词汇学之6种构词法

9.Conversion prefixes (3)
en
large
rich
danger
slave
• Before nouns or adjectives to create transitive
verbs. 1. 使成为
en-( em before p,b,m)
2. 使处于…状态
• Before nouns,
inte r
marry
play
national
6. locative prefixes (3)
trans
Atlantic
continental
plant
sexual
6. locative prefixes
prefixes subintertrans-
fore-
meaning under between, among across, from one place to another front
meaning
not, the converse
of
examples unwise
nonessential dishonest informal immature illegal irregular
2. Reversative prefixes (1)
un
pack
wrap
do
dress
2. Reversative prefixes (2)
词汇学之6种构词法
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General introduction
Affixation(30%-40%) Compounding(28%-
30%) Conversion (26%)
Shortening (8%-10%)
examples subway international transplant
forename
7. Prefixes of time and order (1)
fore
tell
see
sight
knowledge
7. Prefixes of time and order (2)
pre
school
uni-, mono-
half semi-feudal, demicircle, hemisphere
one uniform, monotone
bi-, di-
two
bilingual, dioxide
tri-
three
triangle
quadr(i)-, tetra- four
quadrennial, tetrapetalous
Classification of prefixes
The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.
1. Negative Prefixes否定前缀 2. Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 3. Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 4. Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 5. Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的
– enslave(cause to be);
– empower(v. 授权）
– embody (v. 体现）
– endanger(V.使处于危险之中)
• Before adjectives to form verbs
– enable
– enrich
– enlarge
– endear使受喜爱
– ensure担保
neo
classicism
impressionism
natal
2. Suffixation
• Question:
• Why is the classification of suffixes different from the classification of prefixes?
– Prefixes primarily function as a semantic modification of the base, while suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function are to change the grammatical function of the base.
co-
with
cooperate
counter-
against
counterattack
anti-
against
anti-clockwise
pro-
for
pro-Chinese
6. Locative prefixes (1)
sub
soil
way
contract
6. locative prefixes (2)
前缀 6. Locative prefixes方位前缀 7. Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 8. Number prefixes数字前缀 9. Conversion prefixes转化前缀 10.Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀
1. Negative prefixes (1)
9. Conversion prefixes
prefixes
examples
a-
astride
be-
becalm
en-
enlarge
em-
empower
10. Miscellaneous prefixes (1)
auto
biography
mobile
suggest
10. Miscellaneous prefixes (2)
(2)
counte
r
act
argument example revolution
5. Prefixes of attitude (3)
anti
social
national clockwise slavery
5. Prefixes of attitude
prefixes
meaning
examples
8.Number prefixes
prefixes
quinqu-, pentahexa-, sex-
meaning five
six
sept-, heptaoctaennea-
seven eight nine
examples
quinquagenarian, pentagon
hexahedron, sexcentenary septangle, heptad
– belittle
– becalm (To make calm or still; soothe.使平静：成为 安静的或静止的；使镇静)
• With nouns plus –ed to yield adjectives
– bespectacled( Wearing eyeglasses)
– Benighted(Overtaken by night or darkness陷入黑 暗;Being in a state of moral or intellectual darkness; unenlightened.蒙昧的：处于道德或智力 的愚昧状态的；未启蒙的)
un
wise
expected happy
1. Negative prefixes
(2)
no n
essential smoker resistance
1. Negative prefixes
(3)
dis
honest like believe
1. Negative prefixes
prefixes unnondisinimilir-
pre-
in advance
preschool
post-
after
postindustrial
ex-
former
ex-president
re-
again
resell
8. Number prefixes (1)
semi
annual
feudal
hemi
cycle
sphere
8. Number prefixes
Blending 1%-5%
Backformation Sound reduplication
The most productive methods
clipping acronymy
4.1 Affixation/derivation
• Affixation falls into two categories: prefixation and suffixation and the differences between them are just the differences between prefixes and suffixes.
arch
enemy
liar
bishop
4. Prefixes of degree or size (2)
supe r
man
natural market country
4. Prefixes of degree or size (3)
out
grow
run
live
weigh
4. Prefixes of degree or size
decodetBiblioteka edis-action
disconnect
3. Pejorative prefixes (1)
mis
hear
conduct
lead
3. Pejorative prefixes (2)
mal
function formed odorous
3. Pejorative prefixes (3)
overconfident underhand
hyperultra-
extreme extreme
hypercritical ultrafashionable
5. Prefixes of attitude (1)
co
exist
author
operate
5. Prefixes of attitude
pseudo
science
democratic memory
3. Pejorative prefixes
prefixes meaning
examples
mis-
wrongly
mishear
mal-
bad
malformed
pseudo-
false
pseudoscience
4. Prefixes of degree or size (1)
prefixes meaning
examples
arch-
supreme
archbishop
superout-
more than surpassing
supermarket outlive
sur-
over
surcharge
sub-
below
subnormal
overunder-
excessive too little
de
centralize mobilize
forest
code
2 Reversative prefixes (3)
dis
connect union
colour hearten
2. Reversative prefixes
prefixes
meaning
examples
un-
unpack
de-
reversing
– Prefixes are classified on a semantic basis and suffixes on a grammatical basis
octad
ennead
9. Conversion prefixes (1)
a
stride
tremble
wash
sleep
9. Conversion prefixes (2)
be
calm
little
friend
– becloud (to cover with clouds使遮暗, 蒙蔽)
– benumb (To make numb, especially by cold;To make inactive; dull:使失去知觉：使失去活力；使迟 钝☺
war
liberation consider
7. Prefixes of time and order (3)
post
industrial
graduate
war
7. Prefixes of time and order
prefixes fore-
meaning before
examples foresee
(2)
uni
mon
o
color
corn
form
culture
tone
8. Number prefixes
(3)
di
bi
ennial
lingual
lateral
oxide
lemma
8. Number prefixes
prefixes meaning
examples
semi-, demi-, hemi-