The methods of translation
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翻译的方法 The methods of translation
异化法（Foreignizing method） 归化法（Domesticating method）
直译/意译 vs 异化/归化 直译 意译 异化 归化
• 直译（literal translation） 就是在译文语言条件许可 时，在译文中既保持原文 的内容，又保持原文的形 式。 • 当原文的思想内容与译文 的表达形式有矛盾不宜采 取直译法处理时就应采取 意译（free translation） 法。意译要求译文能正确 表达原文的内容，但不拘 泥与原文的形式。 • 异化法（ foreignizing method ）就是要求译者向 作者靠拢，采取相应与作者 使用的原语（source language）表达方式来传达 原文内容。 • 归化法（domesticating method）要求译者向译语 (target language)读者靠拢， 采取译语读者习惯的译语表 达方式，来传达原文内容。
Examples
• They will be ice-skating in hell the day, when I vote the aid for them. • 要我投票赞成给他们援助，除非太阳从西边出来。 • （ice-skating in hell如译成“在地狱里滑冰”就很难为 中国读者所理解和接受。） • He was so fond of talking that his friends nicknamed him "magpie". • 他如此唠叨,同伴们给他起了个 "麻雀"的外号. • (英语中 "喜鹊" 喻义 "唠叨、饶舌", 但在汉语中 "喜鹊" 却象征着 "喜事、吉祥", 而 "麻雀" 表示 "唠叨、饶舌", 所以用归化法.)
Translation traps
• • • • • • • • • have the face 恬不知耻，厚脸皮（不是有面子） to pull somebody's leg 开玩笑（不是拖后腿） a big fish in a small pond 山中无老虎，猴子也称王。 （林中无鸟雀称王。不是 “小塘容不下大鱼”。） Lock the stable door when the horse has been stolen. 贼去关门。 （不宜译作"亡羊补牢"，其原意是"马盗锁厩 门，为时已太晚"。） • A miss is as good as a mile. • 错无大小， 其错一样。 • （不宜译作"失之毫厘，谬以千里"。）
Examples
• Who would have thought of Mr. White doing so well? And so many of his friends, too, that used to stay here? We were entertaining angels unawares. • 谁知道怀特先生干得那么出色？还有他那许多朋友，原 来都住在这儿的，谁知道呀？我们真是有眼无珠。 • It was, as Bill afterwards expressed it, "during a moment of temporary mental apparition", but we didn't find that out till later. • 恰如后来比尔说的那样，那阵子简直是“一时鬼迷心 窍”。不过，我们直到后来才明白了这个意思。 • （apparition在原文中是鬼魂或幽灵出现的意思。mental apparition直译是"心中有鬼"，这就很容易给人造成误解， 因此需要多少将原形象适当地转换一下。）
Examples
• I'd much rather see her once or twice and not do anything about it---what could I do about it anyway? She's a bit out of my class, don't you think? If I did try to do anything, I'd only get sent off with a flea in my ear. • 我宁愿见她一两面就算了──我还能干什么呢？你没看 到她和我不怎么相称吗？我要干点什么，也只会碰一鼻 子灰。 • (原文a flea in one's ear的字面意思是"耳朵上有个跳蚤"， 用来比喻"讥讽的话，刺耳的话"。send sb. off with a flea in one's ear意思是"用讥讽的话气走某人"，与汉语" 碰一鼻子灰"意思相近，但如译为"用讥讽话气走某人"， 则过于平淡，远不如"碰一鼻子灰"生动、俏皮。)
Examples
• I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as through it had been beaten with wires. • 我软得像一团棉花，脊背疼痛得好像被钢丝抽打过一样。 • (原文中limp as a dish rag，直译为"像洗碟布一样柔软"， 不如用汉语中常说的"软得像一团棉花"加以归化。) • Everybody said how well the new Secretary was doing, but old Mr. Carr said shortly, "Yes. New brooms sweep clean." • 人人都说新任秘书干得好，但卡尔老先生却简慢地说：" 新官上任三把火。“ • (原文new brooms sweep clean的字面意思是"新扫把扫 得干净"，比喻"新任职的人干得好"，和汉语中的"新官上 任三把火"异曲同工，貌离神合。)
• • • • • • • • • • Beauty lies in lover's eyes. 情人眼里出西施。情人眼里出美人。 Many heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。一人不及众人计。 Never offer to teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧。不要教鱼儿游泳。 Even a worm will turn. 狗急跳墙。逼人入绝境，绵羊也反抗。 Give a dog a bad (an ill) name and hang him. 欲加之罪，何患无辞。谗言可畏。（其本意是指"一旦给人 加个坏名声，他就很难洗刷掉了"。）
Examples
