separator

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电仪专业英语词汇

CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR

专利名称：CENTRIFUGAL SEPARATOR 发明人：HORUGERU BUEERINGU申请号：JP12124480申请日：19800903公开号：JPS56100658A公开日：19810812专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：This invention relates to centrifugal separators of the kind having sludge ports at the rotor periphery to be opened during operation and separate outlets for separated heavier liquid phase and separated lighter liquid phase. To reduce the losses of valuable lighter liquid phase during total discharge or partial discharge of the separator by opening the sludge ports, the centrifuge is provided with an overflow device connected to the heavy phase outlet, said overflow device having an inner annular overflow and also having a number of passages at a larger diameter than the inner overflow border. The passages are dimensioned to let through all heavier liquid phase in normal operation but not to let through an increased amount of heavier liquid phase fed to the separator just before opening the sludge ports for the purpose of displacing the interface between the heavier and the lighter liquid phase towards the rotor axis to a level that corresponds to said inner overflow border. In order to push the interface between the liquid phases inwards before discharge, no other action is therefore needed than an additional supply of the heavier liquid phase.申请人：ALFA LAVAL AB更多信息请下载全文后查看。

sybase sql separator用法

sybase sql separator用法Sybase SQL Separator用法Sybase SQL Separator 是一个重要的关键字，用于在 Sybase SQL 中分隔多个 SQL 语句。

本文将介绍 Sybase SQL Separator 的用法，并详细讲解其相关的技巧。

1. 什么是Sybase SQL Separator？Sybase SQL Separator 是一个特殊符号（默认为分号”;“），用于在 Sybase SQL 中分隔多个 SQL 语句。

通过使用 Separator，我们可以在同一行或同一批次中执行多个 SQL 语句，提高我们的查询和操作效率。

2. 为什么使用Sybase SQL Separator？在 Sybase SQL 中，使用 Separator 的好处包括：•提高执行效率：通过将多个 SQL 语句组合到同一行或同一批次中，可以减少网络传输和数据库连接开销，从而提高查询和操作的效率。

•简化代码结构：使用 Separator 可以避免在代码中频繁切换连接和事务的操作，使代码更加简洁清晰。

•方便调试和维护：通过将多个相关的 SQL 语句放在同一行或同一批次中，方便调试和维护代码，减少出错的可能性。

3. 如何使用Sybase SQL Separator？在 Sybase SQL 中使用 Separator 有以下几种常见的用法：使用默认的Separator默认情况下，Sybase SQL 使用分号“;” 作为 Separator。

我们可以直接在 SQL 语句之间插入分号来分隔多个语句。

例如：SELECT * FROM table1; SELECT * FROM table2; SELECT * FROM table3;这样可以将三条查询语句一次性执行。

修改Separator我们也可以通过修改特殊变量row_separator来更改默认的Separator。

DATA SEPARATOR

申请人：MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC IND C提供
专利名称：DATA SEPARATOR 发明人：KOBAYASHI HIROSHI 申请号：JP12299285 申请日：19850606 公开号：JPS61280078A 公开日：19861210
摘要：PURPOSE:To remove necessity for a synchronous-area signal from the host controller system by comparing a synchronous oscillator signal and a delayed data pulse string as to their frequencies or phases based on the presence/absence of a synchronous area detecting signal and transmitting a clock pulse string and a synchronizing pulse. CONSTITUTION:In a synchronous area detecting circuit 7, a data pulse string read out form the magnetic recording plane is conducted to a monostable multivibrator 10 capable of re-triggering. The data pulse tram is connected to the reset terminal 12 of a counter 11, and its carry output is made a synchronous area detecting signal. The synchronous area detecting signal becomes valid in the synchronous area after 16 bits are lapsed, and becomes invalid in 50 nano seconds lag after the synchronous area passed. In a phase-frequency comparator circuit 9, a gate 23 closes when a synchronous area detecting signal is issued, and a comparator circuit for frequency and phase is constituted by both flip-flops 25 and 26. A self-oscillating pulse string is separated alternately in data period and a clock period by the FF 27 in a synchronous area. The said clock period is made synchronized with the input pulse string.

液液分离器的原理

液液分离器的原理液液分离器（Liquid-Liquid Separator）是一种常见的分离技术，广泛应用于化工、制药、石化等领域。

其原理是利用两种密度不同的液体在重力作用下产生的分层现象，将混合液分离成两个不同的液相。

液液分离器的工作原理可以简单地概括为以下几个步骤：1.混合液进入分离器：混合液通过进料管道进入分离器，通常进料口位于分离器的顶部。

2.混合液分层：由于两种液体的密度不同，混合液在分离器中发生分层现象。

相对密度较大的液体沉积到底部，而相对密度较小的液体则浮在顶层。

3.收集液体：根据需要，分离器的底部和顶部分别安装有液体排出口，用于收集底层和顶层的液体。

4.控制液位：为了保证分离器的稳定运行，需要控制分离器中液位的高度。

通常，分离器内部设有液位计，可以监测分离器内的液位，并通过自动控制系统调整进料量、排放量等参数，以保持液位稳定。

液液分离器的原理十分简单，但是实际上操作起来并不容易。

在使用液液分离器时，需要注意以下几个问题：1.选择合适的分离器：液液分离器的尺寸和几何形状要根据混合液的性质和需要分离的液体相的比例来选择，以保证分离效果。

2.控制液位：分离器内液位的高度对分离效果有直接影响。

要严格控制液位高度，避免不必要的干扰。

3.调整操作参数：运行过程中需要根据实际情况调整进料量、排出量等操作参数，以达到最佳分离效果。

4.清洁维护：经常进行清洁和维护可以避免分离器内部产生积垢、结垢等问题，从而提高整个系统的效率和安全性。

综上所述，液液分离器采用两种不同密度的液相在重力作用下分层的原理，实现混合液的分离。

在应用时需要注意合适的分离器选择、液位控制、操作参数调整和定期维护等问题。

sql concat_ws用法

一、什么是concat_ws函数在SQL中，concat_ws函数是一个很常用的字符串函数，它的作用是将多个字符串连接在一起，使用指定的分隔符进行分隔。

这个函数的语法是concat_ws(separator, str1, str2, ...)，其中separator是用来分隔连接的字符串，str1、str2等是要连接的字符串。

在实际的数据库操作中，concat_ws函数可以帮助我们方便地处理字符串拼接的需求。

二、concat_ws函数的使用示例1. 简单的字符串拼接假设我们有一个名为student的表，其中包含了学生的尊称和芳龄两个字段，我们想要将这两个字段连接在一起，中间用" - "分隔。

可以使用如下的SQL语句：SELECT CONCAT_WS(' - ', name, age) AS info FROM student;这条SQL语句将尊称和芳龄连接在一起，并起一个别名为info的新字段，方便后续的查询和使用。

2. 对空值进行处理在实际的数据库操作中，有时候我们需要对字段的空值进行处理，比如将空值替换为一个默认的字符串。

concat_ws函数可以很方便地实现这个需求，比如：SELECT CONCAT_WS(' - ', COALESCE(name, '未知'), age) AS info FROM student;这条SQL语句中，使用了COALESCE函数来处理name字段的空值，如果name字段为空，则用"未知"来替代，然后再使用concat_ws函数进行字符串拼接。

3. 处理NULL在MySQL中，concat_ws函数会忽略掉NULL值，只处理非NULL的字段，这一点需要特别注意。

比如：SELECT CONCAT_WS(' - ', NULL, 'test', 'hello');这条SQL语句的执行结果将会是"test - hello"，可以看出，NULL值被忽略了。

groupconcat用法

groupconcat用法SELECT group_concat(expression1 [ORDER BY expression2] [SEPARATOR 'separator']) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name;其中，expression1是要连接的列，可以是普通的列名，也可以是一个带有过滤和计算的表达式。

expression2用于指定连接后的结果的排序顺序，可选项。

separator是用于连接每个值的分隔符，可以是任意的字符串，默认值是逗号。

下面是group_concat的一些常见用法：1.连接多个列：SELECT group_concat(column1, ' ', column2) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name;这个语句将column1和column2连接在一起，并以空格分隔每个值。

2.添加排序：SELECT group_concat(column1 ORDER BY column2 DESC) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name;这个语句将根据column2的降序对结果进行排序。

3.添加分隔符：SELECT group_concat(column1 SEPARATOR '-') FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name;这个语句将使用连字符作为分隔符。

4.添加去重：SELECT group_concat(DISTINCT column1) FROM table_name GROUP BY column_name;这个语句将去除重复的值。

