(13)Unit 3 Fit for life 高二英语牛津译林版 寒假作业(含答案)

（13）Unit 3 Fit for life
一、阅读理解
1. Darek Fidyka, a 38-year-old Bulgarian, had been paralysed from the chest down for four years after a knife attack. Scientists from Britain and Poland took cells from his nose, transplanted them into his back and regrew his spinal cord (脊髓). Now he can walk and even drive a car. The doctors were delighted but said it was the first step on a long journey.
The breakthrough came after 40 years of research by Professor Geoff Raisman, who found that cells had the possibility to repair damage to nasal(鼻子的) nerves, the only part of the nervous system that constantly regrows. "The idea was to take something from an area where the nervous system can repair itself, and put it into an area that doesn't repair itself," Professor Raisman said.
Polish doctors injected the nasal cells into Mr Fidyka's spinal cord above and below the injury and used some nerves from his ankle to form a bridge across the damaged tissue. The nasal cells appeared to have caused the spinal nerves to repair themselves.
Professor Raisman achieved this with rats in the late 1990s, but this is his greatest success. "I think the moment of discovery for me was when I first saw a rat that couldn't control its hand put its hand out to me in 1997. That was an exciting moment, because I realized then that my belief that the nervous system could be repaired was true."
Doctors chose the easiest case for their first attempt — it might not work for others. But there is a real sense of hope that an idea once thought impossible has been realized.
David Nicholls, who helped provide money for the breakthrough, said information about the breakthrough would be made available to researchers across the globe.
"What you've got to understand is that for three million paralysed people in the world today, the world looks like a totally brighter place than it did yesterday," he said.
1.Why did Professor Geoff Raisman choose cells from the nose?
A.The nervous system in the nose can repair itself.
B.Cells in the nose can be easily transplanted.
C.Cells in the nose reproduce rapidly.
D.He just wanted to give it a try.
2.Why did the operation work for Darek Fidyka?
A.The nasal cells reproduced and spread quickly.
B.The nerves from his ankle cured the injury.
C.The nervous system in the spinal cord can repair itself.
D.The nasal cells helped the spinal nerves to repair themselves.
3.What made Professor Geoff Raisman believe the nervous system can be repaired?
A.His study on animals.
B.His operation on a paralysed patient.
C.His sudden thoughts about cells.
D.His unusual experience with a sick rat.
4.What do David Nicholls' words suggest?
A.The world is becoming better and brighter.
B.Paralysed people have the hope of recovery.
C.The report of the breakthrough will be published soon.
D.Researchers across the globe will carry out the operation immediately.
2. The gut-brain connection is mostly known for its role in controlling the amount of food we eat, with the gut signaling to the brain when we've had enough. But a new study published on June 5 in a journal suggests that the gut-brain connection may also play an important role in forming memories about where places and objects are located in our environment. The new study was done in rats, but the findings could translate to humans.
The gut and the brain mainly communicate through the vagus(迷走神经) nerve. Because this gut-brain axis is typically engaged only when an animal is eating, the researchers thought that this function could serve animals in remembering where good food was in their environment. This could be important for the animals to remember where they were, so that they could find that food again. Researchers set up several tasks that challenged the rats to find and remember either locations or objects around them. In one experiment, for example, the researchers shone a bright light that would be annoying enough to lead a rat to search for an escape. With a complete vagus nerve, the rats were able to remember where the location was if they'd previously found it and gone there.
But if the gut-brain connection was surgically altered, the rats had trouble remembering where an escape location was, even though they had previously been there, the researchers found. Similarly, when the scientists had the rats try to find objects that the animals had previously
located, they had difficulty if their vagus nerve was blocked from sending signals.
When the researchers looked at the brains of the rats that had altered vagus nerves, they found that there was decreased activity in the hippocampus, an area of the brain involved with specific types of memory. That includes helping the animal figure out its own position and that of other rats and objects. Specifically, the rats had decreased numbers of several proteins in the hippocampus that are responsible for creating new neurons (神经元) and connections between neurons. These proteins therefore also play a role in forming memories.
