Ceramics properties and applications

合集下载

碳陶复合材料英文专著

碳陶复合材料英文专著Carbon-Ceramic Composite MaterialsIntroduction:Carbon-ceramic composite materials are a class of advanced materials that exhibit exceptional mechanical properties, high thermal stability, and excellent electrical conductivity. These materials are widely used in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, electronics, and healthcare, due to their unique combination of properties. This book aims to provide a comprehensive overview of carbon-ceramic composite materials, including their synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications.Chapter 1: Introduction to Carbon-Ceramic Composite Materials - Historical background and development of carbon-ceramic composites- Importance and advantages of carbon-ceramic composites- Different types of carbon-ceramic compositesChapter 2: Synthesis Methods- Fabrication techniques for carbon-ceramic composites- Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process- Polymer-derived ceramics (PDCs) route- Pyrolysis and carbonization methods- Additive manufacturing techniques for carbon-ceramic compositesChapter 3: Characterization Techniques- Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)- X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy for phase identification and crystal structure analysis- Thermal analysis techniques, such as thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)- Mechanical testing methods, including tensile, compressive, and flexural strength testsChapter 4: Properties of Carbon-Ceramic Composites- Mechanical properties, such as hardness, toughness, and elastic modulus- Thermal properties, including thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion- Electrical conductivity and electromagnetic properties- Chemical resistance and corrosion behavior- Wear and friction propertiesChapter 5: Applications of Carbon-Ceramic Composites- Aerospace applications, such as aircraft brakes and thermal protection systems- Automotive applications, including brake discs and clutch plates - Electronics and semiconductor industry applications- Biomedical applications, like orthopedic implants and dental prosthetics- Energy storage and conversion applications, such as fuel cells and batteriesChapter 6: Future Perspectives and Challenges- Emerging trends and future developments in carbon-ceramic composites- Challenges and limitations in the synthesis and processing of these materials- Environmental and sustainability considerations- Potential applications in emerging fields, such as renewable energy and 3D printingConclusion:Carbon-ceramic composites are a fascinating class of materials that possess a wide range of exceptional properties. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications of carbon-ceramic composites, aiming to serve as a valuable reference for researchers, engineers, and students in the field. With increasing interest and advancements in this area, carbon-ceramic composites are expected to find even more extensive applications in the future, contributing to technological advancements in various industries.。

材料科学与工程专业英语Unit2ClassificationofMaterials译文

Unit 2 Classification of MaterialsSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials —composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文：译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。

固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。

这个分类是首先基于这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。

尽管有许多中间品。

除此之外，此之外，有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。

有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。

Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。

陶瓷的介绍英语作文

陶瓷的介绍英语作文英文回答：Ceramics, which are composed of inorganic, non-metallic materials, encompass a wide range of substances withdistinct properties and applications. These materials are typically manufactured through a process of shaping, heating, and cooling, resulting in a solid, durable end product.Porcelain, one of the most popular types of ceramics,is known for its whiteness, translucency, and high strength. It is often used in the production of dinnerware, tiles,and laboratory equipment. Another prominent ceramic, stoneware, is characterized by its durability, resistanceto chemicals, and low porosity. As such, it is commonly utilized in the creation of cookware, pipes, andarchitectural elements.In addition to these well-known varieties, there arenumerous other types of ceramics with specialized properties. For instance, technical ceramics possess exceptional electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, making them ideal for use in electronic devices, cutting tools, and high-performance components. Piezoelectric ceramics, on the other hand, are capable of converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, and vice versa. This unique property has led to their widespreadapplication in sensors, actuators, and medical equipment.The versatility of ceramics stems from the ability to modify their composition and microstructure. By altering the proportions of different elements and additives, it is possible to tailor ceramics to meet specific performance requirements. Moreover, advanced manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing and powder injection molding, have further expanded the possibilities for creating complex and customized ceramic components.Today, ceramics play a critical role in countless industries and applications. Their unique properties make them essential for a variety of purposes, ranging fromeveryday consumer products to cutting-edge scientific and technological advancements.中文回答：陶瓷是由无机非金属材料组成的一类物质，具有不同的特性和应用。