5.连接多个表的数据：SELECT group_concat(table1.column1, ' ', table2.column2) FROM table1 JOIN table2 ON table1.id = table2.id GROUP BYtable1.column1;这个语句将连接两个表的数据，并根据table1的一些列进行分组。

separator用法

separator用法
Separator是一个英语单词，它表示分隔符或分隔线的意思。

以下是几种将separator用于不同语境的用法：
1. 在计算机编程中，separator通常用于将一个字符串或一组元素分隔开。

例如，可以使用逗号作为separator将一个字符串拆分为多个单词。

例如，将字符串"Hello, World!"拆分为两个单词"Hello"和"World!"。

2. 在文件系统中，separator指的是用于分隔文件路径的字符。

在Windows 操作系统中，反斜杠（\）被用作路径分隔符，而在UNIX或类UNIX操作系统中，正斜杠（/）被用作路径分隔符。

3. 在文本编辑器或文字处理软件中，separator可以是一条水平线或虚线，用于分隔不同的节、章节或段落。

4. separator还可以用作描述分隔空间或物体的物理或概念上的界限的词语。

例如，两个国家之间的河流可以被视为界限的分隔线，或者墙壁可以分隔两个房间。

总的来说，separator在不同的语境下都表示分隔或界限的意思，其具体用法取决于具体的上下文。

mybatis group_concat separator 用法

mybatis group_concat separator 用法在MyBatis中，可以使用`GROUP_CONCAT`函数进行聚合字符串的操作，并使用`SEPARATOR`关键字指定分隔符。

使用`GROUP_CONCAT`函数的语法如下：```sqlSELECT GROUP_CONCAT(column_name SEPARATOR'separator_string')FROM table_nameGROUP BY ...```- `column_name`：指定要进行聚合的列名。

- `separator_string`：指定分隔符的字符串。

例如，假设有一个`users`表，包含`id`和`name`两列，我们希望按照`id`进行分组，并将每个分组内的`name`以逗号分隔的字符串形式返回。

可以使用以下MyBatis映射文件的定义：```xml<select id="getUserNamesByGroup"resultType="ng.String">SELECT GROUP_CONCAT(name SEPARATOR ',')FROM usersGROUP BY id</select>```然后，在Java代码中调用该SQL语句：```javatry (SqlSession sqlSession = sqlSessionFactory.openSession()) { List<String> userNames =sqlSession.selectList("getUserNamesByGroup");// 处理返回的userNames列表}```这样，就可以得到按照`id`分组后，每个分组内的`name`以逗号分隔的字符串列表。

Separator全解

一般要求电芯的长度方向为不易拉伸方向，即MD方向；但是为了提高隔离膜的利用率；一些电芯的长度方向也采用TD方向。 MD方向比TD方向更易发生收缩，故在设计电芯时应该考虑到这一点，注意隔离膜的长度和宽度设计。
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a) 隔离膜不与有机溶剂发生反应； b)隔离膜在电池中占体积小，易于实现薄膜化； c) 隔离膜拉伸强度和穿刺强度高； d) 孔率高，一般孔率应该为30％-70％；孔径一般为0.03-0.05mm； e) 电流切断功能（Shutdown）好，即有大电流通过电池或电池外部短路时，隔膜微孔闭塞，切断电流回路，防止电池反应失控。一般要求隔离膜的闭孔温度（Shutdown）低于隔离膜的熔融温度（Meltdown）。
Preparation and Properties of Separator in Polymer Li-ion Battery
Prepared By :L Zhang Approved by: Peter Zhang Project Dept Date:3/1/2020
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Thanks
Amperex Technology Limited
Surpassing customer’s expectation
2、随着隔离膜处理温度的升高，孔的数量增加，孔径的变化不大，但是基材变得脆弱，局部有一些团状物聚集； 3、随着隔离膜处理温度的升高，孔隙率增加，隔离膜密度减小；孔的体积增大；

阿尔法拉維（Alfa Laval）——离心Separator技術说明书

Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technology Separating solids from liquidsAccelerating the process However, such clarification is an extremely slow process and was not able to meet industry’s needs for more rapid, controllable results.The idea behind the development of the decanter centrifuge was therefore to provide the continuous mechanical separation of liquids from solids, to keep pace with modern industrial demands.In essence, a centrifuge is a clarifierwhose base is wrapped around a 4 Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technologyWorking principlesContinuous separationVirtually all branches of industry needto separate solids from liquids at somepoint in their manufacturing processes.Alfa Laval has more than fifty years ofexperience in meeting this requirementusing decanter centrifuge technology.The decanter centrifuge is based onthe simple idea of a clarifier or settlingtank, in which particles, sediment andsolids gradually fall to the bottom dueto the force of gravity.centre line. Rotating this unit rapidly means that the effect of gravity is replaced by a centrifugal force – the effect of which can be up to 4000times greater.This force is then used to separate solids from liquids efficiently in a manner that is easy to control.Depending on the particular configuration and surrounding equipment, a decanter centrifuge can be used to separate a wide range of different solids from one or two liquid phases, on a continuous basis.Pond of clarified liquidOutlet for clarified liquid Screw conveyorVFD-controlled motorfor screw conveyorThe sediment formed by the solid particles is continuously removed by the screw conveyor, which rotates at a different speed than the bowl. As a result, the solids are gradually “ploughed” out of the pond and up the conical “beach”.The centrifugal force compacts the solids and expels the surplus liquid.The dried solids then discharge from the bowl. The clarified liquid phase or phases overflow the dam plates situated at the opposite end of the bowl. Baffles within the centrifuge casing direct the separated phases intothe correct flow path and prevent anyrisk of cross-contamination.Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technology 5Solids deposited onbowl wall Conical beach sectionErosion-protected solids discharge ports Inlet tubeHow a decanter centrifuge worksA decanter centrifuge separates solidsfrom one or two liquid phases in onesingle continuous process. This is doneusing centrifugal forces that can bewell beyond 3000 times greater thangravity.When subject to such forces, thedenser solid particles are pressedoutwards against the rotating bowlwall, while the less dense liquid phaseforms a concentric inner layer. Differentdam plates are used to vary the depthof the liquid – the so-called pond – asrequired.Weirs Side walldepth Cake compaction Surface area Feed system Cake removalClarifier becomes a decanter centrifugeThe speed of the screw conveyor may be automatically adjusted by use of the variable frequency drive (VFD) in order to adjust to variation in the solids load.Main motorThe keyto exceptional performance In specifying a decanter centrifuge for a particular application, a series of other specific design considerations has to be taken into account:•the pitch of the conveyor •feed zone design •beach angle •bowl surface •abrasion resistance •materials used in construction.The four main sections Alfa Laval decanter centrifuges feature four main sections, each optimized for maximum performance.Inlet zone The inlet zone accelerates the feed slurry up to the speed of the bowl. A properly designed inlet zone keeps any degradation of the feed solids to a minimum as well as avoiding disturb-ance of the sediment in the bowl.6 Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technologyWide-ranging performanceAlfa Laval decanter centrifuges provideexceptional performance whenseparating solids from liquids, andmake it possible to do so continuously,efficiently and controllably.Decanters are invariably the first choiceto meet such separation needs byvirtue of their high reliability, continuousoperation, low capital cost/capacityratio and low maintenance costs.Alfa Laval decanter centrifuges aredesigned to handle a wide range ofsolid particles with diameters from 5mm to a few microns.Decanter units can also handle slurrieswith a solid content from as low as0.1% w/w to more than 65% w/w.Decanter centrifuges can acceptvariations in the feed more effectivelythan other types of centrifuge orseparation equipment.Performance criteriaFive crucial factors determine theperformance of decanter centrifuges:•the centrifugal force required forsedimentation of the solids•the clarification area necessary to“capture” the solids•the differential speed required totransport the solids out of thedecanter•the hydrodynamic design, whichdetermines the exact parameters for•the turbulence•the design of the conveyor andbeach sections, which are importantfor efficient solids transportation.Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technology 7A number of feed zone specificationsare available for Alfa Laval decantercentrifuges, each designed to ensuremaximum performance in conjunctionwith a specific process.Screw conveyorThe key to good decanter performancelies in the efficient, effective scrolling ofthe sedimented solids. The design ofthe screw conveyor is therefore crucial.Alfa Laval has the expertise needed tomatch the demands involved in specificindustrial processes with specificconfigurations of flight pitch, lead angleand differential speed, in order tosecure the best possible results.Solids discharge section Depending on the application, the consistency of the separated solids can vary from a dry powder to a paste.The configuration of the discharge zone is therefore chosen to enable such “cakes” to exit as effectively as possible.Innovative Alfa Laval design enables erosion-prone components used in the solids discharge zone to be replaced on site at low cost and with a minimum of disturbance to production.Liquid discharge section In a two-phase decanter, the liquid level is regulated by dam plates.When operating in a three-phase mode, each phase discharges over a set of dam plates into separate baffled compartments in the casing.In certain applications, a centripetal pump discharge that utilizes the pressure head developed by the rotating liquid phase is used to pumpthe liquid from the decanter.Liquid phase outletThree-phase design Paring disc designLight liquid phase outletHeavy liquid phase outlet Liquid outletBenefits and features The Alfa Laval differenceThe ability to separate the liquid andsolid components of often highlycomplex, high-value processingstreams – and to do so with meticulouscontrol, low cost and high reliability –requires decanter centrifuge technologythat is second to none.When the profitability of an entireprocess is at stake, it is important that the customer has a partner that can be relied on to meet the highly complex demands associated with modern industrial separation.Experience countsAlfa Laval has more than fifty years of practical experience with the design and manufacture of high performance decanter centrifuges.This puts us in a unique position to translate customer requirements into efficient, reliable machine design and solutions.And with facilities all over the world, Alfa Laval is in a position to provide customers with superior products, superior service and superior results at any location.Research and developmentAlfa Laval conducts extensive ongoing R&D into all the technologies involved in the design and operation of decanter centrifuges.Our know-how and specialist process experience put us in a unique position to match the exact needs of each customer and each particular application and installation.Materials technologyAlfa Laval uses high-grade stainless steel for all parts that come into contact with the process, in order to avoid any risk of the corrosion associated with the use of carbon steel. Corrosion leads to product contamination, lack of balance, high maintenance and lengthy down time.8 Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technologyAlfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technology 9Ease of maintenance and minimum down time are important for users ofdecanter centrifuges. Rotatingcomponents of Alfa Laval decantercentrifuges exposed to high stress aretherefore machined from high-strengthcentrifugally cast stainless steel. Thisensures castings with a uniform grainstructure free from flaws and defectsas well as a completely weld-freefinished component. The results aremaximum strength, unparalleledreliability and a long service life.In decanter centrifuges, the optimalchoice of materials for eachcomponent is crucial for success.Abrasion resistanceWear caused by the abrasive action ofsolids affects both the performanceand service life of all centrifuges. AlfaLaval metallurgists identified this wearas the result of low stress scratchingabrasion and were therefore able todevelop ways of eliminating its effects.All wear-prone areas of Alfa Lavalcentrifuges – the feed zone, solidsdischarge output zone, bowl and scroll– are therefore protected by abrasion-resistant material, selected to matchthe pattern of wear in each particularindustrial process.Seal technology Special casing seals capable of dealing with pressure differentials are required wherever the processing involves solvents or toxic materials. The types of seals used, and the details of their design, depend on the requirements associated with each particular process. Continual refinement of the seal technology used in Alfa Laval decanter centrifuges is ensured by our technological resources. This is an area where Alfa Laval expertise and experience make a key difference.After fifty years of experience with decanter centrifuges, Alfa Laval has referenceinstallations that are second to none, across a wide range of industries.10 Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technologyProcess industry applicationsMineral processing industryKaolin clay and calcium carbonate processing, bentonite and titanium dioxide manufacturersOil/gas exploration and petrochemical industryOil and gas exploration, oil refineries and related industries, lubricating oil additives and waste oil stream recycling Organic chemical industryOrganic intermediate and end productsPolymer industryThermoplastics including PVC, polypropylene, polystyrene, synthetic rubber and fibresInorganic chemical industryBleaching agents, acids, silica products and fertilizersEthanol productionProcessing of grain alcohol spent wash and molasses fermenter residuesStarch processingBased on wheat, maize, tapioca, cassava and potatoesWaste recyclingRecovery and recycling of waste streams from the sectors listed aboveBenefits pay offApplicationsAlfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technology 11Food applicationsAnimal proteinFish and meat by-product processingSurimi processingEdible protein recoveryBreweryRecovery of extract, wort and yeastCoffee and teaExtraction of instant coffee and teaDairyRecovery of casein, lactose, whey fines and cheese finesEdible oilClarification of palm oil, olive oil and pressed seed oilJuiceExtraction from fruit, berries and vegetablesPectinRecovery of extracted pectinVegetable proteinExtraction from soybeans, oil seeds and leguminous cropsWineMust and wine clarification12 Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technologyIn modern industrial processes,efficient, well-planned service plays animportant part in maintaining profitable operations.Full control Alfa Laval operates with a highly sophisticated Nonstop Performance concept made possible by ourworldwide network of service andspare parts distribution centres in morethan fifty countries throughoutthe world.Nonstop Performance Service countsAlfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technology 13Alfa Laval has full control over the entire supply chain, which means that we can provide customers with response times,availability and lead times that are second to none.Service when it fits inThe service requirements for Alfa Laval decanter centrifuges are minimal, and planned preventive maintenance is the key to making sure this always remains the case.Alfa Laval’s worldwide service capabilities and vast experience with the contract maintenance and service of decanter centrifuges ensure that any service work required involves the absolute minimum of disturbance tooperations.14 Alfa Laval – decanter centrifuge technologyAlfa Laval in briefAlfa Laval is a leading global provider of specialized products and engineered solutions.Our equipment, systems and services are dedicated to helping customersto optimize the performance of their processes. Time and time again.We help our customers to heat, cool, separate and transport products such as oil, water, chemicals, beverages, foodstuff, starch and pharmaceuticals. Our worldwide organization works closely with customers in almost 100 countries to help them stay ahead.How to contact Alfa LavalUp-to-date Alfa Laval contact details for all countries are always available on our website at PCD00002EN 0909。

