期末考试大纲

合集下载

《物理化学》（下册）_期末总复习

物理化学物理化学((下册下册))期末考试大纲第八章：第八章：电化学、原电池、电化学、原电池、电解池、正负极、阴阳极等基本概念和电解定理；电解池、正负极、阴阳极等基本概念和电解定理；电解池、正负极、阴阳极等基本概念和电解定理；电导、电导率、电导、电导率、摩尔电导率的意义及其与溶液浓度的关系；离子独立移动定律及电导测定的应用；电解质的离子平均活度、平均活度因子及其计算方法；离子强度的计算,德拜－休克尔极限公式公式. .第九章：第九章：可逆电池可逆电池,,电池的书面写法电池的书面写法,,电极反应和电池反应电极反应和电池反应,,可逆电池的热力学可逆电池的热力学((桥梁公式、E q与K qa 的关系的关系),),),用用Nernst 公式计算电极电势和电池电动势公式计算电极电势和电池电动势,,电动势测定的应用电动势测定的应用((计算平均活度因子、解离平衡常数和pH 值).第十章：第十章：极化现象极化现象,,超电势超电势,,极化对电解电压和原电池电动势的影响,电解过程中电极电势的计算及反应顺序的判断计算及反应顺序的判断,,金属的电化学腐蚀与防护金属的电化学腐蚀与防护,,化学电源的类型化学电源的类型. .第十一章：第十一章：反应速率表示法反应速率表示法,,基元反应基元反应,,反应机理反应机理,,反应级数反应级数,,反应分子数反应分子数,,简单级数反应的速率方程（推导和计算）及特点及特点((反应速率常数的量纲、反应速率常数的量纲、半衰期半衰期半衰期),),),典型复杂反应典型复杂反应典型复杂反应((对峙、平行、连续连续))的特点的特点,,对峙、平行反应速率方程的推导平行反应速率方程的推导,,温度对反应速率的影响温度对反应速率的影响,,阿仑尼乌斯公式的含义及由它求活化能的含义及由它求活化能,,链反应的特点链反应的特点,,用稳态近似、平衡假设、速控步等近似方法推导速率方程速率方程. .第十二章：第十二章：碰撞理论、过渡状态理论的要点过渡状态理论的要点,,离子强度对反应速率的影响离子强度对反应速率的影响,,光化学反应的基本定律,光化学反应与热反应的差别光化学反应与热反应的差别,,量子产率量子产率,,催化作用原理催化作用原理,,催化剂催化剂,,酶催化酶催化. .第十三章：第十三章：表面吉布斯自由能和表面张力的含义表面吉布斯自由能和表面张力的含义,,表面张力与温度的关系表面张力与温度的关系,,弯曲液面上的附加压力压力,,杨－拉普拉斯公式杨－拉普拉斯公式,,开尔文公式开尔文公式,,液－固界面现象液－固界面现象((铺展、润湿、接触角、毛细管液面高度面高度),),),表面活性剂的作用表面活性剂的作用表面活性剂的作用,,表面活性物质在溶液中的分布表面活性物质在溶液中的分布,,物理吸附、化学吸附的特点化学吸附的特点,,朗格缪尔等温吸附模型朗格缪尔等温吸附模型. .第十四章：第十四章：分散系统分散系统,,胶体胶体,,胶体的结构表示式胶体的结构表示式,,胶体的丁铎尔效应胶体的丁铎尔效应,,电动现象电动现象((电泳、电渗电泳、电渗),),),电电动电位动电位,,胶体的稳定性及一些因素对它的影响胶体的稳定性及一些因素对它的影响,,大分子溶液与胶体的异同大分子溶液与胶体的异同,,大分子物质平均摩尔质量的种类均摩尔质量的种类,,唐南平衡唐南平衡. .A16.附加压力: : 由于界面张力的作用由于界面张力的作用由于界面张力的作用,,在弯曲液面内外产生的压力差在弯曲液面内外产生的压力差. . 2's p R g=17.吸附: : 在相界面上在相界面上在相界面上,,某种物质的浓度不同于体相浓度的现象某种物质的浓度不同于体相浓度的现象. . 18.物理吸附: : 由于范德华力的作用而产生的吸附由于范德华力的作用而产生的吸附由于范德华力的作用而产生的吸附. .19.化学吸附: : 由于生成化学键而发生电子的转移与原子重排的吸附由于生成化学键而发生电子的转移与原子重排的吸附由于生成化学键而发生电子的转移与原子重排的吸附. . 20.吸附质: : 被吸附剂吸附的物质被吸附剂吸附的物质被吸附剂吸附的物质. . 21.吸附剂: : 具有吸附能力的物质具有吸附能力的物质具有吸附能力的物质..通常都是固体通常都是固体. . 22.表面过剩/表面吸附量: : 在单位面积的表面层中在单位面积的表面层中在单位面积的表面层中,,所含溶质的物质的量与同量溶剂在溶液本体中所含溶质的物质的量的差值溶液本体中所含溶质的物质的量的差值. . 22da drRT a A n S ×-==G s23.表面活性剂: : 能使溶液表面张力降低的物质能使溶液表面张力降低的物质能使溶液表面张力降低的物质. . . 习惯上只把那些溶入少量就能显著降习惯上只把那些溶入少量就能显著降低溶液表面张力的物质称为表面活性剂低溶液表面张力的物质称为表面活性剂. .24.临界胶束浓度: : 形成一定形状的胶束所需的表面活性物质的最低浓度形成一定形状的胶束所需的表面活性物质的最低浓度形成一定形状的胶束所需的表面活性物质的最低浓度. . 25.速率方程: : 表示化学反应的反应速率与浓度等参数间的关系式表示化学反应的反应速率与浓度等参数间的关系式, , 或浓度与时间等参或浓度与时间等参数间的关系式数间的关系式..也称动力学方程. 26.转化速率: : 单位时间内发生的反应进度单位时间内发生的反应进度单位时间内发生的反应进度. .27.反应速率: : 单位时间单位体积内发生的化学反应的反应进度单位时间单位体积内发生的化学反应的反应进度单位时间单位体积内发生的化学反应的反应进度或单位体积内单位体积内,,反应进度随时间的变化率进度随时间的变化率. . dtdc v dt d V r jj ×=×=11x (恒容恒容) )28.反应机理: : 表示一个总包表示一个总包表示一个总包((复杂复杂))反应所经历的具体途径的若干基元反应的有序集合反应所经历的具体途径的若干基元反应的有序集合..也称反应历程.29.基元反应: : 反应物粒子在碰撞中相互作用直接转化为产物的反应反应物粒子在碰撞中相互作用直接转化为产物的反应反应物粒子在碰撞中相互作用直接转化为产物的反应. . 30.简单反应: : 只包含一个基元反应的总包反应只包含一个基元反应的总包反应只包含一个基元反应的总包反应. .31.复合反应: : 由两个或两个以上基元反应组成的总包反应由两个或两个以上基元反应组成的总包反应由两个或两个以上基元反应组成的总包反应. . . 也称也称复杂反应 32.具有简单级数的反应具有简单级数的反应//简单级数反应: : 反应速率只与反应物浓度的简单方次反应速率只与反应物浓度的简单方次(0或正整数)有关的反应有关的反应..可以是基元反应、简单反应简单反应,,也可是复合反应也可是复合反应,,但必须具有简单级数但必须具有简单级数. . 33.质量作用定律: : 反应的反应速率与以计量系数的绝对值为指数的反应物浓度的乘积反应的反应速率与以计量系数的绝对值为指数的反应物浓度的乘积成正比成正比..只适用于基元反应只适用于基元反应. .34.反应级数: : 速率方程中各浓度项的指数和速率方程中各浓度项的指数和速率方程中各浓度项的指数和..若速率方程中有加减运算若速率方程中有加减运算,,则无级数可言则无级数可言 35.零级反应零级反应//一级反应一级反应//二级反应二级反应//三级反应: : 反应速率与反应物浓度的反应速率与反应物浓度的0/1/2/3次方成正比的一类反应正比的一类反应. .36.反应分子数: : 引发一个基元反应所必需的反应物相互作用的最少微观粒子引发一个基元反应所必需的反应物相互作用的最少微观粒子(分子、原子、离子、自由基等子、离子、自由基等))数. . 即基元反应中的反应物分子个数之和即基元反应中的反应物分子个数之和即基元反应中的反应物分子个数之和. .37.半衰期: : 反应物浓度降低到其初始浓度的一半所需的时间反应物浓度降低到其初始浓度的一半所需的时间1/2t . 38.分数寿期: : 消耗掉反应初始浓度的某一分数消耗掉反应初始浓度的某一分数a 所需的时间a t .分数衰期: : 反应物浓度降低到其初始浓度的某一分数反应物浓度降低到其初始浓度的某一分数b 所需的时间b t .若b a -=1,则b tt a =. . 如如: : 某一级反应某一级反应四分之三寿期3/4t ＝60min,60min,而其而其四分之一衰期1/4t ＝60min39.初始速率: : 反应刚开始进行的一瞬间的反应速率反应刚开始进行的一瞬间的反应速率反应刚开始进行的一瞬间的反应速率..可以认为反应物没有消耗可以认为反应物没有消耗. .40.范特霍夫规则: : 对同一化学反应对同一化学反应对同一化学反应,,反应的温度每升高1010℃℃(K),(K),反应速率约增加反应速率约增加1～3倍.4~210»+TT k k 41.对峙反应: : 正向和逆向同时进行的反应正向和逆向同时进行的反应正向和逆向同时进行的反应..也称可逆反应. 42.平行反应: : 反应物能同时进行几种不同的反应反应物能同时进行几种不同的反应反应物能同时进行几种不同的反应. .43.连串反应: : 反应所产生的物质能继续起反应而产生其它物质的一类反应反应所产生的物质能继续起反应而产生其它物质的一类反应反应所产生的物质能继续起反应而产生其它物质的一类反应..也称连续反应.44.稳态近似法: : 在一系列的连串反应中在一系列的连串反应中在一系列的连串反应中,,若生成高活性的中间产物粒子若生成高活性的中间产物粒子((如原子、离子、自由基等自由基等),),),因其能量高、因其能量高、活性大、反应能力强反应能力强,,一旦生成就立即发生反应一旦生成就立即发生反应,,当反应达到稳定状态后到稳定状态后,,其净的反应速率可视为零的一种近似处理方法其净的反应速率可视为零的一种近似处理方法. . 45.链反应: : 用光、热、辐射或其它方法使反应引发用光、热、辐射或其它方法使反应引发,通过活性组份通过活性组份((自由基或原子自由基或原子))的不断再生断再生,,使反应得以自动发展下去的一类连续反应使反应得以自动发展下去的一类连续反应..又称连锁反应. 46.直链反应: : 由一个自由基或原子与饱和分子反应由一个自由基或原子与饱和分子反应由一个自由基或原子与饱和分子反应,,只生成一个新自由基或原子的链反应反应. . . 也称为也称为单链反应.47.支链反应: : 由一个活性粒子由一个活性粒子由一个活性粒子((自由基或原子自由基或原子))与饱和分子反应生成两个及两个以上新活性粒子活性粒子((自由基或原子自由基或原子))的反应的反应. . 48.原盐效应: : 在稀溶液中在稀溶液中在稀溶液中,,离子强度对离子反应的反应速率的影响离子强度对离子反应的反应速率的影响. . 49.光化反应: : 在光的作用下进行的化学反应在光的作用下进行的化学反应在光的作用下进行的化学反应. . 50.光化学定律: (1).(1).只有被物质吸收的光只有被物质吸收的光只有被物质吸收的光,,才能引发光化学反应才能引发光化学反应.(2)..(2)..(2).在初级过程中在初级过程中在初级过程中,,一个分子个分子((或原子或原子))吸收一个光子而活化吸收一个光子而活化. .51.光敏剂: : 能把所吸收的光能传递给对光不敏感的物质并使其活化乃至发生反应而加能把所吸收的光能传递给对光不敏感的物质并使其活化乃至发生反应而加入的一类物质入的一类物质. .52.催化剂: : 加入少量就可以显著改变反应的速率加入少量就可以显著改变反应的速率加入少量就可以显著改变反应的速率,,而本身在反应前后没有数量和化学性质变化的一类物质性质变化的一类物质. . 53.催化作用: : 化学反应速率由于催化剂的加入而发生变化的这种作用化学反应速率由于催化剂的加入而发生变化的这种作用化学反应速率由于催化剂的加入而发生变化的这种作用. . 54.自催化作用: : 反应产物对反应本身具有加速反应的作用反应产物对反应本身具有加速反应的作用反应产物对反应本身具有加速反应的作用. . 55.55.催化反应的催化反应的选择性: : 转化为目标产物的原料量与发生转化的原料总量之比转化为目标产物的原料量与发生转化的原料总量之比转化为目标产物的原料量与发生转化的原料总量之比. . 56.分散体系分散体系((系统系统)): : 把一种或几种物质分散在另一种物质中所构成的体系把一种或几种物质分散在另一种物质中所构成的体系(系统系统). ). 57.分散相: : 被分散在分散介质中的物质被分散在分散介质中的物质被分散在分散介质中的物质或被分散介质所分散的物质被分散介质所分散的物质. . 58.分散介质: : 呈连续分布的、起分散作用的物质呈连续分布的、起分散作用的物质呈连续分布的、起分散作用的物质. . 59.分子分散体系分子分散体系((系统系统)):以分子、原子或离子状态均匀分散在分散介质中形成的体系(系统系统).).).又称又称真溶液,简称溶液. 60.胶体分散体系: : 被分散在分散介质中的粒子半径在被分散在分散介质中的粒子半径在1～100nm(100nm(即即9710~10m --,傅版傅版))或1～1000nm(1000nm(即即m 6910~10--,天大版天大版))之间的分散体系之间的分散体系((系统系统). ). 61.