journal of advanced ceramics字数要求

journal of advanced ceramics字数要求Journal of Advanced Ceramics: Advancements in Ceramic Materials and ApplicationsIntroduction:The Journal of Advanced Ceramics is a prestigious publication that focuses on the latest advancements in ceramic materials and their applications. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the key topics covered in the journal, highlighting the significant contributions made by researchers in the field of advanced ceramics.I. Ceramic Material Development:1.1 Composition Design:- Researchers focus on developing novel ceramic compositions by manipulating the chemical composition of materials.- The composition design aims to enhance specific properties such as mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity.1.2 Microstructure Engineering:- Microstructure engineering involves controlling the arrangement of atoms and grains within ceramic materials.- This technique enables researchers to tailor the material's properties, such as porosity, grain size, and phase distribution.1.3 Synthesis Techniques:- Various synthesis techniques, including sol-gel, solid-state reaction, and chemical vapor deposition, are explored to fabricate advanced ceramic materials.- Researchers optimize these techniques to achieve high purity, uniformity, and desired microstructures.II. Characterization and Evaluation:2.1 Structural Analysis:- Advanced characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy are used to analyze the crystal structure and morphology of ceramic materials.- These analyses provide insights into the material's properties, defects, and interfaces.2.2 Mechanical Properties:- Researchers investigate the mechanical behavior of ceramics, including their strength, toughness, and fracture resistance.- Mechanical testing methods, such as indentation, compression, and flexural tests, are employed to evaluate these properties.2.3 Thermal and Electrical Properties:- The thermal and electrical properties of ceramics are crucial for their applications in various industries.- Researchers study the thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, electrical resistivity, and dielectric properties of ceramic materials.III. Applications of Advanced Ceramics:3.1 Electronics and Optoelectronics:- Advanced ceramics find extensive applications in electronic devices, such as semiconductors, capacitors, and sensors.- Their excellent electrical and optical properties make them ideal for optoelectronic components like LEDs, lasers, and photovoltaic devices.3.2 Energy and Environment:- Ceramic materials play a vital role in energy storage and conversion systems, such as fuel cells, batteries, and photovoltaic cells.- Their chemical stability and high-temperature resistance make them suitable for environmental applications like catalysis and gas sensing.3.3 Biomedical and Healthcare:- Advanced ceramics are widely used in biomedical implants, dental applications, and drug delivery systems.- Their biocompatibility, wear resistance, and ability to mimic bone structure make them ideal for these applications.IV. Emerging Trends and Future Directions:4.1 Nanoceramics:- Nanotechnology has opened new avenues for the development of nanoceramic materials with enhanced properties.- Researchers explore the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanoceramics in various fields.4.2 Advanced Processing Techniques:- Advanced processing techniques, such as additive manufacturing and spark plasma sintering, are revolutionizing the fabrication of ceramic components.- These techniques enable the production of complex shapes, improved mechanical properties, and reduced processing time.4.3 Multifunctional Ceramics:- Researchers are focusing on developing multifunctional ceramics that possess multiple properties, such as electrical, thermal, and mechanical functionalities.- These materials have the potential to revolutionize various industries, including electronics, energy, and healthcare.Conclusion:In conclusion, the Journal of Advanced Ceramics covers a wide range of topics related to ceramic materials and their applications. From composition design and microstructure engineering to characterization techniques and emerging trends, the journal provides valuable insights into the advancements made in this field. The applications of advanced ceramics in electronics, energy, and healthcare highlight their immense potential for technological advancements. The continuous research and development in the field of advanced ceramics promise a future with even more innovative and functional ceramic materials.。

ceramics international under review

ceramics international under review Ceramics International: A Comprehensive ReviewIntroduction:Ceramics International is a scholarly journal that provides a platform for the publication of research articles and reviews related to the field of ceramics. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the importance and impact of Ceramics International as well as its publication process. We will delve into the significance of this journal in advancing the knowledge and understanding of ceramics, and explore the step-by-step process for submitting and reviewing articles.Background:Ceramics International is a globally recognized journal that covers various aspects of ceramics, including processing, characterizations, properties, and applications. It serves as a vital avenue for researchers, scientists, and engineers to disseminate their findings and contribute to the advancement of ceramic materials. The journal publishes a diverse range of articles, including originalresearch papers, review articles, editorials, and perspectives, making it a valuable resource for anyone involved in the field.Importance of Ceramics International:As a discipline, ceramics play a crucial role in various industries, ranging from electronics and energy to aerospace and automotive. Advancements in ceramics have the potential to revolutionize these sectors, leading to improved efficiency, enhanced materials, and sustainable solutions. Ceramics International serves as a platform to share breakthrough discoveries, innovative technologies, and novel applications within this realm.The significance of this journal lies in its ability to connect researchers from different corners of the world, fostering collaborations, and facilitating knowledge transfer. By promoting high-quality research, Ceramics International contributes to the development of new materials, manufacturing processes, and design concepts. Furthermore, this journal acts as a repository for academic knowledge, allowing future generations to benefit from the work of their predecessors.Publication Process:Submitting an Article:The publication process of Ceramics International follows awell-defined set of procedures. The first step involves the submission of an article through the journal's online submission system. Authors are required to adhere to the guidelines provided by the journal, including formatting, word count, and file types. The submission should also include an abstract, keywords, and appropriate citations to relevant literature.Review Process:Once an article is submitted, it goes through a rigorous peer-review process. The journal employs a double-blind review system, where both the author and the reviewers remain anonymous to each other. This ensures impartiality and fairness in evaluating the quality of the work. The review process typically involves multiple rounds, where reviewers provide constructive feedback and suggestions for improvement. This iterative process allows authors to refine their work and enhance the clarity and validity of theirfindings.Revision and Final Acceptance:Based on the reviewers' comments, authors are required to revise their manuscript, addressing the recommendations and concerns raised. The revised article is then re-submitted for further evaluation. If the reviewers and the editorial board are satisfied with the revisions, they may recommend the article for publication.Conclusion:Ceramics International plays a pivotal role in the advancement of ceramics by providing a platform for researchers to publish their work and share their findings with the scientific community. Its significance lies in its ability to foster collaboration, disseminate knowledge, and contribute to the progress of ceramic materials. The publication process ensures the quality and validity of the published articles, providing readers with invaluable insights and contributing to the growth of the field. Aspiring researchers andscientists in the ceramics domain should consider Ceramics International as a prominent venue for sharing their valuable contributions.。