1.What does the new study published on June 5 find?
A.The gut-brain connection communicates through vagus nerves.
B.The gut-brain connection helps you remember whereyou had a good meal.
C.The gut-brain connection helps you remember youreally had a good meal.
D.The gut-brain connection translates to humans.
2.Why is a bright light used?
A.To force a rat to find a way out.
B.To frighten a rat to eat less food.
C.To scare a rat to forget the location.
D.To help a rat remember the objects.
3.Which of the following best explains "altered" underlined in paragraph 3?
A.Connected.
B.Changed.
C.Located.
D.Found.
4.Which of the following are responsible for forming memories?
A.Guts.
B.Hippocampus.
C.Vagus nerves.
D.New neurons.
3. Belly (腹部) fat has long been thought to be particularly bad for our heart, but now, a new study adds more evidence to the idea that it may also be bad for our brain.
The study, from the United Kingdom, found that people who are obese and have a high waist-to-hip ratio had slightly lower brain volume, on average, compared with people who have a healthy weight. Specifically, belly fat is linked with lower volume of gray matter, the brain tissue that contains nerve cells.
"Our research looked at a large group of people and found obesity, specifically around the middle, may be linked with brain shrinkage," lead study author Mark Hamer, a professor at Loughborough University's School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences in Leicestershire, England, said in a statement. Lower brain volume, or brain shrinkage, has been linked with an increased risk of memory decline.
The new findings, published on Jan. 9 in the journal Neurology, suggest that the combination of obesity (as measured by body mass index, or BMI) and a high waist-to-hip ratio may be a risk factor for brain shrinkage, the researchers said. However, the study found only an association between belly fat and lower brain volume, and cannot prove that carrying more fat around the waist actually causes brain shrinkage. It could be that people with lower volume of gray matter in certain brain areas are at a higher risk of obesity. Future studies are needed to tease out the reasons for the link.
A limitation of the study is that people who agreed to take part in the study tended to be healthier than people who did not want to take part, so the results may not apply to the general population as a whole, the researchers noted.
1.What does the waist-to-hip ratio refer to according to the text?
A.A measure of belly fat.
B.A brain tissue of nerve cells.
C.A calculation of body weight.
D.An evaluation of brain volume.
2.What does the underlined word "shrinkage" in the third paragraph mean?
A.Risk.
B.Development.
C.Decrease.
D.Recovery.
3.What can we conclude from the research?
A.Good physical health is important for good brain health.
B.Unhealthy people are active in taking part in the study.
C.Obesity of the old is closer linked with brain shrinkage.
D.Gray matter is the brain tissue that contains nerve cells.
4.Where does this text probably come from?
A.Science fiction.
B.Children's literature.
C.An advertisement.
D.A science report.
4. Jennifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree.
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition(学费), because there was no extra
money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jennifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed (牺牲) to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. "Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers," she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family — and that's pretty powerful.
1.What did Jennifer do after high school?
A.She helped her dad with his work.
B.She ran the family farm on her own.
C.She supported herself through college.
D.She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
2.Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield?
A.To take care of her kids easily.
B.To learn from the best nurses.
C.To save money for her parents.
D.To find a well-paid job there.
3.What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?
A.Her health.
B.Her time with family.
C.Her reputation.
D.Her chance of promotion.
4.What can we learn from Jennifer's story?
A.Time is money.
B.Love breaks down barriers.
C.Hard work pays off.
cation is the key to success.
二、七选五
5.Keeping Safe in Your House During a Fire
Though you may not think you'll ever fall victim to a house fire, it's better to be prepared to
avoid panicking. To increase your chances of survival, just follow these steps.
React as soon as you hear your smoke alarm go off. On hearing your smoke detector or alarm going off and seeing a fire, exit your home as safely as possible. ①________ Safely exit through doors. If you don't see smoke at the door, open it slowly and pass through it after making sure the door feels cool. If there is a fire preventing you from exiting the room, close the door.
