃən] n.对价 a vital element in the law of contracts, consideration is a benefit which must be bargained for between the parties, and is the essential reason for a party entering into a contract e.g. I will do it for you for a small consideration (of 50).
contract ['kɔntrækt] n. 合同，契约v. 订合同n. an agreement with specific terms between two or more persons or entities in which there is a promise to do something in return for a valuable benefit known as consideration / v. to enter into an agreement e.g. Marriage is, first of all, a contract which must be governed by justice.
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aforementioned [ə'fɔ:'menʃənd] adj. 上述的，前述的being the one previously mentioned or spoken of e.g. The aforementioned (person/persons) was/were acting suspiciously.
aforesaid [ə'fɔ:sed] adj. 上述的, 前述的(常用于法律文件)... being the one previously mentioned or spoken of e.g. What does aforesaid mean?
aggregate ['ægrigeit] n./a.1.集合,集体2.聚集3.总数,合计/ 合计的;聚集的 a sum total of many heterogenous things taken together e.g. The tax increases will, in the aggregate, cause much hardship.
arbitration [ɑ:bi'treiʃn] n. 仲裁，公断the hearing and determination of a dispute by an impartial referee agreed to by both parties (often used to settle disputes between labor and management) e.g. I think the arbitration clause in the contract is acceptable. We are preparing to accept it.
archaic term 古老的词 e.g. "Corporate" is an archaic term
availability [ə.veilə'biliti]n. 有效，有用，有益；可得到的人(或物) the quality of being at hand when needed e.g. Pertaining to the availability of a resource for more than one user at the same time.
carriage ['kæridʒ] (衡平法)(诉讼一方当事人为若干人时)进行诉讼或主导诉讼权利
clause [klɔ:z] n.条款，款项 a separate section of a legal document (as a statute or contract or will) e.g. A penalty clause was written into the contract.
compensation [kɔmpen'seiʃən] n. 补偿，赔偿; 赔偿金，物something (such as money) given or received as payment or reparation (as for a service or loss or injury) e.g. He prejudiced his claim by demanding too much compensation.
contractor [kən'træktə(r)] n. 立契约的人，承包商 a party to a contract e.g. The Detroit contractor was asked to kick$5,000 back as commission.
copyright ['kɔpirait] n. 版权，著作权adj. 版权的 a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work e.g. The poem is still under copyright, so you have to pay to quote it.
defective [di'fektiv] a.欠缺法律要件的lack of legal requirements e.g. The contract you gave me yesterday is defective..
defined terms n. 定义词；规定的条件
definition [defi'niʃən] n. 定义，阐释 a concise explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase or symbol e.g. T o give a definition of a word is more difficult than to give an illustration of its use.
delivery [di'livəri] n.交付；引渡；分娩the voluntary transfer of something (title or possession) from one party to another e.g. The mother had an easy delivery.
distributor [dis'tribjutə] n. 经销商，配电器someone who markets merchandise e.g. The distributor look with favor on your sample shipment.
draft [dræft] n. 草图，汇票vt. 起草，征兵draw up an outline or sketch for something e.g. L/c is payable against your draft.
engaged in 使从事于，使忙于,受雇于…e.g.
The company is mainly engaged in producing deep groove.
entitled to vt. 有资格(有权) be qualified to… e.g. Company of China is entitled to present.
expiration [ekspi'reiʃən] n. 呼出，呼气，终止 a coming to an end of a contract period e.g. When is the expiration of your driving license?
extent [iks'tent] n. 范围；扣押；临时所有权detention e.g. What’s you extent of contract?
forthwith ['fɔ:θ'wiθ] adv. 立刻without delay or hesitation; with no time intervening e.g. The doctor came forthwith.
from scratch 从零开始，从头做起from the beginning e.g. He lost all his money and had to start again completely from scratch.
give notice v. 通知inform (somebody) of something e.g. Please give notice to me by letter of your plan.
hereby [hiə'bai] adv. 因此，据此by means of this e.g. I hereby declare her elected.
herein ['hiər'in] adv. 在此处，如此，鉴于in this place or thing or document e.g. In structured analysis, the study of shapes and forms, herein with respect to the structure of modular hierarchies and organizations.
