国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)_课后答案详解

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国际贸易实务第2章课后习题参考答案

国际贸易实务第二章课后习题答案一、单项选择题1.C2. B3. D4. A5. D二、多选题1.ABC2.ABCDE三、简答题1、答案要点：我国进出口商品的作价原则是：在贯彻平等互利的原则下根据国际市场价格水平，结合国别地区政策，并按照我们的购销意图确定适当的价格。

由于价格构成因素不同，影响价格变化的因素也多种多样。

因此在确定进出口商品价格时，必须充分考虑影响价格的种种因素，并注意同一商品在不同情况下应有合理的差价，防止出现不区分情况，采取全球同一价格的错误做法。

2、答案要点．1）考虑商品的质量和档次2）考虑运输距离3）要考虑交货地点和交货条件4）考虑季节性需求的变化5）考虑成交数量6）考虑支付条件和汇率变动的风险此外，交货期的远近，市场销售习惯和消费者的爱好与否等因素，对确定价格也有不同程度的影响。

3.答案要点：固定价格即固定作价法，是指买卖双方在签订合同时，将货物价格一次“订死“，不再变动。

这种作价办法比较适合交易量不大、市场价格变动不大、交货期较短的商品交易。

在大宗交易时，一般应加订保值条款，规定如果计价和支付货币币值发生变动，价格可根据保值货币相应调整，以防止汇率变动可能产生的风险损失。

4、答案要点：（1）凡价格中包含佣金的，称为“含佣价”。

含佣价可用文字表示。

如USD per metric ton CIF New York including 2% commission 。

（2）也可在贸易术语后面加注佣金的英文缩写字母“C”，并注明佣金的百分比来表示，如USD per metric ton CIFC2% New York 。

（3）明佣的表示方法一般是在价格之后加列一定百分比的佣金率，如USD27.50 per piece CIFC5 New York ，这里的C5指5%commission ，即佣金率。

（4）除用百分比表示外，也可以用绝对数来表示，如“每公吨付佣金25美元”。

如中间商为了从买卖双方获取“双头佣金”或为了逃税，有时要求在合同中不规定佣金，而另按双方暗中达成的协议支付。

国际贸易实务课后含答案

国际贸易实录第一章1、试举例说明贸易术语在国际贸易业务中的作用答：贸易术语，用以说明价格的构成及买卖双方有关费用、风险和责任的划分，以确定买卖双方在交货和接货过程中应尽的义务。

国际贸易术语的作用主要表现在下列几个方面：（一）有利于买卖双方洽商交易和订立合同由于每种贸易术语都有其特定的含义，因此，买卖双方只要商定按何种贸易术语成交，即可明确彼此在交接货物方面所应承担的责任、费用和风险。

这就简化了交易手续，缩短了洽商交易的时间，节约了费用开支，从而有利于买卖双方迅速达成交易和订立合同。

（二）有利于买卖双方核算价格和成本由于贸易术语表示价格构成因素，所以，买卖双方确定成交价格时，必然要考虑采用的贸易术语中包含哪些从属费用，这就有利于买卖双方进行比价和加强成本核算。

（三）有利于妥善解决贸易争议买卖双方商订合同时，如对合同条款考虑欠周，使对某些涉及当事人权利和义务的问题规定得不明确，致使履约当中产生的争议不能依据合同的规定解决，在此情况下，可以援引有关贸易术语的一般解释来处理。

因为，易术语的一般解释已成为国际惯例，它是大家所遵循的一种类似行为规范的准则。

2、贸易惯例与习惯做法有何联系与区别联系：贸易惯例是在习惯做法的基础上产生的；贸易惯例是国际组织根据国际贸易实践中逐渐形成的一般习惯做法制定成文的规则，这些规则，根据当事人意思自治的原则，被国际上普遍接受和广泛使用，而成为公认的国际贸易惯例。

区别：贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法；尽管二者有联系，但不能把贸易惯例和习惯做法等同起来，贸易惯例的层次高于习惯做法，贸易惯例是指国际组织编纂成文的规则，凡未成文的国际贸易中的习惯做法，不能称为贸易惯例。

4、你如何理解国际贸易惯例对合同当事人的约束力问题国际贸易惯例的适用是以当事人的意思自治为基础的，因为，惯例本身不是法律，它对贸易双方不具有强制性约束力，故买卖双方有权在合同中做出与某项惯例不一致的规定。

