GU2 Cisco stage3
Cisco交流机类型辨认窍门
Cisco交流机类型辨认窍门Cisco交流机类型辨认窍门Cisco的交流机商品以Catalyst为商标，包含1900、2800、2900、3500、4000、5000、5500、6000、8500等十多个系列。
总的来说，这些交流机能够分为两类：一类是固定装备交流机,包含3500及以下的大有些类型，比方1924是24口十M以太交流机，带两个十0M上行端口。
除了有限的软件晋级以外，这些交流机不能拓展；另一类是模块化交流机,首要指4000及以上的机型，网络规划者能够依据网络需求，挑选不一样数目和类型的接口板、电源模块及相应的软件。
挑选设备时，很多人对长长的商品类型非常头疼。
本来，Cisco 对商品的命名有必定之规。
就Catalyst交流机来说，商品命名的格局如下：CatalystNNXX[-C][-M][-A/-EN]其间，NN是交流机的系列号，XX关于固定装备的交流机来说是端口数，关于模块化交流机来说是插槽数，有-C象征标明带光纤接口，-M标明模块化，-A和-EN别离是指交流机软件是规范板或公司版。
二、商品介绍如今，网络集成项目中多见的Cisco交流机有以下几个系列，1900/2900系列、3500系列、6500系列。
他们别离运用在网络的低端、中端和高端。
下面别离介绍一下这几个系列的商品：1、低端商品先说一下低端的商品，1900和2900是低端商品的典型。
本来在低端交流机市场上，Cisco并不占分外的优势，由于3Com、Dlink 等公司的商品具有非常好的功用报价比。
1900交流机适用于网络结尾的桌面核算机接入，是一款典型的低端商品。
它供给12或24个十M端口及2个十0M端口，其间十0M端口支撑全双工通讯，可供给高达200Mbps的端口带宽。
机器的背板带宽是320Mbps.带公司版软件的1900还支撑VLAN和ISLTrunking,最多4个VLAN,但通常状况下，低端的商品对这项功用的请求不多。
某些类型的1900带十0BaseFX光纤接口。
Cisco交换机配置新手篇
Cisco交换机配置新手篇:正确连接和初级配置
Cisco交换机在网络届处于绝对领先地位，高端冗余设备（如：冗余超级引擎，冗余负载均衡电源，冗余风扇，冗余系统时钟，冗余上连，冗余的交换背板），高背板带宽，高多层交换速率等都为企业网络系统的高速稳定运行提供良好解决方案。
这就是为什么大型企业都选择Cisco交换机做核心层和分布层等主要网络设备。
Cisco分为高中低端交换机，分别面向不同层次。
但是多数Cisco交换机都基于Cisco自家的IOS( Internet Operating System )系统。
所以设置都是大同小异。
让我们从零开始，一步一步教大家学会用Cisco交换机。
第一步：利用电脑超级终端与交换机建立连接
可进行网络管理的交换机上有一个“Console”端口，它是专门用于对交换机进行配置和管理的。
可以通过Console端口连接和配置交换机。
用Cisco自带的Console线,RJ-45端接入Cisco交换机Console 口，Com口端接入电脑Com1或Com2口，必须注意的是要记清楚接入的是那个Com口。
按照步骤开启超级终端：开始－程序－附件－通讯－超级终端（图2）
（图2）
点击文件－新建连接（图3）
（图3）
输入超级终端名称,选择数据线所连端口(注意选择Com口时候要对应Console线接入电脑的Com口)：图4。
GU2 cisco stage1
HND Business with Human Resource Management: Graded Unit 2: InvestigationCandidate name: Gen LiStudent ID:Tutor: Mr. Minggui QuTitle of the project: Investigate one or two companies and discuss: what activities might be included in the development of a new product for international (or national or any new) market?Brief1.1Cisco and Golden Shield Project in China1.2The Project SMART ObjectivesChina has become one of the world’s largest consumers of telecommunications equipment. There are many multinational corporations trying to get a share of the largest market in the world. Thus, the lure of potential billions has attracted every major telecommunications corporation, including US-based Lucent and Cisco, European wireless, etc.Cisco system Inc. is an international company which designs and sells networking, communications technology and services. It is one of the biggest technologic supporter and telecommunications equipment providers which supplied the Chinese Government with technology to complete the Golden Shield Project, in order to protect its national security and control the public opinions.1.3 The Investigation IssueThe Golden Shield Project is a censorship and surveillance project operated by the Ministry of Public Security division of the communist Government of China. According to the information on the conference Web site, the Gold Shield Project is focus on some special fields of securities, such as, access Control, Anti-Hacker intrusion, Communication, E-commerce security, etc.The success of the Golden Shield project depends on a wide range of advanced technologies. The Chinese research is advancing rapidly in these areas, and other related fields. However, they are still largely reliant on assistance from Western corporations, either by purchasing components as turnkey solutions, or through technology transfer.The Golden Shield surveillance network is intended to be able to ―see,‖ to ―hear‖. This technology system can automatically monitor telephone conversations, searching for all key words and phrases on the internet.1.4 Reasons for The Choice of IssueCisco has been criticized for its involvement in the Golden Shield Project because this system on some extent restricts the Chinese people’ freedom of speech and search ing information.However, Cisco denied that it provided the Chinese Government with specialized filtering facilities to block access to information, and they claimed the equipment sold in China are same as the products sold in other countries. More than that, Cisco reckons it is hard for them to give up such a huge market. Therefore, this essay aims to reveal the background and development of Cisco Corporation and the Golden Shield Project.1.5 Justification for Choice of BusinessChina, as a new emerging market, has attracted many multinational companies since 1980s. The population of 1.3 billion and the growing economy