扩散: : 有浓度梯度时有浓度梯度时有浓度梯度时,,物质粒子因热运动物质粒子因热运动((布朗运动布朗运动))而发生宏观上的定向迁移现象而发生宏观上的定向迁移现象..其推动力是浓度梯度其推动力是浓度梯度,,扩散过程是不可逆的扩散过程是不可逆的. .d d d d s n cD A t x=-×× 62.憎液溶胶: : 由难溶物分散在分散介质中所形成的胶体分散体系由难溶物分散在分散介质中所形成的胶体分散体系由难溶物分散在分散介质中所形成的胶体分散体系..简称溶胶.63.沉降: : 多相分散系统中的粒子多相分散系统中的粒子多相分散系统中的粒子,,因受重力作用而下沉的过程因受重力作用而下沉的过程. .64.电泳: : 在外电场的作用下在外电场的作用下在外电场的作用下,,胶体粒子在分散介质中定向迁移的现象胶体粒子在分散介质中定向迁移的现象. . 65.电渗: : 在多孔膜在多孔膜在多孔膜((或毛细管或毛细管))两端施加一定电压两端施加一定电压,,液体通过多孔膜而定向流动的现象液体通过多孔膜而定向流动的现象. . 66.流动电势: : 在外力的作用下在外力的作用下在外力的作用下,,迫使液体通过多孔隔膜迫使液体通过多孔隔膜((或抟细管或抟细管))定向流动时定向流动时,,在多孔膜两边所产生的电势差膜两边所产生的电势差. .67.沉降电势: : 分散相粒子在重力场或离心力场的作用下迅速移动时分散相粒子在重力场或离心力场的作用下迅速移动时分散相粒子在重力场或离心力场的作用下迅速移动时,,在移动方向的两端所产生的电势差端所产生的电势差. .68.聚沉值: : 使一定量溶胶在一定时间内完全聚沉所需电解质的最小浓度使一定量溶胶在一定时间内完全聚沉所需电解质的最小浓度使一定量溶胶在一定时间内完全聚沉所需电解质的最小浓度. . . 聚沉值越小聚沉值越小聚沉能力越强聚沉能力越强. . 69.感胶离子序: : 将带有相同电荷的离子按聚沉能力从大到小排列的顺序将带有相同电荷的离子按聚沉能力从大到小排列的顺序将带有相同电荷的离子按聚沉能力从大到小排列的顺序. . 70.悬浮液: : 将不溶性固体粒子分散在液体中所形成的粗分散体系将不溶性固体粒子分散在液体中所形成的粗分散体系(系统系统). ). 71.乳状液: : 由两种不互溶或部分互溶的液体所形成的粗分散体系由两种不互溶或部分互溶的液体所形成的粗分散体系(系统系统). ). 72.唐南平衡: : 若用半透膜将小分子电解质水溶液与大分子电解质水溶液隔开若用半透膜将小分子电解质水溶液与大分子电解质水溶液隔开若用半透膜将小分子电解质水溶液与大分子电解质水溶液隔开,,由于大分子电解质离子不能透过半透膜分子电解质离子不能透过半透膜,,而小分子电解质离子可以透过半透膜而小分子电解质离子可以透过半透膜,,当膜两边达成渗透平衡时达成渗透平衡时,,小分子电解质在膜两边的分布不同小分子电解质在膜两边的分布不同. .1.1.已知在已知在300K 时,某一级反应的半衰期为s 50,且反应温度升高1010℃反应速率增加℃反应速率增加1倍.若指前因子1710979.2-´=s A 且与温度关系不大且与温度关系不大,,试求试求: : (1).300K 时,反应的转化率达到87.5%87.5%所需的时间所需的时间所需的时间. . (2).(2).使反应转化率在使反应转化率在s 50内达到75%75%所需的温度所需的温度所需的温度. . 解:(1).(1).因一级反应有因一级反应有因一级反应有: : k t 2ln 2/1= , ,和和 kt y=-11ln (或k a t a )1ln(--=) 所以所以: : )(01386.0502ln 2ln 12/1-===s t k )(15001386.0%)5.871ln(11ln 1s y k t =--=-= [ [或或)(15001386.0)871ln(8/7s t t =--==] (2).(2).据题由据题由据题由: : )11(ln 2112T T R Ea k k -=得:)(60532ln 31458300310300310ln 1121212-×=´´-´=×-=mol kJ k k R T T T T Ea将阿仑尼乌斯公式代入积分方程得将阿仑尼乌斯公式代入积分方程得::t Ae y RTEa /11ln -=-,即: RT Ea t A y -=×--)1ln(ln 所以所以: : )(3105010979.2)75.01ln(ln 3145.81060.53)1ln(ln 73K t A y R EaT =´´--´-=×---=(也可先据kt y =-11ln 求出)(02773.0)1ln(1-=--=s t y k ,再由RT Ea A k -=ln ln 求T)2. 2.反应反应P B A k¾®¾+的动力学实验数据如下的动力学实验数据如下:: [A 0]/[mol/dm -3] 1.0 2.0 3.01.0 1.0 [B 0]/[mol/dm -3] 1.0 1.0 1.02.03.0 r 0/[mol/dm -3/s] 0.15 0.300.45 0.15 0.15若该反应的速率方程为b a ][][B A k r =,求b a 和.解: : 据题有据题有据题有: : b a 000][][B A k r =, , 故可得故可得故可得: : b a ba1,01,02,02,01,02,0][][][][B A B A r r = 将第1,2两级数据代入上式得两级数据代入上式得: :a÷÷øöççèæ=1,02,01,02,0][][A A r r 即: 0.10.10.2ln 15030.0ln][][lnln1,02,01,02,0===A A r r a 同理同理,,将第1,4组数据代入则可得组数据代入则可得::b÷÷øöççèæ=1,02,01,02,0][][B B r r 亦即亦即::00.10.2ln 15.015.0ln][][lnln 1,02,01,02,0===B B r r b3.3.今在今在473.2K 时研究反应D C B A k+¾®¾+22,其速率方程可写成yx B A k r ][][=.现经实验1得当A 、B 的初始浓度分别为0.013-×dm mol 和0.023-×dm mol 时,测得反应物B 在不同时刻的浓度数据如下表在不同时刻的浓度数据如下表: :t/min 0 5395 13025[B]/( 3-×dm mol )0.020 0.010 0.0050 试求试求: (1).: (1).: (1).该反应的总级数该反应的总级数该反应的总级数 (2).(2).实验实验2: 2: 当当A 、B 的初始浓度均为0.023-×dm mol 时,测得初始反应速率仅为实验1的初始速率的1.414倍,求A 、B 的反应级数y x 和的值的值. .(3).(3).求算求算k 值.解:(1).(1).由实验由实验1数据可知数据可知,,min 53952/1=t ,min130254/3=t.因此时有因此时有::000][2][1][A BA ==,故原方程可写成ny x y y x y yx A k A k x A k B A k r]['][2)]([2][][0=××=-××==++,即此条件下即此条件下,,反应速率与简单n 级反应相同级反应相同. .利用简单n 级反应的分数寿期公式k C n a t n n a 101)1(1)1(-----=可得可得::1212/14/3+=-n t t 亦即亦即: : 50.12ln )1539513025ln(12ln )1ln(12/14/3=-+=-+=t tn (2).(2).由实验由实验2知:yxy xB A k B A k 1,01,02,02,0][][4.1][][=002ln 2ln c c c c 2352382350238cc 112(-)(.)('12253510845-´-T T Ea ln 1´+--+---一、选择题（一、选择题（2222分）1．强电解质CaCl 2的摩尔电导率与其离子的摩尔电导率的关系是（）A.)()()(22-¥+¥¥+=L Cl Ca CaCl m m m l l B.)()(5.0)(22-¥+¥¥+=L Cl Ca CaCl m m m l l C.)(2)()(22-¥+¥¥+=L Cl Ca CaCl m m m l l D.)]()([2)(22-¥+¥¥+=L Cl Ca CaCl m m m l l 2．强电解质CaCl 2的水溶液，其离子平均活度±a 与电解质活度B a 之间的关系为之间的关系为( ) A. B a a =± B. 3B a a =± C. 2/1B a a =± D. 3/1B a a =± 3．在不可逆电极过程中，随着电流密度的增大（）A.阴极电势变低，阳极电势变高阴极电势变低，阳极电势变高B. 电池的电动势降低电池的电动势降低C.电解池耗电能增加电解池耗电能增加D. 以上说法都对以上说法都对 4．某电池反应为-++=++OH Hg l O H g O l Hg 42)(2)()(2222，当电池反应达平衡时，电池的电动势E 必然是必然是（）A. 0>EB. J E E =C. 0<ED. 0=E 5．下列说法中正确的是：．下列说法中正确的是：（）A. 反应级数等于反应分子数反应级数等于反应分子数B. 具有简单级数的反应是基元反应具有简单级数的反应是基元反应C. 不同反应若具有相同的级数形式，一定具有相同的反应机理D. 反应级数不一定是简单正整数反应级数不一定是简单正整数6．某化学反应的方程式为B A ®2，在动力学研究中表明该反应为，在动力学研究中表明该反应为（） A. 二级反应二级反应 B. 基元反应基元反应 C. 双分子反应双分子反应 D. 以上都无法确定以上都无法确定7．设理想气体反应体系P A ®的速率方程为A c c c k r =，若用分压表示浓度，速率方程可写为A P P P k r =，式中c k 与P k 的关系为的关系为（）A. P c k k =B. RT k k P c ×=C. RT k k c P ×=D. P c k k /1= 8．催化剂能极大地改变反应速率，下列说法错误的是（）A. 催化剂改变了反应历程催化剂改变了反应历程B. 催化剂降低了反应活化能催化剂降低了反应活化能C. 催化剂改变了反应平衡，提高了转化率D. 催化剂同时加快正向与逆向反应催化剂同时加快正向与逆向反应9．一定温度、压力下，将1克液体水分散成半径为10 -9米的小水滴，经过此变化后，以下性质保持不变的是以下性质保持不变的是（）A. 总表面能总表面能B. 表面张力表面张力C. 比表面积比表面积D. 液面下的附加压力液面下的附加压力10．硅胶吸水后其表面吉布斯自由能将．硅胶吸水后其表面吉布斯自由能将（）A. 降低降低B. 升高升高C. 不变不变D. 无法确定无法确定 11．在水中加入肥皂液后，将发生．在水中加入肥皂液后，将发生（）A. 0/<a g d d 正吸附正吸附B. 0/<a g d d 负吸附负吸附C. 0/>a g d d 正吸附正吸附D. 0/>a g d d 负吸附负吸附 12．将少量的KI 溶液加入AgNO 3溶液中制得AgI 溶胶，下列电解质聚沉能力最强的是（）A. NaCl B. FeCl 3 C. MgSO 4 D. K 3PO 413．下列各分散体系中丁铎尔（Tyndall ）效应最强的是）效应最强的是（）A. 食盐水溶液食盐水溶液B. 大分子溶液大分子溶液C. 空气空气D. Fe(OH)3溶胶溶胶14．下列电池中能测定AgCl 的)(AgCl G mfJ D 的是的是（）A. Ag(s)|AgCl(s)|KCl(aq)|Cl 2(p J),Pt B. Ag(s)|Ag +||Cl -|Cl 2(g),Pt C. Ag(s)|Ag +||Cl -| AgCl(s)| Ag(s) D. Ag(s)|AgCl(s)| Cl -|| Ag +| Ag(s) 15．乳状液属于．乳状液属于（）A. 分子分散体系分子分散体系B. 胶体分散体系胶体分散体系C. 粗分散体系粗分散体系D. 憎液溶胶憎液溶胶 16．兰缪尔(Langmuir)吸附理论中最重要的基本假设是吸附理论中最重要的基本假设是（） A. 气体处于低压下气体处于低压下 B. 固体表面的不均匀性固体表面的不均匀性 C. 吸附是单分子层的吸附是单分子层的 D. 吸附是放热的吸附是放热的17．电池在恒温、恒压下可逆放电1F 与以一定的电压放电1F ，二者相比不同的是二者相比不同的是（） A. 电池反应的m r U D B. 电池反应的m r H D C. 与环境交换的热Q D. 电池反应的m r G D 18．一定T 、P 下可以发生D G >0的反应是的反应是（）A. 原电池中的反应原电池中的反应B. 光化学反应光化学反应C. 催化反应催化反应D. 溶液中的反应溶液中的反应 19．胶体体系能够保持相对稳定的最重要因素是（）A. 布朗运动布朗运动B. 胶粒表面的扩散双电层胶粒表面的扩散双电层C. 溶剂化层的作用溶剂化层的作用D. 胶体为微多相体系胶体为微多相体系 20．某光化学反应A + h n ®n® A*, 其速率与其速率与（） A. A 的浓度有关的浓度有关 B. A 的浓度无关的浓度无关 C. A 的浓度和h n 有关有关 D. 不确定不确定。