但是，国际贸易管理对贸易实践仍具有较重要的规范作用。

国际贸易实务课后答案详解

6．何谓托收？按国际商会“522出版物”，它共有哪几种？其特点各如何？
答：（1）托收的含义
按照《托收统一规则》（国际商会第522号出版物）的规定，托收是指由接到委托指示的银行处理金融单据和/或商业单据以便取得承兑或付款，或凭承兑或付款交出商业单据，或凭其他条件交出单据。
（2）托收的种类及其特点
按国际商会“522出版物”，托收可分为光票托收和跟单托收两种。
（2）汇付和托收都属于商业信用的原因
因为汇付结算货款的过程中和托收业务中，银行都只是提供服务而不提供信用，所以汇付和托收都属于商业信用性质。
4．试比较凭单付汇与一般汇付和跟单托收的异同。
答：（1）凭单付汇与一般汇付的异同
①两者相同点：两者都属于汇付方式，同属商业信用，具有汇付的共性特征。
②两者不同点：凭单付汇较之一般汇付方式易为买卖双方所接受，但其通常只适用于现货交易。
①光票托收。光票托收是指金融单据不附带商业单据的托收，即仅把金融单据委托银行代为收款。光票托收不附带商业单据，适用货款尾数、小额货款、贸易从属费用和索赔款的收取。
②跟单托收。跟单托收是指金融单据附带商业单据或不用金融单据的商业单据的托收。跟单托收附带商业单据，是货款结算通常使用的托收方式。
7．在出口业务中采用跟单托收方式通常应注意哪些问题？
答：一般说来，在出口贸易中采用托收方式时，为确保收汇安全，我外贸企业应妥善掌握以下几个方面的问题：
（1）认真调查和考察进口人的资信情况、经营能力和经营作风，掌握有关商品的市场信息，并在此基础上妥善制定授信额度、控制成交金额与交货进度。
（2）国外代收行一般不能由进口人指定，如确有必要，应事先征得托收行同意，以防进口人指定的代收行不可靠，或往来渠道不畅，造成托收行拒绝托收申请的被动局面，甚至因代收行信用不佳或产生意外而遭致货款落空。

《国际贸易实务》书后练习参考答案.doc

《国际贸易实务》书后思考题部分参考答案第二章国际贸易合同的标的9.答：这种做法不符合合同规定，有可能被买方索赔。

因为合同规定的包装材料是麻袋，卖方所交付的商品均应该是麻袋装，如果不釆用合同规定的包装材料，无论材料好坏，均违反了介同的规定。

案例中卖方用塑料袋装，违反合同，就面临着被索赔或拒收货物的危险。

10.答：木例中我公司应该承担赔偿责任。

合同中品质的表达方法冇凭说明和凭样品表示两种，卖方均有义务使所交货物与样品或说明完全一致。

如果某些商品既用文字说明乂用样品表示商站质量，则一旦成交，卖方必须保证实际交付的商品晶质既要符合文字说明乂要和样品保持一致。

如果发牛货物的品质与样品或说明不符，买方有权解除合同，拒绝收货并要求赔偿损失。

案例中两公司交易商品的品质既用文字说明乂用样品表示，而货物和合同中的品质说明相符，和样品不符，所以卖方就需要承担赔偿责任了。

第三章国际贸易术语9.答：货物损失的责任由我方承担。

因为，在CFR术语成交的情况下，租船订舱是由卖方承担的，而保险是由买方办理的，因此，卖方在装船完毕后应及时向买方发出装运通知，以便买方办理投保手续，否则，由此而产生的风险应由卖方承担。

木案屮，因为我方未及时发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理投保手续，未能将风险及时转移给保险公司，因而，风险应由我方承担。

10.答：(1)卖方对以及时收回货款。

因为，按CIF术语成交属于彖征性交货，买卖双方风险划分的界限以船舷为界，其特点是卖方凭单交货，买方凭单付款。

本案中，卖方收到买方开來的信用证后及时办理了装运手续，并制作好一整套结汇单据，这说明卖方已完成了交货义务且风险也已转移给了买方，因此，只要卖方提交的单据符合信用证的规定，卖方就可以及时收回货款。

(2)在实际业务中，买方可以及时与保险公司取得联系，凭保险单及有关的证明向保险公司捉出索赔，以弥补货物损失。

第四章国际贸易商品成本核算与价格确定7.答：(1)不正确。

货币单位不明确。

国际贸易实务周瑞琪课后题名词解释简答题

第二章1 appropriation划拨：货物正式划归合同项下的行为。

2 shipment contract装运合同：利用贸易术语表示交货发生在装运时间前或装运时间的合同。

3 symbolic delivery象征性交货：是指卖方按合同规定装运货物后，向买方提交包括物权凭证在内的有关单证，就算完成交货义务，无需保证到货。

4 arrival contract到岸合同：利用贸易术语表示交货发生在货物到达目的地时的合同。

5 actual delivery实际性交货：是指卖方按合同规定将货物实际交给买方第三章1 inquiryAn inquiry is the act of a potential client asking for information from the counterpart to his intention in buying or selling a certain commodity询盘：是指为了试探对方对交易的诚意和了解其对交易条件的意见。

因多数是询问价格，故通常称之为询价。

2 offerAn offer is a sufficiently definite proposal addressed to one or more specific persons for concluding a contract，necessarily indicating the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance发盘：是指交易一方即发盘人向另一方即受盘人提出购买或出售某种商品的各项交易条件，并表示愿意按这种条件与对方达成交易订立合同的行为。

3 counter-offerA counteroffer is a reply to an offer which contains additions，limitations or other Modifications还盘：是指受盘人不同意或不完全同意发盘人在发盘中提出的条件，为进一步协商对发盘提出修改意见。

国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)-课后答案详解

国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答：Seller.2.Who pays for unloading under CIF?答：Buyer.pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答：Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for themajor carriage. b. Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the s hip’s rail.6.What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b. Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7.If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8.What are the most commonly used trade terms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10.If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing?答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamburg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V．Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If the vessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1)Was the seller entitled to compensation for thewarehouse rent, insurance and interest due to the delay?(2)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party onApril 25, should the buyer pay for the delay?(3)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party onMay 1 with a better price, was he entitled to any compensation?析： a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。

国际贸易实务课后答案

P90 答：在签订合同时，没有具体规定外商提供的设备规格、型号、性能、生产国别和制造日期，当产品与口头协定的不符时，该国内用户无法向供应商要求索赔，起不到很好的法律保护作用；也没有规定品质保证期、检验机构、检验标准和索赔期，该国内用户显然签订了对自己极为不利的合同条款，购买了没有品质保障的产品。