• • • • • • • • • • The best fish swim (are) near the bottom. 好鱼居水底--有价值的东西不能轻易得到。 If two ride on a horse, one must ride behind. 两人骑一匹马，总有一人坐在后面--两人参加的事只能一 人为主。 The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest. 隔墙的苹果最甜--这山看着那山高。 Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 宁为鸡首，不为牛后。 Some prefer turnips and others pears. 萝卜白菜，各有所爱。（比译为"有人喜欢萝卜， 有人喜 欢梨"更能为中国读者所理解和接受。 ）
• • • • • • • • • • 武装到牙齿（全副武装） 时间就是金钱。 （一寸光阴一寸金。） 掉鳄鱼眼泪（猫哭老鼠） ──假慈悲 公牛闯进瓷器店─肆意捣乱 玫瑰皆有刺。（ 乐中必有 苦。）（世上没有十全十美 的幸福。） 潮有涨落日。 （人有盛衰时。） 滚石不生苔。 （转业不聚财。）
Examples
Examples
• Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. • 到了桥边才过桥。不必担心太早。不必自寻烦恼。 • She didn’t like him much, but if she went out with him, it’d be one in the eye for Kath. • 她并不怎么喜欢他，可是如果她跟他一起出去玩，那倒可 以让凯丝心中感到不是滋味。 • To be one in the eye 原指击拳时眼上被击了一拳。 • Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. • 鲁丝一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。
Examples
• • • • • • • All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill. 有情人终成眷属。 He robs Peter to pay Paul. 拆东墙补西墙。 Diamonds cut Diamonds. 棋逢对手，将遇良才。 Pay on the spot and borrow a lot; pay slow and you'll get no dough. • 好借好还，再借不难。（这里 on the spot 指 without delay; at once.立刻，不耽搁）
Examples
• Don't cast out the foul water till you bring in the clean. • 清水未来，莫泼脏水。/新的不来，旧的莫丢。 • Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves. • （金钱）积少自然成多。/小事谨慎，大事自成。 • One swallow does not make a summer. • 一燕不成夏。/轻率推论必成大错。/一关渡过并非万事 大吉。 • Still water runs deep. • 静水流深。/外表淡漠然而内心深情。/沉默者深谋。
Examples
• • • • • to be armed to the teeth Time is money. to shed crocodile tears a bull in a china shop There is no rose without a thorn. • Every flow has its ebb. • A rolling stone gathers no moss.
More Examples
• • • • • • • • • • • break the earth wash off one‘s hands laugh off one's head as timid as a hare at a stone's throw wet like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hen's nest as lean as a rail clean hand • • • • • • • • • • • 破土动工 洗手不干 笑掉了牙 胆小如鼠 一箭之遥 湿如落汤鸡 蠢得像猪 犟得像牛 缘木求鱼 骨瘦如柴ce the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson. • 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。 • One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. • 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没 水吃。 • Among the blind the one-eyed man is King. • 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 • Last night I heard him driving his pig to market. • 昨夜我听到他鼾声如雷。
Examples
• • • • • • • • as red as rose as clear as daylight talk horse drink like a fish turn back the clock lead a dog's life cry up wine and sell vinegar kill the goose that lays the golden eggs • to trim the sail to the wind • Too many cooks spoil the broth. • Blood is thicker than water. • • • • • • • • • • • 艳如桃李 一清二楚 吹牛 牛饮 开倒车 过着穷困潦倒的生活 挂羊头，卖狗肉 杀鸡取卵 看风使舵 厨子多了煮坏汤。 血浓于水
translation异化法foreignizingmethod归化法domesticatingmethod直译literaltranslation就是在译文语言条件许可时在译文中既保持原文的内容又保持原文的形当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采取直译法处理时就应采取意译freetranslation法