广东技术师范学院天河学院期末考试单片机原理与应用复习大纲

单片机原理与应用复习大纲一、填空题（20分，每空1分）二、选择题（20分，每题2分）三、判断题（10分，每题1分）四、简答题（25分，每题5分）五、程序题（25分，8分、8分、9分）使用说明：1、此复习大纲所有页码参照教材；2、为了扩展知识点及考虑到试卷出卷要求，增加了增加复习内容：这部分内容，此内容没有直接出现在教材中，复习时候授课老师可以适当增加；3、此复习大纲供授课老师使用，请勿直接打印给学生或者上传到学生的群中，也不要直接在多媒体电脑打开进行复习；4、填空、选择、简单可以细线复习，判断、程序可以采用粗线复习，此建议仅供参考；一、填空题1、电源控制寄存器PCON中PD=1，进入掉电保护（掉电保持）方式。

P292、电源控制寄存器PCON中IDL=1，进入待机（空闲运行）方式。

P293、MCS-51单片机的定时计数器有T0和T1两个。

用于实现定时计数器控制的两个特殊功能寄存器是TCON和TMOD组成。

P784、MCS-51单片机的定时计数器实际是加1的16位计数器，由高8位和低8位寄存器组成。

P785、当定时计数器工作在定时功能时，如果晶振频率为12MHZ，则机器周期为1μS。

P78当定时计数器工作在定时功能时，如果晶振频率为6MHZ，则机器周期为2μS。

P78当定时计数器工作在定时功能时，如果晶振频率为24MHZ，则机器周期为0.5μS。

P786、按总线的功能来分，可分数据总线、地址总线和控制总线。

P157、地址总线A0-A15的高8位是由P2提供的，低8位由P0提供。

P158、数据总线D0-D7是由P0提供，所以该口是分时传送地址和数据的。

P159、8255A有三个8位并行I/O口，为PA口、PB口、PC口。

从编程上可分2组，每组12个，有三种工作方式。

P11710、8255A有三种工作方式：基本I/O、选通I/O和双向传输。

P11711、8155有256B的静态RAM和一个14位定时计数器。

管理信息系统复习大纲

管理信息系统期末考试大纲1.单选题（10*2=20分）2.判断题（10*1=10分）3.名词解释（5*2=10分）4.简答题（4*5=20分）5.材料题（2*15=30分）（计算画图，进度计划编制，综合案例分析题；成本分析、正值法；ERP运作管理，主生产计划的编制）1、信息：信息是数据经过加工处理后所得到的另外一种数据，这种数据对接收者的行为有一定的影响。

2、信息与数据的区别与联系：区别：（1）信息是经过加工之后所得到的数据，是逻辑性或观念性的；（2）数据是记载客观事物的符号，是物理性的。

联系：信息是数据的内在逻辑关系的体现；数据是信息的表现形式。

3、系统：系统指在一定环境中，为了达到某一目的而相互联系、相互作用的若干个要素所组成的有机整体。

按组成分为自然系统、人造系统和复合系统三大类。

4、管理信息系统：管理信息系统是一个以人为主导、以科学的管理理论为前提，在科学的管理制度的基础上，利用计算机硬件、软件、网络通信设备以及其他办公设备，进行信息的收集传输、加工、储存、更新和维护，以提高企业竞争优势、改善企业效益和效率为目的，支持企业高层决策、中层控制、基层运作的集成化的人机系统。

5、管理信息系统的层次结构：管理信息系统的基本组成部件有四个，即信息源、信息处理器、信息使用者和信息管理者。

企业管理活动分为三个不同的层次：战略计划层、管理控制层和运行控制层。

6、MIS开发策略主要有“自上而下”、“自下而上”的策略对比：从企业战略目标出发，将企业看成一个整体，探索合理的信息流，确定系统方案，然后自上而下层层分解，确定需要哪些功能去实现企业目标，进而划分相应的业务子系统。

系统的功能和子系统的划分不受企业组织机构的限制。

从各个基层业务子系统（如财务、库存、生产管理等）日常业务数据处理出发，先实现一个个具体的业务功能，然后根据需要逐步增加有关管理控制和决策方面的功能，由低级到高级，不断完善，从而构成整个MIS并支持企业战略目标。

二年级语文上期末复习大纲

二年级上册期末复习考试大纲（一）汉语拼音1.字母表熟练背诵，会写音序。

2.写出指定字母的大小写。

3.给字选音（包括多音字）例如：兴、背、分、没、为、都、好、还、中、教、漂、奔、转、模。

4.查字典。

5.看音写词：（1）读句子依据拼音写词语。

（2）读拼音，依据词语写汉字。

（二）字词字1.能写出指定汉字的部首余几画再组词。

2.区分形近字或同音字。

3.加换部首。

4.写出同部首的字、合体字拆分。

P18、P335.比一比组词、一字组两词。

P125、P396、扩词P45词1.量词的正确使用P100、P1572.照样子写词P88、P99、P128、P119、P373.补充四字词P48、P163、P794.近义词反义词的辨析P555.选词填空P163（三）句子1.换说法句意不变P302.把句子补充完整（把字句、被字句、比喻句）P139、P110、P134、P99、P131、P37、P17、P1433.谚语（P83、识字5）4.反问句P654.组词成句、连句成段（教材中的内容）5.标点（写句子加标点）P80、P119（四）阅读课内阅读1.背诵四首古诗、课文重点1、3、5、9、10（2、3）、23、26、27（2、3）、30（1、2）、语文园地中的读读背背。

2.了解文章大致内容。

例如：活化石一课中动物的活化石指的是大熊猫，植物的活化石指的是银杏树，海洋生物的活化石指的是中华鲟。

3.理解文章中重点词语。

4.结合文章内容写句子。

课外阅读1.ABB、AABB照样子写词。

2.找出指定段落中的指定语句会抄写（画下来，再抄）。

3.依据文章内容回答问题。

4.按要求写句子（要读懂例句）。

（五）看图写话。

例如P801.第一行中间写题目2.一段话的开头空两个格3.按提示写内容。

数字摄影考试大纲

数字摄影期末考试大纲
概述：
动画剧本创作考核依据：考察学生对数字摄影的相机设置、构图、用光等知识点的掌握与灵活运用能力。

一、考试目的：
检验学生的数字摄影理论与运用能力
二、考试范围及形式：
以大作业的形式检验学生的知识掌握程度，
三、考试内容：
命题创作
1．测试目的：考察学生对数字摄影的理论掌握程度
2．测试要求：运用所学知识，拍摄特俗题材的作品
3．题型：创作
3．评分标准：
A.构图：体现艺术特色，满分25
B.光线：体现题材的特点，用光线表现情感，满分25
C.画面：景深、主次表现明确。

满分25
D.后期矫正：熟练运用后期软件，使作品更加富有艺术气息，满分25。

《线性代数》期末复习大纲及参考答案(最新)

07-08(1) 线性代数总期末考试复习大纲及复习题：期末考试题型：判断(约占30%)与选择(约占70%) 期末考试形式：开卷期末复习各章重点第一章知道行列式的定义并会用定义计算简单的行列式；熟悉并会用行列式的性质计算行列式，掌握行列式的依行依列展开定理。

第二章掌握向量线性相关与线性无关的定义并会用定义判断向量组相关与无关；会求向量组的极大无关组以及用极大无关组表示其余的向量；熟悉线性方程组解的一般理论，掌握矩阵的初等变换并会用初等变换求解线性方程组；会用初等变换求矩阵的秩.第三章熟悉矩阵的运算性质，特别是矩阵乘法的特殊性（不满足交换律），知道分块矩阵；掌握逆矩阵的定义、伴随矩阵的概念以及关系式E A A A AA ==**，会用伴随矩阵和初等变换求矩阵的逆矩阵；了解初等矩阵及其性质,会解简单的矩阵方程。