当产品出现质量问题及需要维修时，因为没有相关的规定，该国内用户不能很好地用法律保护自己的利益。

我们从中学到，签订买卖合同时，应严格考虑到多方面的问题，明确产品品名条款及质量条款等多方面的问题，充分了解对方的具体信息。

在签订品名条款时应注意合理性、正确性及明确性。

在签订品质条款时，应对成交商品的质量要求做出全面、确切的规定。

订立严格的买卖合同，有利于更好地保护自己的利益。

P128答：国际货物的买卖中，合同的签订需慎重考虑。

每一个贸易术语均有多种变形条款及规定，所以不能仅依靠一个贸易术语一笔带过该合同中的装运、滞期费、速遣费等问题，应明确规定各方的权责义务，以防引发争议和纠纷。

同时，对于确定国外装运港时，应结合考虑装运港的特殊因素，如有无直达班轮航线，港口和装卸条件以及运费和附加费水平，有无冰封期等，再做出相应的规定。

总之，买卖双方在明确装运港时，通常都是从本身利益和实际需要出发，根据产、销和运输等因素考虑的。

为了使装运港和目的港条款顶得合理，我们必须从多方面加以考虑，特别是国外港口很多，情况复杂，在确定国外装运港和目的港时，应格外谨慎。

P160 答：保险公司拒绝是合理的，依照国际贸易术语解释通则2010，CIF买卖双方在海上运输中的风险，是以货在装货港装上船为界限来划分的。

即货物装船前的风险由卖方承担，装船后的风险由买方承担，所以货物在装船前对卖方具有的保险利益，装船之后转移到对买方具有保险利益。

如上所述，不具备保险利益则得不到保险赔偿，该案中，货物损失发生在装船以前，所以保险利益归卖方，买方无保险利益，所以保险公司拒赔是有道理的。

(完整版)国际贸易实务(周瑞琪等)_课后答案详解

国际贸易实务(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪王小欧徐月芳编著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1.Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答：Seller.2.Who pays for unloading under CIF?答：Buyer.pare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答：Similarities: a. Sel ler’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods pass the ship’s rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyer’s risk.4.What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract terms s eller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5.What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.6.What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyer’s risk. Difference: a.CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT seller’s risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR seller’s risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ship’s rail.7.If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms withoutany doubt? What should you do?答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use, especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8.What are the most commonly used trade terms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9.Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOBcontract?答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, all the other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10.If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamb urg is the port of shipment, from the Chinese trader’s perspective, he is importing.V．Case Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, "The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If thevessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay." it turned out that under the seller's repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1)Was the seller entitled to compensation for the warehouse rent, insurance andinterest due to the delay?(2)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on April 25, should the buyerpay for the delay?(3)If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on May 1 with a better price,was he entitled to any compensation?析：a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,这种确定装运时间的方式允许在整个3月份期间的任何时间进行装运。

国际贸易实务课后答案详解第三章商品的包装

第三章商品的包装一、思考题1．在国际货物买卖中商品包装的意义何在答：商品包装是实现商品的使用价值和附加价值的必要手段之一。

适当的商品包装，对保护、保存商品，美化、宣传商品以及方便商品的存储、运输、销售等有着重要的意义。

包装的功能、意义主要体现在以下三个方面：（1）保护功能保护功能是商品包装最基本的功能，用以保证出口商品的品质和数量在运输、储存、销往国外市场的过程中不受损、不变质、不散失。

（2）方便性功能商品包装应能方便生产、方便装填、方便储运和装卸、方便陈列与销售、方便开启、方便使用、方便回收、处理或重复使用。

（3）信息传递功能通过包装设计及其包装上的各种标识、文字、色彩等，不同的包装不仅可以传递运输货物的信息，而且可以传递有关商品的牌号、性质、成分、容量、使用方法、生产单位等信息，起到一定的广告作用，便于消费者识别，从而达到扩大销售的目的。

2．进出口商品的包装有哪些种类试分别说明其主要作用。

答：根据包装在流通过程中所起作用的不同，商品包装可分为运输包装（即外包装）和销售包装（即内包装）两种类型。

其中，运输包装的主要作用在于保护商品和防止出现货损货差；销售包装除了保护商品的品质外，还能美化商品，宣传推广，便于陈列展销，吸引顾客和方便消费者识别、选购、携带和使用，从而能起到促进销售，提高商品价值的作用。