Lesson-17-Oil-Separator

Lesson 17 Oil Separator第17课分油机1. To ensure good combustion in diesel engines and reduce wear and corrosion in the engine, it may be necessary to remove certain impurities from fuel and lubricating oil. When impurities are suspended solids or immiscible liquids, they can be removed reasonably successfully by one or more of a number of methods. The methods used at sea are: heating to allow separation of water present, coarse and fine filtering to remove solid particles and also centrifuging. Of these three methods centrifuging is the most widely used.1.为确保柴油机的良好燃烧和减少磨损与腐蚀，需要去除燃油和滑油中的某些杂质。

当杂质是悬浮固体或不溶性液体时，可以通过一种或多种方法将其相当成功地除掉。

航行中常用的方法有:加热以分离出油中存在的水分，粗、细过滤以除去固体颗粒，以及离心分离。

上述三种方法中，离心分离法应用最广。

2. For many years marine centrifuges were designed for batch operation, that is, the machines were run for a period during which solids accumulated in the bowl. The machine was stopped when the accumulated solids began to impair its performance and the solids were removed. Batch centrifuging is still commonly used especially for lubricating oil purification, but many machines capable of continuous or semi-continuous sludge discharge are now at sea.2.多年以来，船用离心机一直设计为间歇操作式，即在离心机持续运行时间内，固体杂质存贮在分离筒内。

