产业转型和产业绿色化发展研究中英文外文文献翻译2017

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文献出处：Martin Rasiah. The research of Southeast Asia industry transformation and green industry development [J]. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2017,1(2): 217-227.
原文The research of Southeast Asia industry transformation
and green industry development
Martin· Rasiah
Introduction
Until some 20 years ago, most Southeast Asian countries were primarily agricultural economies, in which industrial production played a limited role. However, as their industrial production has increased rapidly over the last decades, Thailand and Malaysia have become known as
newly industrializing countries. Vietnam is also well on its way to follow its neighboring countries and is often labeled as belonging to the second generation tiger economies. In these countries, industrial growth has been much higher than economic growth in agriculture over the past 15 years and the share of industrial production in their GNP is rapidly increasing (be it not necessarily with the same rate in all (parts of ) of these countries). Industrial activities in general have however never been without environmental problems and therefore it is not surprising that the accelerated industrialization in Southeast Asia, entailing a dramatic transformation of the industrial sector, included some serious environmental problems (JEC, 2003). These environmental challenges to the industrial performance in Southeast Asia will probably grow in the future as the region is at the same time under pressure to sustain its economic progress and also to reduce the still remaining poverty. Industrial environmental problems can be related to energy use, resource use, water and air pollution, waste generation, environmental risks, biodiversity, transport, and so forth. The severity of these environmental consequences may vary, depending on the technologies used in the industrial production processes, the organization and management of the production, the coordination of the various steps in the production–consumption chain (in terms of information flows, substance flows, management preferences, etc.), the regulatory regimes at various
levels (from local to supra-national), and the reactions from citizens and consumers towards products and production. These environmental problems occur within the context of a rapidly changing world where technological innovations, new organizational and management approaches, globalizing production–consumption chains, increasing communication and information exchange possibilities, and changing power balances. These economic, political and technological transitions provide new challenges but also new opportunities for the environmental performance in these countries. The export oriented character of most Asian industries forces them, for example, to include the global environmental requirements for the industrial chains and their products, a pressure which may be expected to become more intense in the coming years.
This special issue of Environment, Development and Sustainability, presents several articles that analyze the challenges and opportunities for governing the transformation of industrial activities in Southeast Asia towards more sustainable practices. The following section presents some of the more general trends influencing the environmental performance of industries, particularly in Thailand and Vietnam, followed by a review of recent conceptual innovations on the greening of industry. This introduction concludes with a brief description of the articles in this issue. Conceptual challenges facing the greening of industries in Southeast Asia
The serious environmental problems resulting from the industrial development in Southeast Asia signify complex challenges for attempts to contribute to the greening of industries in this region. These challenges include the identification of appropriate technological options in combination with economic, social and political aspects. The Asian Development Bank (2001) concluded that the root cause of the poor state of the environment Asia was principally a failure of policy and of institutions. A new approach is, therefore, required with regard to the design and implementation of environmental policy within the region.
Traditionally, central national government organizations have been the cornerstone of governance in Southeast Asia. Until recently, it has been the practice to depend upon a stand-alone environmental agency as the institution responsible for environmental protection. Since 1980, such agencies have been established in most countries but they generally remain small, dispose of limited institutional capabilities and lack the necessary political clout (World Bank, 2000a). At the same time, devolution of responsibilities regarding the environment from central to regional and local level government institutions was undermined due to inadequate coordination in the preparatory process and ine?cient transforming mechanisms. It was only recently that the importance of more inclusive arrangements involving private firms and civil society organizations is realized and these countries begin to adopt market based