3．对出口商品包装的基本要求是什么答：对出口商品包装的基本要求主要有：（1）适应国际市场对商品包装的要求，符合进口国对进口商品包装的规定。

（2）适应商品的特性。

（3）适应不同运输方式的需要。

（4）适度包装，保证包装牢固的前提下，节省包装费用。

（5）符合科学、经济、牢固、美观、适销的要求，以充分发挥包装的促销作用。

4．出口商品的运输包装应符合哪些要求答：运输包装又称大包装、外包装，是指将货物装入特定容器，或以特定方式成件或成箱的包装。

出口商品的运输包装应符合以下要求：（1）适应商品的特性，防止货物破损、变质、污染等损失发生。

国贸课后练习答案全周瑞琪

acceptance 承兑actual total loss 实际全损ad valorem 从价运费additional 附属费advanced B/L 预签提单air transportation 空运air waybill 空运单ante-dated B/L 倒签提单anticipatory credit 预支信用证back-to-back credit 背对背信用证basic freight 基本运费beneficiary 受益人bill of exchange 汇票charter party 租船契约charter transportation 租船运输charter(tramp) 不定期货船check 支票claimant 索赔人clean B/L 清洁提单clean bill 光票clean collection 光票托收clean credit 光票信用证combined certificate 联合凭证confirmed L/C 保兑信用证constructive total loss 推定全损containerization 集装箱运输contribution 分摊deferred payment 延期付款demurrage 滞期费discount 折扣，贴现documentary bill 跟单汇票documentary letter of credit 跟单信用证endorsement 背书exclusions 除外责任external risks 外来风险extraneous risks 外来风险factoring 保理业务forfeiting 包买票据fortuitous accidents 意外事故franchise 免赔率freight rates 运费率freight ton 运费吨general average 共同海损general risks 一般外来风险indemnity 赔偿insurable interest 可保利益insurance certificate 保险凭证insurance claim 保险索赔insurance cover(age) 保险险别insurance policy 保险单insurance premium 保险费insurance rate 保险费率irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证lay day 装卸天数liner/gross terms 班轮条件liners transportation 班轮运输measurement ton 尺码吨natural calamity 自然灾害open policy 预约保单optional port 选择港order B/L 指示提单partial loss 部分损失partial shipments 分批装运particular average 单独海损paying instrument 支付工具payment by installments 分期付款payment in advance 预付payment term 支付方式perils of the sea 海上风险port of destination 目的港port of shipment 装运港presentation 提示presenting bank 代收行promissory note 本票proximate cause 近因原则rail(way) transportation 铁路运输reciprocal credit 对开信用证red clause credit 红条款信用证remittance 汇付revocable L/C 可撤销信用证revolving credit 循环信用证road transportation 公路运输sea transportation 海运sea waybill 海运单sight draft 即期汇票sight L/C即期信用证special risks 特殊外来风险stale B/L 过期提单standby L/C 备用信用证straight B/L 记名提单subject matter 保险标的subrogation 代位求偿权sum insured 保险金额surcharge 附加费tenor 汇票期限the insured/insurant 被保险人the insurer 承保人，保险公司time charter 期租船time of delivery 交货期time/usance draft 远期汇票total loss 全部损失transferable L/C 可转让信用证transshipment 转船underwriter 承保人unexpected accidents 意外事故utmost good faith 最大诚信原则voyage charter 程租船weight ton 重量吨CFS (Container Freight Station) 集装箱货运站CIC (China Insurance Clauses) 中国保险条例CP (Charter Party) 租船契约CY (Container Yard) 集装箱堆场D/A (documents against acceptance) 承兑交单D/D (demand draft) 即期汇票D/P (documents against payment) 付款交单DR to DR (Door to Door) 门到门运输F. I. (Free In) 船方管卸不管装F. I. O. (Free In and Out) 船方不管装卸F. I. O. S. T. (Free In and Out, Stowed ＆ Trimmed) 船方不管装卸，理舱和平舱F. O. (Free Out) 船方管装不管卸FCI (Factors Chain International) 国际保理联合会FCL (Full Container Load) 整装箱FPA (Free from Particular Average) 平安险GA (General Contribution) 共同分摊ICC (Institute Cargo Clause) 协会货物运输保险条款IMT (International Multimodal Transportation) 国际多式联运L/C (letter of credit) 信用证L/G (letter of guarantee) 保函LCL (Less than Container Load) 拼装箱M (Measurement) 尺码M/T (mail transfer) 信汇MTO (Multimodal Transportation Operator) 多式联运经营人PICC (the People’s Insurance Company of China) 中国人民保险公司SRCC (strikes, riots and civil commotions) 罢工，暴动，民变脸T/T (telegraphic transfer) 电汇TPND (theft, pilferage and non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险UCP 600 (Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit 600) 跟单信用证统一惯例 600URC 522 (Uniform Rules for Collection 522) 托收统一规则W (Weight) 重量W/W Clause (Warehouse to Warehouse Clause) 仓至仓条款WPA (With Particular Average) 水渍险Chapter 51. In international cargo transportation, the most widely adopted bill of lading is D. order bill oflading.2. In DES contracts, a reasonable order for time of shipment and time of delivery is B. June 1 andJuly 1.3. A bill of lading is C. ante-dated B/L when its date of shipment is indicated earlier than the actualtime of shipment.4. A (An) D. bill of lading represents title to the cargo.5. In the import and export business, B. an ocean B/L can be made out to negotiable document.6. The bill of lading presented to the consignee or buyer or his bank after the stipulated expiry dateof presentation or after the goods are due at the port of destination is a A. stale B/L.7. A “freight to be collected” B/L is acceptable to the buyer when the contract is based on A. FOB.8. A C. conference liner normally has regular scheduled departures, specified routes andcomparatively fixed freight rates.9. An order B/L with blank endorsement is a B/L showing B. neither the name of consignee northe name of transferee.10. A(n) A. straight B/L refers to one that is made out to a designated consignee.Chapter 61. The main document adopted by the insured to make claims against the insurer is D. insurancedocument.2. Perils of the sea, such as vessel being stranded or grounded covered in an insurance policy areone kind of B. fortuitous accidents.3. According to “Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People’s Insurance Company of China”, thecoverage which cannot be effected independently is C. War Risk.4. Company A exported 5 metric tons of tea. The tea suffered heavy storm in transit. The sea waterin the ship’s hold led to the deterioration in the quality of part of the tea exported. This kind of loss is D. particular average.5. The insurance document that is acceptable mostly in Hong Kong of China, Singapore andMalaysia is C. combined certificate.6.7. Risks such as “failure to delivery risk” or “rejection risk” fall within the category of B. specialextraneous risks.8. According to “Ocean Marine Cargo Clause of the People’s Insurance Company of China”, thebasic coverage that is the least extensive is A. FPA.9. In the case of air freight, if the subject matter insured failed to reach the warehouse at destinationstipulated in the insurance policy, the expiration of the insurance is B. 30 days after completion of discharge overside from the overseas vessel at the final port of discharge.10. Under C. ICC(C) coverage of London Institute Cargo Clause, only major casualties are covered,but not natural calamities.1. If there is no specific provision, the draft under a letter of credit should draw on the B. issuingbank.2. The draft used in collection is D. a commercial draft, based on commercial credit.3. A standby credit B. is a special clean credit.4. Under collection once the importer refuses to pay, the C. principal will be responsible for thecargo release, customs