Protect yourself from smoke inhalation (吸入). Get low to the floor and crouch or crawl on your hands and knees to avoid the smoke. ②________ So be sure to cover your nose and mouth if you have to walk by or through a heavily smoke-filled room.
③________That is, immediately stop what you're doing, drop flat to the ground, and roll around until you put the fire out.
Prevent the smoke if you can't get out. ④________ Close your door and cover all vents(通风孔) and cracks around it with cloth or tape to keep the smoke out.
Call for help from a second-story window. ⑤________ You can take a sheet or something else — white preferably — and hang it out the window to signify that you need help until the first responder gets there.
A. If you can't escape your home, don't panic.
B. Stop, drop, and roll if your clothes catch fire.
C. You are probably a lot safer by closing doors.
D. Escape from a second-story window if you can.
E. Smoke inhalation causes people to become unconscious.
F. Do not try to get your phone, valuables, or your other important possessions.
G. If you are trapped in your second-story room, get to an area where people can find you.
三、完形填空
6. My most rewarding experience throughout the past two years was volunteering at the swimming competition of the Special Olympics where a disabled friend of my community took part. This had a special 1 for me because experiencing it helped improve my leadership skills, develop my character, and support my community.
Firstly, my 2 skills developed when I independently directed each swimmer where to 3 at the platform and 4 each competitor when they needed to swim. I had to make
sure that the swimmers were well 5 and ready to perform. This kept me on my feet at all times and 6 of each event's time and location. Secondly, my 7 was greatly influenced. When I saw the swimmers get their awards for winning each swimming event, I was deeply moved. Their 8 attitudes astonished me, whether they won or lost. This also enlarged my view, offering me the opportunity to 9 people I would normally not run into. Lastly, I was of 10 to my community by lending a hand to this organization. To be a part of it gave me a chance to improve our community and become 11 with the people living in this area.
As Winston Churchill once said, "We make a living by what we get; we make a life by what we give." The importance of 12 should be stressed throughout our life. 13 , through many opportunities my community has offered I was privileged(幸运的) to be 14 in this exciting and important event in these competitors' lives. I hope to be a(n) 15 again at this event in years to come.
1.A.purpose B.inspiration C.meaning D.rule
2.A.learning B.acting C.exercise D.leadership
3.A.turn up B.line up C.put up D.fill up
rmed B.awarded C.disturbed pared
5.A.positioned B.suffered C.shown D.predicted
6.A.full B.ignorant C.aware D.sure
7.A.technique B.imagination C.figure D.character
8.A.various B.different C.changeable D.positive
cate B.gather C.meet D.remember
10.A.wisdom B.courage C.service D.encouragement
11.A.crowded bined C.supplied D.familiar
12.A.evaluating B.volunteering C.traveling D.admiring
13.A.Strangely B.Ultimately C.Specially D.Fortunately
14.A.involved mitted C.devoted D.caught
15.A.trainer B.assistant C.judge D.announcer
四、语法填空
7. Cholera used to be one of ①__________(frightening) diseases. In the early 19th century, when ②__________outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died. But neither its
cause nor its cure was understood. A British doctor, John Snow, wanted to solve the problem and he knew that cholera would not be controlled ③__________its cause was found. In general, there were two contradictory theories ④__________explained how cholera spread. The first suggested that bad air caused the disease. The second was that cholera was caused by an infection from ⑤__________(germ) in food or water. John Snow thought that the second theory was correct but he needed proof. So when another outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, he began to investigate. Later with all the evidence he ⑥__________ (gather), John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. Therefore, he had the handle of the pump ⑦__________(remove) so that it couldn't be used. Through his intervention, the disease was stopped in its tracks.
What's more, John Snow found that some companies sold water from the River Thames that
⑧__________ (pollute) by raw waste. The people who drank this water were much more likely
⑨__________(get) cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. Through John Snow's efforts, the ⑩__________ (threaten) of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.
五、写作
8. 某英语报社开设了中学生习作专栏。