异化法（Foreignizing method） 归化法（Domesticating method）
直译/意译 vs 异化/归化 直译 意译 异化 归化
• 直译（literal translation） 就是在译文语言条件许可 时，在译文中既保持原文 的内容，又保持原文的形 式。 • 当原文的思想内容与译文 的表达形式有矛盾不宜采 取直译法处理时就应采取 意译（free translation） 法。意译要求译文能正确 表达原文的内容，但不拘 泥与原文的形式。 • 异化法（ foreignizing method ）就是要求译者向 作者靠拢，采取相应与作者 使用的原语（source language）表达方式来传达 原文内容。 • 归化法（domesticating method）要求译者向译语 (target language)读者靠拢， 采取译语读者习惯的译语表 达方式，来传达原文内容。
Examples
• They will be ice-skating in hell the day, when I vote the aid for them. • 要我投票赞成给他们援助，除非太阳从西边出来。 • （ice-skating in hell如译成“在地狱里滑冰”就很难为 中国读者所理解和接受。） • He was so fond of talking that his friends nicknamed him "magpie". • 他如此唠叨,同伴们给他起了个 "麻雀"的外号. • (英语中 "喜鹊" 喻义 "唠叨、饶舌", 但在汉语中 "喜鹊" 却象征着 "喜事、吉祥", 而 "麻雀" 表示 "唠叨、饶舌", 所以用归化法.)
Translation traps
• • • • • • • • • have the face 恬不知耻，厚脸皮（不是有面子） to pull somebody's leg 开玩笑（不是拖后腿） a big fish in a small pond 山中无老虎，猴子也称王。 （林中无鸟雀称王。不是 “小塘容不下大鱼”。） Lock the stable door when the horse has been stolen. 贼去关门。 （不宜译作"亡羊补牢"，其原意是"马盗锁厩 门，为时已太晚"。） • A miss is as good as a mile. • 错无大小， 其错一样。 • （不宜译作"失之毫厘，谬以千里"。）
Examples
• Who would have thought of Mr. White doing so well? And so many of his friends, too, that used to stay here? We were entertaining angels unawares. • 谁知道怀特先生干得那么出色？还有他那许多朋友，原 来都住在这儿的，谁知道呀？我们真是有眼无珠。 • It was, as Bill afterwards expressed it, "during a moment of temporary mental apparition", but we didn't find that out till later. • 恰如后来比尔说的那样，那阵子简直是“一时鬼迷心 窍”。不过，我们直到后来才明白了这个意思。 • （apparition在原文中是鬼魂或幽灵出现的意思。mental apparition直译是"心中有鬼"，这就很容易给人造成误解， 因此需要多少将原形象适当地转换一下。）
Examples
• I'd much rather see her once or twice and not do anything about it---what could I do about it anyway? She's a bit out of my class, don't you think? If I did try to do anything, I'd only get sent off with a flea in my ear. • 我宁愿见她一两面就算了──我还能干什么呢？你没看 到她和我不怎么相称吗？我要干点什么，也只会碰一鼻 子灰。 • (原文a flea in one's ear的字面意思是"耳朵上有个跳蚤"， 用来比喻"讥讽的话，刺耳的话"。send sb. off with a flea in one's ear意思是"用讥讽的话气走某人"，与汉语" 碰一鼻子灰"意思相近，但如译为"用讥讽话气走某人"， 则过于平淡，远不如"碰一鼻子灰"生动、俏皮。)
Examples
• I was limp as a dish rag. My back felt as through it had been beaten with wires. • 我软得像一团棉花，脊背疼痛得好像被钢丝抽打过一样。 • (原文中limp as a dish rag，直译为"像洗碟布一样柔软"， 不如用汉语中常说的"软得像一团棉花"加以归化。) • Everybody said how well the new Secretary was doing, but old Mr. Carr said shortly, "Yes. New brooms sweep clean." • 人人都说新任秘书干得好，但卡尔老先生却简慢地说：" 新官上任三把火。“ • (原文new brooms sweep clean的字面意思是"新扫把扫 得干净"，比喻"新任职的人干得好"，和汉语中的"新官上 任三把火"异曲同工，貌离神合。)
• • • • • • • • • • Beauty lies in lover's eyes. 情人眼里出西施。情人眼里出美人。 Many heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。一人不及众人计。 Never offer to teach fish to swim. 不要班门弄斧。不要教鱼儿游泳。 Even a worm will turn. 狗急跳墙。逼人入绝境，绵羊也反抗。 Give a dog a bad (an ill) name and hang him. 欲加之罪，何患无辞。谗言可畏。（其本意是指"一旦给人 加个坏名声，他就很难洗刷掉了"。）
Examples