hereinafter ['hiərin'ɑ:ftə] adv. 以下，在下文中in a subsequent part of this document or statement or matter etc e.g. You will find the answer hereinafter.
heretofore ['hiətu'fɔ:] adv. 以前，迄今为止used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time e.g. The parties heretofore acting as trustee.
hereunder [hiər'ʌndə] adv. 在下面;根据条款under the terms of this agreement e.g. We will do it hereunder.
hirer ['haiərə] n. 租借者，雇主 a person responsible for hiring workers e.g. The Hirer Career Network is a place for jobseekers to connect with employers, career advisors, educators and recruitment specialists.
import duty n. 进口税 a duty imposed on imports e.g. If we impose import duties, other countries may retaliate against us.
in effect adj. 实际上，正在实行，有效exerting force or influence e.g. We protect the interests of investors by the legislation in effect.
in full 全部地，不省略地referring to a quantity e.g. Effort and achievement are always in full accord.
in transit 在运输中，在途中on the way e.g. Your tea is in transit.
inadmissible [inəd'misəbl] adj. 不可容许的，不承认的not deserving to be admitted e.g. The evidence was held to be inadmissible.
inasmuch as [inəz'mʌtʃəz] conj. 由于，因为，就... 来说since e.g. He is a Dane inasmuch as he was born in Denmark.
inclusive of 将... 考虑在内，包含... contain e.g. The monthly rent is$20 inclusive of everything.
incur [in'kə:] vt. 招致，蒙受make oneself subject to; bring upon oneself; become liable to e.g. Any expenses you may incur will be chargeable to the company.
invoice ['invɔis] n. 发票，发货单，货物
vt. 开票，寄发票，开清单send an bill to e.g. The goods or services itemized in an invoice.
key obligations n.主要责任，义务
manufacture [mænju'fæktʃə] n.产品v.制造n. the organized action of making of goods and services for sale v. make up something artificial or untrue e.g. Ammonia, coal tar and coke are all by-products obtained in the manufacture of coal gas.
non-negotiable adj. 不可妥协的，不可转让的cannot be bought or sold e.g. He says his claim is non-negotiable.
notwithstanding ['nɔtwiθ'stændiŋ] adv. 虽然，尽管prep. 纵使conj. 虽然despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) e.g. He tried to prevent the marriage but it still took place notwithstanding.
obligation [ɔbli'geiʃən] n. 义务，责任;法律协议 a legal agreement specifying a payment or action and the penalty for failure to comply e.g. The company has to fulfill the terms of its obligation.
on board 在船（车或飞机）上on a ship, train, plane or other vehicle e.g. The hijackers kept the pilot on board the plane as (a) hostage.
option ['ɔpʃən] n. 选择(权), 可选物
vt. 选择the act of choosing or selecting e.g. The former option favours the married man.
outlet ['autlet] n. 出口，批发商店,销路 a place of business for retailing goods e.g. This cosmetics firm has 34 outlets in Britain.
patent ['pætnt] n. 专利权，执照，专利品
adj. 专利的，显著的vt. 获得专利权 a document granting an inventor sole rights to an invention e.g. The patent runs out in three years time.
parties n.当事人the persons who are directly involved or interested in any act, affair, contract, transaction, or legal proceeding; opposing litigants e.g. Mary and Ken are joint parties in this case.
precedent ['presidənt] n. 先例，惯例an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time e.g. Imposing a lenient sentence for such a serious crime sets a dangerous precedent.
premises ['premisiz] n. (企业，机构等)房产，经营场所land and the buildings on it e.g. Beverages sold in this restaurant can only be drunk on the premises.
prior to 在... 之前before e.g. Prior to entering the nozzle, the steam is at high pressure.
procure [prə'kjuə] vt. 获得，取得，促成get by special effort vi.拉皮条 e.g. He was accused of procuring women for his business associates.
procurement [prə'kjuəmənt] n. 取得，征购，斡旋，促成the act of getting possession of something e.g. An interim management case study about a strategic procurement strategy for Lehman Brothers.
property ['prɔpəti] n. 财产; 性质something owned; any tangible or intangible possession that is owned by someone e.g. Property brings duties and responsibilities.
real property [ri:l 'prɔpəti] n. 不动产property consisting of houses and land e.g. The changing of real property to personal property or vice versa.