The Properties of Ceramic Materials

The Properties of Ceramic MaterialsCeramic materials are a diverse group of materials with varying properties and applications. They can be found in a range of everyday objects, from coffee mugs to brake pads. Ceramic materials are known for their hardness, strength, and durability, but they also have other unique properties that make them valuable in a variety of applications.Firstly, ceramic materials are excellent at withstanding high temperatures. This makes them ideal for use in applications where heat resistance is critical, such as in furnaces or jet engines. This high-temperature resistance is due to the fact that ceramic materials do not conduct heat as well as metals, which means that they can absorb and release high amounts of heat without breaking down.Secondly, ceramics are very hard materials. This property makes them well-suitedfor applications where abrasion resistance is needed, such as in cutting tools or machine parts. Ceramics are also used as the abrasive material in sandpaper and grinding wheels, due to their ability to rapidly remove material from a workpiece.Another important property of ceramic materials is their low coefficient of thermal expansion. This means that they do not expand or contract as much as other materials when exposed to changes in temperature. This makes ceramics ideal for use in electronics, where precise dimensions and stability are necessary. It also means that ceramic materials can be used in environments that experience large temperature swings, such as space probes or missile re-entry shields.Ceramic materials also have high compressive strength, which makes them great load-bearing materials. This property is utilized in applications such as ball bearings and dental implants to withstand the forces present during use. Additionally, ceramics have low thermal conductivity, meaning that they do not transfer heat easily. This property allows ceramics to insulate electrical components and keep them cool.Finally, ceramics are inherently resistant to chemical corrosion and oxidation. This makes them an ideal material for use in harsh chemical environments, such as in chemical processing plants. Ceramic materials are also biocompatible, meaning that they can be used in medical applications such as dental implants and bone replacements without triggering an immune response.Despite their many unique properties, ceramic materials do have some disadvantages. They are brittle and can crack or break easily, especially when subjected to sudden changes in temperature or impact. Additionally, ceramic materials can be difficult and expensive to manufacture, with many requiring high-temperature firing in kilns.In conclusion, ceramic materials are a valuable group of materials with unique properties that make them ideal for a wide range of applications. Their heat resistance, hardness, low thermal expansion, compressive strength, thermal insulation, and chemical resistance make them ideal for use in a range of everyday products and specialized applications. While they do have some disadvantages, ceramic materials have proven to be vital materials for modern engineering and technology.。

1蒂普拓普清扫器介绍

Rema Clean 2007
18/57
REMACLEAN KWA 蒂普拓普清扫KWA产品概览
Product 产品
Hardness (Shore A) 硬度
Abrasion (mm³)耐磨系数
Dimension available 适用尺寸
REMACLEAN KWA highly abrasion – resistant高耐磨型
Rema Clean 2007
Type and quality of the material to be conveyed 运送物料的类型和品质 Moisture content (dry - humid - wet - muddy) 含水量（干燥－湿润－潮湿－泥泞） Grain size 粒径 Stickiness of material 物料粘性 Temperature (ambient, material) 温度（环境，物料）
Production of chipboard 纸板产品
• Power stations电厂
Transporting coal and slag 运输煤和炉渣
Rema Clean 2007
10/57
Field of applications 蒂普拓普清扫系统的应用领域
• Waste incineration plants垃圾焚烧厂 Transporting waste products 运输垃圾产品
7/57
effective belt cleaning is useful
有效的输送带清扫是最重要的
Example举例: conveyor belt width带宽 Speed带速 Thickness of the caking on the belt 输送带结块厚度

Unit 4 Applications and Processing of Ceramics

The begin- and endtransformation curves on this plot have the same general shape as those for an iron– carbon alloy of eutectoid composition. Also included are two continuous cooling curves, which are labeled ―1‖ and ―2‖; the cooling rate represented by curve 2 is much greater than that for curve 1.
• Most of the clay-based products fall within two broad classifications: the structural clay products (建筑粘土制品) and the whitewares (白色陶瓷). Structural clay products include building bricks, tiles, and sewer pipes— applications in which structural integrity is important. The whiteware ceramics become white after the hightemperature firing. Included in this group are porcelain, pottery, tableware, china, and plumbing fixtures (管子附件) (sanitary ware). In addition to clay, many of these products also contain nonplastic ingredients, which influence the changes that take place during the drying and firing processes, and the characteristics of the finished piece.

陶瓷3d打印材料英语

陶瓷3d打印材料英语3D printing with ceramics has gained significant attention in recent years due to the unique properties and applications of ceramic materials. The process of 3D printing with ceramics involves using ceramic powders that are bound together with a binder material, and then sintered to create a solid, ceramic object.The most commonly used ceramic materials for 3Dprinting include alumina, zirconia, and silicon carbide. These materials are known for their high temperature resistance, excellent mechanical properties, and biocompatibility, making them suitable for a wide range of applications including aerospace components, medical implants, and high-performance engineering parts.The 3D printing process for ceramics typically involves layer-by-layer deposition of the ceramic powder, followed by the application of a binding agent to selectively bond the powder particles together. After the printing processis complete, the green part is then sintered at high temperatures to remove the binder and densify the ceramic material, resulting in a fully dense and functional ceramic component.In addition to traditional ceramic materials, there are also ongoing developments in the field of 3D printing with advanced ceramics such as silicon nitride and aluminum nitride, which offer enhanced thermal and electrical properties. These advanced ceramics are being explored for applications in electronics, thermal management, and advanced structural components.Overall, 3D printing with ceramics offers the potential for creating complex geometries and customized ceramic components that are difficult or impossible to achieve using traditional manufacturing methods. As the technology continues to advance, we can expect to see further innovations and applications of ceramic 3D printing in various industries.。

