最新英语语言学复习资料教程文件

最新英语语言学复习资料教程文件
英语语言学复习资料
注: 1.试题类型为选择题,填空题,语料分析题和问答题.
2.未标习题的章节为一般了解.
Chapter 1Language and Linguistics: An Overview
1.1 What is language?
1.2 Features of human languages
(i) Creativity (or productivity)
Productivity is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
_________ is the first and foremost striking feature of human language.
A. Duality
B. Arbitrariness
C. Creativity
D. Displacement
(ii) Duality
( ) Language contains two subsystems, one of speaking and the other of writing.
(iii) Arbitrariness
( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure r egarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.
(iv) Displacement
( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.
( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.
(v) Cultural transmission
(vi) Interchangeability
(vii) Reflexivity
1.3 Functions of language
(i) The ideational function
(ii) The interpersonal function
(iii) The textual function
Which of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated by
M.A.K. Halliday?
A.Ideational function
B. Interpersonal function
C．Textual function. D. Logical function
1.4 Types of language
( ) Chinese is an agglutinating language.
1.5 The myth of language: language origin
1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language
1.6.1 Linguistics as a science
1.6.2 Branches of linguistics
(i) Intra-disciplinary divisions
(ii) Inter-disciplinary divisions
1.6.3 Features of modern linguistics
Chapter 2 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds
2.1 The study of speech sounds
The study of speech sounds is called ________.
A. Phonetics
B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Phonology
D. Acoustic Phonetics
2.2 The sound-producing mechanism
2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation
2.3.2 Phonetic symbols
2.4 Description of English consonants
2.5 Description of English vowels
( ) Not all vowels are voiced.
2.6 Phonetic features and natural classes
I. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. (10%) Example: vowel front high [i:] 1．bilabial nasal
2．voiced labiovelar glide
3．literal liquid
4．voiced bilabial stop
5．front high lax
II. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it. (10%)
Example: heat [i:] vowel front high
1．write
2．actor
3．city
4．worry
1．yes
Chapter 3 Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns
3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns
( ) The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.
3.2 Phonemes and allophones
3.3 Discovering phonemes
3.3.1 Contrastive distribution
Sip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.
A. minimal pairs
B. minimal sets
C. allophones
D. phomes
3.3.2 Complimentary distribution
( ) The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.
Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop? (10%)
3.3.3 Free Variation
( ) If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.
3.3.4 The discovery procedure
3.4 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features
3.5 Phonological rules
3.6 Syllable structure
Every syllable has a(n) _______, which is usually a vowel.
A. onset
B. nucleus
C. coda
D. rhyme
3.7 Sequence of phonemes
3.8 Features above segments
3.8.1 Stress
3.8.2 Intonation
3.8.3 Tone
( ) Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.
Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features?
B.Stress B. Intonation
C. Tone
D. Syllable
3.8.4 The functioning of stress and intonation in English
I.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? (10%)
Column I Column II
a. a bluebird a blue bird
b. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeper
II.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. (10%)
1. Those who went there quickly made a fortune.
2. A woman murderer
Chapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure
4.1 Words and word structure
1.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.
A. Morphology
B. Syntax
C. Lexicon
D. Morpheme
4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language
4.3 Classification of morphemes
4.3.1 Free and bound morphemes
( ) In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only one morpheme.
In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.
A. one
B. two
C. three
D. four
4.3.2. Inflectional and derivational morphemes
4.4 Formation of English words
4.4.1 Derivation
4.4.2 Compounding
( ) The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds. ( ) A greenbottle is a type of bottle.
( ) Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.
4.4.3 Other types of English word formation
Tell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way. (10%)
a) flu
b) OPEC
c) Nobel
d)televise
e) better (v.)
_____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.
A. Clipping
B. Blending
C. Eponym
D. Conversion
Chapter 5 Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure
5.1 Grammaticality
5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure
5.3 Different approaches to syntax
5.4 Transformational-generative grammar
5.4.1 The goal of a TG grammar
5.4.2 Syntactic categories
5.4.3 Phrase structure rules
5.4.4 Tree diagrams
Draw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence. (10%)
Pat found a book on Wall Street.
5.4.5 Recursion and the infinitude of language
5.4.6 Subcategorization of the lexicon
5.4.7 Transformational rules
5.5 Systemic-functional grammar
5.5.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice
5.5.2 The three metafunctions
5.5.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experience
Material processes
Relational processes
Mental processes
Verbal processes
Behavioral processes
Existential processes
Identify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences. (10%)
1. John washed the car.
2. John likes the car.
5.5.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction
5.5.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization of message Chapter 6 Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning
6.1 The study of meaning
6.2 Reference and sense
6.2.1 Reference
6.2.2 Sense
6.3 Classification of lexical meanings
Both pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.
A. collocative
B. social
C. affective
D. reflected
6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning
6.3.2 Types of associative meaning
6.4 Lexical sense relations
6.4.1 Synonymy
6.4.2 Antonymy
6.4.3 Homonymy
6.4.4 Polysemy
6.4.5 Hyponymy
Explain the relation between bank1(the side of a river) and bank2(the financial institute). (5%)
6.5. Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis
6.6 Words and concepts
6.6.1 Categorization
6.6.2 Prototypes
6.6.3 Hierarchies
6.7 Semantic relations of sentences
Tell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.(15%)
a)My uncle is male.
b)The spinster is married.
c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.
d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.
e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.
6.8 Metaphors。