mechanisms.
For example, the regional government institutions such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) acknowledge the need for achieving sustainable development in an increasingly globalizing world and today support the use of environmental management systems and certification schemes such as ISO 14001 has become common practice. In general, government authorities and social organizations increasingly realize that e?ective environmental governance depends on transparency, accountability, and the availability of high-quality information concerning economic processes and related environmental e?ects. Therefore, environmental concerns must be integrated across sectors and mainstreamed into economic policy and practice. Environmental protection must be considered an ssential factor in the basic decision making process of firms, households and policy makers (ADB, 2001; Mol, 1995, 2001).
Until very recently, the rate of improvement in energy and materials e?ciency, and pollution prevention through the adoption of green environmental technologies has been slow relative to the rate of economic growth in many Southeast Asian countries. In the past, industries were only keen on adopting specific environmental technologies or products on a piecemeal basis to meet specific regulatory requirements. However, this does not reap the potential benefits of managing environmental problems
in an integrated manner over the longer term. The theory of ecological modernization (Huber, 1982; Mol, 1995; Spaargaren, 1997) stresses the necessity of including environmental considerations in overall decision-making and management practices within firms. Combining environmental and economic considerations in management decision-making in a consistent manner can contribute to substantial improvements in the environmental as well as the economic performance of industrial enterprises. Environmental investments should be looked at as part of a comprehensive program of longer term environmental management that also contributes to the financial viability of the business (Letchumanan, 2004). It is therefore vital that strategies for greening industries in Asia go beyond the selection of optimal technological option for a particular industry or sector and support e?ective environmental pollution abatement through in-depth understanding of their social and institutional contexts (Frijns et al., 1997). The tool of triad network analysis (Mol, 1995), mapping the relevant economic, political and environmental actors, may provide useful information for environmental policy-making by visualizing the power relationships surrounding private firms. Successful environmental change in industries depends on technological, managerial, economic, political and societal considerations. For example, based on a large number of case studies on industrial transformation in Europe, Binder et al. (2001) conclude that the most
important conditions for the greening of industries seem to be: ? the end of an investment cycle in the a?ected sector, ? satisfactory technological alternatives, ? an innovator in the branch to promote the di?usion of alternative technologies,
clear environmental targets,
a high degree of political integration between di?erent government actors, and
the availability of funding for compensation to lessen the social and regional disruption caused by change. This example clearly underlines the importance of non-technological considerations in the successful transition towards greening industries. The authors furthermore underline that although industries play a key role in changing their environmental performance, a green industrial policy remains indispensable.
Applying the concepts developed within the ecological modernization approach and combining insights in technological options with good comprehension of the relevant social and political dynamics, applying the triad-network approach, provide interesting directions for the greening of industries in Southeast Asia. Scientific research should therefore perform in-depth case studies on industrial transformations in specific sectors, on the successes, failures and challenges of
environmental policy by national states, paying attention to changing state-society relations, and on the contributions from di?erent Asian governments to international environmental regimes and vice versa. The articles in this issue provide further insights into these challenges.
译文东南亚产业转型和产业绿色化发展研究
Martin· Rasiah
引言直到大约20年前，大多数的东南亚国家主要是农业经济，产业方面的发展受到很大的限制。