• • • • • • • • • • The best fish swim (are) near the bottom. 好鱼居水底--有价值的东西不能轻易得到。 If two ride on a horse, one must ride behind. 两人骑一匹马，总有一人坐在后面--两人参加的事只能一 人为主。 The apples on the other side of the wall are the sweetest. 隔墙的苹果最甜--这山看着那山高。 Better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion. 宁为鸡首，不为牛后。 Some prefer turnips and others pears. 萝卜白菜，各有所爱。（比译为"有人喜欢萝卜， 有人喜 欢梨"更能为中国读者所理解和接受。 ）
• • • • • • • • • • 武装到牙齿（全副武装） 时间就是金钱。 （一寸光阴一寸金。） 掉鳄鱼眼泪（猫哭老鼠） ──假慈悲 公牛闯进瓷器店─肆意捣乱 玫瑰皆有刺。（ 乐中必有 苦。）（世上没有十全十美 的幸福。） 潮有涨落日。 （人有盛衰时。） 滚石不生苔。 （转业不聚财。）
Examples
Examples
• Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it. • 到了桥边才过桥。不必担心太早。不必自寻烦恼。 • She didn’t like him much, but if she went out with him, it’d be one in the eye for Kath. • 她并不怎么喜欢他，可是如果她跟他一起出去玩，那倒可 以让凯丝心中感到不是滋味。 • To be one in the eye 原指击拳时眼上被击了一拳。 • Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door. • 鲁丝一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。
Examples
• • • • • • • All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill. 有情人终成眷属。 He robs Peter to pay Paul. 拆东墙补西墙。 Diamonds cut Diamonds. 棋逢对手，将遇良才。 Pay on the spot and borrow a lot; pay slow and you'll get no dough. • 好借好还，再借不难。（这里 on the spot 指 without delay; at once.立刻，不耽搁）
Examples
• Don't cast out the foul water till you bring in the clean. • 清水未来，莫泼脏水。/新的不来，旧的莫丢。 • Take care of the pence, and the pounds will take care of themselves. • （金钱）积少自然成多。/小事谨慎，大事自成。 • One swallow does not make a summer. • 一燕不成夏。/轻率推论必成大错。/一关渡过并非万事 大吉。 • Still water runs deep. • 静水流深。/外表淡漠然而内心深情。/沉默者深谋。
Examples
• • • • • to be armed to the teeth Time is money. to shed crocodile tears a bull in a china shop There is no rose without a thorn. • Every flow has its ebb. • A rolling stone gathers no moss.
More Examples
• • • • • • • • • • • break the earth wash off one‘s hands laugh off one's head as timid as a hare at a stone's throw wet like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hen's nest as lean as a rail clean hand • • • • • • • • • • • 破土动工 洗手不干 笑掉了牙 胆小如鼠 一箭之遥 湿如落汤鸡 蠢得像猪 犟得像牛 缘木求鱼 骨瘦如柴ce the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson. • 嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。 • One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy. • 一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没 水吃。 • Among the blind the one-eyed man is King. • 山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。 • Last night I heard him driving his pig to market. • 昨夜我听到他鼾声如雷。
Examples
• • • • • • • • as red as rose as clear as daylight talk horse drink like a fish turn back the clock lead a dog's life cry up wine and sell vinegar kill the goose that lays the golden eggs • to trim the sail to the wind • Too many cooks spoil the broth. • Blood is thicker than water. • • • • • • • • • • • 艳如桃李 一清二楚 吹牛 牛饮 开倒车 过着穷困潦倒的生活 挂羊头，卖狗肉 杀鸡取卵 看风使舵 厨子多了煮坏汤。 血浓于水
translation异化法foreignizingmethod归化法domesticatingmethod直译literaltranslation就是在译文语言条件许可时在译文中既保持原文的内容又保持原文的形当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采取直译法处理时就应采取意译freetranslation法