本期的话题是:注重日常学习、工作和生活中的细节。

请你以"We Should Pay Much Attention to Details" 为题,用英语写一篇短文,谈谈自己的一些看法。

注意:
1.词数80左右;
2.短文中不能出现本人真实的相关信息。

_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _________
9. 阅读下面材料, 根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段, 使之构成一篇完整的短文。

A tradesman was leading a motorcade(车队) to another country to sell his goods. Along the way they came to the edge of a sand desert. They learnt that during the daytime the sun heated up the fine sand until it was as hot as charcoal(木炭), so no one could walk on it—even camels! Then the motorcade leader hired a desert guide, the one who could follow the stars, so they
could travel only at night when the sand cooled down. The guide sat on the first cart. And they began the dangerous night-time journey across the desert. During a couple of nights, after eating their evening meal and waiting for the sand to cool, they started out again and again.
Later that night, the desert guide, who was driving the first cart, learnt from the stars that they were getting close to the other side of the desert. He had been very tired, so when he relaxed, he fell asleep. Then the camels which, of course, couldn't tell directions by reading the stars, gradually turned to the side and went in a big wide circle until they ended up at the same place that they started from! By then it was morning, and the people woke up and realised they were back at the same spot where they started. They lost heart and began to cry about their condition. Since the desert crossing was supposed to be over by now, they had no more water, and they were worried that there was nothing to drink, and were extremely afraid they would die of thirst. They even began to blame the motorcade leader and the desert guide. However, the leader himself didn't lose courage. He talked with the desert guide and then they began wandering, trying to work out a plan.
注意: 续写词数应为150左右。

Suddenly, the leader noticed a small clump(丛) of grass.
_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
A spring(泉源) was found at last.
_______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
答案以及解析
1.答案：1-4.ADDB
解析：1.考查细节理解。

由第二段中的"found that cells had the possibility to... the nervous system that constantly regrows"可知,Geoff Raisman教授发现鼻腔神经是神经系统中唯一能够不断再生的部分,故选A。

2.考查细节理解。

由第三段中的"The nasal cells appeared to have caused the spinal nerves to repair themselves"可知,鼻腔细胞促使脊髓神经自我修复,故选D。

3.考查细节理解。

由第四段中的"when I first saw a rat... the nervous system could be repaired, was true"可知,Geoff Raisman教授看到一只不能使唤爪子的老鼠竟然把一只爪子伸向他,由此他开始相信神经系统是可以修复的,故选D。

4.考查推理判断。

由最后一段中的"What you've got to understand is... brighter place than it did yesterday"可推知,David Nicholls认为对于世界上三百万瘫痪的病人来说,治愈这种病有一线希望,故选B。

2.答案：1-4.BABD
解析：1.考查细节理解。

根据第一段的第二句可知,这次的研究表明,内脏与大脑之间的联系在记忆地点和物体的位置方面起着重要作用。

故选B。

2.考查细节理解。

根据第二段的倒数第二句可知,研究人员用强光照射老鼠是为了使它们寻找出路逃跑。

故选A。

3.考查词义猜测。

根据第二段可知,内脏与大脑主要通过迷走神经联系;再根据第三段最后一句可知,科学家让老鼠去找曾经确定过地点的东西,如果负责传递信息的迷走神经受到阻挡,它们难以找到那些东西。