referred to vt. 涉及，指的是，提作，参考，适用于suit for e.g. The new law does not refer to land used for farming.
refund ['ri:fʌnd] n. 偿还
vt. 付还，偿还借款，换回新公债money returned to a payer e.g. I'd like a refund.
remedy for breach 要求补偿ask for Compensation e.g. remedy for breach of contract
retailer ['ri:teilə] n. 零售商(店) a merchant who sells goods at retail e.g. The sale of goods in large quantities, as for resale by a retailer.
said v. 说，讲vbl. 说，讲express in words e.g. The girl charged with murder was said to be mad and unfit to plead.
same a.相同的pron.前述者 e.g. He praised my work and in the same breath told me I would have to leave.
subject to 易受... 影响的，屈服于... 的，让步于... be forced e.g. Peasants used to be subject to the local landowner.
sum [sʌm] n.金额；一定数量货币 a quantity of money e.g. I had to spend a large sum of money to get it back.
supplier [sə'plaiə] n. 供应者，供应厂商，供应国someone whose business is to supply a particular service or commodity e.g. The equipment must be bought from a supplier approved by the company.
take place v.发生come to pass e.g. Lengthy negotiations must take place before any agreement can be reached.
template ['templit] n. 模板，样板 a model or standard for making comparisons e.g. Save the active document or template with its current name.
term [tə:m] n.条款，期限 a limited period of time e.g. Since our contract is near its term we must negotiate a new one.
terminated ['tə:mineit] adj. 有结尾的，有限的vt. 结束，终止，满期vi. 达到终点be the end of; be the last or concluding part of e.g. Your contract has been terminated.
territory ['teritəri] n. 领土，版图，领域，范围the geographical area under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state e.g. They ceded territory to a neighboring state.
thereby ['ðɛə'bai] adv. 因此，从而by that means or because of that e.g. He became a citizen, thereby gaining the right to vote.
therein [ðɛər'in] adv. 在其中，在那里，在那一点上in or into that thing or place e.g. Therein lies the crux of the matter.
thereinafter [.ðɛərin'ɑ:ftə] adv. 在下文，以下in the following part of a given matter, as in a document or speech e.g. You will find it thereinafter easily.
thereon [ðɛə'ɔn] adv. 关于那; 以…为根据；由…而产生on that e.g. text and commentary thereon
thereto [ðɛə'tu:] adv. 到那里，另外to that e.g. They signed the agreement and the documents appended thereto.
trademark ['treidmɑ:k] n. 商标 a formally registered symbol identifying the manufacturer or distributor of a product e.g. A trademark for a microcomputer operating system.
trading ['treidiŋ] n. 商业，买卖，贸易buying or selling securities or commodities e.g. Trading on the Stock Exchange was light today.
undertake [.ʌndə'teik] vt. 从事，保证promise to do or accomplish e.g. I'll undertake for your security.
contract under seal n. 盖有公章的契约 a contract that is signed and has the (wax) seal of the signer attached e.g. Contracts under seal were in use long prior to the development of the requirement of consideration.
contrary ['kɔntrəri] adj. 相反的，截然不同的adv. 相反(地) n. 反面，相反adj. opposite in nature or character adv. In opposition n. something that is contrary or opposite e.g. I will go on with my work unless I get the order to the contrary.
courts of first instance n.一审法院 a court in which legal proceedings are begun or first heard e.g. The High Court is made up of the Court of Appeal and the Court of First Instance.
cover ['kʌvə] n/v 庇护v.给…保险；投保n.保险n/v hide v.To invest (oneself) with a great deal of something n. contract of insurance e.g. We tried to find cover from the storm.
deed [di:d] n.契据，行为 A document sealed as an instrument of bond, contract, or conveyance, especially relating to property. e.g. The money was given to us by deed of covenant.
defective [di'fektiv] a.欠缺法律要件的lack of legal requirements e.g. The contract you gave me yesterday is defective..
defendant [di'fendənt] n.被告人entity charged with an offense in a civil or criminal case e.g. The defendant is accused of theft.
detriment ['detrimənt] n.损失；损害；不利益damage, harm, injury, or loss suffered by a person or property e.g. This tax can not be introduced without detriment to the economy.
direct loss n. 直接损失property loss caused by an unbroken chain of events covered under an insurance policy e.g. Living room furniture lost in a fire originating in the kitchen is a direct loss.