provides the great business potential to the foreign corporations. Cisco entered into the Chinese market in 1994 and it owns more than 3000 staff currently, (Cisco China, 2009). In 2005, Cisco established its research centre in China in order to strengthen the capability of customised products to meet the needs of the Chinese market. Network in China has increased dramatically from 1990s and there are more than 338 million broadband users by the mid-2009. (The Economist, 2009) Considering the importance of Chinese market, John Chambers, the CEO of Cisco, visited China in 2007 and announced US$16 billion will be invested in China over the next 3 to 5 years. (PC world, 2009) John Chambers emphasised that the importance and necessity for Cisco to strengthen the cooperation with the Chinese Government. It is hard to deny that the great success of Cisco’s strategy. Cisco Corporation has won multi-billion dollar contracts only from the Chinese Government.1.6 Explanation of The Sources of Information●QuestionariesThis survey follows the non-probability sample procedure, using the convenience sampling technique.The survey’s population is defined as people within teenagers and young people groups. The sampling units are those people between the ages of 15-35 year old. The participants are selected from Beijing City within a time from October 9th to November 9th. Besides, sample size is required at least 100 people to reduce the biases of the results. The commenced procedure for obtaining responses for survey was to choose various locations in Beijing, especially in the city.●In-depth-InterviewThe objectives are to obtain further information from those people who are well-educated andhave full time jobs to obtain open ended response with indication of emotion behind answers.Methodology with justification:∙ A face to face unstructured personal interview∙Offered chance to obtain extended feedbackLimitations:∙Small sample not indication of population∙Interviewee not prepared to be entirely honest due to intimacy of interview situation.●InternetToday internet has become the most ever powerful tool for man throughout the world. The internet is a collection of various services and resources. From CSICO website, all the following information is available in multi-languages: company introduction, products and services, solution, technical support, training and events, corporations and agencies, etc. Other useful information can be obtained from search engine such as Google, Baidu, Sina.●Search EngineThe indexes of search engines are usually vast, representing significant portions of the Internet, offering a wide variety and quantity of information resources. Moreover, the growing sophistication of search engine software enables us to precisely describe the information that we seek.Internet’s strengths and weaknesses are as followed:Strengths WeaknessesAbility to reach a narrow target audience Difficult to measure ad effectiveness and return on investmentTwo-way communication Poor image reproductionLink to self-directed entertainment Limited scheduling optionsFastest growing medium Not all consumers have access tointernetModerate costRelatively short lead time1.7 The MethodsThe information can be sourced by the following two ways:● Secondary Information:-Website-Printing Material: Books, Issues, Magazines, newspaper● Primary Information:-Interview1.8 Criteria∙Optimize business concept and create shareholder value∙Compelling Marketing strategy∙Build-up excellent management team vision, high motivation and decisiveness∙Thrive and readiness for stock market, trade sale or merger∙Innovative and sophisticated range of products∙Provable technological leadPlanningTime table of InvestigationTime Place Activates10 October,2010 University Campus Site-surveyGathering information, internet20 October,2010 University Campus Site-survey and in-depth interview,internet25 October,2010 Shopping mall in-depth interview1.5 Criteria to be usedThe report adopts SLEPT, PESTEL (SLEPT plus Economic factor) and SWOT analysis as the criterions. There are many factors in the macro-environment that will affect the decisions of the managers of any organisation. By using the SLEPT and PESTEL frameworks we can analyse the many different factors in a firm's macro environment.ConclusionThis investigation is focused on Cisco’s Golden Shield Project in China to identify the factors influenced on the development of Chinese internet and human rights. All of the socio-cultural, political, economic, environmental, legal, ethical and technological factors are analysed in depth to some extent. The specific analysis will be conducted in the second part of the project— the Analysis of Investigation.References1."Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration2. /article/businessNews/idUSPEK101946200804033. Media Control in China published in Chinese in 2004 by Human Rights in China, New York. Revised edition 2006 published by Liming Cultural Enterprises of Taiwan.4. The Hijacked Potential of China's Internet,English translation of a chapter in the 2006 revised edition of Media Control in China published in Chinese by Liming Enterprises of Taiwan in 2006.5. /world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=53893626Poulsen,P&2005,Critics Squeeze Cisco Over China‖ Infowarrior/infowarrior@/msg01180.htmlaccessed 10/10/20107 China forced to face its critics over internet censorship 2007, ,/articles/114982.html. acessed 20/09/20108. U.S.House of Reprsentatives, Committee on international relations/packages/pdf/business/CiscoStatement.pdf accessed 22/09/2009 9 Cisco saw opp ortunity in “Golden Shield” to help fight criminals and dissident 2008, Rebecca MacKunnon’s ongoing conversation with world wide web,/rconversation/2008/05/cisco-saw-oppor.htmlaccessed29/09/2009Appendix 1 QuestionnaireCisco and Golden shield projectPlease select the most appropriate answer.1 What is your age group?A 15 or below 15 yearsB16-24 yearsC 25-40 yearsD 41-55 yearsE 56 or over 56 years2. What is your gender (optional)?A FemaleB Male3. The one who is the regular computer user in my household is ----4. What is your job category?A Government-related jobB Business-related jobC IT peopleD StudentE Others5. Do you know about the followings?A I know CISCO but Golden Shield ProjectB I know Golden Shield Project but CISCOC I know CISCO and Golden Shield ProjectD I know neither CISCO nor Golden Shield ProjectIf you answered D at question 3, the questionnaire ends here.Thank you for your cooperation.6. When did you first know Golden Shield Project?A 5 years agoB between 5 and 1 year agoC within 1 yearD RecentlyE Now7. Where did you get information about Golden Shield Project?A. newspaperB. TV adsC. internetD. magazineE. friendsF. parentsG. outdoor adsH. posterI. Yellow pagesJ. Radio8. Do you know Golden Shield Project is under both CISCO and Chinese government?A YesB NoC I don’t care9. I can mention a couple of features of Golden Shield Project.A totally agreeB agreeC neutralD disagreeE totally disagree10. The first thing that comes to mind when I think about Golden Shield Project is. ..11. To what extent does Golden Shield Project best represents hold your attention?A stronglyB a littleC barelyD notE don’t know / cannot say12. I think CISCO and Chinese government did well on Golden Shield ProjectA totally agreeB agreeC neutralD disagreeE totally disagree13. I think Golden Shield Project effectively resolved network-related crime, and guarantees the security of network.A totally agreeB agreeC neutralD disagreeE totally disagreePlease circle one or more answers14 Which group do you think Golden Shield Project represents the interests of?A GovernmentB CISCO CompanyC AmericaD Users15.From 1(most negative) to 10 (most positive), to what extent you believe Golden Shield Project provide you the information you want?1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1016. I totally trust the searched information ―shielded‖ by Golden Shield Project.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1017. I think Golden Shield Project provides me little information when I do in-depth research.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1018. I think Chinese government overrides CISCO in the Project.