关于陶器的英语作文

关于陶器的英语作文## The Art of Ceramics ##。

Ceramics, the art of creating objects from clay andother inorganic, non-metallic materials, has a rich history that spans centuries, cultures, and continents. Fromancient pottery to modern masterpieces, ceramics haveplayed a vital role in human societies, serving both functional and aesthetic purposes.History and Origins.The earliest evidence of ceramics dates back to the Neolithic period, around 6000 BCE. In ancient civilizations, such as Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China, people began experimenting with clay to create vessels for storage, cooking, and ritual purposes. These early ceramics wereoften simple in form and decorated with geometric patternsor animal motifs.Over time, ceramics evolved into a highly refined art form. In China, the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE) witnessed the production of exquisite porcelain wares that were prizedfor their translucency, delicate forms, and blue-and-white glaze. In Europe, the Renaissance period (14th-17th centuries) saw the emergence of majolica and delftware, characterized by their colorful glazes and intricate designs.Types of Ceramics.There are many types of ceramics, each with its own unique properties and characteristics:Pottery: Made from earthenware clay, pottery is the most common type of ceramic. It is characterized by its porous, opaque body and is typically fired at relativelylow temperatures.Stoneware: A more durable and less porous than pottery, stoneware is made from clay that contains a higher percentage of silica. It is fired at higher temperatures,resulting in a dense, vitreous body.Porcelain: The finest type of ceramic, porcelain is made from a special type of clay called kaolin. It is renowned for its translucency, whiteness, and resistance to heat.Techniques and Processes.The creation of ceramics involves a variety of techniques and processes:Throwing: Using a potter's wheel, a potter shapes clay into a vessel by rotating it and applying pressure.Handbuilding: Ceramics can also be created by hand using techniques such as pinching, coiling, and sculpting.Glazing: To create a waterproof and decorative surface, ceramics are coated with a mixture of minerals and other ingredients that is then fired.Firing: The final step in the ceramic process involves firing, which hardens the clay and fuses the glaze. Ceramics are typically fired in kilns at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1300 degrees Celsius.Uses and Applications.Ceramics have a wide range of uses and applications:Functional: Ceramics are used to create a variety of functional objects, including dishes, bowls, mugs, vases, and tiles.Artistic: Ceramics have also been used to create beautiful works of art, such as sculptures, decorative pieces, and architectural elements.Industrial: Ceramics are used in a variety of industrial applications, such as spark plugs, insulators, and heat-resistant materials.Conclusion.Ceramics have played a significant role in human societies throughout history, serving both functional and aesthetic purposes. From humble beginnings as utilitarian objects, ceramics have evolved into a highly refined art form that continues to inspire and captivate. The diversity of techniques, materials, and applications makes ceramics a versatile and enduring medium that will continue to enrich our lives for centuries to come.### 中文回答， ###。

陶瓷介绍英语作文100

陶瓷介绍英语作文100英文回答：Ceramics, a versatile and diverse material, have played a significant role throughout human history, serving both functional and aesthetic purposes.Origins and Composition:Ceramics are solid, inorganic, and non-metallic materials made primarily from clay minerals, such as kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite. These minerals, when combined with water and shaped, undergo a transformation through a process called firing, resultingin the formation of a durable and heat-resistant structure.Types of Ceramics:The wide range of ceramic materials is classified based on their composition, firing temperature, and intended use.Some common types include:Earthenware: Fired at low temperatures, porous and absorbent, often used for pottery, tiles, and bricks.Stoneware: Fired at higher temperatures, denser andless porous, suitable for cookware, dinnerware, andsanitary ware.Porcelain: Fired at the highest temperatures, vitreous, non-porous, and highly durable, valued for fine tableware and decorative pieces.Advanced Ceramics: Special formulations with unique properties, such as electrical insulators, thermal barriers, and optical components.Properties and Applications:Ceramics possess exceptional properties that make them suitable for a myriad of applications:Strength and Durability: Their strong atomic bonds and rigid molecular structure provide resistance to mechanical damage, wear, and high temperatures.Chemical Inertness: They are non-reactive with most chemicals, making them ideal for use in corrosive environments and as chemical containers.Electrical and Thermal Insulators: Their low electrical and thermal conductivity enables them to block heat and electricity, making them valuable in electrical components and thermal insulation.Biocompatibility: Certain ceramics, such as zirconia and alumina, are biocompatible and can be used in medical implants and dental restorations.Cultural and Artistic Significance:Beyond their practical uses, ceramics have a rich cultural and artistic legacy:Pottery: The art of shaping clay into functional and decorative objects dates back to ancient civilizations and continues to be a thriving craft today.Ceramics in Art: From intricate sculptures to ceramic paintings, ceramics have been used extensively in artistic expression, showcasing their versatility and beauty.Archaeological Insights: Ceramic artifacts provide valuable insights into past societies, revealing their technological advancements, cultural practices, and aesthetic preferences.Environmental Considerations:Sustainability is increasingly important in ceramic production. Efforts are made to reduce energy consumption, minimize waste, and incorporate eco-friendly materials:Recyclability: Some ceramics, such as tiles, bricks, and pottery, can be recycled and repurposed.Non-toxic Materials: Ceramic glazes and pigments are now formulated to be free of harmful substances, reducing environmental impact.Sustainable Manufacturing: Innovations in manufacturing processes aim to reduce emissions, conserve water, and promote responsible disposal of waste.Conclusion:Ceramics, with their remarkable properties and versatility, have played a pivotal role in human civilization. From ancient pottery to modern advanced materials, they continue to inspire innovation, fulfill functional needs, and enrich our lives through theirartistic expression.中文回答：陶瓷简介。