由此可推知,画线词与changed的意思最接近,故选B。

4.考查推理判断。

根据第四段的最后两句可知:具体而言,老鼠的海马中的几种蛋白质的数量都有所降低,而这些蛋白质是负责创造新的神经元及其之间联系的物质。

因此,这些蛋白质在形成记忆方面也起着作用。

由此可见真正形成记忆的是神经元。

故选D。

3.答案：1-
4.ACAD
解析：1.考查细节理解。

根据第二段第一句可知,那些具有较高的腰臀比的人,平均来说比具有健康体重的人脑容量要稍稍小一些。

再结合第一段可知,waist-to-hip ratio其实就是一种腹部肥胖的测量指标而已。

故选A。

2.考查词义猜测。

根据下文中的"Lower brain volume, or brain shrinkage"可知,此处brain
shrinkage与Lower brain volume意思相同或相近。

故选C。

shrinkage"缩小,减少(量)"。

3.考查推理判断。

根据全文尤其是第一段可知,腹部肥胖可能对心脏和大脑容量都有不良影响,所以良好的身体状况对大脑健康非常重要。

故选A。

4.考查文章出处。

纵观全文,文章主要说明了研究发现腹部肥胖与大脑容量存在一定联系,故本文最有可能出自一篇科学报道。

故选D。

4.答案：1-4.CABC
解析：1.考查细节理解。

根据第二段第三句中的"Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition(学费)... a college education"可知,Jennifer在高中毕业之后上了一个工学院,上学期间的学费是自己打工挣来的,因为家里没有余钱供她上学。

2.考查细节理解。

根据第三段中的"Jennifer now is married and... because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home... help with her kids"可知,Jennifer在婚后要照顾三个孩子,但是又想在事业上深造,为了两者兼顾,所以选择了离家较近的"UW-Eau Claire"项目,以期在学习的同时照顾到孩子,所以选择A项。

3.考查细节理解。

根据第四段第二句中的"giving up many nights with her kids and... between my kids and studying for exams or papers"可知,Jennifer为了达成目标牺牲了很多,主要体现在为了学习在很多个晚上没有办法照看和陪伴孩子,所以选择B项。

4.考查推理判断。

文章介绍了Jennifer在家境困难的情况下依靠自己完成了学业,在婚后既要照顾家庭还想深造的情况下努力付出,最终实现了目标,她的经历表明一个人的努力付出是会有回报的,所以选择C项。

5.答案：FEBAG
解析：本文是一篇说明文,作者主要向我们介绍了在火灾期间安全地待在屋子里的一些方法。

①根据前文内容可知,如果听到烟雾报警器响了并且看到火了,要尽可能快地安全离开,故F项"不要试图去拿你的手机、贵重物品或其他重要财物"与上文联系紧密,符合逻辑。

②根据前文内容可知要避免吸入烟雾,E项中的Smoke inhalation与该段主旨句中的smoke inhalation(吸入)相呼应。

故选E"吸入烟雾会使人失去知觉"。

③根据后文中的"immediately stop what you're doing, drop flat to the ground, and roll around until you put the fire out"可知,如果你的衣服着火了要停下来,趴在地上并打滚,故选B。

④根据前文中的"Prevent the smoke if you can't get out"可知,本段讲述着火时在室内的安全措施,故A项"如果你不能逃离你的家,不要惊慌"符合语境。

⑤根据后文内容可知,你可以把一个床单或别的东西,最好是白色的东西挂在窗外,表示你需
要帮助,直到第一个响应者到达那里。

故G项"如果你被困在二楼的房间里,要去一个人们能发现你的地方"符合语境。

因本段讲述被困在二楼房间时的自救措施,因此G项紧密联系上下文,符合逻辑。

6.答案：1-5.CDBAA; 6-10.CDDCC; 11-15.DBDAB
解析：1.由语境及空后所列举的内容可知,参加特殊奥林匹克运动会游泳比赛的志愿活动对作者来说有特殊的意义。