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1019. I would like to score Golden Shield Project at:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1020. Suggestions on the issues related to Golden Shield Project.Thanks again for your patience, and please leave your email address if you need feedback or statistic outcome of this questionnaire.Email:Appendix 2Appendix 3In-Depth InterviewTo further discuss Golden Shield Project, I develop the second part of interview – known as in-depth interview with open question to gather the thoughts from interviewees.Q 1: What is your experience when you are involved into Golden Shield Project in your life? A: The most significant feature is that not every website I can log onto, such as YouTube, Wikipedia, some foreign news website, social website and free web hosting that emphasize the freedom of speech. Also, the BBC website but not the Chinese version BBC website. The blocking behaviour delivered by the Project made me to get used to the new internet censorship.Q 2: Before we discuss the censorship, what other aspects rather than ―blocking‖ you could think of Golden Shield Project?A: I think, from SISCO’s point of view, the ―blocking‖ thing is one minor function of Go lden Shield Project, but it has been exaggerated. Well, I think the Project may have a broader range of services and program including data management system, communication management, etc. It should be an integrated system rather than merely a mechanism to censor and monitor the internet-based activities.Q 3: What do you think regarding the opinion that CISCO sold special censorship router to China in the Project?A: I am not sure about that. But what I may say would be that no one knows whether the routers sold by CISCO were customized to adapt Chinese requirement of censorship. There is a possibility that, based on the fact that the most of the communication equipment were supplied to provincial and municipal public security bureaus, the focus on the routers appear to be for police communication but publicly distributed. One CISCO employee unveiled a thing in the conversation with Gutmann that some routers were specially made for Chinese internet censorship.Q 4: When you say ―police communication‖, can you say it in a more detailed way?A: Sure. Er, what I may want to point out is that in the whole range of opportunities of Golden Shield Project, Chinese government may pay attention to the national security through collecting information to upgrade police communication, surveillance and censorship system to complete the control. From my view, the Project seems to enforce relevant law and establish the confidence of the government taking control of the public internet, and little privacy maybe left.Q 5: After you mention ―privacy‖, what would you say the Project in relate to human rights. A: In US, having personal information through internet against law, but I may say different country has different decision-making process and definition. I think in this Project, neither government nor CISCO gave us a clear answer whether the Project intruded or ―illigally‖ gathers internet users’ information. In some countries, no one or institution is allowed to dell personal information to police force, and it triggers the point of the bottom line of feeling―cyber safe‖. I think, to set human right standards when operating business is important, and Microsoft, Google and Yahoo have done that; whilst CISCO failed to deliver the fairness, transparent and psychologically safe digital world.Q 6: What other do you want to add?A: Er, Golden Shield Project is a part of enforcing political power in China but controversial in Western Countries. I think it may be a good project for China at its current developmentstage, but some question marks left by CISCO and Chinese government have not been answered yet.。
思科250系列智能交换机快速入门指南说明书
快速入门指南思科 250 系列智能交换机以太网交换机欢迎感谢您选择思科 250 系列智能交换机。
此产品系列作为一种标准交换机，具有开箱即用的特性。
在默认配置下，本产品只需接通电源，即可在连接设备之间转发数据包。
装箱清单•思科 250 系列智能交换机•机架套件•适用于 SG250-08、SG250-08HP 和 SG250-10P 的壁挂式安装套件•电源线或适配器•本快速入门指南•中国 RoHS 合规信息卡•技术支持联系信息•欧盟指令 1999/5/EC 合规信息（仅适用于欧盟 SKU）本指南将为您介绍此交换机的布局，以及在您的网络中部署此交换机的方式。
有关其他信息，请访问/go/250switches。
使用准备1在开始安装之前，请确保您已准备好以下用品：•用于连接网络设备的 RJ-45 以太网电缆（5E 类或更高级别）。
•用于安装硬件的工具。
交换机附带的机架固定套件包含 4 个用于桌面安放的橡胶支脚、2 个支架和 12 个用于机架式安装的螺钉。
如果附带的螺钉遗失，请使用以下尺寸的螺钉作为替代：–螺钉头直径：6.9 毫米–螺钉全长（钉头至钉尖）：5.9 毫米–钉身直径：3.94 毫米•壁挂式安装套件包含螺钉和墙锚。
如果附带的螺钉遗失，请使用以下尺寸的螺钉作为替代：–螺钉头直径：6.8 毫米–螺钉全长（钉头至钉尖）：16 毫米–钉身直径：3.5 x 1.3 毫米•装有 Microsoft Internet Explorer（版本 9.0、10.0 或 11.0）、Mozilla Firefox（版本 51.0、52.0、53.0 或更高版本）或 Google Chrome（版本56、57、58 或更高版本）的计算机，用于运行基于 Web 的界面。
2思科 250 系列智能交换机安装思科 250 系列智能交换机2本交换机有三种安装方式：•将交换机放置于水平表面。
在交换机底部安装四个橡胶支脚，可将交换机安放于桌面。
G2G3思科安全产品解决方案介绍
• Firepower Threat Defense or ASA • Firepower Threat Defense or
Software Options
ASA Software Options
Unified Management
• Firepower Management Center (Enterprise Management)
单安全管理.