discharged [dis'tʃɑ:dʒd] adj. 获释的released, or liberated from custody e.g. The judge discharged the prisoner.
disclose [dis'kləuz] vt. 揭露to make something known publicly, or to show something that was hidden e.g. The report disclosed that he had served in prison.
dispute [di'spju:t] n./v(尤指引发诉讼之)争议；纠纷；冲突disagreement over the existence of a legal duty or right e.g. They are disputing about the rights and wrongs of the case.
distinguishable [dis'tiŋgwiʃəbl] a.（案件或法律等）不同的,可识别的capable of being distinguished; separable; divisible e.g. Black is very distinguishable against a white background
donation [dəu'neiʃən] n. 捐赠物，捐款，捐赠 a gift of property e.g. Her request for a donation met with a repulse.
duress ['djuəres] n. 强迫，监禁prisonment e.g. compulsion a confession signed under duress
duty ['dju:ti] n. 税;义务work that you are obliged to perform for moral or legal reasons e.g. I'm duty bound to visit my old aunt.
elected adj.被选的，当选的chosen or decided by voting e.g. He was elected the leader of the union.
enforceable [in'fɔ:səbl] a. 可执行的,可实施的capable of being enforced e.g. A gentleman's agreement is not usually enforceable by law.
entire [in'taiə] adj. 全部的，完整的，同性质的constituting the full quantity or extent; complete e.g. I am in entire agreement with you.
factor ['fæktə] n.代销商person or firm who buys accounts receivabl e before their due date at a discounted price e.g. He’s a competent factor.
forbid [fə'bid] v. 不许，禁止;阻止;妨碍command against e.g. Lack of time forbids any further discussion at the point.
general election ['dʒenərəl i'lekʃən] n. 大选，普选the election of representatives to a legislature from constituencies throughout the country. e.g. An early general election is certainly on the cards.
House of Commons n. 下议院The lower house of Parliament e.g. The House of Commons and the House of Lords comprise/compose/constitute the British Parliament.
House of Lords n. (英议会)上院the upper house of the British parliament e.g. The bill go through these stage first in the house of commons and then in the house of lord.
injured party n. 受害方;原告
起诉someone injured or killed in an accident e.g. The person who reported the offence may be interviewed by the police if that person is also the injured party.
intention [in'tenʃən] n. 意图，意向，目的an anticipated outcome that is intended or that guides your planned actions e.g. They have no intention of getting married at present.
issue ['iʃju:] 争议point of discussion or dispute e.g. Parliament will debate the nationalization issue next week.
jurisdiction [dʒuəris'dikʃən] n. 司法权，审判权，管辖权，控制权the right and power to interpret and apply the law e.g. The court has no jurisdiction over foreign diplomats living in this country.
legislation [ledʒis'leiʃən] n. 立法，法律the act of making or enacting laws e.g. The legislation was made retrospective.
liability [laiə'biliti] n. 责任，债务，不利因素an obligation to pay money to another party e.g. If your liabilities exceed your assets, you may go bankrupt.
Member of Parliament (MP) n.议院议员an elected member of the British Parliament: a member of the House of Commons e.g. If a Member of Parliament wishes to speak about a company with which he is connected, he must declare his interest.
monarchy ['mɔnəki] n. 君主政体，君主国，君主政治an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority e.g. The power of the monarchy in britain today is more symbolical than real.
obiter dictum n. 法官于判决中附带表示的意见，附带讲的话an opinion voiced by a judge on a point of law not directly bearing on the case in question and therefore not binding
obliged [ə'blaidʒd] adj. 义不容辞的，感激的under a moral obligation to do something e.g.