2.根据后面的"independently directed each swimmer"可知,此处指作者的领导能力提高了。

此处与上文中的"helped improve my leadership skill"对应。

3.此处指作者指挥每个游泳运动员在平台上排队,与上文中的"leadership skills"呼应。

line up"(使)排成行"。

4.此处指作者要在每个游泳运动员比赛时通知他们。

inform"通知,告知"。

5.此处指作者必须确保每个运动员到场准备比赛。

be well positioned"已准备好,境况很理想(可以做成某事)"。

6.作者一直站着,并且知道每场比赛的时间和地点。

7.由下文内容可知,在做志愿者期间,作者的性格受到了巨大的影响,且第一段中的"develop my character"也是提示。

8.运动员们不管是输是赢,他们积极的态度使作者感到十分惊讶。

9.此处指这次经历扩大了作者的视野,而且使作者有机会见到那些通常不能遇到的人。

10.此处与第一段中的"support my community"一致,指对社区有帮助。

be of service to..."对……有用/有帮助"。

11.成为志愿者给了作者一个改善社区的机会,与居住在这个地区的人们变得熟悉起来。

12.此处指志愿者活动的重要性应该被强调。

13.幸运的是,通过社区提供的许多机会,作者有幸参与了这些参赛者生命中激动且重要的活动。

此处指作者为能参加志愿活动感到幸运。

14.参见上题解析。

15.作者希望将来能再次作为助手参加特殊奥林匹克运动会。

7.答案：the most frightening; an; unless; that/which; germs; had gathered/gathered; removed; was polluted; to get; threat
解析：本文介绍了John Snow医生是如何发现霍乱的源头的。

①考查形容词最高级。

由空前的one of并结合语境可知,此处表示"最令人害怕的",故填the
most frightening。

②考查冠词。

outbreak为可数名词,此处表示泛指,且outbreak的发音以元音音素开头,故填an。

③考查连词。

根据语境可知,此处表示"如果不……,除非……",填unless。

④考查定语从句。

分析句子结构可知,空处引导定语从句,指代先行词two contradictory theories,并在定语从句中作主语,故应用关系代词that/which。

⑤考查名词复数。

germ表示"细菌,病菌",是可数名词,因其前没有限定词,故填germs。

⑥考查时态。

由主句的时态可知,此处表示"过去的过去",故应用过去完成时。

也可看作叙述过去的事情,故也可用一般过去时。

⑦考查非谓语动词。

此处考查"have +宾语+宾补"结构,因the handle of the pump与remove之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故用动词-ed形式作宾补。

⑧考查时态和语态。

空前的that引导定语从句,指代先行词the River Thames,因the River Thames与pollute之间是被动关系,且此处表示发生在过去的事情,故用一般过去时的被动语态。

⑨考查非谓语动词。

be likely to do sth.意为"可能做某事",故填to get。

⑩考查词形转换。

空处作主语,故应用名词threat。

8.答案：
We Should Pay Much Attention to Details
Some people may think little of details. But sometimes it is the details that determine our success.
Since we have realized the importance of details, what should we do? First, we should form the habit of being careful. What's more, we should learn to keep the balance between quantity and quality. We may find that when faced with lots of work, the faster we do it, the more mistakes we will make. That's because we pay much attention to the quantity and neglect the details.
As far as I'm concerned, we should keep in mind that quality comes first, without which quantity is of no significance.
9.答案：
Suddenly, the leader noticed a small clump of grass. So he was lost in thought: There must be water here. If there wasn't water, the grass couldn't live in the desert. Therefore, he asked his
fellow travellers to dig up the ground on that very spot where the grass was. They dug and dug, and gradually they found a large stone. The guide jumped into the hole, put his ear to the stone, and heard the sound of flowing water.
A spring was found at last. All the people were extremely cheerful. They expressed their thanks to the leader. And then they hurried to drink water and cooked their food with it. Before they left, they set up a high flag near the spring so that other travellers could see the new spring in the sand desert. Then they continued travelling safely to the end of their journey.。