MySQL常用单词

Show 查看Database 数据库Use 使用，切换Describe或desc 查看，描述Table 表Character set或charset 字符集Collate 校对/排序规则Drop 删除（数据库，表，列，索引）Engine 引擎Storage_ Engine 存储引擎Variables 变量（复数形式）Rename 重命名Change 改变，修改Modify 修改First 在…之前After 在…之后Add 添加Primary key 主键，主码Auto_increment 自增、标识Null 空Not null 非空Default 默认值Comment 说明，注释Unique 唯一值/性（约束/索引）Foreign key 外键Constraint 约束，限制References 参考Update 更新，修改（数据）Delete 删除（数据）Truncate 删除（全表数据）Cascade 同步操作Set null 设置为空值No action 不操作Restrict 拒绝修改Insert into 向…插入（数据）Replace 插入，替换Values 赋值Set 赋值As 设置…为Select 查询，查看（数据）Where 哪里（符合…条件）And 且，和Or 或Not 不（表示反义）Escape 定义转义字符Like 模糊匹配Regexp 正则表达式In 在…之间Between…and 在…之间Is null 是空值Distinct 消除重复值Limit 限制Group by 按…分组Order by 按…排序ASC 升序Desc 降序Sum（）求和函数AVG（）求平均值函数Max（）求最大值Min（）求最小值Count（）统计数量Group_concat（）显示分组里面的内容Separator 设置分隔符Having 符合…条件（用在分组之后）With rollup 添加汇总行Now（）求系统当前时间Join 连接Left join 左外连接Right join 右外连接On 在Union 联合（用于垂直连接）Any 符合其中之一Some 符合其中之一All 全部符合/匹配Exists 存在Index 索引、约束Key 索引、约束Full text 全文（索引）Spatial 空间（索引）红色常用单词（默写）黑色不太常用的单词（熟悉）蓝色有同名，含义不同绿色还没学到（但也要求默写）Show 查看Database 数据库Use 使用，切换Describe或desc 查看，描述Table 表Character set或charset 字符集Collate 校对/排序规则Drop 删除（数据库，表，列，索引）Engine 引擎Storage_ Engine 存储引擎Variables 变量（复数形式）Rename 重命名Change 改变，修改Modify 修改First 在…之前After 在…之后Add 添加Primary key 主键，主码Auto_increment 自增、标识Null 空Not null 非空Default 默认值Comment 说明，注释Unique 唯一值/性（约束/索引）Foreign key 外键Constraint 约束，限制References 参考Update 更新，修改（数据）Delete 删除（数据）Truncate 删除（全表数据）Cascade 同步操作Set null 设置为空值No action 不操作Restrict 拒绝修改Insert into 向…插入（数据）Replace 插入，替换Values 赋值Set 赋值As 设置…为Select 查询，查看（数据）Where 哪里（符合…条件）And 且，和Or 或Not 不（表示反义）Escape 定义转义字符Like 模糊匹配Regexp 正则表达式In 在…之间Between…and 在…之间Is null 是空值Distinct 消除重复值Limit 限制Group by 按…分组Order by 按…排序ASC 升序Desc 降序Sum（）求和函数AVG（）求平均值函数Max（）求最大值Min（）求最小值Count（）统计数量Group_concat（）显示分组里面的内容Separator 设置分隔符Having 符合…条件（用在分组之后）With rollup 添加汇总行Now（）求系统当前时间Join 连接Left join 左外连接Right join 右外连接On 在Union 联合（用于垂直连接）Any 符合其中之一Some 符合其中之一All 全部符合/匹配Exists 存在Index 索引、约束Key 索引、约束Full text 全文（索引）Spatial 空间（索引）红色常用单词（默写）黑色不太常用的单词（熟悉）蓝色有同名，含义不同Show 查看Database 数据库Use 使用，切换Describe或desc 查看，描述Table 表Character set或charset 字符集Collate 校对/排序规则Drop 删除（数据库，表，列，索引）Engine 引擎Storage_ Engine 存储引擎Variables 变量（复数形式）Rename 重命名Change 改变，修改Modify 修改First 在…之前After 在…之后Add 添加Primary key 主键，主码Auto_increment 自增、标识Null 空Not null 非空Default 默认值Comment 说明，注释Unique 唯一值/性（约束/索引）Foreign key 外键Constraint 约束，限制References 参考Update 更新，修改（数据）Delete 删除（数据）Truncate 删除（全表数据）Cascade 同步操作Set null 设置为空值No action 不操作Restrict 拒绝修改Insert into 向…插入（数据）Replace 插入，替换Values 赋值Set 赋值As 设置…为Select 查询，查看（数据）Where 哪里（符合…条件）And 且，和Or 或Not 不（表示反义）Escape 定义转义字符Like 模糊匹配Regexp 正则表达式In 在…之间Between…and 在…之间Is null 是空值Distinct 消除重复值Limit 限制Group by 按…分组Order by 按…排序ASC 升序Desc 降序Sum（）求和函数AVG（）求平均值函数Max（）求最大值Min（）求最小值Count（）统计数量Group_concat（）显示分组里面的内容Separator 设置分隔符Having 符合…条件（用在分组之后）With rollup 添加汇总行Now（）求系统当前时间Join 连接Left join 左外连接Right join 右外连接On 在Union 联合（用于垂直连接）Any 符合其中之一Some 符合其中之一All 全部符合/匹配Exists 存在Index 索引、约束Key 索引、约束Full text 全文（索引）Spatial 空间（索引）红色常用单词（默写）黑色不太常用的单词（熟悉）蓝色有同名，含义不同绿色还没学到（但也要求默写）Show 查看Database 数据库Use 使用，切换Describe或desc 查看，描述Table 表Character set或charset 字符集Collate 校对/排序规则Drop 删除（数据库，表，列，索引）Engine 引擎Storage_ Engine 存储引擎Variables 变量（复数形式）Rename 重命名Change 改变，修改Modify 修改First 在…之前After 在…之后Add 添加Primary key 主键，主码Auto_increment 自增、标识Null 空Not null 非空Default 默认值Comment 说明，注释Unique 唯一值/性（约束/索引）Foreign key 外键Constraint 约束，限制References 参考Update 更新，修改（数据）Delete 删除（数据）Truncate 删除（全表数据）Cascade 同步操作Set null 设置为空值No action 不操作Restrict 拒绝修改Insert into 向…插入（数据）Replace 插入，替换Values 赋值Set 赋值As 设置…为Select 查询，查看（数据）Where 哪里（符合…条件）And 且，和Or 或Not 不（表示反义）Escape 定义转义字符Like 模糊匹配Regexp 正则表达式In 在…之间Between…and 在…之间Is null 是空值Distinct 消除重复值Limit 限制Group by 按…分组Order by 按…排序ASC 升序Desc 降序Sum（）求和函数AVG（）求平均值函数Max（）求最大值Min（）求最小值Count（）统计数量Group_concat（）显示分组里面的内容Separator 设置分隔符Having 符合…条件（用在分组之后）With rollup 添加汇总行Now（）求系统当前时间Join 连接Left join 左外连接Right join 右外连接On 在Union 联合（用于垂直连接）Any 符合其中之一Some 符合其中之一All 全部符合/匹配Exists 存在Index 索引、约束Key 索引、约束Full text 全文（索引）Spatial 空间（索引）红色常用单词（默写）黑色不太常用的单词（熟悉）蓝色有同名，含义不同Show 查看Database 数据库Use 使用，切换Describe或desc 查看，描述Table 表Character set或charset 字符集Collate 校对/排序规则Drop 删除（数据库，表，列，索引）Engine 引擎Storage_ Engine 存储引擎Variables 变量（复数形式）Rename 重命名Change 改变，修改Modify 修改First 在…之前After 在…之后Add 添加Primary key 主键，主码Auto_increment 自增、标识Null 空Not null 非空Default 默认值Comment 说明，注释Unique 唯一值/性（约束/索引）Foreign key 外键Constraint 约束，限制References 参考Update 更新，修改（数据）Delete 删除（数据）Truncate 删除（全表数据）Cascade 同步操作Set null 设置为空值No action 不操作Restrict 拒绝修改Insert into 向…插入（数据）Replace 插入，替换Values 赋值Set 赋值As 设置…为Select 查询，查看（数据）Where 哪里（符合…条件）And 且，和Or 或Not 不（表示反义）Escape 定义转义字符Like 模糊匹配Regexp 正则表达式In 在…之间Between…and 在…之间Is null 是空值Distinct 消除重复值Limit 限制Group by 按…分组Order by 按…排序ASC 升序Desc 降序Sum（）求和函数AVG（）求平均值函数Max（）求最大值Min（）求最小值Count（）统计数量Group_concat（）显示分组里面的内容Separator 设置分隔符Having 符合…条件（用在分组之后）With rollup 添加汇总行Now（）求系统当前时间Join 连接Left join 左外连接Right join 右外连接On 在Union 联合（用于垂直连接）Any 符合其中之一Some 符合其中之一All 全部符合/匹配Exists 存在Index 索引、约束Key 索引、约束Full text 全文（索引）Spatial 空间（索引）红色常用单词（默写）黑色不太常用的单词（熟悉）蓝色有同名，含义不同绿色还没学到（但也要求默写）Alter 修改（表）Use 使用，切换Describe或desc 查看，描述Table 表Character set或charset 字符集Collate 校对/排序规则Drop 删除（数据库，表，列，索引）Engine 引擎Storage_ Engine 存储引擎Variables 变量（复数形式）Rename 重命名Change 改变，修改Modify 修改First 在…之前After 在…之后Add 添加Primary key 主键，主码Auto_increment 自增、标识Null 空Not null 非空Default 默认值Comment 说明，注释Unique 唯一值/性（约束/索引）Foreign key 外键Constraint 约束，限制References 参考Update 更新，修改（数据）Delete 删除（数据）Truncate 删除（全表数据）Cascade 同步操作Set null 设置为空值No action 不操作Restrict 拒绝修改Insert into 向…插入（数据）Replace 插入，替换Values 赋值Set 赋值As 设置…为Select 查询，查看（数据）Where 哪里（符合…条件）And 且，和Or 或Not 不（表示反义）Escape 定义转义字符Like 模糊匹配Regexp 正则表达式In 在…之间Between…and 在…之间Is null 是空值Distinct 消除重复值Limit 限制Group by 按…分组Order by 按…排序ASC 升序Desc 降序Sum（）求和函数AVG（）求平均值函数Max（）求最大值Min（）求最小值Count（）统计数量Group_concat（）显示分组里面的内容Separator 设置分隔符Having 符合…条件（用在分组之后）With rollup 添加汇总行Now（）求系统当前时间Join 连接Left join 左外连接Right join 右外连接On 在Union 联合（用于垂直连接）Any 符合其中之一Some 符合其中之一All 全部符合/匹配Exists 存在Index 索引、约束Key 索引、约束Full text 全文（索引）Spatial 空间（索引）红色常用单词（默写）黑色不太常用的单词（熟悉）蓝色有同名，含义不同绿色还没学到（但也要求默写）Show 查看Database 数据库Use 使用，切换Describe或desc 查看，描述Table 表Character set或charset 字符集Collate 校对/排序规则Drop 删除（数据库，表，列，索引）Engine 引擎Storage_ Engine 存储引擎Variables 变量（复数形式）Rename 重命名Change 改变，修改Modify 修改First 在…之前After 在…之后Add 添加Primary key 主键，主码Auto_increment 自增、标识Null 空Not null 非空Default 默认值Comment 说明，注释Unique 唯一值/性（约束/索引）Foreign key 外键Constraint 约束，限制References 参考Update 更新，修改（数据）Delete 删除（数据）Truncate 删除（全表数据）Cascade 同步操作Set null 设置为空值No action 不操作Restrict 拒绝修改Insert into 向…插入（数据）Replace 插入，替换Values 赋值Set 赋值As 设置…为Select 查询，查看（数据）Where 哪里（符合…条件）And 且，和Or 或Not 不（表示反义）Escape 定义转义字符Like 模糊匹配Regexp 正则表达式In 在…之间Between…and 在…之间Is null 是空值Distinct 消除重复值Limit 限制Group by 按…分组Order by 按…排序ASC 升序Desc 降序Sum（）求和函数AVG（）求平均值函数Max（）求最大值Min（）求最小值Count（）统计数量Group_concat（）显示分组里面的内容Separator 设置分隔符Having 符合…条件（用在分组之后）With rollup 添加汇总行Now（）求系统当前时间Join 连接Left join 左外连接Right join 右外连接On 在Union 联合（用于垂直连接）Any 符合其中之一Some 符合其中之一All 全部符合/匹配Exists 存在Index 索引、约束Key 索引、约束Full text 全文（索引）Spatial 空间（索引）红色常用单词（默写）黑色不太常用的单词（熟悉）蓝色有同名，含义不同绿色还没学到（但也要求默写）Alter 修改（表）Use 使用，切换Describe或desc 查看，描述Table 表Character set或charset 字符集Collate 校对/排序规则Drop 删除（数据库，表，列，索引）Engine 引擎Storage_ Engine 存储引擎Variables 变量（复数形式）Rename 重命名Change 改变，修改Modify 修改First 在…之前After 在…之后Add 添加Primary key 主键，主码Auto_increment 自增、标识Null 空Not null 非空Default 默认值Comment 说明，注释Unique 唯一值/性（约束/索引）Foreign key 外键Constraint 约束，限制References 参考Update 更新，修改（数据）Delete 删除（数据）Truncate 删除（全表数据）Cascade 同步操作Set null 设置为空值No action 不操作Restrict 拒绝修改Insert into 向…插入（数据）Replace 插入，替换Values 赋值Set 赋值As 设置…为Select 查询，查看（数据）Where 哪里（符合…条件）And 且，和Or 或Not 不（表示反义）Escape 定义转义字符Like 模糊匹配Regexp 正则表达式In 在…之间Between…and 在…之间Is null 是空值Distinct 消除重复值Limit 限制Group by 按…分组Order by 按…排序ASC 升序Desc 降序Sum（）求和函数AVG（）求平均值函数Max（）求最大值Min（）求最小值Count（）统计数量Group_concat（）显示分组里面的内容Separator 设置分隔符Having 符合…条件（用在分组之后）With rollup 添加汇总行Now（）求系统当前时间Join 连接Left join 左外连接Right join 右外连接On 在Union 联合（用于垂直连接）Any 符合其中之一Some 符合其中之一All 全部符合/匹配Exists 存在Index 索引、约束Key 索引、约束Full text 全文（索引）Spatial 空间（索引）红色常用单词（默写）黑色不太常用的单词（熟悉）蓝色有同名，含义不同绿色还没学到（但也要求默写）。