第四章知道向量空间的定义，掌握基变换公式和向量坐标变换公式。

第五章掌握矩阵的特征值与特征向量的概念以及矩阵能够对角化的条件，会判断一个矩阵能否对角化；掌握相似矩阵的概念及其性质。

第六章掌握二次型的概念，掌握二次型与矩阵的对应关系，掌握合同矩阵的概念，会判断简单矩阵的合同，掌握二次型正定负定的条件并会判定二次型是否正定。

复习题1．若三阶行列式1231122331232226a a a b a b a b a c c c ---=，则 123123123a a ab b bc c c = 3 （对） 2．若方程组123123123000tx x x x tx x x x tx ++=⎧⎪++=⎨⎪++=⎩有非零解，则t=1或-2 。

（对）3．已知齐次线性方程组32023020x y x y x y z λ+=⎧⎪-=⎨⎪-+=⎩仅有零解，则λ≠ 0（对）4．已知三阶行列式D=123312231，则元素12a =2的代数余子式12A = -1 ；（错）5.若n 阶矩阵A 、B 、C 满足ABC=E （其中E 为n 阶可逆阵），则BCA=E 。

语言学考试期末复习大纲

the number of words in a language is relatively finite but their possible combination is infinite.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Linguistic is the systematic(or scientific)study of languagePhonetics发音学，语音学is the scientific study of speech and is concerned with defining and classifying speech sounds.Phonology音位（系）学is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language.Morphology形态学语法is the study of the formation of words or the study of the internal structures of the form of words.Syntax句法is the study of the arrangements of words in a sentence. Semantics语义学is the study of the meaning of language.Semantic field语义场refers to the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another. 比如杯子，大杯子放在一起就是语场Synonyms are words that are close in meaning.Antonymy: oppositeness of meaningMeronymy部分整体关系：part/whole relationship.Hyponymy上下义关系refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word（E.g. Superordinate: flower Hyponyms: rose, tulip, carnation, lily）Homonymy: 同音异义words having different meanings have the same form.E.g. ball.Polysemy: 多义性the same one word may have more than one meaning. E.g. tableLanguage function:谁提出的：Finch1. Physiological function生理功能2. Phatic function 寒暄功能3. Recording function 记录功能4. Identifying function 辨别功能5. Reasoning function 推理功能6. Communicating function交流功能7. Pleasure function 娱乐功能Metafunctions of Language纯理功能Ideational function （概念功能）Interpersonal function （人际功能）Textual function （语篇功能）Some Important Distinctions on LinguisticsLangue and Parole语言和言语（语言是抽象的系统，言语是具体化的）Prescriptive and Descriptive描述性和规定性linguistics is descriptive, Synchronic and Diachronic共识性和历时性Speech and Writing 口语和书面语Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic（横）组合和（纵）组合P33Competence and Performance语言能力（内置规则）和语言行为（说话）Functionalism and Formalism语言功能主义和语言形式主义How to define Langue and parole, Competence and performance? Saussure made the distinction: Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.Chomsky defines competence as the abstract ideal user‟s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.Saussure ChomskyDefinition langue competenceparole performanceDifference Sociological view Psychological viewSimilarity Linguists should study abstract langue or competence, not parole or performance,which is too varied and haphazard.Modern Linguistic VS. Traditional GrammarModern linguistics is descriptive not prescriptive.Modern linguistics regard the spoken language as primary, not the written. Modern linguistics is usually synchronic rather than diachronic.Use of languagePragmatics语用学Anthropological linguistics人类语言学psycholinguistics- the relationship between language and the mind心里语言学sociolinguistics- the relationship between language and society社会语言学applied linguistics-the study of applications of linguistic findings, such as to language learning and teaching应用语言学Neurolinguistics神经语言学Computational linguistics计算语言学The history of linguistics1：The structural linguistics Saussure2：Mentalistic linguistics Noam Chomsky3：Functional linguistics M.A.K Halliday1：According to Saussure‟s idea: Language is a system. Language is a form Influenced by his ideas there appeared different structural linguists such as the “ Prague School” , the “ Copenhagen School”The most influential structural linguist was the American linguist L. Bloomfield He believed that the task for linguist is to describe all the language materials observable objectively and systematically. Language forms or structures should be the focus while the meaning is neglected.2：Chomsky rejected the structural approach to language description.Language is a system that relates meaning to substance.Language is a mental phenomenon.Language is innate and human-specific.Language is universal.3:The functionalists look at language from a functional point of view. They are more concerned with what speakers do with language.Noam Chomsky, born in 1928 ,Philadelphia, US, He was the American linguist and political activist who founded the Transformational-Generative Grammar. He also made distinction between competence and performance.Ferdinand de Saussure was a Swiss linguist whose ideas on Structure in language laid the foundation for much of the approach of the linguistic science in the 20th century.In 1916 his students published a book “Course in General linguistics”, in which he made an important distinction between langue and parole.M.A.K. Halliday was the British linguist who viewed language basically as a social phenomenon.According to Halliday, language plays three metafunctions simultaneously: (i) The ideational function---A symbolic code to represent the world(ii) The interpersonal function---A medium to get along in a community(iii) The textual function---To organize messages to form a text非常重要articulatory phonetics 发音语音学It is the primary concern in linguistics.Voiced 浊音& Voiceless清音voiced,consonants: [d, b, g, d ,m, n, ŋ, , z, , l, r, w, j].English has more voiced than voiceless sounds.Vowels: 元音In the production of them, the air stream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the mouth.Consonants: In the production of them, it is somehow obstructed.How do we classify the English consonants?1：Manner of articulation (发音方式）2：places of articulation(发音部位）1：The way in which a speech sound is produced by the speechorgans. There are different ways of producing speech sounds.With consonants the air stream may bestopped and released suddenly ( a stop), e.g. /t/allowed to escape with friction (a fricative), e.g./f/stopped and then released slowly with friction(an affricate), /t /The vocal cords may be vibrating (a voiced speech sound)or not (a voiceless speech sound).With vowels, in addition to the position of the tongue in themouth, the lips may berounded (收圆）, e.g. for /u/, /u:/Spread （展开）, e.g. for /i/, /i:/classified into the following types:Plosives : [p] [b] [t ] [d] [k] [ɡ]Nasals鼻音: [m] [n] [ŋ]Fricatives摩擦音: [f] [v] [s] [z] [ø] [ ] [h]Affricates:塞擦音[ t ] [ d ]Approximants无擦通音: Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [ j] [w]Trills & Taps: [r]2：places of articulation can be classified into the following types:Bilabial双唇塞音: [p], [b], [m]Labiodental:唇齿音[f], [v]Dental:齿音[ø], [ ]Alveolar齿槽音: [t], [d], [n], [s], [z], [l] , [r]Palatal:上颚音[j, , , t , d ]Velar: 软腭音[k], [g], [ŋ], [w]Glottal:喉音[h]In what ways do vowels differ from each other?1. According to the openness of the mouth, thereare:open,, semi-open, semi-close & close vowels.2. According to the retraction and extension of the tongue, vowels can be distinguished as:back vowels, central & front vowels.3. According to the shape of the lips, there are:rounded & unrounded vowels.4. According to the length of the vowels, there are:long & short vowels.重要：转换生存语法谁提的Transformational generative Grammar(TG）：ChomskyIt is a theory of grammar including phonology音位学and semantics语义学, but Syntax is its core component.Its two main aspects: 1.generative aspect ( This means that a grammar must …generate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language and 2.transformational aspect. (This refers actually to a kind of process that transforms one sentence into another.)重要Deep structure is the abstract structure and can be said to be the propositional core of the sentence.is its basic structure both semantically语义and syntactically句法. From it we can derive surface structure.It shows the basic form of sentence with all the necessary information to derive a well-formed sentence, and to give it a phonological representation and semantic interpretation.It is generated by phrase structure rules.Surface structure is the actually produced structure.is the form that people can actually say. They are the result of the operation of transformations on deep structure.Surface structure must undergo phonetic interpretation in order to correspond to its general sense, e.g. turning “be+en+V” into “has been repaired.”Semantics语义学7个types：conceptual meaning概念意义（字典中的）connotative meaning内涵social meaning社会affective meaning情感reflective meaning反映This is the meaning when we associate one sense of an expressionwith another.E.g. “dear” in certain context is used in the sense “expensive” but also alludes to “beloved”collocative meaning组合This refers to what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.E.g. “pretty” and “handsome”Both words share a similar conceptual meaning “good-looking”, they habitually collocate with different sets of nouns, such as pretty girl and handsome boy.thematic meaning主位The meaning difference between “tomorrow I plan to have an outing” and “I plan to have an outing tomorrow” is in that they focus on different aspects and tend to occur in different contexts.从内涵意义到最后一个都属于联想意义associative meaning.语义三角Semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards.它属于传统approachThought/conceptSymbol/Form…………………referent参考对象，所指事物Problem: The link between the symbol and the concept remains unclarified.3个approaches to meaningThe Traditional ApproachThe Functional ApproachThe Pragmatic ApproachSemantic field语义场Semantic relations between lexemes词位，词素Synonymy and Antonymy同义词和反义词Meronymy and Hyponymy部分整体关系，上下义关系Polysemy and Homonymy多义性，同音异义Semantic analysis语义分析Componential analysis成分分析Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of SEMANTIC COMPONENTS. E.g. “man” is analyzed as+HUMAN, +ADULT, +ANIMATE, +MALE.Predication analysis述谓分析Predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. It consists of arguments中项(logical participants) and predicate 谓语(a relational element).Is the baby sleeping? Its predication can be written as: BABY (SLEEP)Tautology & Metaphor 赘述&隐喻。

经济地理学期末考试复习大纲

经济地理学期末考试复习大纲(AB卷)题型：名词解释（6×4′）辨析题（2×9′）简答题（5×6′）论述题（2×14′）一、名词解释1、需求门槛：是指任何经济活动，无论是生产活动还是服务活动，都必须达到一定规模的需求才能够支持基本运营成本，这一规模即是需求门槛。

（P45）2、产业集群：是一组在特定领域内既竞争又合作的相互关联的公司、专业化供应商和服务商、相关产业的企业和有关联的机构的地理集中或形成的地理集聚体。

(P219)3、区域经济协调发展：就是区域之间在经济交往上日趋密切，相互依赖日益加深，发展上关联互动，从而达到各区域的经济均持续发展的过程。

(P251)4、规模经济：由于生产规模的扩大带来单位生产成本的降低，或者是由于相关企业在空间上集聚而带来的费用的节约，都叫规模经济，前者称为内部规模经济，后者称为外部规模经济。

5、经济全球化：是生产要素在全球范围内流动，生产过程和服务过程所涉及的地域不断向全世界扩展，从而使世界各国经济相互依赖性增强的过程。

(P319)6、区域管制：是通过多种集团的对话、协调、合作以达到最大程度动员资源的统治方式，以补充市场交换和政府自上而下调控的不足，最终达到“双赢”的综合的社会管理方式。

7、根植性：指经济活动和结果受到行为者之间的相互关系和这种关系网络的影响。

(P374)8、地方化：也称本土化，是跨国公司在全球化过程中，为达到地方市场认可的目的，而迎合东道国的风俗习惯，宗教信仰等文化传统的发展战略。

(P322)9、空间距离衰减原理：各种经济活动或区域的经济影响力随空间距离的增大而呈减小的趋势。

10范围经济：是指由于经营范围的扩大而带来的额外收益，即企业进行两个或者是两个以上相互关联的经济活动，要比这些活动分离地由多个企业进行更有效率，这种效率的提高带来的效益叫范围经济。