然而，当他们的产业在过去的几十年里得到迅速增长后，泰国和马来西亚已成为新兴的产业经济体国家。

越南也顺利地跟上了周边国家的步伐，经常被贴上第二代强力经济体的标签。

在这些国家，产业发展迅速，对经济增长的贡献远远大于农业在过去的15年的对国民生产总值的贡献值，产值所占的份额正在迅速增加。

产业虽然发展了，但是从未没有环境问题，产业发展都伴随着环境问题，因此，东南亚国家的这种产业发展是不足为奇的。

这就涉及到产业部门的戏剧性的转变，包括一些严重的环境问题(联合经济委员会，2003)。

东南亚产业发展伴随的这些环境问题挑战，很可能会在该地区不断增加，同时维持其经济发展及减少当地的贫困局面的压力也将逐渐增大。

产业发展环境问题主要是能源使用、资源利用、水和空气污染、废物产生、环境风险、生物多样性、运输等等。

这些环境后果的严重程度可能不同,这取决于产业发展过程中，使用的技术等等(信息流、
物质流,人员管理等等)以及各级监管制度(从本地到国际)。

这些环境问题发生在快速变化的国际环境变化中，技术创新、新组织和管理、全球化生产链等等，这些都增加了国际间通信和信息交换的可能性，改变了国际力量格局平衡。

这些经济、政治和技术转型提供的新挑战也是这些国家的新的改善环境问题的机会。

大多数亚洲面向出口的产业使得他们的压力大增，例如,包括全球产业链的环境需求和他们的产品面临的压力可能将在未来几年变得更加大。

这种特殊的环境、发展和可持续性问题，目前的一些文章对东南亚向更可持续的产业发展的产业转型实践，面临的挑战和机遇进行了分析。

以下部分提供了产业发展应对环保问题的普遍趋势，尤其是在泰国和越南, 紧接着回顾了一下最近的关于产业绿色发展的创新性方法。

东南亚产业绿色化发展所面临的挑战
产业发展通常会带来的严重的环境问题，东南亚表示将尝试挑战产业的绿色发展，并为这一地区的产业发展做出贡献。

这些挑战包括经济、社会和政治等方面合适的技术选择与识别。

亚洲开发银行于2001年总结道：亚洲恶劣环境状态的根源主要是因为环境政策和政府的失败。

因此，一个新的方法就是需要在该地区设计和实施产业绿色发展的相关环境政策。

传统上来说，中央国家政府组织一直在东南亚的治理中扮演着至关重要的角色。

直到最近，它一直是依赖于一个独立的环保机构来负责环境保护的相关实践。

自1980年以来，大多数的国家已经建立了
这样的机构，但是仍然不够，他们通常都受限于的制度功能以及缺乏必要的政治影响力(世界银行,2000年)。

与此同时,从中心区域到地方关于环境责任的权力下放，常常因为不够协调，而导致在筹备过程和具体实施过程中的效率低下。

这只是最近的情况，更重要的是需要私营企业和公民社会组织的共同努力，东南亚的这些国家都逐渐开始采用基于市场的机制。

例如,地方政府机构等东南亚国家联盟(东盟)承认，需要在当今这样在一个日益全球化的背景下，要实现世界的可持续发展，需要支持使用环境管理系统和ISO 14001等认证计划，这也已经成为一个惯例。

一般来说,政府当局和社会组织越来越多地意识到有效的环境治理主要是取决于透明度、问责制和负责任的公司。

因此,，环境问题必须综合各部门，制定并实施更多的经济政策和实践。

环境保护必须被视为一个企业、家庭和政策制定者在进行决策过程中一个必须要考虑的重要因素，(ADB,2001;摩尔,1995,斯帕格，2001)。

直到最近,改善能源和材料的使用效率, 采用绿色环保污染防治工艺，相对于许多东南亚国家的经济增长的速度来说，这一工艺创新也在缓慢的发展。

在过去，产业只是热衷于采用特定的环保技术，保证产品都能够满足特定的监管要求。

然而,这并不能保证能够获得长期的潜在环境管理问题上的好处。

生态现代化理论(胡贝尔,1982;摩尔,1982;斯帕格，1997) 在企业决策和管理实践中，强调整体的必要性，包括环境方面的整体性考虑。

结合环境保护精神和经济因素来进行管理决策，以可持续的方式促进环境的明显改善以及企业的经济效益。

环境方面投入应该被
看作为是一个全面计划的一部分，与此同时，环境管理也促成了金融的可持续性业务(马楠,2004)。

因此, 在亚洲产业绿色化发展策略是至关重要的，甚至超越了为特定行业或部门准备的最佳技术选择，通过深入的了解来有效的制定环境污染措施，使得产业能够绿色发展。

摩尔在1995年提出的三网络分析工具，分析了相关的经济、政治和环境因素，可以为相关组织做出环境决策提供很有用的信息，这对周围的很多企业的发展来说也很重要。

成功的产业环境变化取决于技术、管理、经济、政治和社会等方面的考虑。

例如，基于欧洲的大量产业转型的案例研，宾德等人于2001年总结道,产业绿色发展的最重要的条件为：
相关投资部门投资周期的结束；
满意的技术性方案；
促进可供选择技术的传播的一个技术创新分支；?明确的环保目标；
政府与企业之间高度的政治整合；
赔偿资金的可用性，减少社会和地区性中断引起的变化。

这个例子清楚地强调了我们在进行产业绿色化成功转型方面的，非技术方面的重要性考虑。

作者进一步强调,虽然产业在改变他们的环境时，扮演着一个关键角色，但是一个绿色产业发展政策仍是不可或缺的。

将这一概念应用于生态现代化方法中，并结合社会和政治动态相关的
最优化技术选择,应用经济、政治和环境因素三重因素考虑法,为东南亚的产业绿色发展提供一个好的发展方向。

科学研究应该对特定的领域的产业转型进行一个深入的案例研究，探索其成功,失败等等方面，重视不同的国际环境下的国家、社会和企业的关系。

本文在这一问题上提供了一些深入的看法。