Battery Separators-隔膜-CELGARD

Battery SeparatorsPankaj Arora*and Zhengming(John)ZhangCelgard,LLC,13800South Lakes Dr.,Charlotte,North Carolina28273Received March30,2004Contents1.Introduction and Scope44192.Battery and Separator Market44203.Separator and Batteries44214.Separator Requirements44225.Separator Types44225.1.Microporous Separators44225.2.Nonwovens44225.3.Ion Exchange Membranes44235.4.Supported Liquid Membranes44235.5.Polymer Electrolyte44235.6.Solid Ion Conductors44236.Separator for Nonaqueous Batteries44236.1.Lithium Ion44246.1.1.Separator Development44246.1.2.Separator Requirements44276.1.3.Separator Properties/Characterization44296.1.4.Effect of Separator on Cell Performanceand Safety44366.2.Lithium Polymer44406.3.Lithium-Ion Gel Polymer44416.4.Lithium Primary Systems44436.4.1.Separator Requirements44436.4.2.Chemistries44447.Separator for Aqueous Batteries44457.1.Leclanche(Zinc Carbon)44467.2.Alkaline Zinc MnO244467.3.Lead-Acid Batteries44477.3.1.Flooded Electrolyte Lead Acid44477.3.2.Valve Regulated Lead Acid(VRLA)44497.4.Nickel Systems44507.4.1.Nickel−Cadmium44507.4.2.Nickel−Metal Hydride44517.4.3.Nickel−Hydrogen44527.5.Zinc Systems44527.5.1.Silver−Zinc44527.5.2.Nickel−Zinc44547.5.3.Zinc−Air44557.5.4.Zinc−Bromine44567.6.Redox Flow Batteries44568.Mathematical Modeling of Batteries/Separators44579.Summary445810.Future Directions445811.Acknowledgments445912.References44591.Introduction and ScopeMany advances have been made in battery tech-nology in recent years,both through continued improvement of specific electrochemical systems and through the development and introduction of new*Corresponding author.E-mail:pankajarora@.Tele-phone:7045878478.Fax:7045887393Pankaj Arora is a Senior Research Engineer at Celgard LLC in Charlotte,NC.He specializes in the design and modeling of electrochemical powersources and is currently working in the Battery Applications Laboratoryof Celgard,where he helps guide separator development work for lithiumbatteries.He has a B.Tech.degree in Electrochemical Engineering fromthe Central Electrochemical Research Institute in Karaikudi,India,and aPh.D.degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of SouthCarolina,Columbia,SC.Pankaj can be reached by email at pankajarora@.Zhengming(John)Zhang is Vice President of New Technology at CelgardLLC in Charlotte,NC.He has been working in Solid State Ionics,Batteries,and Battery Separators since1984.He has published more than50papersand patents and has co-edited a book on battery.He has been a invitedspeaker for many professional conferences,invited lecturer for UnitedNations Development Program,and is a Visiting Professor at XiamenUniversity,Fujian,China.He has a B.S.in Mechanical Engineering fromShanghai University,Shanghai,China,an M.S.in Electrochemistry fromShandong University,Jinan City,China,and a Ph.D.in Materials Chemistryfrom the University of California at Santa Barbara,Santa Barbara,CA.John can be reached by email at zjzhang@.4419 Chem.Rev.2004,104,4419−446210.1021/cr020738u CCC:$48.50©2004American Chemical SocietyPublished on Web10/13/2004battery chemistries.Nevertheless,there is still no one “ideal”battery that gives optimum performance under all operating conditions.Similarly,there is no one separator that can be considered“ideal”for all battery chemistries and geometries.A separator is a porous membrane placed between electrodes of opposite polarity,permeable to ionic flow but preventing electric contact of the electrodes.A variety of separators have been used in batteries over the years.Starting with cedar shingles and sausage casing,separators have been manufactured from cellulosic papers and cellophane to nonwoven fabrics, foams,ion exchange membranes,and microporous flat sheet membranes made from polymeric materi-als.As batteries have become more sophisticated, separator function has also become more demanding and complex.Separators play a key role in all batteries.Their main function is to keep the positive and negative electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuits and at the same time allow rapid transport of ionic charge carriers that are needed to complete the circuit during the passage of current in an electro-chemical cell.1,2They should be very good electronic insulators and have the capability of conducting ions by either intrinsic ionic conductor or by soaking electrolyte.They should minimize any processes that adversely affect the electrochemical energy efficiency of the batteries.Very little work(relative to research of electrode materials and electrolytes)is directed toward char-acterizing and developing new separators.Similarly, not much attention has been given to separators in publications reviewing batteries.1-10A number of reviews on the on cell fabrication,their performance, and application in real life have appeared in recent years,but none have discussed separators in detail. Recently a few reviews have been published in both English and Japanese which discuss different types of separators for various batteries.11-20A detailed review of lead-acid and lithium-ion(li-ion)battery separators was published by Boehnstedt13and Spot-nitz,14respectively,in the Handbook of Battery Materials.Earlier Kinoshita et al.had done a survey of different types of membranes/separators used in different electrochemical systems,including batter-ies.11The majority of the separators currently used in batteries were typically developed as spin-offs of existing technologies.They were usually not devel-oped specifically for those batteries and thus are not completely optimized for systems in which they are used.One positive result of adapting existing tech-nologies is that they are produced in high volume at relatively low cost.The availability of low cost separators is an important consideration in the commercialization of batteries,because the battery industry traditionally operates with thin profit mar-gins and relatively small research budgets.The purpose of this paper is to describe the various types of separators based on their applications in batteries and their chemical,mechanical and elec-trochemical properties,with particular emphasis on separators for lithium-ion batteries.The separator requirements,properties,and characterization tech-niques are described with respect to lithium-ion batteries.The separators used in other batteries are only discussed briefly.Despite the widespread use of separators,a great need still exists for improving the performance,increasing the life,and reducing the cost of separators.In the following sections,an attempt is made to discuss key issues in various separators with the hope of bringing into focus present and future directions of research and devel-opment in separator technologies.2.Battery and Separator MarketThe battery industry has seen enormous growth over the past few years in portable,rechargeable battery packs.The majority of this surge can be attributed to the widespread use of cell phones, personal digital assistants(PDA’s),laptop computers, and other wireless electronics.Batteries remained the mainstream source of power for systems ranging from mobile phones and PDA’s to electric and hybrid electric vehicles.The world market for batteries was approximately$41billion in2000,which included $16.2billion primary and$24.9billion secondary cells.21A recent study from Freedonia has predicted ag-gregate U.S.demand for primary and secondary batteries to climb5.5%annually through2007to$14 billion.The growth will be driven by strong demand for battery-powered electronic devices like digital cameras and3G wireless phones,and increasing production of electrical and electronic equipment.The secondary battery demand is expected to outpace the primary battery market gains through2007benefit-ing from strong growth in the use of high-drain portable electronic devices.The lead-acid batteries will account for over half of all rechargeable demand in2007,although lithium-ion and NiMH batteries will record the strongest growth.Alkaline batteries could remain the dominant type,accounting for more than two thirds of all primary battery sales in2007.22 The rechargeable battery(NiCd,NiMH,and lithium-ion)market for2003for portable electronics was around$5.24billion,around20%more then 2002.The lithium-ion battery market was around $3.8billion(∼73%).They are now used in more than 90%of cellphones,camcorders,and portable comput-ers,worldwide,and have also been adopted in power tools recently.23The tremendous progress in lithium-ion cells is clearly visible with as much as a2-fold increase in the volumetric and gravimetric energy density for both18650and prismatic cells between1994and 2002.In past few years the lithium-ion production has expanded to South Korea(Samsung,LG,etc.) and China(BYD,B&K,Lishen,etc.)from Japan. Several Japanese(Sanyo,Sony,MBI,NEC,etc.)and Korean(LG Chemical)manufacturers have also moved their manufacturing plants to China.23Japan, which controlled94%of the global rechargeable battery market in2000,has seen its market share drop to about65%of the global market.23-25The continued growth in lithium-ion battery market has led to a strong demand for battery separators.All the4420Chemical Reviews,2004,Vol.104,No.10Arora and Zhangmajor separator manufacturers (Celgard,Asahi,and Tonen)have either increased their capacity in 2003or are planning to increase it in 2004.26-28There is not too much information available on the battery separator market in the literature.It is estimated that about 30%of the rechargeable lithium battery market or $1.5billion is the size of the battery materials or components market.Battery separators for lithium batteries are about a $330million market within the total battery components market.29,30Recently,the Freedonia Group has re-ported that the U.S.demand for battery separators will increase to $410million in 2007from $237million in 1977and $300million in 2002,respec-tively.31,323.Separator and BatteriesBatteries are built in many different shapes and configurations s button,flat,prismatic (rectangular),and cylindrical (AA,AAA,C,D,18650,etc.).The cell components (including separators)are designed toaccommodate a particular cell shape and design.The separators are either stacked between the electrodes or wound together with electrodes to form jellyrolls as shown in Figure 1.Stacked cells are generally held together by pressure from the cell container.The lithium-ion gel polymer stacked cells are prepared by bonding/laminating layers of electrodes and sepa-rators together.The separator properties should not change significantly during the bonding process.In some cases,the separators are coated to