11库兹涅茨法则：是库兹涅茨在配第—克拉克研究的基础上，通过对各国收入和劳动力在产业间分布结构的变化进行统计分析，得到了新的认识被后人称为库兹涅茨法则。

成教大专期末考试(大学英语二)

《大学英语二》（成教专科）期末考试大纲Part I Multiple Choices（10% ）Directions: There are 20 incomplete statements here. You are required to complete each statement by choosing the appropriate answer from the 4 choices marked A, B, C, and D. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. “Hey, look where you are driving!”“Oh, I’m sorry, _____________.”A. I’m not noticingB. I haven’t noticedC. I don’t noticeD. I wasn’t noticing2. He knew nothing about this journey ___________ he was likely to be away for three months.A. thatB. except thatC. howeverD. in addition3. My mother wanted to buy me _________.A. two pairs of shoeB. two pair of shoeC. two pairs of shoesD. two pair of shoes4. Mike received an award _________ his outstanding results in the exams.A. toB. aboutC. forD. with5. My brother had a cold last week, so ______ I.A. hadB. didC. amD. have6. The boss may ___________ Tony because he has the right qualifications.A. fireB. fineC. dismissD. hire7. ________ you nervous during the interview?A. WereB. DidC. DoD. Had8. We should do something to the environment worse.A. stop --- to getB. stop --- from getC. stop --- to gettingD. stop --- from getting9. They talked ____________ low voices in order not to be heard. A. at B. by C. on D. in10. There are many birds singing __________ the trees.A. inB. onC. atD. with11. We ___ go to the movies quite frequently.A. use toB. used toC. were used toD. are used to12. She was _________ her early twenties when she went abroad.A. atB. inC. forD. of13. Children get presents _______ Christmas and _________ their birthdays.A. on, atB. in, atC. at, onD. by, on14. “The young man is good at a lot of things but you can’t say he is _____________.”“I agree with you. Actually no one is.”A. wonderfulB. splendidC. perfectD. complete15. I looked for my key _____________, but I couldn’t find it.A. here and thereB. up and downC. far and nearD. back and forth16. At last he __________ finish the job in time.A. got toB. tried toC. had toD. managed to17. I haven’t received the letter. It _________ to a wrong address.A. may sendB. may be sentC. might have sentD. might have been sent18. What time _________ for work?A. are you usually leavingB. do you usually leaveC. you usually leaveD. you usually left19. Everyone hopes to get promoted, ____________?A. doesn’t heB. don’t theyC. doesn’t sheD. do we20. I used weed killer to get rid the weeds in the garden.A. onB. offC. toD. ofPart II Blank Filling （10% ）Directions: Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases in the box. Change the form where necessary. Then write the answers on the AnswerSheet.Yu Jia 21) from the City University a year ago. She took many 22) in the university, but her favorite subject was 23) . Many of classmates saw 24) working at it. It was, in fact, the least 25) subject in Yu Jia’s class. Yu Jia, however, was 26) about the teaching 27) , and often had discussions with the teacher, who was 28) and liked to 29) things to her. She often gave 30) lessons to her.Ma Jia is a fourth-year student in Shanghai Foreign Languages school. 21) to get for future career, she is 22) for a job and preparing for an interview to be given by a famous joint venture. Today she comes to the reception desk 23) the company hall and is informed the way to 24) . Then she 25) the corridor, 26) at the corner, and then 27) the lift. When she 28) the lift, she 29) , and the room is 30) her.Part III Reading Comprehension （40% ）Directions: The following passages are followed by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.A Travel ExperienceWhen Jim was invited to attend an international conference on computer networking, he was delighted. The conference was to take place in Geneva. Jim thought that it would be an opportunity to take his fiancée Mary on a short holiday. They decided to go to Paris for a week before Jim traveled on to Geneva. Mary would then return home.Jim and Mary spent an enjoyable week touring Paris. At the end of the week, they felt exhausted. Jim accompanied Mary to the airport and saw her onto a plane for London. While he was waiting in the lounge for his plane to Geneva, a mist began to form. Eventually, his plane took of two hours late. As soon as he sank into his seat, Jim fell fast asleep.Unfortunately, as the plane flew towards Geneva, the mist changed to thick fog. The pilot radioed his destination and was told that his plane had to return to Paris. Immediately, the pilot told the news to the passengers. But Jim was still fast asleep. He did not wake up until the plane landed in Paris. Jim hurried through the airport lounge and was so surprised to see Paris again. By this time, the fog had started to clear. But poor Jim was fogged as if he were still asleep.31. Jim was going to attend a conference to be held in ____________.A. GenevaB. ParisC. LondonD. New York32. Jim was overjoyed because he could make good use of the chance to _________.A. see Mary in ParisB. get married with MaryC. take Mary to Paris for their honeymoonD. tour Paris with Mary33. The trip Jim and Mary took to Paris was _______.A. boringB. difficultC. expensiveD. tiring but pleasant34. Jim didn’t know where his plane had landed until _________.A. he was told the news by the pilotB. he got into the airport loungeC. he realized he was in Paris againD. he reached the Geneva International Hotel35. When he found himself in Paris again, Jim _______.A. thought he took a wrong planeB. felt so confused as if he were in a dreamC. didn’t know what to doD. realized he had to stay in ParisDear Zhao Zhiqiang,Greeting from Byron Bay, Australia!Thank you for your enquiry about studying at the Byron Bay English Language School. Here is our information sheet, a registration form and a brochure.The Byron Bay English Language School is for international students to learn English in a beautiful environment, away from the expensive and crowded city schools. We have friendly qualified teachers for language teaching and each class has a maximum of 10 students.You will need a tourist, working holiday or a student visa to study in Australia. Please return your completed registration form when you decide to study at our school. We will then help you with your visa application.Please contact me by email if you have any questions. I will be glad to help you.Yours sincerely,Nancy Johnson36. The Byron Bay English Language School sends this letter because ________.A. it is advertising its schoolB. Zhao Zhiqiang inquires about the schoolC. it inquires about the registrationD. Nancy is interested in going to study there37. The Byron Bay English Language School is located ________.A. in the city centerB. in a crowded areaC. in a quiet areaD. in a poor environment38. Each English Language class is made up of ________.A. more than 10 studentsB. 10 studentsC. less than 10 studentsD. 10 students at most39. To study in Australia you need to apply for all the visas except ____________.A. a tourist visaB. a working holiday visaC. a student visaD. a visiting scholar visa 40. Visa application will begin when _________.A. a student makes an enquiry about the schoolB. a student returns the complete registration form to the schoolC. a student is interested in studying in the schoolD. a student receives the registration form from the schoolNow, please look at your handbook carefully. The first item on the list is about student services and the second item is about the special activities on campus. You may read the two parts by yourselves after the meeting. Let’s have a look at the final item on the list. It is health insurance. I’d like to say a few words about this item. If you haven’t got an insurance policy, please get one at registration. Then you will be covered for any emergency during the school years. Students who are here on scholarship are automatically covered by an insurance plan. Students who pay their own tuition may purchase a student policy from the university. You may find student insurance application forms on the table near the door. There is a detailed description of cost and benefit on page 12 of your handbook. If you follow the instructions carefully, registration should go smoothly. But if you do run into any problems, you will find me at the center table. We’ll be glad to help you. Good luck!41. Who is the speaker?A. The university president.B. A professor.C. A class officer.D. A staff member at the registration.42. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. The first item on the list is about the student services.B. The second item is about the special activities on campus.C. The final item is about the insurance policy.D. This is taken from a textbook of insurance.43. Who is the speaker talking to?A. Teachers of the university.B. New university employees.C. New university students.D. High school students.44. What will the students probably do after the meeting?A. Buy some textbooks.B. Apply for scholarships.C. Buy an insurance policy.D. Register for course.45. Where can the students get the application forms for health insurance?A. At a table near the door.B. In the student handbook.C. From the speaker’s desk.D. In the classroom.Because there are so many nationalities in America, visitors can find almost any kind of restaurant in most of the larger cities. The telephone book lists restaurants in each city according to the name, area of the city, or kind of food. Restaurants in large cities vary greatly in price. Many restaurants post their menus in the windows so you can have some idea of the price and kind of food before you enter. If the menu is not posted and you are uncertain about how expensive the place is, ask to see a menu before you are seated at a table, or else just ask about the price range. Appearances from the outside can be misleading —what looks like a small, informal restaurant may really be very expensive, and what looks like a large, expensive restaurant may be very reasonable.You can get a meal for about $2 or slightly move if you eat in snack bars or coffee shops, but in most city restaurants you should expect to pay $6 to $8 a person for dinner, with alcoholic drinks and wine extra. Prices in New York City are even higher.31. Restaurants are listed for each city in the telephone book according to the ___________.A. area of the cityB. name of the restaurantC. kind of foodD. any of the above32. Where is the menu posted in many restaurants?A. On the doors of the restaurant.B. In the windows.C. On the tables.D. In the front of the restaurants.33. To let people get some idea of _________________, many restaurants have their menu posted in the window.A. the priceB. the kind of foodC. the kind of restaurantD. both A and B 34. If you are not sure about the prices of the restaurants, what should you do?A. Ask to see a menu before you sit down at a table.B. Ask to post a menu in the window.C. Just ask a price range.D. Either A or C35. In most city restaurants, what is the average dinner range for a person?A. $4 to $6B. $4 to $8C. $6 to $8D. $8 to $10The United StatesThe United States is a very large country. It has many different kinds of landscapes and many different kinds of people. In the east, the countryside is green and fresh. Here are some of the first states and some of the big cities. New York and the capital, Washington D.C., are in the East.In the south, there is the beautiful city of New Orleans, the capital of jazz. It is sometimes hot here, and the people here are very different from those in the East.The General Plains of the United States are fertile with big fields of wheat and corn.In the South- West it is often hot and dry. But the deserts and mountains are beautiful. And California, on the West Coast, is famous as a “paradise” state.The weather in the Mid-West, near the Great Lakes, is often cold and windy, and there is a lot of snow in winter.36. It’s well-known that the United States had many different kinds of ___________.A. landscapesB. peopleC. climatesD. all of the above37. Some of the first states and some of the big cities are in the East, including __________.A. CaliforniaB. New OrleansC. WashingtonD.C. D. Los Angeles38. New Orleans is famous for its _____________.A. balletB. country musicC. jazzD. classic music39. Big fields of wheat and corn can be found in _________.A. the EastB. the Central PlainsC. the South-WestD. the South40. The weather near the Great Lakes is often _______.A. cold and windyB. warmC. chillyD. hot dryPerhaps you are going to finish school soon and, like many other students, you want to further your study abroad. Here are some points you should bear in mind if you intend to apply for a scholarship to study in the United States of America.First of all, you will have to ask for an application form, fill in the form with great care, and then send it with a copy of your school records. After that you will have to ask your teachers to write reference letters. You will also need to take some tests such as TOFEL and GRE. You may apply to several universities at the same time. Overseas students in the United States are not allowed to work in their spare time except in the summer, and you need to get permission form US immigration to do that.41. This passage is taken from a handbook for __________.A. visiting scholars in American universitiesB. working emigrants in AmericaC. American students who are going to study abroadD. Overseas students who want to study in American universities42. The author intends to give some _______ to would-be overseas students in the US.A. warningsB. commentsC. suggestionsD. directions43. What is the first thing to do in applying to an American university?A. To write to ask for an application form.B. To send school records.C. To provide the TOFEL score report.D. To supply reference letters.44. Which of the following is not needed for applying to study at an American university?A. Your school records.B. English test score reports.C. Reference letters.D. Your passport.45. Which of the following statements is true of the overseas students in the States?A. They are not allowed to work in their spare time except in the summer.B. They don’t need a permit from US Immigration to work in the summer.C. Winter is the time when foreign students can work in their spare time.D. You can only apply to one university at a time.Part IV Cloze （10%）Directions: There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D under the passage. You should choose the one that best fits into the passage. Then write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.In the 19th century, it was common to hear people in Europe and America say that the resources of the sea were unlimited. For example, a famous biologist said in the mid 1980s that resources of the sea were 51 . Today there’s 52 that the resources of the sea are as seriously threatened as those of the land and the air.53 , the threat to fish is greater 54 than the threat to birds and land animals because fish are a much needed food resource.Many people throughout the world 55 on fish as an important part of their food, and a reduction in the fish supply could have wide 56 on hunger and population. Fishermen in the Atlantic, every year, get 20 billion pounds of fish to 57 food demands. But it is important to 58 that these practices cannot continue with the depletion of the fish resources within the next few years.Sea resources are rapidly declining in many parts of the world and the problemcannot be 59 . It is only with care and planning in this generation 60 the food supplies of the sea can continue for future generations.51. A. exhaustible B. inexhaustible C. countable D. uncountable52. A. fact B. event C. evidence D. trend53. A. Furthermore B. Therefore C. Fortunately D. However54. A. by the way B. under way C. in some way D. in no way55. A. apply B. utilize C. organize D. depend56. A. reaction B. results C. effects D. significance57. A. provide B. meet C. supply D. present58. A. refer B. represent C. recognize D. reveal59. A. considered B. adapted C. ignored D. acquired60. A. in which B. which C. in that D. thatPart V Translation （15%）(Write the answer on the Answer Sheet）Directions: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English or English sentences into Chinese61. 她有可能得到那份秘书工作。

