江苏省宜兴市和桥高级中学2016届高三英语一轮复习 专题《特殊句式》

特殊句式
考点一、倒装
英语句子的自然语序是主语在前，谓语动词在后。

把谓语动词或助动词放在主语之前，就叫
倒装结构。

如果全部谓语放在主语之前，叫完全倒装；如果只把助动词或情态动词放在主语
之前，就叫部分倒装。

一. 完全倒装：全部倒装是将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。

（一）补充：引导词there引出倒装句，用于此结构的动词有：
be/appear/come/exist/happen/lie/live/occur/remain/seem/stand
等
结构 : there+谓语+主语
例句：There exist many problems among the students.
There lies an old temple near our village.
（二）当主语是名词，以here/there/now/then/above/below /away/back/in/out/up/down/off/over/on the wall/in the room等词位于句首以示强调，常用此结构的动词有：be/go/come/exist/follow/remain/lie等
结构：副词+谓语+主语
例句：Here comes the bus. /Away he went./Here it is.
注意：如果句子主语是人称代词时则无需倒装。

（三）：such
（四）补充：表语（形容词，介词短语，现在分词，过去分词）位于句首，以保持句子平衡或表示强调，常用倒装。

结构：表语+be+主语
例句：Present at the meeting were experts from Europe.
Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay.
二．部分倒装：部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分，如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。

如果句子的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语
之前。

(一) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no
time, in no way, by no means, not until…,not only… but also…, hardly /scarcely…when…, no sooner…than…等。

注意：1.当Not until引导主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。

注意：如否定词
不在句首不倒装。

2.Not only…but also…连接两个分句时，在第一个分句用倒装结构,第二个
分句不倒装。

如果置于句首的Not only… but also…仅连接两个并列词语，不可
用倒装结构。

3.补充：hardly /scarcely…when, no sooner…than注意时态的搭配,no
sooner 和hardly/scarcely 所在的句子的谓语动词用过去完成时，than和 when 所
引导的句子用一般过去时
(二)补充：在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，
可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。

例句：Were I you, I would help you.
Had you come earlier, you would have met him.
(三) 补充：in such a hurry 置于句首，部分倒装
例句：In such a hurry was he that everyone got bored.
(四) 补充：To such…表程度的词组位于句首时，部分倒装
例句：To such a degree was he excited that he couldn’t fall asleep that night.
(五) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中。

例句：May you all be happy!
Long live our friendship!
二、强调
一．一种结构It+ be+被强调成分+that/who+其他成分
两个be（is/was）
三个连词(that/who/whom)
四种句式变化：1.一般疑问句和反意疑问句形式(补充)
Was it in 1969 that the American astronauts succeeded in landing on the moon.
It was Alice who/that sent the old man to the hospital, wasn’t it?
2. 特殊疑问句形式
3. 感叹句形式
What a beautiful picture it is (that) you have drawn!
4. 省略句形式（补充）
---Who is making so much noise in the garden?---It is the boys.
五类复杂结构：强调句与宾从，主从，同位语从句，定从和时间状从德结合，加大了句子结构复杂程度和句意理解难度。

（补充）
1.与宾从的结合
2.与主从的结合It is what you do rather than what you say that matters.
3.与同位语从句的结合It was at the very beginning that Mr. Fox made the
decision that we should send more firefighters there.
4.与定从的结合Was it in the village where we used to live that the accident
happened?
5.与not…until…时间状语从句的结合
注意：强调句型与其他相似句型的区别
二．谓语动词的强调
三．补充：on earth / in the world + 疑问词表强调：
Where on earth / in the world did you go last night?
考点二
一、反义疑问二、祈使句三、感叹句
四、省略
一并列句的省略
1.如果后面分句中的谓语动词有与前面相同的部分，则省略与谓语动词的成分。

2.主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。

3.主语相同，谓语也相同，则二者都可以省略。

4.在not only…but also连接两个并列成分时，also有时可以省略。

二宾语从句的省略
1.在I’m afraid, I think, I believe, I hope, I guess等作答句时，后面跟“so”
与“not”分别表示肯定和否定，宾从可省去。

2.that引导动词后的宾语从句时，可省略。

但宾从是并列句时，引导第二个分句的
that不可省。

3.wh-特殊疑问词引导的名词性从句中，若有与前面主句重复的内容，则可将前面重
复内容省略，而只保留特殊疑问词wh-
三定语从句的省略
四状语从句的省略
补充：在as(so)…as…,than 引导的比较状语从句中
例句：I know you can do better than he (can do ).
五不定式的省略
补充1 ：有些动词如：believe/find/think/consider/prove等后作宾补的结构to be+n./adj.中的to be可以省略。