clearance, warehousing, and reselling in the importing country.5. The bill of exchange used in D/A must be a D. usance bill.6. If a bank other than the issuing bank guarantees the payment under an L/C, this L/C is A. aconfirmed credit.7. A C. reciprocal credit is normally used in processing trade.8. Which of the following statements is NOT true about remittance? A. It provides highest securityto the buyer but not the seller.9. B. packing loan is a L/C based financing which will provide the exporter funds before the goodsare produced.10. If the exporter finds out mistakes on a received L/C, he should contact the B. importer at the firstplace.Chapter 5T 1 .Liner freight has covered the loading and unloading fee.F 2. When the ship-owner speeds up his ship and arrives at the destination at an earlier date than stipulated, he can obtain dispatch money from the charterer.T 3. When the charterer fails to load or unload the goods within the stipulated period of time, he has to pay demurrage to the ship owner.F 4. Ocean bills of lading, air waybills and rail waybills are property documents presenting title to cargoes, so they are all negotiable.T 5. Bills of lading are usually made out in a full set including several originals and copies.F 6. Since straight B/L bears higher risk than the open B/L , it is rarely used in international transportation.F 7. A clean B/L is issued by the seller to the buyer to certify that the goods delivered are in apparent goods condition.F 8. In international trade practice, the time of shipment is actually the time of delivery.T 9. Sometimes when the buyer cannot determine a specific port of discharge during negotiation, he may require two or three ports to be written on the contract as optional ports.T 10. UCP 600 stipulates that partial shipment and transshipment are allowed unless it is stipulated otherwise.Chapter 6F 1. In marine cargo insurance, general average is to be borne by the carrier, who may, upon presentation of evidence of the loss, recover the loss from the insurance underwriter.F 2. In Chinese insurance practice, open policy is the same as the insurance certificate.T 3. Special additional coverages such as war risks, strikes and so on must be taken out together with FPA, WPA or ALL Risks.F 4. In ocean marine insurance, natural calamities include heavy weather, earthquake, tsunami, flood, collision, etc.T 5. The coverage of Land Transportation Risk and Air Transportation Risk are almost equivalent to WPA in marine cargo insurance.F 6. Subrogation Principle states that in the event of loss of or damage to the subject matter insured resulting from an insured peril, the insured is placed in the same position that he enjoyed immediately before the loss occurred.T 7. The 10% markup rate of the commercial invoice value in an insurance policy is to cover an anticipated profit as well as other additional costs involved.T 8. Under a deductible franchise, where the loss or damage exceeds the percentage allowed, the insurance company needs merely indemnify the exceeding part to the insured.F 9. Ocean marine insurance covers ships and their cargo only on the high seas and not on inland waterways.F 10. The claimant is the party who suffers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured byChapter 7F 1. If the remittance is m ade by a banker’s demand draft, this payment is based on bank credit.T 2. For a confirmed credit, the confirming bank holds the same liability as the issuing bank.T 3. A letter of credit which does not indicate whether it is revocable or not is regarded as irrevocable.F 4. A letter of credit not mentioning ti is non-transferable will be seen as transferable.F 5. Using a third currency in collecting payment is the best protection against currency risk for the seller.T 6. Since under L/C the seller gets payment from a party independent of the buyer, it is the safest mode for him.T 7. Open account and payment in advance indicate the minimum and maximum risk for the importer.F 8. Dishonor only refers to the rejection to the presentation for payment, but not rejection to the presentation for acceptance.T 9. Under collection though the seller collects payment through banks, it is not guaranteed that he will receive the money as collection is still based on commercial credit.F 10. In international trade clean collection is more frequently used than documentary collection. Chapter 51. Under what circumstances does the time of shipment equal to the time of delivery?Time of shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods on board the vessel at the port of shipment while time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place.For all shipment contracts, time of shipment equals to time of delivery, and according to Incoterms 2010, contracts concluded on the basis terms like FOB, CFR, CIF, FCA, CPT, CIP are shipment contracts. Under the shipment contract, the seller fulfills his obligation of delivery when the goods are shipped on board the vessel or delivered to the carrier and the seller only bears all risks prior to shipment.2. What are the functions of a bill of a lading?A cargo receipt, evidence of a contract of carriage, a document of title to the goods.3. What are the main types of bills of lading?·According to whether the goods have been loaded on board the carrying vessel: Shipped B/L and received for shipment B/L·According to the apparent condition of the received cargo: Clean B/L and Unclean B/L,·According to the address of the consignee: Straight B/L, Order B/L and Bear B/L,·According to whether transshipment is involved in transit: Direct B/L and Transshipment B/L, ·According to the perplexity or simplicity of the bill content: Long term B/L and Short term B/L, ·According to the payment condition of freight: Freight prepaid B/L and Freight to be Collected B/L ·According to the validity: Original B/L and Copy B/L·Other forms of bill of lading also exist according to different circumstances: Stale B/L, Ante-dated B/L, Advanced B/L, On-deck B/L.4. What are the ways of dividing charges of loading and unloading in a charter party?·Liner Terms/ Gross Terms or In and out: The ship-owner bears loading and unloading cost.·Free in: The ship-owner is only responsible for unloading cost.·Free out: The ship-owner is only responsible for loading cost.