经济生活期末考试复习大纲

经济生活期末考试复习大纲
姓名班级
第一单元生活与消费
第一课神奇的货币
第二单元生产、劳动与经营
第四课生产与经济制度
第一框题发展生产满足消费
第二框题我国的基本经济制度
第五课企业与劳动者
第六课投资理财的选择
第一框题储蓄存款和商业银行
第二框题股票、债券和保险
第三单元收入与分配
第七课个人收入的分配
第一框题按劳分配为主体多种分配方式并存
第四单元发展社会主义市场经济第九课走进社会主义市场经济
第一框题市场配置资源
第十课小康社会的经济建设。

大学英语(三)期末复习大纲及参考答案

对外经济贸易大学远程教育学院2007-2008学年第一学期大学英语（三）复习大纲考试内容：完全依据复习大纲练习和课件课本内容考试题型及分值分配：Ⅱ.Cloze(10x1points)Ⅰ.Multiple Choice(25x2points)Ⅲ.Error Identification(15x2points)Ⅳ.Reading Comprehension(10x1points)大学英语第三册复习大纲练习题（注：答案）Ⅰ.Multiple Choice(单选题练习)1.He did not go to see the film last night because he was busy____for his test.A.to prepareB.to be preparedC.preparingD.being prepared2.By the end of this month,we____a solution to the problem.A.have foundB.will be findingC.will have foundD.are finding3.Whenever I visit him,he____on his job.A.worksB.is workingC.is going to workD.will work4.Sound travels in water in the same manner____.A.as does ai rB.as airC.as in airD.as it in the air5.Good____!I hope you win the race.A.sortB.wishC.luckD.chance6.It____that the match____put off because of the weather.A.suggested;would beB.suggested;should beC.is suggested;shall beD.was suggested;be7.These are nice apples.How____in a kilogram.A.much are thereB.many are thereC.much are theyD.many are they8.We shan’t get there in time____we hurry up.A.unlessB.ifC.whetherD.when9.I’m bad____remembering faces.A.inB.atC.withD.on10.When you let go a balloon fixed with hydrogen,it will____.A.riseB.raiseC.be risenD.be raised11.Please open the letter and tell me what it____.A.speaksB.writesC.tellsD.says12.You____return the book now.You can keep it till next week if you like.A.can’tB.mustn’tC.needn’tD.may not13.I don’t think that your watch is____.A.worthy the priceB.worth of the priceC.worth the priceD.worthy to buy14.“I don’t think I can walk any further.”“____.Let’s stop here for a rest.”A.Neither am IB.Neither can IC.I don’t think soD.I think so15.____,I’d have told you.A.If I would have known itB.If I had have known itC.Had I known itD.Should I know it16.When we were making a snowman,a snowball hit me____the nose.A.on rightB.right onC.on rightlyD.rightly on17.Everything depends on____we have enough time in fact.A.ifB.whetherC.thatD.when18.Parents____nearly four thousand yuan for the piano.A.costedC.spentD.paid19.I have no idea____far the library is from here.A.whatB.howC.it’sD.that20.Jane was angry____her.A.at his being laughed atB.him to be laughed atC.with his laughing atD.at his laughing at21.We bought the car for____$2,000;what a bargain!a.belowb.underc.aboved.over22.I no longer care____modern jazz.a.withb.aboutc.aboved.over23.We____on the shipping company for the recovery of the loss.a.declaredb.assertedc.claimedd.pronounced24.When I said some people are stupid,I wasn’t____you.a.referred tob.referredc.referring to referring25.He____his dollars into pounds sterling as soon as he arrived in London.a.exchangedb.becamec.turnedd.converted26.The new economic policy____every village in our country.a.appliesb.applies toc.applies ford.applies in27.He is been banned____driving for six months.a.fromb.toc.ind.for28.His bad behavior can hardly____.a.be dealt inb.be brought upc.be put up withd.be put off29.Teachers are in____in this area.a.askingb.requirementc.needingd.demand30.She____insurance business now.a.engages inb.is engaged inc.engages tod.is engaged to31.How are you getting along____your studies?a.overb.withc.ond.within32.The doctor will be free____.a.10minutes laterb.after10minutesc.in10minutesd.10minutes after33.____most students,she was always well prepared and never came to class late.a.Likeb.Asc.Ford.To34.There is a limit____my patience,the teacher growled.a.forb.onc.tod.of35.I don’t think the charge for overhauling the equipment is excessive in_____to itssize.a.correspondenceb.proportionc.dimensiond.measurement36.From the editorial we can gain a clear_____of the world’s thought.a.prospectiveb.perspectivec.prospectd.perspicacity37.The fact-finding committee made a thorough study of the causes of civil____.a.disordersb.rebelsc.confusionsd.dins38.He’ll accept the job____the salary is too low.a.ifb.becausec.whend.unless39.I____David for his help.a.obligated tob.am obligated toc.am obligatingd.obligate40.You really must leave me____what is possible and what isn’ta.decideb.decidingc.to decided.decided41.You____read that article if you don’t want to.a.haven’tb.can’tc.mustn’td.needn’t42.He____live in the country than in the city.a.prefersb.likes toc.had betterd.would rather43.What____do you usually cover for insurance?a.risksb.dangersc.damagesd.items44.The consignor shall not be responsible for any bad debts____out of credit sales.a.risingb.arisingc.arosed.risen45.She is____poor;in fact,she is quite rich.a.by all meansb.by means ofc.at all meansd.by no means46.According to the unified interpretation of the IMF,the international reserve should ____four form.pose ofb.be composed ofpose up ofd.be composing of47.While____around in the park,I saw some lovely flowers.a.walkb.walkedc.to walkd.walking48.They’ve always charged a tax____bottles of wine brought into the country.a.onb.inc.atd.to49.It is impossible to____all demands.a.satisfyingb.satisfactory withc.satisfy withd.satisfy50.Very soon,the ownership of the supermarket will____.a.change handb.change handsc.change to handd.change to hands51.Studying____most of a serious student’s time.a.engagesb.is engagedc.is engagingd.is engaged to52.His business____his assistant while he is away on vacation.a.will be trusted tob.will be entrusted toc.will be trusted withd.will be entrusted with53.Is Brown____the committee?No,he is not even____the club?a.in,onb.on,inc.in,ind.on,on54.Dick has vouched____you;he says he has known you for years.a.aboutb.onc.ford.around55.The meteorological office says there is little____of rain in the near future.a.perspectiveb.foresightc.prospectd.outlook56.Have you received____of what has happened to her?a.wordb.wordsc.the wordsd.the word57.He felt____of what has happened to her?a.relievedb.releasedc.reducedd.respected58.Facts____that the creative power of the people knows no limits.a.have becomeb.have provedc.have proofd.have been59.He disliked many of his teachers,and Miss Smith he liked____.a.mostb.morec.lessd.least60.Women____to live longer than men.a.areb.intendc.tendd.like61.She did not know____to sell the books or to keep them for reference.a.ifb.howc.whetherd.either62.Bronze is____of copper and tin.posedb.coinedc.consistedd.involved63.This incident in his childhood is never again____.a.referring tob.referringc.referredd.referred to64.He was always the first____and last to leave.ingb.to comeees65.whether the sports meeting will be held____on the weather.a.dependsb.dependentc.dependabled.independent.66.The students are all wearing the____suits.a.unitedb.unifiedc.unitd.unifying67.The methods____for measuring such things as distance,length and weight vary between different countries.a.to useingeed68.It is____complaining.a.not usefulb.no usec.no usefuld.not use69.The task will be finished ahead of____if nothing prevents.a.scheduleb.timec.pland.arrangement70.The building is____construction.a.onb.underc.ind.at71.If you keep on,you’ll succeed____.a.in timeb.at one timec.on timed.at the same time72.Did you have trouble____the post office?a.to have foundb.with findingc.to findd.in finding73.Did you manage to persuade him____the great danger of remaining in the country.a.ofb.toc.aboutd.over74.We all felt a bit of pity____the beggar.a.onb.withc.ofd.for75.These people who are____are most welcome to the politicians.a.credibleb.incrediblec.credulousd.believable76.Should teachers____the spirit of adventure into young people?a.confuseb.diffusec.effused.infuse77.All our efforts to persuade her to come and stay with us were of no____.a.resultb.availc.effectd.purpose78.The United States,____a highly industrialized nation with good natural resources, tends to export manufactured items and natural resources,such as coal.a.isb.beenc.beingd.to be79.It is generally agreed that organizations with effective managers will____be successful,whereas organizations with poor managers will____fail.a.unlikely,unlikelyb.likely,unlikelyc.unlikely,likelyd.likely,likely80.The transnational company____the orphanage a large sum of money last month.a.locatedb.dislocatedc.distributedd.allocated81.Advertising is to tell the public about the goods and services____are offered.a.whatb.whichc.whered.when82.As far as advertising is concerned,one should not think only in terms of a commercial on television,or an advertisement in the newspapers or____.a.booksb.radiosc.periodicalsd.movies83.The media sell____and space to carry the advertiser’s message to the target audience.a.goodsb.programsc.timed.articles84.I sometimes find it quite difficult to____with my father.a.speakb.sayc.tellmunicate85.If it____for the flood,we____a good harvest.a.had not been,would have hadb.was not,would have hadc.had not been,would haved.were not,would have had86.The noise of doors____could be heard out in the street.a.opened and closedb.to be opened and closedc.being opened and closedd.having been opened and closed87.The scope of coverage is basically the same as that____by the People’s Insurance Company of China.a.grantb.grantingc.grantedd.grants88.The three basic types of____in Ocean Marine Cargo Insurance are FPA,WP,and All Risks.a.coverageb.coveringc.coverd.covers89.The murderer never____his peace of mind.a.discoveredb.coveredc.recoveredd.uncovered90.She attributes her success____hard work and a bit of luck.a.tob.ofc.withd.in91.Every country in the world today must keep a certain size of gold and foreign exchange____.a.preserveb.preservationc.reservationd.reserve.92.Tax was____and state spending was____,resulting in a budget deficit.a.high,lowb.high,highc.low,lowd.low,high93.Please come here____.a.by no meansb.in all meansc.by meansd.by all means94.When____with countries speaking different languages,documents,advertising material,information leaflets and labels may need to be in a foreign language.a.to dealb.dealtc.deald.dealing95.It is no use____to sell diamonds to the people of a poor country.a.to tryb.tryc.tryingd.tried96.Have you get any information____this matter?a.concernb.concernedc.to concernd.concerning97.Water is____into steam in a boiler.a.becomingb.convertedc.convertingd.become98.There was a road accident and____he was late for the meeting.a.result inb.result fromc.as a resultd.as result99.Ocean freight is the most widely____form of transportation in international trade.a.to useedinge100.The cost of air service is high and the carrying capacity is quite limited,____ ocean freight.pared withparing withpared toparing to 101.