例句：We all consider him (to be) nice and honest.
补充2：can not but do, can not choose but do, can not help but do之后的动词不定式一般不带to; but 之前有实意动词do的某个形式时，不带to, 反之要带to;
have no choice/option/alternative but to do
例句：I can not but admire his courage.
I have no choice but to accept the fact.
Cold-blooded animals can do nothing but sleep in winter.
补充3：感官动词see/feel…等以及使役动词let/have/make后作宾补的动词不定式to要省略，但被动结构时，to要还原。

补充4：不定式在chance/courage/time等名词后作定语时可省略，此时to也常省略。

例句：I haven’t read the book, but I wish I would have time( to read the book).
注意：如承前省略的不定式内容含有be或者作助动词用的have, to 后要保留到be 或者have/have been. .(5+3p116)
例如：--Are you a student? --No, but I used to be.
补充5：在“疑问词+不定式”结构中,只保留疑问词,省略不定式。

例句：I have made up my mind to do it, but I haven’t decided when (to do it).
补充6：做表语的不定式用以解释说明实义动词do的含义时，to可以省略。

例句：What I want to do most now is (to) have a good sleep.
It 用法
一，it用来指事物、时间、天气、日期、距离、价值、度量、地点、自然现象、环境等。

1，-- Where is my book?
--It’s on the table. (指代上文提到的事物)
2, -- Who is making so much noise?
-- It must be the children. (指代未知的人)
3, It is freezing today. (表天气)
4, -- What time is it by your watch?
-- It says ten o’clock. It won’t be long before he comes back.(表时间) 5, It is five kilometers from the office to my home. (表距离)
注意：it, one 和that都可以用来指代上文提到的人或物，但it指同一事物；one指同名异物,并且前面可以有修饰语；that指同类中的一个,有后置修饰语。

例如：1）-- Do you still have the bicycle?
--No, I have sold it.
2)-- Is this knife yours?
-- No, mine is the one on the desk.
3)The climate of South China is warm; I like it.
4)The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.
二，it作形式主语或形式宾语。

注意：1，It’s (no) use/good /useful/useless doing sth.
2, sb. hate/dislike/like it when…
3, sb. would appreciat e it if…
4, sb. see to/insist on/depend on it that…
三，it用于强调句：“It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who + 句子的其余部分”
四，it构成的惯用语：
1, (You’ve/I’ve) got it.懂了/明白了
2, Forget it. 算了吧；别提它了；休想；不可能
3, Don’t mention it. （别人道谢时回答）不客气
4, Take it easy. 别着急；慢慢来；放松
5, make it. 办得到；做成功
6, manage it 能做；
7, put it 表达；表述
8, It/That (all) depends. 看情况而定
9, I can help it.(It can be helped.) 有办法（是可以避免的）
I can’t help it.(It can’t be helped.) 没有办法（是不可避免的）
10, It is hard to say. 情况很难说
11, It comes to nothing. 没有什么结果
五、there be 结构
六、主谓一致
主谓一致指的是句子的主语和谓语动词在人称和数上应保持一致，通常指的主谓一致是主语和谓语在单数和复数上的一致性。

主谓一致的三个原则
1.语法一致：主语单复数决定谓语动词的单复数。

The number of errors is surprising.
Two students are waiting for you in your office.
2.意义一致原则：主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数；主语形式为复数，
但意义上为单数，谓语动词用单数。

形复意单的单词有news, works(工厂)和以-ics结尾的学科名词politics, physics,economics等。

The crowd were running for their lives.
The news was very surprising.
All are here except the director.
All is going well
3.就近一致：谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近它的词，主要体现在由or, either…or,
ne ither…nor…,not only…but also…,not…but…,whether…or…等连接的主语及there be …句型中。

Neither you nor I am wrong.
There is a pen, five pencils and two pencil-boxes on the table.
There are likely to be many children.
（一）并列主语的主谓一致
（二）某些名词作主语时的主谓一致
1.“a+单数名词+or two 或one and a half+复数名词”作主语，谓语动词用单数。

A student or two has failed the exam.
2.山脉、群岛、瀑布等的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
The Himalayas are the roof of the world.
The Niagara Falls are on the Niagara River.
3. 以-sh,-ch, -ese等结尾的表示名族和国籍的名词表示总称作主语时，谓语动
词用复数形式。

这类词有the Chinese, the English, the British, the Spanish,
the Russian, the Welsh等。

The English are a little conservative(保守的).
4. “the +adj.” 泛指一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。

这类词有the
poor, the rich, the deaf, the brave, the dead, the old, the young, the sick,
the guilty, the wise, the living, the aged, the innocent…
The old are well looked after by the government.
注：“the +adj.”指个别人时，要看作单数，谓语用单数形式。

The dead was about thirty years of age.
（三）数词和量词作主语时的主谓一致。