·Free in and out: The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost. OR F. I. O. S. T.: The ship-owner does not bear loading and unloading cost, not even bear the expenses of stowing and trimming.Time of delivery(time of shipment), port (place) of shipment and port (place) of destination, partial shipment, transshipment, or lay days, demurrage and dispatch money.Chapter 61. What are the differences between general average and particular average?Although both general average and particular average belong to the category of partial loss, there is still some differences between them:·Causes: Particular average is a kind of cargo loss usually caused directly by sea perils, while general average is caused by intentional measures taken to save the common interest. ·Indemnification: Particular average is often borne by the party whose cargo is damaged, while general average should be proportionally contributed among all parties benefited from the intentional measures.2. What are the conditions for general average?·The danger that threatens the common safety of cargo and/or vessel shall be materially existent and is not foreseen.·The measures taken by the master shall be aimed to remove the common danger of both vessel and cargo and shall be undertaken deliberately and reasonably for common safety.·The sacrifice shall be specialized and not caused by perils directly and the expense incurred shall be additional expense which is not within the operation budget.·The actions of the ship’s master shall be successful in saving the voyage3. What are the differences between the scope of ICC(B) and ICC(C)?The scope of ICC(C) covers loss of damage to the cargo attributable to fire or explosion, vessel of craft being stranded, grounded, sunk or capsized, overturning or derailment of land conveyance, collision or contract of vessel, craft or conveyance with any external object other than water, or discharge of cargo at a port of distress, general average sacrifice, or jettison.Apart from those covered under ICC(C), the scope of ICC(B) also covers loss of or damage to the subject matter insured attributable to earthquake, volcanic eruption or conveyance, container, liftvan or place of storage, or total loss of any package lost overboard or dropped whilst loading onto or unloading form, vessel or craft.4. What are the risks that are known as general additional coverage1)T.P.N.D(Theft, Pilferage and Non-delivery), 2)Fresh Water Rain Damage, 3)Risk of Shortage,4)Risk of Inter Mixture and Contamination, 5)Risk of Leakage, 6)Risk of Clash and Breakage,7)Risk of Odor, 8)Heating and Sweating Risk, 9)Hook Damage, 10)Risk of Rust, 11)Breakage ofPacking Damage5. What are the main expenses involved in ocean marine insurance? How to define them?Marine cargo insurance also covers the expenses incurred to avoid or reduce the damage to or loss of the subject matter insured. There are mainly two types of expenses. One is Sue and labor expense, the other is salvage charges.Sue and labor expense are extraordinary expenses made in a time of peril by the insured to act to avert, or minimize any loss of or damage to the subject matter insured. Salvage charges are expenses resulting from measures properly taken by a third party other than the insured, his agent, or any person employed by them to preserve maritime property from peril at sea.6. What documents are needed when an insurance claim is made?·Original bill of lading or other transport document·Commercial invoice·Packing list·Certificate of Loss(Survey)·The landing account or weight notes(notes on weight) at destination·Any correspondence with the carrier or any other party who could be responsible for the loss or damage·Master’s protest.Chapter 71. After Bank X advised exporter Y of the L/C, the shipment was made. When the cargo was onthe way, the importer filed for bankruptcy. Is Y out luck of collecting the payment? Can the opening bank refuse to make reimbursement to the negotiating bank? Why or why not?No, exporter Y does not need to worry about the payment. Because the payment is by L/C, the issuing bank is responsible for making payment regardless of the importer’s situation. But the condition is that exporter Y can fulfill all the requirements listed on the L/C. According to UCP600,a credit constitutes a definite undertaking of the opening bank to pay or to pay at maturity in caseof acceptance. Therefore once the stipulated documents are presented to the opening bank and the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with, the opening bank cannot refuse to make reimbursement to the negotiating bank.2. An L/C does not indicate whether it is revocable or not. Is it revocable? Can a revocablecredit be transferable?According to UCP600, if an L/C does not indicate whether it is irrevocable or not, it will beconsidered as irrevocable. And a transferable L/C must be irrevocable.3. After a gullible importer paid Bank C against the seemingly correct shipping documents, hewent to take the delivery, but found out that the goods were inferior counterfeits. Is Bank C liable under UCP600? Can the importer do anything in order to recover the loss?Bank C is not liable in this case because UCP600 stipulates that in credit operations all parties concerned deal with documents, and not with goods, services and/or other performances to which the documents may relate. In order to recover the loss, the importer should rely on the sales contract and seek for solution.4. An exporter, Wu Co., received an L/C issued by Bank B and confirmed by Bank K. After Wushipped the goods, Bank B declared bankruptcy. Will Wu have sleepless nights?No, Wu Co. Does not need to worry about the payment. When the L/C is confirmed, the confirming bank holds the same definite undertaking as the issuing bank to pay or to pay at maturity in case of acceptance.5. Does a payment credit differ from a sight credit?A payment credit could be settled by sight payment or deferred payment. In both cases, a draftdrawn on the issuing bank may not be necessary. While when a sight credit is used, payment would be made immediately against a sight draft and required commercial documents.6. Are the following credits transferable? (A)This L/C assignable; (B)This L/C is transmissible;(C)This L/C is fractionable; (D)This L/C is divisible.According to UCP600, a credit can be transferred only if it is expressly designated as“transferable” by the issuing bank. Terms such as “divisible”, “fractionable”, “assignable”, and “transmissible” do not render the Credit transferable.7. Under an anticipatory credit, the exporter made an advance, but disappeared withoutpresenting the documents as required. Who is liable