陶瓷简单介绍英文带翻译

陶瓷的性质
陶瓷以其优异的机械性能而闻名，包括高硬度、强度和刚性。这些材料还能抵抗高温、腐蚀和磨损，使它们在恶劣环境中得到应用。此外，陶瓷具有低热导率和电导率，这使它们在广泛的电气和热绝缘应用中非常有价值。此外，一些陶瓷是半透明的，能够透过光线，这使它们非常适合装饰和艺术应用。
陶瓷的用途
陶瓷产品在各行各业都有广泛的用途。在建筑领域，陶瓷通常用于瓷砖、砖块和卫生洁具，因为它们耐用且抗潮。在电子行业，陶瓷用于制造电子元件，如绝缘体、电容器和电阻器。先进的陶瓷材料也应用于医疗领域，如牙种植和假肢，因为它们具有生物相容性和耐用性。在航空航天和汽车应用中，陶瓷以其耐高温和轻质的特性而得到应用。最后，在艺术和设计行业，陶瓷在制作陶器、雕塑和装饰品方面非常受欢迎。
Composition of Ceramics
Ceramics are typically made from inorganic compounds that are shaped and then hardened through the application of heat. The most common components of ceramic materials include clay, silica, alumina, and feldspar. These raw materials are mixed together and then shaped into the desired form, such as a bowl or vase. After shaping, the ceramics are fired in a kiln at high temperatures, which causes the atoms in the material to rearrange and form a strong, durable structure.

陶瓷的优作文英语带翻译

Ceramic's versatility extends beyond its use in traditional crafts and artwork. In recent years, ceramic has gained recognition for its potential in technological and industrial applications. Advanced ceramics, such as alumina and zirconia, exhibit exceptional mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, making them suitable for use in high-tech industries, including aerospace, automotive, and electronics. These materials have revolutionized the manufacturing of cutting tools, electronic components, and thermal barrier coatings, contributing to advancements in various fields.
陶瓷是人类所知的最古老和最多才多艺的材料之一。它的用途从实用物品到精美的艺术作品，对人类社会有着重要作用已经数千年。在本文中，我们将探讨陶瓷的优势，研究其在不同领域的各种性能和应用。
陶瓷的化学和物理性质使它成为广泛应用的理想选择。它是一种非金属、无机材料，通常由黏土和其他天然材料制成。其关键性质之一是其硬度和耐久性，使其成为生产餐具、瓷砖和卫生洁具的理想材料。与许多其他材料不同，陶瓷对热、湿和腐蚀具有抗性，并且在很长一段时间内能够保持其外观和结构完整性。

工程材料英语

工程材料英语Engineering materials are essential components in the construction and manufacturing industries. They play a crucial role in determining the performance, durability, and safety of various structures and products. In this article, we will explore the different types of engineering materials, their properties, and applications.Metals are one of the most common types of engineering materials. They are known for their high strength, ductility, and conductivity. Some examples of metals include steel, aluminum, and copper. Steel is widely used in the construction of buildings, bridges, and machinery due to its excellent strength and durability. Aluminum is lightweight and corrosion-resistant, making it ideal for aerospace and automotive applications. Copper is a good conductor of electricity and is commonly used in electrical wiring and plumbing.Polymers are another important category of engineering materials. They are lightweight, flexible, and have excellent chemical resistance. Some common polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Polyethylene is used in packaging, pipes, and medical devices due to its low cost and good chemical resistance. Polypropylene is a versatile polymer that is used in automotive parts, appliances, and textiles. PVC is a durable and cost-effective material used in construction, healthcare, and consumer goods.Ceramics are inorganic, non-metallic materials that are known for their high hardness, heat resistance, and electrical insulation properties. Examples of ceramics include porcelain, alumina, and silicon carbide. Porcelain is commonly used in kitchenware and electrical insulators due to its high heat resistance and electrical insulation properties. Alumina is a tough and wear-resistant material used in cutting tools, bearings, and armor plates. Silicon carbide is a high-performance ceramic used in abrasive tools, refractory materials, and semiconductor devices.Composites are materials made from two or more constituent materials with different properties. They are designed to combine the strengths of each material while minimizing their weaknesses. Some common types of composites include fiberglass, carbon fiber,and reinforced concrete. Fiberglass is a lightweight and strong material used in boats, aircraft, and sports equipment. Carbon fiber is a high-performance material known for its excellent strength-to-weight ratio, making it ideal for aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods applications. Reinforced concrete is a composite material made from concrete and steel reinforcement, providing enhanced strength and durability for building structures.In conclusion, engineering materials are diverse and versatile substances that are essential for various industries. Metals, polymers, ceramics, and composites each have unique properties and applications that make them suitable for specific engineering tasks. Understanding the characteristics of different materials is crucial for selecting the right material for a particular application, ensuring optimal performance, durability, and safety. By leveraging the strengths of various engineering materials, engineers and designers can create innovative solutions to meet the demands of modern technology and construction.。