企业及安全，定位互联网边界，服务区 隔离，提供简单管理，高级威胁防御，
持续的性能
从互联网边界到，运营商，数据中心高 性能，多业务安全，弹性架构，统一管
理
Cisco NGFW软件平台
Firepower (L7)
• Threat-Centric NGIPS • AVC, URL Filtering for NGFW • Advanced Malware Protection
ASA (L2-L4)
• L2-L4 Stateful Firewall • Scalable CGNAT, ACL, routing • Application inspection
Full Feature Set
Continuous Feature Migration
Firepower Threat Defence
Multiservice Security
Benefits
• Integration of best-in-class security • Dynamic service stitching
Features*
• ASA container option • Firepower™ Threat Defense:
AMP恶意软件防御平台
CISCO三层交换机+二层交换机配置VLAN的实例
C I S C O三层交换机+二层交换机配置V L A N的实例Cisco的VLAN实现通常是以端口为中心的。
与节点相连的端口将确定它所驻留的VLAN。
将端口分配给VLAN的方式有两种，分别是静态的和动态的.形成静态VLAN的过程是将端口强制性地分配给VLAN的过程。
即我们先在VTP（VLANTrunkingProtocol）Server 上建立VLAN，然后将每个端口分配给相应的VLAN的过程。
这是我们创建VLAN最常用的方法。
动态VLAN形成很简单，由端口决定自己属于哪个VLAN。
即我们先建立一个VMPS（VLANMembershipPolicyServer）VLAN管理策略服务器，里面包含一个文本文件，文件中存有与VLAN映射的MAC地址表。
交换机根据这个映射表决定将端口分配给何种VLAN。
这种方法有很大的优势，但是创建数据库是一项非常艰苦而且非常繁琐的工作。
下面以实例说明如何在一个典型的快速以太局域网中实现VLAN。
所谓典型的局域网就是指由一台具备三层交换功能的核心交换机接几台分支交换机（不一定具备三层交换能力）。
我们假设核心交换机名称为：COM；分支交换机分别为：PAR1、PAR2、PAR3……，分别通过Port1的光线模块与核心交换机相连；并且假设VLAN名称分别为COUNTER、MARKET、MANAGING……。
1、设置VTPDOMAIN：称为管理域。
交换VTP更新信息的所有交换机必须配置为相同的管理域。
如果所有的交换机都以中继线相连，那么只要在核心交换机上设置一个管理域，网络上所有的交换机都加入该域，这样管理域里所有的交换机就能够了解彼此的VLAN列表。
COM#vlandatabase进入VLAN配置模式COM(vlan)#vtpdomainCOM设置VTP管理域名称COMCOM(vlan)#vtpserver设置交换机为服务器模式PAR1#vlandatabase进入VLAN配置模式PAR1(vlan)#vtpdomainCOM设置VTP管理域名称COMPAR1(vlan)#vtpClient设置交换机为客户端模式PAR2#vlandatabase进入VLAN配置模式PAR2(vlan)#vtpdomainCOM设置VTP管理域名称COMPAR2(vlan)#vtpClient设置交换机为客户端模式PAR3#vlandatabase进入VLAN配置模式PAR3(vlan)#vtpdomainCOM设置VTP管理域名称COMPAR3(vlan)#vtpClient设置交换机为客户端模式注意：这里设置交换机为Server模式是指允许在本交换机上创建、修改、删除VLAN 及其他一些对整个VTP域的配置参数，同步本VTP域中其他交换机传递来的最新的VLAN 信息；Client模式是指本交换机不能创建、删除、修改VLAN配置，也不能在NVRAM中存储VLAN配置，但可以同步由本VTP域中其他交换机传递来的VLAN信息。
思科Cisco 交换机型号概述
思科Cisco 交换机型号概述思科Cisco 交换机的命名一般是WS开头这个是固定的，再下一个字母有两种一个是C一个是X，C代表固化交换机或者机箱，X代表的是模块。
比如看到WS-C3750-24TS-S这个型号的时候我们应该知道他是CISCO交换机.固化交换机3750系列，24个以太网口，TS表示是以太口+SFP口后面的S表示是标准版的，相应的型号就是E的，属于增强型或者叫企业版。
再如WS-X6748-SFP，WS还是代表交换设备，x表示模块，6表示6000系列，7表示7代产品，48表示48口，SFP 表示端口类型。