for repayment of the advance?The special clause is required by the applicant, as a result he has to make repayment of the advances if the beneficiary fails to present documents for settlement.8. Why a back-to-back credit is needed? Give an example.A back-to-back credit is normally used by middleperson for the protection of his interest. Forexample, agent A received a documentary credit from the end buyer B, A can use this credit as a backup to apply for the opening of a new credit in favor of the end supplier C. By doing so A can be sure that neither B nor C would know each other, therefore well protecting A’s businessconfidentiality.9. What is the difference between a back-to-back credit and a transferable credit?When a back-to-back credit is used, there actually involve two credits. When a transferable credit is used, operation is based on only one credit.Chapter 51. The price quoted by an exporter was “USD38 per case FOB Liverpool”. The importerrequested a revised CFR Liverpool price. If the size of each case was 50cm*40cm*30cm, gross weight per case was 40kg, freight basis was W/M and the quotation for London is USD100 per ton of carriage, plus 20% bunker adjustment factor (BAF) and 10% currency adjustment factor (CAF), what would be the CFR price?W=40kg=0.04M/T M=50cm*40cm*30cm=0.5*0.4*0.3=0.06cm3 M>WM will be used as freight basis for freight calculation.Freight per case=M*basic freight*(1+BAF rate)=0.06*100*(1+20%)=USD 7.2Total freight per case=7.2*(1+10%)=USD 7.92CFR=FOB+Freight=38+7.92=USD 45.92The CFR price would be USD 45.92 per case CFR Liverpool2. There is one consignment of 10 cartons of leather shoes, measurement of each carton is50*50*50cm, gross weight of each is 15KG. The air freight are quoted for the flight required is USD1.3KG. How much air freight should be paid to the carrier?W=15kg M= (50*50*50)/6000=20.83kg M>WFreight=USD 1.3/kg*20.83*10 cartons=USD 270.79The air freight is USD 270.793. Suppose: Company A exports 1000 cases of Commodity Y to London. The volume per caseis 40cm x 30cm x 20cm, and the gross weight is 30kg per case. For Commodity Y, the freight rate basis is W/M, and the Freight Tariff (China —London) is USD230, with a 10% port surcharge. How much is the total freight?Total weight: 0.03 M/T*1000 cases=30M/T Total measurement: 0.4x0.3x0.2*1000cases=24M3W > M, “W” is the freight basisTotal Freight=Total weight× Basic Freight Rate×(1+ Surcharge)=30×230×(1+10%)= USD 7590 The total freight cost is USD7590.4. Company A wants to send one consignment to Sydney, Australia. The goods are packed in50 cartons, each weighing 15kgs, with measurement as 50 x 40 x 30cm. The air freight rateis quoted at USD2.00/KG (W/M). How much would the total air freight cost?W: 15 kg M: (50x40x30)/6000=10kg W> M, so W will be adopted for the calculation of air freightAir freight=Total Quantity× Basic Freight Rate=50 cartons×15kg×USD2.00/kg =USD 15005. Suppose the working period at Port X is 8 hours a day and 7 days in a week. If there are four rainy hours unable for loading and unloading in a week, how many standard days are there under the above three methods of stipulation for lay time respectively?Days or Running Days or Consecutive Days=7 days Weather Working Days of 24 Hours=8*7- 4(rainy hours)=52 hours=2 61 days Weather Working Days of 24 Consecutive Hours=7*24-4=164 hours=6 65 days Chapter 611. A Chinese company offered to a British counterpart at USD500 per case FOB Shanghai. The British importer asked the exporter to offer a CIF price. Suppose the freight is USD 50 per case and premium rate is 0.6%, what would the new offer be?CIF=(FOB+F)/(1-110%*R)=(500+50)/(1-110%*0.5%)=USD 533The new offer is USD 533 per case CIF Shanghai.12. Company A transacted with Company B, exporting frozen food under CIF. The total amount of the invoice value was USD 10 000. The premium rate was 0.4% and the goods were insured for FPA with a markup of 10%. Please calculate the insurance amount and insurance premium respectively?Insurance amount=CIF*(1+markup rate)=10 000*110%=USD 1100Insurance premium=CIF insurance amount*insurance rate=1100*0.4%=USD 44The insurance amount and insurance premium are USD 1100 and USD 44 respectively.13. Our exporting company offered light industrial products to a British importer at GBP10 000 per metric ton CIF London (insurance for All Risks with 10% markup and 1% premium rate). However, the importer intended to effect insurance by himself, as a result, he count-offered CFR price. What is the CFR price? How much premium should the exporter need to deduct from the CIF price?CFR=CIF*(1-110%*R)=10 000*(1-110%*1%)=GBP 9890Insurance premium=CIF-CFR=10 000-9890=GBP 110The CFR price is GBP 9890 per metric ton CFR London and the exporter need to deduct GBP 110 from the CIF price as the premium.14. Suppose a cargo vessel loaded with cargo of Party A and Party B stranded in transit. To save the vessel as well as the goods on it, the master ordered to throw 1000 cases of goods to the sea. The value of the goods thrown overboard for Party A is 20% of his goods (the total value of his goods is CNY20000) and that for Party B is 10% of his goods (the total value of his goods is CNY60000). Extra wages for the seamen to perform the act amounted to CNY5000. The value of the vessel is about CNY5000000. Based on the information above what is the G.A. contribution for each party involved?Total GA loss=20000x20%+60000x10%+5000=CNY 15000Total GA contributory value=20 000x 80%+ 60 000x90%+5 000 000+15 000= CNY 5 080 000 GA percentage = (Total GA loss / GA Total Benefit) x 100%=(15 000/5 080 000)x100%=0.295% GA Contribution by Party A=20 000 x 0.295% = CNY 59GA Contribution by Party B=60 000 x 0.295% = CNY 177GA Contribution by the Carrier=5 000 000x0.295% =CNY 1475015. Suppose the CIF invoice value is USD50 000 and goods are insured against All Risks and War Risks with premium rate to be 0.5% and 0.05% respectively. If markup rate is 10%, the insurance premium will be:Insurance Premium (I)=50 000*(1+10%)*(0.5%+0.05%)=55 000*0.0055=USD 302.5Chapter 51. ABC Co. signed a contract to export 200 M/T of beans. The letter of credit stipulated, “Partial shipment not allowed”. When the shipment was being made, the exporter loaded 100 M/T each on board the same vessel for the same voyage at the port of Shanghai and the port of Dalian. The shipment document was clearly marked with the ports of shipment and the dates of shipment. Did the exporter violate the terms of the L/C?析:No, 卖方没有违反信用证“不允许装船” 的规定。