介绍陶瓷作用英文作文

介绍陶瓷作用英文作文英文：Ceramics have been used for various purposes throughout history, from creating pottery and porcelain to building materials and even space shuttle heat shields. As a material, ceramics have unique properties that make them useful in a wide range of applications.One of the most notable properties of ceramics is their high resistance to wear and corrosion. This makes themideal for use in machinery and equipment that undergoes a lot of stress and friction, such as bearings and cutting tools. For example, the ceramic ball bearings used in high-speed machinery are able to withstand extreme temperatures and pressures without degrading or wearing down.Another important property of ceramics is their ability to withstand high temperatures. This makes them useful in applications where other materials would melt or deform,such as in furnace linings, gas turbine blades, and even the heat shields of spacecraft. For example, the ceramic tiles on the underside of the Space Shuttle were designed to protect the craft from the intense heat generated during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere.Ceramics are also known for their electrical and magnetic properties, which make them useful in electronic devices and other applications. For example, ceramic capacitors are used in electronic circuits to store electrical energy, while magnetic ceramics are used in microwave devices and magnetic storage media.Overall, ceramics have a wide range of applications due to their unique properties. Whether it's in machinery, construction, electronics, or aerospace, ceramics play a vital role in modern technology.中文：陶瓷在历史上被用于各种用途，从制作陶器和瓷器到建筑材料甚至航天飞船热盾。

journal of advanced ceramics 的参考文献格式

任务名称：Journal of Advanced Ceramics 参考文献格式一、引言在材料科学的领域中，陶瓷是一种具有广泛应用前景的材料。

其特点包括高硬度、高耐磨性、高耐腐蚀性以及热稳定性等。

近年来，人们对陶瓷材料的研究不断深入，其中《Journal of Advanced Ceramics》（《高级陶瓷学报》）是一本权威的期刊，发表了许多重要的研究成果。

本文将对该期刊的参考文献格式进行探讨。

二、《Journal of Advanced Ceramics》参考文献格式《Journal of Advanced Ceramics》（以下简称JAC）在参考文献的格式上遵循国际通用的学术写作规范。

下面我们将详细介绍JAC参考文献的格式要求，并结合示例进行说明。

2.1 期刊文章的参考文献格式期刊文章是JAC上最常见的文章类型之一。

在引用期刊文章时，需要提供以下信息：作者姓氏，作者名字的缩写. 文章标题[J]. 期刊名, 年份, 卷号(期号): 页码.例如：•Gao Y, Zhang Y, Li C. Fabrication, properties, and applications of porous ceramics[J]. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2019, 8(3): 227-241.在参考文献格式中，姓名的表示方式是作者姓氏+名字的缩写，不同作者之间用逗号隔开。

文章标题需要用英文中括号括起来，期刊名需要用斜体表示，年份需要用逗号分隔，卷号和期号需要用圆括号括起来，页码需要用短横线表示。

2.2 会议论文的参考文献格式会议论文也是JAC上常见的文章类型之一。

在引用会议论文时，需要提供以下信息：作者姓氏，作者名字的缩写. 论文标题[C]//会议名, 会议日期, 城市名, 国家名. 会议出版地: 出版社, 出版年份, 页码.例如：•Li W, Wang J, Liu Z. Development and characterization of novel ceramic coatings on steel substrate[C]//Proceedings of the 2ndInternational Symposium on Advanced Ceramics, 2018, Changsha,China. Changsha: Science Press, 2018: 123-130.在参考文献格式中，除了上述期刊文章的信息外，还需要提供会议名称、会议日期、会议地点、出版地和出版社等信息。

蒂普拓普清扫器介绍

Rema Clean 2007
11/57
Field of applications 蒂普拓普清扫系统的应用领域
• Non-ferrous metals industry 有色金属行业
Processing of copper, brass, zinc 铜，黄铜，锌加工
• Recycling 回收利用
Fast assembly using REMA TIP TOP tension units 使用蒂普拓普支承座可实现快速安装
Fast and simple exchange 快速及简单的更换
Cost – effective due to excellent price – performance ratio 出色的价格－性能比有效降低成本
REMACLEAN KWA (T-bar Rubber scraper) T型橡胶清扫器 REMACLEAN PUR (Polyurethane scraper) 聚氨酯清扫器 REMACLEAN C (Ceramic scraper) 陶瓷清扫器 REMACLEAN M (Hard metal scraper) 硬质金属清扫器 REMACLEAN Tension unit INNOVATION 创新型支承座 HM-U1, HM-U2 Metal Scraper HM-U1/HM-U2合金清扫器 P-PUR Front Scraper P-PUR 前置清扫器 HM-F2 Front Scraper HM-F2 前置清扫器
Criteria for choosing an appropriate belt cleaning system 选择一个适当清扫系统的标准
Clear mounting situation 清楚的安装位置 Chutes 溜槽