Cisco交换机有以下几个系列：1900系列：19242900系列：2924、2924M2950系列：2950-24、2950G-24/48、2950C-24、2950T-24、2950SX-24/48 2960系列：2960-24/48TT-L、296024/48TC-L3500系列：3508G、3524、35483550系列：3550-24-SMI/EMI、3550-48-SMI/EMI、3550-12G/T3560系列：3560-24/48也有带G的3750系列：3750-24/48-TS-S、3750-24/48-TS-E 3750G-24/48-TS-S、3750G-24/48-TS-E 、3750G-12S4000系列：4003、40064500系列：4503、4506、4507R6000系列：6006、60096500系列：6506、6509、65137600系列：7609、7613可扩展性分类Cisco的交换机产品以“Catalyst”为商标，包含1900、2800、2900、3500、4000、5000、5500、6000、8500等十多个系列。
总的来说，这些交换机可以分为两类：一类是固定配置交换机，包括3500及以下的大部分型号，比如1924是24口10M以太交换机，带两个100M上行端口。
思科交换机的基本介绍
某大型企业采用思科交换机构建核心 骨干网，支持企业内各部门之间的高 速数据传输，提高办公效率。
园区网中的应用场景
园区网络需求
在校园网中，思科交换机主要用于连接各个建筑物和宿舍楼，提供稳定、高速 的网络接入。
案例分析
某高校采用思科交换机构建园区网，实现各个教学楼、实验室和宿舍楼的高速 互联，满足师生在线学习和资源共享的需求。
02
思科交换机概述
思科交换机的历史与发展
思科交换机的发展历程可以追溯 到上世纪80年代，当时网络技 术刚刚起步，思科推出了其第一
款交换机产品。
随着网络技术的不断发展和演进， 思科交换机也不断创新和升级，
以满足不断变化的市场需求。
目前，思科交换机已经成为业界 领先的产品之一，广泛应用于企
业、数据中心和运营商网络。
交换机的主要作用包括：连接网络设 备、传输数据、提供网络服务、扩展 网络规模、提高网络性能等。
交换机的分类与比较
按照不同的分类标准，交换机可以分 为多种类型，如按传输速率、按应用 领域、按结构形式等。其中，最常用 的分类标准是按照结构形式，可以分 为模块化交换机和固定配置交换机。
VS
模块化交换机和固定配置交换机各有 优缺点，需要根据实际需求进行选择。 模块化交换机具有较高的扩展性和灵 活性，但价格较高；固定配置交换机 则价格较低，但扩展性较差。此外， 不同品牌的交换机性能也有所不同， 选择时需要综合考虑品牌、性能、价 格等多个因素。
思科交换机的产品线介绍
思科交换机产品线非常丰富，包括固定配置交换机、模块化交换机、数据中心交换 机等。
固定配置交换机适用于一般的企业和机构网络，模块化交换机则提供了更高的扩展 性和灵活性。
数据中心交换机则是针对数据中心的高性能需求而设计，提供了超高的带宽和扩展 性。
思科售后高级网络工程师面试题
23道思科网络面试题，用于思科售后高级网络工程师面试1. 现在的6509及7609，SUP720交换带宽去到720G，是不是可以说7609/6509 可以取代一部分GSR的地位？答：从某一部分功能来说是可以的。
6509以前主要定位于公司企业局域网核心交换机，而GSR定位于广域网高速核心路由设备。
7609的SUP720可以提供720G的高速交换能力，MSFC3和PFC3提供高速路由处理能力和大量FEATURE，再加上现在7600系列上的新的SIP+SPA高速线速板卡，完全可以胜任核心路由设备的工作，最适合作汇聚和业务提供路由器。
而随着技术的发展，CRS-1的出现，GSR逐渐从核心往骨干汇聚发展，作为各种高低速线路的汇聚，在这方面7609和GSR都可以。
但7609和GSR在体系结构上还是有根本不同，7609是从交换机发展而来，GSR在内部是将数据分解为标准的信元交换，在队列和调度方面也有不同，所以说作为纯核心路由器来说还是GSR更好，因为它经过多年的考验。
从价格来说7609还是比较贵的，而GSR某些时候还要便宜。
2. ISIS level1 的路由表包括哪此路由？当有多个level-1-2出口时，其它路由它从哪里学到，如何选路？答：ISIS level1和level2 维护LSD和SPF，LEVEL1的路由表是由LEVEL1 LSD通过SPF计算所得，只包括本地AREA的详细路由和与之连接的LEVEL-1-2通过ATT位发来的缺省路由。
当有多个LEVEL12是，每个LEVEL12通过对发出的LSP包中的ATT位置1，表示其有到其它AREA 的路由，而当LEVEL1路由器收到此LSP是选择最近的LEVEL12路由器转发流量。
3. MPLS L3 VPN，如果我想让两个不同的VPN作单向互访，怎么做？答：如果是两个VPN的互通，可以将两个VPN的路由信息输出到相同的一个RT，并都导入，可实现互通。
如果要单向访问，可建立一个公共VPN，导出两个VPN的RT，两个VPN都可以对公共VPN实现访问。