----Believe it or not,Jack came out____first in100-metre race.----You mean____shortest boy runs____fastest.a.x;the;xb.the;the;thec.x;x;thed.the;the;x102.She left him,____never____foot in that house again.a.determined;to setb.being determined;to putc.determining;to setd.determined;place103.Once lost,____.a.it is said to get such a chance againb.one can never get such a chance againc.such a chance will never come againd.to get such a chance will be difficult104.----I’d like to go to the cinema with you,Dad.----Sorry,my darling,but the film is____for adult only.a.admittedb.intendedc.promisedd.permitted105.----What’s that building?----____the medical equipment is stored.a.That’s whereb.That’s the building whichc.The building thatd.There’s in which106.I just don’t understand____that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect.a.why it doesb.what it doesc.what it isd.why it is107.My pain____obvious the moment I walked into the room,for the first man I met asked me pitifully,“Are you feeling all right?”a.must beb.must have beenc.could bed.could have been108.Who is____starting the bush fire?a.blameb.to blame forc.blamedd.blame for109.In warm weather fruit and meat____long.a.don’t keepb.can’t be keptc.are not keptd.are not keeping110.____Mr.Chen is waiting outside to speak to you.He appears to be quite____ impatient person.a.x;anb.A;anc.The;thed.The;x111.----Really,I don’t know____to join the army or to find a job after my graduation.----Why don’t you____your parents’advice?They will surely help you.a.if;takeb.whether;followc.if;gived.whether;seek112.Playing the violin well is not____so easy as you imagined,dear!You must get fully prepared against any difficulties,I say.a.entirelyb.nearlyc.almostpletely113.----How did you____French?----My experience helps a lot,in fact.I had lived in Paris with my aunt for2years before I came to England.a.pick outb.pick upc.set upd.set out114.Johnson had made up his mind to give it up,but on____second thought he was determined to try____third time.a.x;ab.x;xc.a;ad.the;a115.----Lend me some more money,will you?----Sorry,I’ve got____at hand myself.You know the MP3player cost me all I had just now.a.nothingb.noc.noned.not116.----____he come to seen you as he promised?----Of course,please.Any I’d rather he____me the truth.a.Will;informedb.Shall;toldc.Should;will telld.Can;covers 117.----You seem to have lost your way.____?----Yes.I’m looking for Wangfujing Street.a.What are you looking forb.Are you looking for somethingc.Need helpd.Where are you going118.It will cost a lot of time.____,I think we shall need it and it will certainly be useful to us____.a.What’s more;sooner or laterb.As a result;now and thenc.At the same time;more or lessd.After all;here and there119.Yes.We have to say we are now facing unexpected difficulties ahead,but we firmly believe nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,____? a.can it b.can’t it c.can they d.can’t they120.By the time I saw the angry expression on his face,I____exactly what I was having to face.But not for a moment____I should quit.a.had known;I thoughtb.have known;had I thoughtc.would know;I would thinkd.knew;did I think121.Higher temperatures turning the large ice sheet to water would cause____rise in sea levels worldwide and change____weather on earth.a.a;theb.the;xc.a;xd.x;the122.----Are you close to your uncle and aunt?----____.a.Yes,mostly on holiday.b.No,they are not all rightc.In fact,their house is some distance awayd.Not particularly123.----I’ll thank you____my affairs alone.----I will.It’s none of my business.a.leavingb.to leavec.for leavingd.not to leave124.----Do you know if the basketball game has started yet?----Started?It must be certain who____by now.a.is winningb.winsc.has wond.would win125.The women carrying babies,come in first,____?a.will youb.will theyc.don’t theyd.don’t you126.____,this kind of disease can do great harm to people there.a.Occurring whereb.It occurs where it isc.Where does it occurd.Where it occurs127.____,they had no chance of winning the war.a.They fought as bravelyb.As bravely they foughtc.Bravely as they foughtd.As they fought bravely128.Is that a book on farming?If so,I want to buy____.a.thisb.onec.itd.the one129.This is a disease that can result in total blindness____left untreated.a.afterb.ifc.sinced.unless130.----I haven’t seen you for ages.Where have you been?----I____on leave in Europe.a.have beenb.amc.wasd.had been131.____Mr.Morgan appears extremely cheerful in public,he is in fact leading a very unhappy life.a.Whileb.Whenc.Asd.Since132.They soon realized that,____,the situation would get worse.a.unless dealing with carefullyb.if not carefully dealing withc.unless carefully dealt withd.if dealt not carefully with133.It was in Indonesia,the UN officials believe,____the tsunamis caused the greatest damage.a.whereb.whichc.whend.that134.Mr.Brown doesn’t think that all bad languages should be allowed.In his opinion, there are____that should be kept up.a.degreesb.standardsc.levelsd.limits135.Peter’s not got another job and it’s not____he will for some time.a.easilyb.lonelyc.nearlyd.likely136.All but____going to spend the vacation in the country.a.him and I areb.I and he isc.him and me amd.he and I are137.All experts agree that the most important consideration with diet drugs is carefully____the risks and benefits.a.valuingb.evaluatingc.weighingd.supposing138.____in a friendly way,their quarrel came to an end.a.Being settledb.Settledc.Having settledd.settling139.Arriving home at daybreak,John felt very tired.He____all night.a.was workingb.had been workingc.has workedd.would be working 140.----____.----That’s not necessary.I’m all for it.a.I came here especially for your opinion about my new play.b.I’d like to know your opinion about my new plan.141.____what sum shall we open the letter of credit?a.Tob.Atc.Underd.For142.We accept60day’s L/C____this deal.a.withb.forc.ind.at143.We are sure we will be able to double the annual____of your products.a.saleb.amountc.salesd.value144.Customers in Korea have a preference____natural plant type cosmetics.a.atb.forc.ind.to145.The warehouse stood____there had been a rock.a.whichb.wherec.whend.in the place146.I have never heard the song____in English.a.sungb.is singingc.singingd.sang147.____?A sample-book.a.For what did he askb.What did he ask forc.What did he askd.For what did he ask for148.What is the language____in Franc?a.spokenb.sayingc.talkedd.speaking149.They want the letter of credit____as soon as possible.a.to openb.to have been openedc.to be openedd.being opened150.Can you____to carry the suitcase by yourself?a.arrangeb.managec.offerd.prepare151.We ask him to advertise our goods but he will not____to it.a.acceptb.takec.agreed.allow152.It is____to everyone that practice makes perfect.a.trueb.clearc.cleand.aware153.When the teacher came in,I saw the students____from their seats.a.roseb.raisec.raisedd.rise154.She speaks too fast,____?a.is sheb.does shec.doesn’t shed.does not she155.My brother____at this school two years ago.a.studiedb.has studiedc.studyd.had studied156.I____to Wuhan many times since1990.a.wentb.have gonec.have beend.was157.Have you ever seen such____tall man?a.theb.anyc.ad.one158.The cloud made____for us to see the plane.a.no possibilityb.it impossiblec.impossibled.an impossibility159.We ran all the way to____the bus.a.takeb.getc.catchd.have160.Tom is____most interesting as a player.a.ab.somec.thed.veryⅡ.Cloze(完型填空语篇理解)OneJustices of the Peace receive no payment.Their reward is in the interest inherent in the work they do,in the sense of performing a public service and exercising power,and in the prestige attached to their position.They are not expected to have any specific qualifications other than soundness of character,nor any legal training or experience,though some courses are provided which they are obliged to follow,after being appointed.They are advised on points of law by their Clerk,who is a professional lawyer,but in deciding on punishments they do what seems best to them,though they are always expected to be guided by common sense,humanity and a recognition that all courts ought,as far as is practicable,to impose similar penalties in similar circumstances.When a court sits it must have at least two justices on it,and not more than seven.Justices take turns at attending to sit on the bench at their courts.太平绅士没有获得任何付款。

《材料科学基础》期末复习考试大纲第一章材料的结构与键合.doc

第二章体结构〃（/伙/）（1）立方晶系:aJ/" +1 +[2（2）正交晶系: 《材料科学基础》期末复习考试大纲第一章材料的结构与键合1、金属键、离子键、共价键、范德华力、氢键、分子键的特点，利用结合键解释材料的一些性能特点。

如用金展键的特征解释金展材料的性能一良好的延展性；良好的导电、导热性；具有金属光泽。

2、原子间的结合键对材料性能的影响。

3、比较金属材料、陶瓷材料、高分子材料、复合材料在结合键上的差别。

本章知识点；1、金属键、离子键、共价键、分子键、氢键的特点。

1、晶体与非晶体的区别（特别是在原子排列丄的区别）。

2、空间点阵、晶格、晶胞及选取晶胞的的原则、七人晶系及各自的特点，14种布拉菲点阵、晶格常数、晶胞原子数。

3、晶血指数、晶血族、晶向指数、晶向族、晶带和晶带定理、晶面间距、配位数、致密度、八而体间隙、四而体间隙。

各向同性与各向异性、实际晶体的伪各向异性、同素异构转变（重结晶、多晶型性转变）。

（1）指数相同的晶向和晶而必然垂直。

（2）当一晶向［uvw］位于或平行某一晶面（hkl）吋，则必然满足晶带定理：h-w+k-v+bw^O4、三种典型晶体结构（1）能绘出三维的体心立方、面心立方和密排六方晶胞。

根据原子半径计算出金属的体心和而心立方晶胞的晶胞常数。

（2）三种典型晶体结构的特征［包括：晶胞形状、晶格常数、晶胞原子数、原子半径、配位数、致密度、各类间隙尺寸与个数，最密排而（滑移而）和最密排方向（滑移方向）的指数与个数，滑移系数F1等］。

（3）知道常用金屈材料的滑移而与滑移系的指数，结合第五章塑性变形的内容判断常见金属的塑性变形能力，能给画岀晶胞指出滑移面和滑移方向。

（4）能标注和会求上述三种晶胞的晶向和晶面指数。

晶向和晶而指数的一些规律。

求晶面间距d（hki〉、晶面夹角。

5、晶面间距:d （hkl）的求法：（3 ）六方晶系：4(h2 +hk+k2) (1}3 T丿（4 ）四方晶系：[J(/?2+^2)/t72+(//c)2以上公式仅适用于简单晶复杂晶胞要考虑其晶面层数的增加。