help in bonding process,thus reducing the interfacial resis-tance.33-35In the conventional way of making spirally wound cells,two layers of separators are wound along with the positive and negative electrodes,resulting in a positive/separator/negative/separator configuration.They are wound as tightly as possible to ensure good interfacial contact.This requires the separators to be strong to avoid any contact between the electrodes through the separator.The separator also must not yield and reduce in width,or else the electrodes may contact each other.Once wound,the jellyrollisFigure 1.Typical battery configurations:(a)button cell;(b)stack lead-acid;(c)spiral wound cylindrical lithium-ion;(d)spiral wound prismatic lithium-ion.Battery Separators Chemical Reviews,2004,Vol.104,No.104421inserted into a can,and filled with electrolyte.The separator must be wetted quickly by the electrolyte to reduce the electrolyte filling time.A header is then crimped into the cell to cover the can from top.In some prismatic cells,the jellyroll is pressed at high temperatures and pressures and then inserted into thin prismatic(rectangular)cans.A typical18650 lithium-ion cell uses around0.07-0.09m2of separa-tor,which is approximately4-5%of the total cell weight.364.Separator RequirementsA number of factors must be considered in selecting the best separator for a particular battery and application.The characteristics of each available separator must be weighed against the requirements and one selected that best fulfills these needs.A wide variety of properties are required of separators used in batteries.The considerations that are important and influence the selection of the separator include the following:•Electronic insulator•Minimal electrolyte(ionic)resistance •Mechanical and dimensional stability •Sufficient physical strength to allow easy handling •Chemical resistance to degradation by electrolyte, impurities,and electrode reactants and products •Effective in preventing migration of particles or colloidal or soluble species between the two electrodes •Readily wetted by electrolyte•Uniform in thickness and other propertiesThe order of importance of the various criteria varies,depending on the battery applications.The above list presents a broad spectrum of requirements for separators in batteries.In many applications,a compromise in requirements for the separator must generally be made to optimize performance,safety, cost,etc.For example,batteries that are character-ized by small internal resistance and consume little power require separators that are highly porous and thin,but the need for adequate physical strength may require that they be thick.In addition to the above general requirements each battery type has other requirements essential for good performance and safety.For example,separa-tors in sealed nickel-cadmium(NiCd)and nickel-metal hydride(NiMH)batteries should be highly permeable to gas molecules for overcharge protection, the separator in lithium-ion cells should have a shutdown feature for good safety,separators for alkaline batteries should be flexible enough to be wrapped around the electrodes,and the separator for an SLI(starting,lighting and ignition)battery could also serve as a mechanical-shock cushion.5.Separator TypesSeparators for batteries can be divided into differ-ent types,depending on their physical and chemical characteristics.They can be molded,woven,non-woven,microporous,bonded,papers,or laminates. In recent years,there has been a trend to develop solid and gelled electrolytes that combine the elec-trolyte and separator into a single component.In most batteries,the separators are either made of nonwoven fabrics or microporous polymeric films. Batteries that operate near ambient temperatures usually use separators fabricated from organic ma-terials such as cellulosic papers,polymers,and other fabrics,as well as inorganic materials such as asbestos,glass wool,and SiO2.In alkaline batteries, the separators used are either regenerated cellulose or microporous polymer films.The lithium batteries with organic electrolytes mostly use microporous films.For the sake of discussion,we have divided the separators into six types s microporous films,non-wovens,ion exchange membranes,supported liquid membranes,solid polymer electrolytes,and solid ion conductors.A brief description of each type of separa-tor and their application in batteries are discussed below.5.1.Microporous SeparatorsThey are fabricated from a variety of inorganic, organic,and naturally occurring materials and gen-erally contain pores that are greater than50-100Åin diameter.Materials such as nonwoven fibers(e.g. nylon,cotton,polyesters,glass),polymer films(e.g. polyethylene(PE),polypropylene(PP),poly(tetrafluo-roethylene)(PTFE),poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC)),and naturally occurring substances(e.g.rubber,asbestos, wood)have been used for microporous separators in batteries that operate at ambient and low tempera-tures(<100°C).The microporous polyolefins(PP,PE, or laminates of PP and PE)are widely used in lithium based nonaqueous batteries(section6.1),and filled polyethylene separators in lead-acid batteries(section 7.3),respectively.5.2.NonwovensNonwovens are textile products that are manufac-tured directly from fibers.They are defined as a manufactured sheet,web,or matt of directionally or randomly oriented fibers,bonded by friction,and/or cohesion,and/or adhesion excluding paper and prod-ucts which are woven,tufted,stichbounded incorpo-rating binding yarns or filaments,or felted by wetmilling whether or not additionally needed.The fibers may be of natural or manmade origin.They may be staple or continuous filaments or maybe formed in situ.37The macroporous fibrous matrix is either dry laid, meltblown,or wet laid.The wet laid process is very similar to the papermaking process.The fibers are bonded together by chemical or thermal bonding.The meltblown process is a binderless process and there the polymer fiber web is extruded.Typical pore sizes of the fibrous matrix vary from1to100µm. Nonwovens are widely utilized as separators for several types of batteries.Lightweight,wet laid nonwovens made from cellulose,poly(vinyl alcohol), and other fibers have achieved considerable success as separators for popular primary alkaline cells of various sizes.The key nonwoven attributes include consistently uniform basis weight,thickness,porosity and resistance to degradation by electrolytes.Non-wovens are also successfully employed as separators in NiCd’s.4422Chemical Reviews,2004,Vol.104,No.10Arora and ZhangThe materials used in nonwoven fabrics include a single polyolefin,or a combination of polyolefins,such as polyethylene(PE),polypropylene(PP),polyamide (PA),poly(tetrafluoroethylene)(PTFE),polyvinylidine fluoride(PVdF),and poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC). Nonwoven fabrics have not,however,been able to compete with microporous films in lithium-ion cells. This is most probably because of the inadequate pore structure and difficulty in making thin(<25µm) nonwoven fabrics with acceptable physical properties.5.3.Ion Exchange MembranesThese membranes are generally fabricated from polymeric materials containing pores with diameters of less than20Å.The transport properties of ions in these membranes are characterized by strong inter-actions between the permeating species and the molecular structure of the polymer.This interaction is due to the presence of ion-exchange groups in the membrane,which allows the membrane to discrimi-nate between permeating or migrating ions by virtue of their specific charge.Radiation grafted membranes such as Permion manufactured by RAI Research Corporation are ion-exchange membranes.Such membranes are used as battery separators in alkaline batteries.They are made from PE,PP,or Teflon-based films,which have excellent oxidation resistance and superior chemical resistance to alkali.However,they are totally im-pervious to electrolyte flow,and therefore,they have almost infinite resistance as a separator in this form. By using radiation grafting and cross-linking tech-niques,however,selected chemical species are grafted as pendant chains to the base structure of the linear polymer without altering the inert backbone.This modification imparts desirable hydrophilic properties to the films without materially impairing their excel-lent chemical resistance.This paper provides a very limited discussion on ion exchange membranes,as their application in batteries is very limited.5.4.Supported Liquid MembranesThese types of separators consist of a solid matrix and a liquid phase,which is retained in the mi-croporous structure by capillary forces.To be effective for batteries,the liquid in the microporous separator, which generally contains an organic phase,must be insoluble in the electrolyte,chemically stable,and still provide adequate ionic conductivity.Several types of polymers,such as polypropylene,polysulfone, poly(tetrafluoroethylene),and cellulose acetate,have been used for porous substrates for supported-liquid membranes.The PVdF coated polyolefin-based mi-croporous membranes used in gel-polymer lithium-ion battery fall into this category.Gel polymer electrolytes/membranes are discussed briefly in sec-tion6.3.5.5.Polymer ElectrolytePolymer electrolytes(e.g.,poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide))have attracted considerable attention for batteries in recent years.These poly-mers form complexes with a variety of alkali metal salts to produce ionic conductors that serve as solid electrolytes.Their use in batteries is still limited due to poor electrode/electrolyte interface and poor room temperature ionic conductivity.Because of the rigid structure,they can also serve as the separator. Polymer electrolytes are discussed briefly in section 6.2.5.6.Solid Ion ConductorsThey serve as both separator and electrolyte.These are generally inorganic materials that are impervious barriers to gases and liquids.They allow one or more kinds of ions to migrate through their lattice when a potential gradient or a chemical gradient is present. These types of separators are beyond the scope of this article.6.Separator for Nonaqueous BatteriesAll lithium based batteries use nonaqueous elec-trolytes because of the reactivity of lithium in aque-ous solution and because of the electrolyte’s stability at high voltage.The majority of these cells use microporous membranes made of polyolefins.In some cases,nonwovens made of polyolefins are either used alone or with microporous separators.This section will mainly focus on separators used in secondary lithium batteries followed by a brief summary of separators used in lithium primary batteries. Lithium secondary batteries can be classified into three types,a liquid type battery using liquid elec-trolytes,a gel type battery using gel electrolytes mixed with polymer and liquid,and a solid type battery using polymer electrolytes.The types of separators used in different types of secondary lithium batteries are shown in Table1.The liquid lithium-ion cell uses microporous polyolefin separa-tors while the gel polymer lithium-ion cells either use a PVdF separator(e.g.PLION cells)or PVdF coated microporous polyolefin separators.The PLION cells use PVdF loaded with silica and plasticizer as separator.The microporous structure is formed by removing the plasticizer and then filling with liquid electrolyte.They are also characterized as plasticized electrolyte.In solid polymer lithium-ion cells,the solid electrolyte acts as both electrolyte and separa-tor.Table1.Types of Separators Used in Different Type of Secondary Lithium Batteriesbattery system type of separator composition lithium-ion(liquid electrolyte)microporous polyolefins(PE,PP,PP/PE/PP)lithium-ion gel polymer microporous PVdFmicroporous polyolefins(PE,PP,PP/PE/PP)coated withPVdF or other gelling agents lithium-polymer(e.g.Li-V6O13)polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide)with lithium saltBattery Separators Chemical Reviews,2004,Vol.104,No.1044236.1.Lithium IonThe past decade has seen significant advances in the ambient temperature lithium battery technology.Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred power source for most portable electronics because of their higher energy density,longer cycle life,and higher opera-tional voltage as compared to NiCd and NiMH systems.In 2002,66%of the total rechargeable battery market for mobile IT and communication devices used lithium-based batteries and the rest used nickel-based batteries.38,39A typical lithium-ion cell consists of a positive electrode composed of a thin layer of powdered metal oxide (e.g.,LiCoO 2)mounted on aluminum foil and a negative electrode formed from a thin layer of powdered graphite,or certain other carbons,mounted on a copper foil.The two electrodes are separated by a porous plastic film soaked typically in LiPF 6dis-solved in a mixture of organic solvents such as ethylene carbonate (EC),ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC),or diethyl carbonate (DEC).In the charge/discharge process,lithium ions are inserted or ex-tracted from the interstitial space between atomic layers within the active materials.Sony’s introduction of the rechargeable lithium-ion battery in the early 1990s precipitated a need for new separators that provided not only good mechanical and electrical properties but also added safety through a thermal shutdown mechanism.Although a variety of separators (e.g.,cellulose,nonwoven fabric,etc.)have been used in different type of batteries,various studies on separators for lithium-ion batteries have been pursued in past few years as separators for lithium-ion batteries require different characteristics than separators used in conventional batteries.A novel microporous separator using polyolefins has been developed and used extensively in lithium-ion batteries since it is difficult for conventional separator materials to satisfy the characteristics required in lithium-ion batteries.In lithium-ion batteries two layers of separators are sandwiched between positive and negative electrodes and then spirally wound together in cylindrical and prismatic configurations.The pores of the separator are filled with ionically conductive liquid electrolyte.Microporous polyolefin membranes (see Figure 2)in current use are thin (<30µm)and are made ofpolyethylene (PE),polypropylene (PP),or laminates 40of polyethylene and polypropylene.They are made up of polyolefins materials because they provide excellent mechanical properties,chemical stability and acceptable cost.41,42They have been found to be compatible with the cell chemistry and can be cycled for several hundred cycles without significant deg-radation in chemical or physical properties.Commercial membranes offer pore size in the range 0.03-0.1µm,and 30-50%porosity.The low melting point of PE enables their use as a thermal fuse.As the temperature approaches the melting point of the polymer,135°C for PE and 165°C for PP,porosity is lost.The trilayer material (PP/PE/PP)43has been developed by Celgard where a PP layer is designed to maintain the integrity of the film,while the low melting point of PE layer is intended to shutdown the cell if an over-temperature condition is reached.108Asahi Kasai’s flat-film membrane “Hipore”is avail-able in thicknesses ranging from 20µm to several hundred micrometers,and with highly uniform pore sizes ranging from 0.05to 0.5µm.44The major manufacturers of lithium-ion battery separators along with their typical products are listed in Table 2.In recent years there have been a strong demand for higher capacity lithium-ion cells because of the strong growth in portable electronics.One way to achieve higher capacity is by reducing the thickness of separators.The battery manufacturers have started using 20and 16µm separators in higher capacity (>2.0A h)cylindrical cells,and 9µm separators in lithium-ion gel polymer cells.Nonwoven materials have also been developed for lithium-ion cells but have not been widely accepted,in part due to the difficulty in fabricating thin materials with good uniformity and high strength.14Nonwoven separators have been used in button cells and bobbin cells when thicker separators and low discharge rates are acceptable.6.1.1.Separator DevelopmentThe process for making lithium-ion battery separa-tors can be broadly divided into dry 45,46and wet 47processes.Both processes usually employ one or more orientation steps to impart porosity and/or increase tensile strength.The dry process involves melting a polyolefin resin,extruding it into a film,thermallyFigure 2.Polyolefin separators used in lithium-ion batteries.4424Chemical Reviews,2004,Vol.104,No.10Arora and Zhangannealing it to increase the size and amount of lamella crystallites,and precisely stretching it to form tightly ordered micropores.48-52In this process,a row lamellar crystal structure is generated in the polymer in the initial extrusion step.This nonporous structure is highly oriented as a result of extrusion and annealing conditions.The films are then stretched to form micropores.This microporous structure is continuous throughout the bulk interior of the mem-brane.53Polypropylene and polyethylene microporous films obtained by this method are available from Cel-gard 48,50,54,55and Ube.56The dry process is technologi-cally convenient because no solvents are required.However,only a uniaxial stretching method has been successful to date,and as a result,the pores are slitlike in shape and the mechanical properties of films are anisotropic.The tensile strength in the lateral direction is relatively low.Wet process (phase inversion process)57,58involves mixing of hydrocarbon liquid or some other low-molecular weight substance generally with a poly-olefin resin,heating and melting the mixture,ex-truding the melt into a sheet,orientating the sheet either in the machine direction (MD)or biaxially,and then extracting the liquid with a volatile solvent.45,59Separators made by the wet process are available from Asahi Kasei,60Tonen,61-63and Mitsui Chemi-cals 64and more recently from Polypore/Membrana and Entek.65The structure and properties of the membranes can be changed by controlling the com-position of the solutions and the evaporation or subtractions of solvents in the gelation and solidifica-tion processes.The separators made by wet process use ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UH-MWPE).The use of UHMWPE gives good mechanical properties as well as some degree of melt integrity.Ihm et al.have given a nice overview of the wet process by preparing a separator with polymer blends of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)and ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).58They showed that the mechanical strength and drawing characteristics are influenced by the content and the molecular weight of the UHMWPE contained in apolyolefin blending solution.The manufacturing pro-cess of typical microporous film by dry and wet process is compared in Table 3.A simplified flowchart for separator manufacturing process is shown in Figure 3.66The virgin polymer is prepared and mixed with processing aids (e.g.,antioxidants,plasticizer,etc.)and then extruded.The extruded polymer then goes through different steps,which vary from process to process.For the dry process,it can involve film annealing and stretching,while for the wet process,it can involve solvent extraction and stretching.The finished film is then slit into required widths and packed into boxes and shipped to the battery manufacturers.With the advent of thinner separators,the film handling during manufacturing steps has become very impor-tant for the final quality of the film.Each step of the separator manufacturing process has online detection systems to monitor the quality of the separators.Uniaxially oriented films generally have high strength in only one direction,whereas biaxially oriented films are relatively strong in both machine direction (MD)and transverse direction (TD).Al-though intuitively one might expect biaxially oriented films to be preferred over uniaxially oriented films,Table 2.Major Manufacturers of Lithium-Ion Battery Separators along with Their Typical Productsmanufacturer structure compositionprocess trade name Asahi Kasai single layer PE wet HiPore Celgard LLC single layer PP,PE dry Celgard multilayer PP/PE/PPdry Celgard PVdF coated PVdF,PP,PE,PP/PE/PP dry Celgard Entek Membranes single layer PE wet Teklon Mitsui Chemical single layer PE wet Nitto Denko single layer PE wet DSM single layer PE wet Solupur Tonensingle layer PEwet Setela Ube Industriesmulti layerPP/PE/PPdryU-PoreTable 3.Manufacturing Process of Typical Microporous Filmprocess mechanism raw material properties typical membranes manufacturers dry process drawingpolymersimple process PP,PE,PP/PE/PP Celgard,Ube anisotropic film wet processphase separationpolymer +solventisotropic film PE Asahi,Tonen polymer +solvent +fillerlarge pore size PEAsahihighporosityFigure 3.Generalized process for lithium-ion separator manufacturing.66Each step of the separator manufacturing process has online detection systems to monitor the quality of the separator.Battery Separators Chemical Reviews,2004,Vol.104,No.104425。