材料科学与工程专业英语课文自己整理的可以打印匡少平王世颖第二版化学工业出版社

Unit 1Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production— virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).1The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGSometimes it is useful to subdivide the discipline of materials science and engineering into materials science and materials engineering sub disciplines. Strictly speaking, “materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.2 From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials. Most graduates in materials programs are trained to be both materials scientists and materials engineers.“Structure” is at this point a nebulous term that des erves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a materialusually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed “microscopic,” meaning that which is subject to direct o bservation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed “macroscopic.”The notion of “property” deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation, or a polished metal surface will reflect light. A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical reactivity of materials. The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials—namely, “processing” a nd “performance. “With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is as depicted in the schematic illustration shown in Figure 1.1. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships among these four components in terms of the design, production, and utilization of materialsWHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a materialpossess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments. Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.U n i t2CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALSSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup anatomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are the composites, combinations of two or more of the above three basic material classes. Another classification is advanced materials—those used in high-technology applications—viz. semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanoengineered materials;MetalsMaterials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.3 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner (as discussed in Chapter 3),and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense (Figure 1.3).With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff (Figure 1.4)and strong (Figure 1.5), yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture (Figure 1.6), which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms .Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity (Figure 1.7) and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic properties.CeramicsCeramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, some of the common ceramic materials include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (Sic), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and, in addition, what some refer to as the traditional ceramics—those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and glass. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the metals (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). In addition, ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture (Figure 1.6). These materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity (i.e., have low electrical conductivities, Figure 1.7), and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque (Figure1.2), and some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.PolymersPolymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (vision, N, and Si). Furthermore, they have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms. Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber. These materials typically have low densities (Figure 1.3), whereas their mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials—they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). However, on the basis of their low densities, many times their stiffness’s and strengths on a per mass basis are comparable to the metals and ceramics. In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily formed into complex shapes. In general, they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments. One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, which, in some instances, limits their use. Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities (Figure1.7) and are nonmagnetic.CompositesA composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from the categories discussed above—viz., metals, ceramics, and polymers. The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials. A large number of composite types exist that are represented by different combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers. Furthermore, some naturally-occurring materials are also considered to be composites—for example, wood and bone. However, most of those we consider in our discussions are synthetic (or man-made) composites.ADVANCED MATERIALSMaterials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles; examples include electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry. These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials. Furthermore, they may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally expensive. Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, and what we may term “materials of the future” (that is, smart materials and Nan engineered materials) SemiconductorsSemiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers)—Figure 1.7. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the past three decades.BiomaterialsBiomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions). All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials. For example, some of the biomaterials that are utilized in artificial hip replacementsMaterials of the FutureSmart MaterialsSmart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies. The adjective “smart” implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners—traits that are also found in living organisms. In addition, this “smart” concept is being extended to rather sophisticated systems that consist of both smart and traditional materials. Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of sensor (that detects an input signal), and an actuator (that performs a responsive and adaptive function). Actuators may be called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields, and/or magnetic fields. Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators: shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids. Shape memory alloys are metals that, after having been deformed, revert back to their original shapes when temperature is changed (see the Materials of Importance piece following Section 10.9). Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered (see Section18.25).The behavior of magnetostrictive materials is analogous to that of the piezoelectric, except that they are responsive to magnetic fields. Also, electro rheological and magnetorheological fluids are liquids that experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields, respectively.Materials/devices employed as sensors include optical fibers (Section 21.14), piezoelectric materials (including some polymers), and microelectromechanical devices (MEMS, Section 13.8).For example, one type of smart system is used in helicopters to reduce aerodynamic cockpit noise that is created by the rotating rotor blades. Piezoelectric sensors inserted into the blades monitor blade stresses and deformations; feedback signals from these sensors are fed into a computer-controlled adaptive device, which generates noise-canceling antinomies.Nanoengineered MaterialsUntil very recent times the general procedure utilized by scientists to understand the chemistry and physics of materials has been to begin by studying large and complex structures, and then to investigate the fundamental building blocks of these structures that are smaller and simpler. This approach is sometimes termed “top down “science. However, with the advent of scanning probe microscopes (Section4.10), which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents(i.e., “materials by design”). This ability to carefully arrange atoms provides opportunities to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties that are not otherwise possible. We call this the “bottom-up” approach, and the study of the properties of these materials is termed “nanotechnology”; the “nan” prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (10_9 m)—as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500atom diameters).5 One example of a material of this type is the carbon nanotube, discussed in Section 12.4. In the future we will undoubtedly find that increasingly more of our technological advances will utilize these nanengineered materials.Unit 4Physical properties are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are examples of physical properties. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. Flammability andcorrosion/oxidation resistance are examples of chemical properties.The difference between a physical and chemical property is straightforward until the phase of the material is considered. When a material changes from a solid to a liquid to a vapor it seems like them become a difference substance. However, when a material melts, solidifies, vaporizes, condenses or sublimes, only the state of the substance changes.Consider ice, liquid water, and water vapor, they are all simply H2O. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases – solid, liquid, gas and plasma.Some of the more important physical and chemical properties from an engineering material standpoint will be discussed in the following sections.•Phase Transformation Temperatures•Density•Specific Gravity•Thermal Conductivity•Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion•Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity•Magnetic Permeability•Corrosion ResistancePhase Transformation TemperaturesWhen temperature rises and pressure is held constant, a typical substance changes from solid to liquid and then to vapor. Transitions from solid to liquid, from liquid to vapor, from vapor to solid and visa versa are called phase transformations or transitions. Since some substances have several crystal forms, technically there can also be solid to another solid form phase transformation.Phase transitions from solid to liquid, and from liquid to vapor absorb heat. The phase transition temperature where a solid changes to a liquid is called the melting point. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm (101.3 kPa) is called the boiling point. Some materials, such as many polymers, do not go simply from a solid to a liquid with increasing temperature. Instead, at some temperature below the melting point, they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material. The temperature at which a solid, glassy material begins to soften and flow is called the glass transition temperature.DensityMass can be thinly distributed as in a pillow, or tightly packed as in a block of lead. The space the mass occupies is its volume, and the mass per unit of volume is its density.Mass (m) is a fundamental measure of the amount of matter. Weight (w) is a measure of the force exerted by a mass and this force is force is produced by the acceleration of gravity. Therefore, on the surface of the earth, the mass of an object is determined by dividing the weight of an object by 9.8 m/s2 (the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth). Since we are typically comparing things on the surface of the earth, the weight of an object is commonly used rather than calculating its mass.The density (r) of a material depends on the phase it is in and the temperature. (The density of liquids and gases is very temperature dependent.) Water in the liquid state has a density of 1 g/cm3 = 1000kg/m3 at 4o C. Ice has a density of 0.917 g/cm3 at 0o c, and it should be noted that this decrease in density for the solid phase is unusual. For almost all other substances, the density of the solid phase is greater than that of the liquid phase. Water vapor (vapor saturated air) has a density of 0.051 g/cm3.Some common units used for expressing density are grams/cubic centimeter, kilograms/cubic meter, grams/milliliter, grams/liter, pounds for cubic inch and pounds per cubic foot; but it should be obvious that any unit of mass per any unit of volume can be used.Substance Density(g/cm3)Air 0.0013Gasoline 0.7Wood 0.85Water (ice) 0.92Water (liquid) 1.0Aluminum 2.7Steel 7.8Silver 10.5Lead 11.3Mercury 13.5Gold 19.3Specific GravitySpecific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance compared to the density of fresh water at 4°C (39° F). At this temperature the density of water is at its greatest value and equal 1 g/mL. Since specific gravity is a ratio, so it has no units. An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater that that ofwater. Similarly, an object with specific gravity less than 1 will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink. Specific gravity values for a few common substances are: Au, 19.3; mercury, 13.6; alcohol, 0.7893; benzene, 0.8786. Note that since water has a density of 1 g/cm3, the specific gravity is the same as the density of the material measured in g/cm3.Magnetic PermeabilityMagnetic permeability or simply permeability is the ease with which a material can be magnetized. It is a constant of proportionality that exists between magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity. This constant is equal to approximately 1.257 x 10-6 Henry per meter (H/m) in free space (a vacuum). In other materials it can be much different, often substantially greater than the free-space value, which is symbolized µ0.Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic. The permeability factors of some substances change with rising or falling temperature, or with the intensity of the applied magnetic field.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms. If µ o represents the permeability of free space (that is, 4p X10-7H/m or 1.257 x 10-6 H/m) and µ represents the permeability of the substance in question (also specified in henrys per meter), then the relative permeability, µr, is given by:µr = µ / µ0For non-ferrous metals such as copper, brass, aluminum etc., the permeability is the same as that of "free space", i.e. the relative permeability is one. For ferrous metals however the value of µ r may be several hundred. Certain ferromagnetic materials, especially powdered or laminated iron, steel, or nickel alloys, have µr that can range up to about 1,000,000. Diamagnetic materials have µr less than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one. In addition, permeability can vary greatly within a metal part due to localized stresses, heating effects, etc.When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by µr compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core. This effect is useful in the design of transformers and eddy current probes.Unit 5The mechanical properties of a material are those properties that involve a reaction to an applied load. The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be expected. Mechanical properties are also used to help classify and identify material. The most common properties considered are strength, ductility, hardness, impact resistance, and fracture toughness.Most structural materials are anisotropic, which means that their material properties vary with orientation. The variation in properties can be due to directionality in the microstructure (texture) from forming or cold working operation, the controlled alignment of fiber reinforcement and a variety of other causes. Mechanical properties are generally specific to product form such as sheet, plate, extrusion, casting, forging, and etc. Additionally, it is common to see mechanical property listed by the directional grain structure of the material. In products such as sheet and plate, the rolling direction is called the longitudinal direction, the width of the product is called the transverse direction, and the thickness is called the short transverse direction. The grain orientations in standard wrought forms of metallic products are shown the image.The mechanical properties of a material are not constants and often change as a function of temperature, rate of loading, and other conditions. For example, temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease. Temperatures above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys. Ductility may increase or decrease with increasing temperature depending on the same variablesIt should also be noted that there is often significant variability in the values obtained when measuring mechanical properties. Seemingly identical test specimen from the same lot of material will often produce considerable different results. Therefore, multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value. Also, a range of values are sometimes reported in order to show variability.LoadingThe application of a force to an object is known as loading. Materials can be subjected to many different loading scenarios and a material’s performance is dependant on the loading conditions. There are five fundamental loadin g conditions; tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. Tension is the type of loading in which the two sections of material on either side of a plane tend to be pulled apart or elongated. Compression is the reverse of tensile loading and involves pressing the material together. Loading by bending involves applying a load in a manner that causes a material。

材料科学与工程专业英语第10章翻译

The word "ceramic" is derived from the Greek keramos, which means "potter's clay" or "pottery." Its origin is a Sanskrit term meaning "to burn." So the early Greeks used "keramous" when describing products obtained by heating clay-containing materials. The term has long included all products made from fired clay, for example, bricks, fireclay refractories, sanitaryware, and tableware.“陶瓷”这个词是来自希腊keramos，这意味着“陶土”或“陶”。

它的起源是梵文术语，意思是“燃烧”。

因此，早期的希腊人用“keramous”描述加热含粘土的物料获得的产品。

这个词早已包括所有陶土制成的产品，例如，砖，粘土质耐火材料，卫生洁具，餐具。

In 1822, refractory silica were first made. Although they contained no clay, the traditional ceramic process of shaping, drying, and firing was used to make them. So the term" ceramic," while retaining its original sense of a product made from clay, began to include other products made by the same manufacturing process. The field of ceramics (broader than the materials themselves) can be defined as the art and science of making and using solid articles that contain as their essential component a ceramic. This definition covers the purification of raw materials, the study and production of the chemical compounds concerned, their formation into components, and the study of structure, composition, and properties.1822年，耐火材料二氧化硅被首次提出。