跨文化交际课程期末考试题型+考试大纲

跨文化交际课程期末考题型和分值分布课堂讲义材料内容占期末卷面3/4以上，其他1/4为讲义外部分题型：1.名词解释（5个) （20%）（手写）2.填空(16题) （16%）（选词填空形式，有干扰项）3.判断正误(16题) （16%）（填T or F）4.例子分析(4个) （32%）（手写）5.简答（3题）（16% 5%+5%+6% ）（手写）跨文化交际课程期末考试大纲Chapter 1 Basic Concept名词解释：1. Culture (Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs,…. group of people.) （see P3）2. Intercultural communication ( In its most general sense, intercultural communication …. a member of another culture. (P15)3. Power distance4. Individualism5. Collectivism6. Femininity7. Masculinity问题：1. Introduce the seven characteristics of culture.（culture is shared/learned/symbolic/integrated/dynamic/ethnocentric/adaptive）2. What is cultural fish?3. What is cultural iceberg?4. What are the three styles of communication?5. What are the five main barriers in intercultural communication?6. What are the four primary dimensions for differentiating cultures?7. Explain cultural differences between eastern and western countries.了解：The differences between large and small power distances.Characteristics of individualistic and collectivist cultures.Characteristics of masculine and feminine cultures.练习：阅读后练习。

《宪法与行政法》期末考试复习提纲

《宪法与行政法》期末考试复习提纲本考试涵盖宪法和行政法两个领域，包括宪法基本理论、宪法制度、行政法基本理论、行政主体、行政行为、行政救济等。

本考试旨在测试学生对宪法与行政法的基本概念、基本理论、法律制度的掌握程度，以及运用所学知识分析、解决实际问题的能力。

本考试采用闭卷笔试形式，考试时间为180分钟，试卷满分为100分。

要求：掌握宪法的概念、特征、历史发展及宪法的基本原则。

了解宪法的基本价值与功能，能够运用宪法基本理论分析实际问题。

要求：熟悉国家的基本制度、政权组织形式、国家结构形式等制度安排。

掌握我国公民的基本权利和义务，理解公民在宪法中的地位和作用。

了解我国的选举制度、政党制度、国家主席制度等主要制度。

要求：掌握行政法的概念、特征及基本原则。

了解行政法的历史发展及在当代社会的作用。

熟悉行政法律关系的基本要素，理解行政法律关系在行政管理活动中的作用。

要求：掌握行政主体的概念、特征及分类。

熟悉行政机关、行政编制、公务员等基本概念及制度。

了解其他承担行政职能的主体，如法律法规授权的组织和行政委托的组织。

要求：掌握行政行为的概念、特征及分类。

熟悉各类行政行为的性质、效力及救济途径。

了解行政合同、行政指导等新型行政行为的概念及适用范围。

能够运用行政行为理论分析具体行政行为的合法性及合理性。

要求：掌握行政救济的概念及分类。

熟悉行政复议、行政诉讼、行政赔偿等救济途径的基本程序及法律效果。

了解信访制度在行政救济中的地位和作用。

能够运用行政救济理论分析实际问题，提出解决方案。

本考试的难点在于运用宪法与行政法的基本理论分析实际问题，以及在具体情境下判断行政行为的合法性及合理性。

同时，对于宪法与行政法制度的发展趋势和最新立法动态，也需要给予。

由于宪法与行政法涉及的领域广泛，内容复杂，考生需要具备扎实的理论基础和良好的法律素养才能全面掌握知识点。

行政法是调整行政关系的法律规范的总称，是调整行政关系并规范其权利义务的法律部门。

初中物理期末考试大纲

初中物理期末考试大纲一、总体要求物理期末考试旨在全面检验学生对初中物理知识的掌握程度以及解决实际问题的能力。

考试内容主要覆盖初中物理课程的核心知识和基本技能，考察学生的思维逻辑能力、实验观察能力以及解决实际问题的能力。

本次考试采用闭卷形式，试卷包括选择题、填空题、解答题和实验题等。

二、考试范围本次考试内容包括以下方面的知识和能力：1. 物理基础知识：包括物质的性质和变化、运动与力、热学、电学等方面的基本概念和原理。

2. 物理实验技能：学生需要了解基本的物理实验操作方法，能够进行简单的实验观察和数据处理。

3. 知识应用能力：学生需要能够将所学的物理知识应用到实际问题的解决中，例如机械原理的应用、电路的分析和计算等。

4. 实践创新能力：鼓励学生进行实际探究性学习和实践活动，培养学生的观察、思考和动手实践能力。

5. 模型建立和解决问题能力：培养学生从实际问题出发，建立物理模型，并能够运用所学知识解决问题的能力。

三、考试形式1. 选择题：共40道选择题，每题2分，涵盖了物理基础知识的各个方面。

要求学生全面了解各个知识点的概念和原理，并能够正确运用。

2. 填空题：共10个填空题，每题3分，测试学生对物理概念和计算公式的理解和掌握程度。

题目涵盖了力学、热学、电学等方面的基本知识。

3. 解答题：共4道解答题，每题10分，要求学生能够运用所学的物理知识，结合具体问题进行分析和解答。

题目涉及机械功率、电路分析、光的折射等方面的内容。

4. 实验题：共2道实验题，每题15分，通过实验观察和数据处理，要求学生能够运用所学的物理实验技能解决问题。

考察学生的实验设计和数据处理能力。

四、考试要点1. 对于选择题，学生需要仔细阅读题目，确保理解清楚题意后再选择答案。

注意各个选项之间的区别，仔细斟酌后做出选择。

2. 对于填空题，学生需要熟练掌握各个物理概念和计算公式，注意填写单位和保留合适的有效数字。

3. 对于解答题，学生要注意系统性的进行思考和分析，合理组织答题结构，清晰表达自己的解题思路和方法。

期末考试复习大纲发布的通知

期末考试复习大纲发布的通知亲爱的同学们,期末考试即将来临,为了帮助大家更好地复习备考,我们特此发布了本学期的期末考试复习大纲。

此大纲详细梳理了本学期各科目的考试范围和重点内容,希望能为大家的复习工作提供有力的指引和参考。

复习范围和重点语文本学期语文考试主要包括以下内容:古诗文鉴赏与分析现代文阅读与写作基础语法知识其中,古诗文鉴赏与分析是本次考试的重中之重,请同学们务必掌握课堂上讲授的各类古诗词的创作背景、思想内涵和文学特色。

现代文阅读与写作环节也将考查同学们的综合运用能力,请做好相关的预习和演练。

数学数学考试主要涵盖以下范畴:函数及其性质三角函数导数与微分概率统计其中,函数及其性质以及导数与微分是本次考试的重点,请同学们务必掌握相关的定义、公式及解题技巧。

三角函数和概率统计也是重要考点,请同学们做好系统复习。

英语英语考试包括以下四个部分:词汇与语法阅读理解完型填空写作词汇与语法是基础,请同学们务必牢牢掌握。

阅读理解和完型填空考查的是综合运用能力,请在课后多进行练习。

写作部分则要求同学们运用所学知识撰写有逻辑性和条理性的文章,请提前做好预习和练习。

其他学科除了上述三大学科,其他学科如物理、化学、生物、历史、地理等的复习要求也请同学们认真对待。

各学科的考试范围和重点内容已在大纲中详细列出,请同学们结合自身情况有针对性地复习。

复习建议合理规划复习时间,既要安排好各学科的复习工作,又要注意调整学习状态,合理安排作息。

结合老师的授课内容和复习大纲,有针对性地进行复习。

不仅要掌握基础知识,还要重点训练解题技巧和应用能力。

多进行模拟练习,了解试卷的题型结构,提高答题速度和准确率。

也要注意检查自己的语言表达和书写能力。

适当参加复习辅导活动,与同学们互帮互学,交流心得体会,共同进步。

保持乐观积极的心态,充分利用好考前最后的复习时间,相信自己一定能取得好成绩。

希望通过以上建议,同学们能够顺利完成期末考试的复习工作,取得优异的成绩!祝大家复习顺利,考试圆满!。

判断题：_资格认证考试-公务员考试

对外经济贸易大学继续教育学院《管理学原理》期末考试大纲本复习大纲适用于本学期的期末考试，所列题目为期末考试试卷的出题范围。

本次期末考试题目题型分为两种：判断题、单项选择题。

其中，判断占40%，单项选择占60%。

一、判断题：1.组织控制是调解组织行为，使其与计划、目标和业绩标准中的预期相一致的系统过程。

2.现场控制把重心放在组织的投入因素上。

3.事后控制重心在于在组织的产出结果上。

4.预算控制就是单纯通过对每个部门的支出状况进行记录决定对于相应部门的奖罚。

5.官僚控制的特点是通过大量使用规章制度、层级权利、报酬体系和其他正式的机制来监控和影响员工的行为。

6.全面质量管理是一种管理哲学和一套经营方法，这种经营方法注重在运营的各个阶段追求连续的提高。

7.标杆管理只可以在生产性企业应用。

8.6-12名成员组成一个小组，定期集会讨论解决影响着他们共同工作活动的问题，这样的小组被称为质量小组。

9.沟通是信息交换并被两个或者两个以上的人理解的过程。

10.当一个人在向听众们转达政府机关的某个新文件的时候，他也是在进行沟通。

11.当发送者经历过解码过程以后，就可以将信息传递给接受者。

12.沟通的最重要的特点就是要存在发送者的反馈。

13.疑邻偷斧的故事反映了心理因素对于接受者接受效果的影响。

14.沟通的噪音存在于沟通的每个环节。

15.在日常的沟通方式中，非语言沟通的影响有时候甚至超过了语言沟通。

16.组织内仅存在向下和向上两种沟通渠道17.走动式管理是加强管理人员内部交流的正式沟通方式。

18.人们的语言风格有时候也会造成沟通的无效。

19.全通道式沟通是一种既有效果又有效率的沟通方式。

20.向上沟通的内容之一是绩效评估的反馈信息。

21.一切内心要争取的条件，欲望、需要、动力等，都构成对人的激励。

22.人们可以受到内部激励、外部激励，也可以同时受到两种激励。

23.当代的激励观是建立在“经济人”假设基础上的。

24.马斯洛的五层次需求包括：生理需求，安全需求，从属需求，感情需求和自我实现需求。

2024教学考试大纲

2024教学考试大纲
一、考试性质
教学考试是为了评估学生对所教授课程的掌握程度和理解深度。

本大纲旨在明确教学考试的目标、内容、形式和评分标准，以确保考试的公正、客观和有效性。

二、考试目标
本教学考试的目的是评估学生对以下方面的掌握程度：
1.课程基本概念和理论；
2.分析和解决问题的能力；
3.批判性思维和创造性思维；
4.表达和沟通能力。

三、考试内容
考试将涵盖课程的主要主题和知识点，包括但不限于：
1.课程基本概念和理论；
2.课程核心主题；
3.课程相关应用和实践。

四、考试形式
考试将采用以下形式之一或结合使用：
1.闭卷考试：学生在规定时间内完成试卷，试卷将包含选择题、简答题、论
述题等题型；
2.开卷考试：学生可以参考教材和其他资料，完成论文或分析报告等；
3.口试：学生将与考官进行面对面的交流，回答问题或进行口头表达。

五、评分标准
评分将根据以下标准进行：
1.对课程知识的理解和掌握程度；
2.分析问题和解决问题的能力；
3.批判性思维和创造性思维；
4.表达和沟通能力。

六、考试时间与日期
考试时间将在学期末进行，具体日期将在后续通知中公布。

请学生务必留意相关通知。