国际贸易实务书后思考题部分参考答案(doc 33页)

国际贸易实务书后思考题部分参考答案(doc 33页)《国际贸易实务》书后思考题部分参考答案第一章绪论（略）第二章国际贸易合同的标的9．答：这种做法不符合合同规定，有可能被买方索赔。

因为合同规定的包装材料是麻袋，卖方所交付的商品均应该是麻袋装，如果不采用合同规定的包装材料，无论材料好坏，均违反了合同的规定。

案例中卖方用塑料袋装，违反合同，就面临着被索赔或拒收货物的危险。

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝10．答：本例中我公司应该承担赔偿责任。

合同中品质的表达方法有凭说明和凭样品表示两种，卖方均有义务使所交货物与样品或说明完全一致。

如果某些商品既用文字说明又用样品表示商品质量，则一旦成交，卖方必须保证实际交付的商品品质既要符合文字说明又要和样品保持一致。

如果发生货物的品质与样品或说明不符，买方有权解除合同，拒绝收货并要求赔偿损失。

案例中两公司交易商品的品质既用文字说明又用样品表示，而货物和合同中的品质说明相符，和样品不符，所以卖方就需要承担赔偿责任了。

第三章国际贸易术语5. 答：货物损失的责任由出口方承担。

本案中，因为出口方未及时发出装运通知，导致买方未能及时办理投保手续，未能将风险及时转移给保险公司，因而，风险应由出口方承担。

＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝6. 答：(1) 卖方可以及时收回货款。

因为，按CIF术语成交属于象征性交货，买卖双方风险划分的界限是以货物装上船为界，其特点是卖方凭单交货，买方凭单付款。

则FOB 净价＝含佣价－佣金＝22-0.66＝21.34（美元）那么，CIF 净价＝()保险费率投保加成海外运费净价⨯+-+11FOB ＝％8.01.11134.21⨯-+＝22.54（美元）则：CIFC5％＝％＝佣金率净价5154.221--CIF ＝23.73（美元）（2）出口商品盈亏率＝％出口总成本－出口总成本出口销售人民币净收入100⨯ ＝()％％％1003031601603031601600409.834.21⨯-⨯+-⨯+-⨯ ＝27.29％（3）出口商品换汇成本＝()()美元出口销售外汇净收入人民币出口总成本＝34.21303160160-⨯+％＝6.32（元人民币/美元）即：该笔业务中，CIFC5%为23.73美元；出口商品盈亏率为27.29％；出口商品换汇成本为6.32元人民币/美元。

国际贸易实务周瑞琪1Gerneral_int

Concerning trade operations of both import and export
Including the purchase and sale of both visible and invisible goods.
•5
1.1 Reasons for international trade
Barter trade
Exchange of goods or services without an intervening medium of exchange or money
The oldest from of trade
Free-liquidation trade
Exchange of goods or services with an intervening medium of exchange or money
•9
1.3 Classification of international trade
From the number of participants involved
Direct trade
Two parties involved: the importer and the exporter
Political reasons Different taste and preference
•6
1.2 Differences from domestic trade
International trade involves
foreign languages and different cultures foreign laws, customs and regulations or