I felt obliged to leave after such an unpleasant quarrel.
offer ['ɔ:fə] n.要约v.发出要约n. something offered (as a proposal or bid) v. make available or accessible, provide or furnish e.g. He offered by mail.
offeree [ɔfər'i:] n. 受盘人，被发价人one to whom an offer is made e.g. a unilateral contract consists of a promise on the part of the offeror and performance of the requisite terms by the offeree.
offeror n. 要约人someone who presents something to another for acceptance or rejection e.g. An offer terminate on the death of the offeror.
parties n.当事人the persons who are directly involved or interested in any act, affair, contract, transaction, or legal proceeding; opposing litigants e.g. Mary and Ken are joint parties in this case.
party in breach n. 违约的合同当事人party in default e.g. the party in breach did not foresee the sentence.
place n.地方，场所v.任命,安排place somebody in a particular situation or location e.g. The stockbroker has placed the money in industrial stock.
precedent ['presidənt] n. 先例，惯例an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time e.g. Imposing a lenient sentence for such a serious crime sets a dangerous precedent.
principle of law n.法理 e.g. A rule or principle of law, especially when established by precedent.
pronouncement [prə'naunsmənt] n. 宣告，声明，判决an authoritative declaration e.g. There has been no official pronouncement yet on the state of the president's health.
propose [prə'pəuz] v. 计划，打算，向... 提议; 求婚make a proposal, declare a plan for something e.g. Did he propose to you?
ratio decidendi n. 判决理由The underlying and core principle of the law upon which a case is decided. e.g. The underlying principle is called the ratio decidendi
reciprocal [ri'siprəkəl] adj. 相互的，互惠的，互补的concerning each of two or more persons or things; especially given or done in return e.g. They have a reciprocal agreement to combat terrorism.
recorded [ri'kɔ:did] adj. 已记录的，录音的set down or registered in a permanent form especially on film or tape for reproduction e.g. It wasn't a recorded show, it was live.
relevant ['relivənt] adj. 相关的，切题的，中肯的having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue e.g. These facts are relevant to the case.
restrictions [ri'strikʃən] n. 限制，约束 a principle that limits the extent of something e.g. The sale of firearms is subject to many legal restrictions.
revoke [ri'vəuk] vt撤回, 废除, 宣告无效cancel officially e.g. His driving licence was revoked after the crash.
senior court n.高级法院
source of law n. 法的渊源
法源the materials and processes out of which law is developed e.g. There are three main sources of law in the world.
statute ['stætju:t] n. 法令，法规an act passed by a legislative body e.g. We must obey the statutes in this country.
sue [su:] vt. 控告，起诉vi. 请求，追求，起诉institute legal proceedings against; file a suit against e.g. He had the gall to sue for damages.
sum [sʌm] n.金额；一定数量货币 a quantity of money e.g. I had to spend a large sum of money to get it back.
term [tə:m] n.条款，期限 a limited period of time e.g. Since our contract is near its term we must negotiate a new one.
terms [tə:mz] n.术语；条件；金额the amount of money needed to purchase something e.g. The company has to fulfill the terms of its obligation.
third party n. 第三方 a political party organized in opposition to the major parties in a
two-party system e.g. Money, property, a deed, or a bond put into the custody of a third party for delivery to a grantee only after the fulfillment of the conditions specified.
unconditionally [ʌnkən'diʃənəli] adv. 无条件地not subject to a condition e.g. Parents love their children unconditionally.
valid ['vælid] adj. 有确实根据的; 有效的; 正当的，合法的well grounded in logic or truth or having legal forc e e.g. A credit card is not a valid proof of identity.
void [vɔid] adj. 空的，缺乏的，无效的lacking any legal or binding force e.g. This contract is null and void.
voluntarily ['vɔləntərili] adv. 自动地，以自由意志out of your own free will e.g. An act of self-mortification or devotion performed voluntarily to show sorrow for a sin or other wrongdoing.
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Act of God 天灾，不可抗力 a natural and unavoidable catastrophe that interrupts the expected course of events e.g. Nobody was hurt in the bus crash-it must have been an act of God.
arises vi. 发生，出现，站立result or issue e.g. Instead of waiting until problems pile up, we should try to solve each as it arises.
assets ['æset] n. 资产，有用的东西，优点anything of material value or usefulness that is owned by a person or company e.g. It is an intangible asset, and so be not show as an asset in a company's account, unless it figured as part of the purchase price paid when acquiring another company.
assign [ə'sain] vt. 分配，指派，转让n. 受让人transfer one's right to e.g. They assigned his odd behavior to his ill health.
assignee [.æsai'ni:] n. 受托者，代理人the party to whom something is assigned (e.g., someone to whom a right or property is legally transferred)
assignor n. 让与人，委托人the party who makes an assignment
author ['ɔ:θə] n. 作者，著作人writes (books or stories or articles or the like) professionally (for pay) e.g. The book was translated without the sanction of the author.