concat_ws函数用法

concat_ws函数用法
concat_ws函数是MySQL中的一个字符串函数，用于将多个字符串合并成一个字符串。

其中，concat_ws函数中的ws表示with separator（带分隔符）。

concat_ws函数的语法如下：
concat_ws(separator,str1,str2,...)
其中，separator表示分隔符，可以是任意字符串；str1,str2,...表示要连接的字符串，可以是字符串常量、表字段或者其他表达式。

需要注意的是，如果要连接的字符串中含有NULL值，则会被忽略。

使用concat_ws函数可以方便地将多个字符串连接成一个字符串，例如：
SELECT CONCAT_WS(',', 'apple', 'banana', 'orange');
执行结果为：
apple,banana,orange
在实际应用中，concat_ws函数用途广泛，可以用于拼接查询结果、生成动态SQL语句等等。

- 1 -。

MyBatis的foreach语句详解

foreach的主要用在构建in条件中，它可以在SQL语句中进行迭代一个集合。

foreach 元素的属性主要有item，index，collection，open，separator，close。

item表示集合中每一个元素进行迭代时的别名，index指定一个名字，用于表示在迭代过程中，每次迭代到的位置，open表示该语句以什么开始，separator表示在每次进行迭代之间以什么符号作为分隔符，close表示以什么结束，在使用foreach的时候最关键的也是最容易出错的就是collection属性，该属性是必须指定的，但是在不同情况下，该属性的值是不一样的，主要有一下3种情况：1.如果传入的是单参数且参数类型是一个List的时候，collection属性值为list2.如果传入的是单参数且参数类型是一个array数组的时候，collection的属性值为array3.如果传入的参数是多个的时候，我们就需要把它们封装成一个Map了，当然单参数也可以封装成map，实际上如果你在传入参数的时候，在breast里面也是会把它封装成一个Map的，map的key就是参数名，所以这个时候collection属性值就是传入的List 或array对象在自己封装的map里面的key下面分别来看看上述三种情况的示例代码：1.单参数List的类型：<select id="dynamicForeachTest" resultType="Blog">select * from t_blog where id in<foreach collection="list" index="index" item="item" open="(" separator="," close=")">#{item}</foreach></select>上述collection的值为list，对应的Mapper是这样的public List<Blog> dynamicForeachTest(List<Integer> ids);测试代码：@Testpublic void dynamicForeachTest() {SqlSession session = Util.getSqlSessionFactory().openSession();BlogMapper blogMapper = session.getMapper(BlogMapper.class);List<Integer> ids = new ArrayList<Integer>();ids.add(1);ids.add(3);ids.add(6);List<Blog> blogs = blogMapper.dynamicForeachTest(ids);for (Blog blog : blogs)System.out.println(blog);session.close();}2.单参数array数组的类型：<select id="dynamicForeach2Test" resultType="Blog">select * from t_blog where id in<foreach collection="array" index="index" item="item" open="(" separator="," close=")">#{item}</foreach></select>上述collection为array，对应的Mapper代码：public List<Blog> dynamicForeach2Test(int[] ids);对应的测试代码：@Testpublic void dynamicForeach2Test() {SqlSession session = Util.getSqlSessionFactory().openSession();BlogMapper blogMapper = session.getMapper(BlogMapper.class);int[] ids = new int[] {1,3,6,9};List<Blog> blogs = blogMapper.dynamicForeach2Test(ids);for (Blog blog : blogs)System.out.println(blog);session.close();}3.自己把参数封装成Map的类型<select id="dynamicForeach3Test" resultType="Blog">select * from t_blog where title like "%"#{title}"%" and id in<foreach collection="ids" index="index" item="item" open="(" separator="," close=")">#{item}</foreach></select>上述collection的值为ids，是传入的参数Map的key，对应的Mapper代码：public List<Blog> dynamicForeach3Test(Map<String, Object> params); 对应测试代码：@Testpublic void dynamicForeach3Test() {SqlSession session = Util.getSqlSessionFactory().openSession();BlogMapper blogMapper = session.getMapper(BlogMapper.class);final List<Integer> ids = new ArrayList<Integer>();ids.add(1);ids.add(2);ids.add(3);ids.add(6);ids.add(7);ids.add(9);Map<String, Object> params = new HashMap<String, Object>();params.put("ids", ids);params.put("title", "中国");List<Blog> blogs = blogMapper.dynamicForeach3Test(params);for (Blog blog : blogs)System.out.println(blog);session.close();}。

Product separator

专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
专利名称：Product separator 发明人：Robert A. Welsh,Albert W. Deurbrouck 申请号：US05/34 4 697 申请日：19730326 公开号：US0393324 9A 公开日：19760120
摘要：A secondary light sensitive photoelectric product separator for use with a primary product separator that concentrates a material so that it is visually distinguishable from adjacent materials. The concentrate separation is accomplished first by feeding the material onto a vibratory inclined surface with a liquid flow, such as a wet concentrating table. Vibrations generally perpendicular to the stream direction of flow cause the concentrate to separate from its mixture according to its color. When the concentrate and its surrounding stream reach the recovery end of the table, a detecting device notes the line of color demarcation and triggers a signal if it differs from a normal condition. If no difference is noted nothing moves on the second separator. However, if a difference is detected in the constant monitoring of the color line's location, a product splitter and recovery unit normally positioned near the color line at the recovery end, moves to a new position. In this manner the selected separated concentrate is recovered at a maximum rate regardless of variations in the flow stream or other conditions pr e s e nt .

mvr分离器原理

mvr分离器原理MVR分离器原理一、引言MVR分离器（Mechanical Vapor Recompression Separator）是一种常用于水蒸气与流体混合物分离的设备。

它利用机械蒸汽的再压缩作用，将混合物中的蒸气分离出来，从而实现液体与气体的分离和回收。

本文将详细介绍MVR分离器的工作原理及其应用。

二、工作原理1. 蒸汽再压缩MVR分离器利用机械蒸汽的再压缩原理实现分离。

首先，混合物进入MVR分离器，其中包含了水蒸气和待分离的液体。

在分离器内部，通过蒸汽喷射装置注入高速的蒸汽，蒸汽与混合物产生强烈的碰撞和混合作用。

在这个过程中，蒸汽中的热量传递给混合物，使其部分蒸发并形成蒸汽。

2. 筛板分离接下来，混合物进入筛板分离区域。

分离区域内设置有多层筛板，其目的是将蒸汽和液体迅速分离。

由于蒸汽比液体轻，所以蒸汽会向上升腾，而液体则会下沉。

在筛板的作用下，液体被阻挡在下方，而蒸汽则通过筛孔逸出。

通过多层筛板的作用，蒸汽和液体的分离效果得到进一步提高。

3. 液体回收分离后的液体被收集到分离器的底部，通过出口排出。

同时，在分离器顶部设置有蒸汽出口，将分离出的蒸汽回收利用。

这种再利用蒸汽的方式，既可以提高能源利用效率，又可以减少对外部蒸汽的需求，从而降低运行成本。

三、应用领域MVR分离器在许多工业领域中得到广泛应用。

1. 化工行业在化工生产中，常常需要对混合物进行分离和回收。

MVR分离器可以有效地将水蒸气与其他组分分离，从而实现纯净水和其他有用物质的回收利用。

同时，MVR分离器还可以用于有机废水处理，通过蒸汽再压缩，将有机物质从废水中分离出来，实现废水的净化和资源回收。

2. 食品行业在食品加工中，常常需要对液体和气体进行分离。

MVR分离器可以用于果汁、酒精、食用油等液体的分离和回收，提高产品纯度和质量，并减少对外部蒸汽的依赖。

3. 能源行业MVR分离器在能源行业中也有广泛的应用。

例如，在煤炭气化过程中，需要将产生的合成气中的水蒸气与其他组分分离，以提高气体质量和减少对外部蒸汽的需求。

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