budget ['bʌdʒit] n. 预算vt. 为 ... 做预算vi. 节省开支 a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose e.g. Congress has approved the new educational budget.
cease [si:s] n. 停止v. 停止，终了put an end to a state or an activity e.g. The newspaper had ceased publication.
commission [kə'miʃən] n. 佣金; 犯罪行为;任务vt. 委任，委托; 使服役n. the act of committing a crime vt. place an order for e.g. He has secured two commissions to design buildings for a local authority.
compensate ['kɔmpenseit] v. 偿还，补偿，付报酬make amends for; pay compensation for e.g. Nothing can compensate for the loss of one's health.
confidential [.kɑ:nfi'denʃəl] adj. 秘密的，值得信赖的，机密的(of information) given in confidence or in secret e.g. Don't be too confidential with strangers.
copyright ['kɔpirait] n. 版权，著作权adj. 版权的n. a document granting exclusive right to publish and sell literary or musical or artistic work v. secure a copyright on a written work e.g. Copyright expires 50 years after the death of the author.
creative work n. 创造性工作 A creative work is a tangible manifestation of creative effort such as literature, music, paintings, and software. Creative works have in common a degree of arbitrariness, such that it is improbable that two people would independently create the same work. Creative works are part of property rights.The term is frequently used in the context of copyright law.
creditor ['kreditə] n. 债权人，债主a person to whom money is owed by a debtor; someone to whom an obligation exists e.g. A temporary, conditional pledge of property to a creditor as security for performance of an obligation or repayment of a debt.
disclose [dis'kləuz] vt. 揭露make known to the public information that was previously known only to a few people or that was meant to be kept a secret e.g. The report disclosed that he had served in prison.
encumbrance [in'kʌmbrəns] n.财产负担；留置权any obstruction that impedes or is burdensome e.g. title clear of defects and encumbrance （产品无瑕疵和无负担）
exceed [ik'si:d] vt. 超过，胜过，超出界限
vi. 领先go beyond e.g. If your liabilities exceed your assets, you may go bankrupt.
excused [iks'kju:z] n. 借口，理由；假条vt. 原谅，同意赦免excuse, overlook, or make allowances for; be lenient with e.g. His excuse for being late was that he had missed the train.
expiration [ekspi'reiʃən] n. 呼出，呼气，终止a coming to an end of a contract period e.g. When is the expiration of your driving license?
force majeure [fɔ:s mæ'zɜ:(r)] 不可抗力a natural and unavoidable catastrophe that interrupts the expected course of events
freelance n./v /adj. n. 自由作家; 自由记者；自由职业者a writer or artist who sells services to different employers without a long-term contract with any of them e.g. She work freelance so she do not have a regular income.
grant [grɑ:nt] n. 授予物，补助金; 同意，给予n. 财产转让n. a transfer of property by deed of conveyance e.g. The government has rescued the firm from bankruptcy by giving them a grant.
indemnity [in'demniti] n. 保证(赔偿，免罚) protection against future loss; legal exemption from liability for damages e.g. The victorious nations are demanding huge indemnities from their former enemies.
indemnification [in.demnifi'keiʃən] n. 赔偿，赔偿金a sum of money paid in compensation for loss or injury e.g. Indemnification paid for such detention.
infringe [in'frindʒ] v. 破坏，犯，违反go against, as of rules and laws e.g. The publishing house infringed his copyright.
infringement [in'frindʒmənt] n. 违反(侵犯) a crime less serious than a felony e.g. That law is an out-and-out infringement of our civil rights.
insolvent [in'sɔlvənt] adj. 无力偿还的，破产的n. 无力还偿者，破产者someone who has insufficient assets to cover their debts e.g. A priority of payment given to one or more creditors by an insolvent debtor.
instalments [in'stɔ:lmənt] n. 分期付款，（连载作品或分集戏剧等的）一部分，一集
=installment(美) a part of a broadcast serial; a part of a published serial e.g. He will pay back the money in monthly instalment.
intellectual property rights 知识产权Trips（TRIPs）Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (与贸易有关的只是产权)
invoice ['invɔis] n. 发票，发货单，货物
vt. 开票，寄发票，开清单send an bill to e.g. The goods or services itemized in an invoice.。