Cisco工业以太网3000系列交换机产品简介说明书
Data Sheet Cisco Industrial Ethernet 3000 Layer 2/Layer 3 Series SwitchesProduct overviewThe Cisco® Industrial Ethernet 3000 Series (IE 3000 Series) is a family of Layer 2 and Layer 3 switches that bring Cisco’s leadership in switching to Industrial Ethernet applic ations with Innovative features, robust security, and superior ease of use. The Cisco IE 3000 Series features:●Industrial design and compliance●Tools for easy deployment, management, and replacement●Network security based on open standards●Integration of IT and industrial automation networksThe Cisco IE 3000 Series is an ideal product for Industrial Ethernet applications, including factory automation, energy and process control, and Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs).The Cisco IE 3000 offers:●Design for Industrial Ethernet applications, including extended environmental, shock/vibration, and surgeratings; a complete set of power input options; convection cooling; and DIN-rail or 19” rack mounting●Support for Power over Ethernet (PoE) up to 15.4W per port●Support for Power over Ethernet Plus (PoE+) for the PoE+ capable devices up to 30W per port●Easy setup and management using Cisco DNA TM Center software and the Cisco Device Manager webinterface and supporting tools, including Cisco Network Assistant (CNA) and Cisco Prime LMS 4.2●Easy switch replacement using removable memory, allowing the user to replace a switch without having toreconfigure●High availability, guaranteed determinism, and reliable security using Cisco IOS® Software●Recommended software configurations for industrial applications that can be applied at the touch of abutton●Compliance to a wide range of Industrial Ethernet specifications covering industrial automation, ITS,substation, railway, and other markets●Support for IEEE1588v2, a precision timing protocol with nanosecond-level precision for high-performanceapplications●Improved ring resiliency with the support of Resilient Ethernet Protocol (REP)●Transparent IT integration with the support of Layer 3 routing protocols (IP Services)●PROFINET v2 certification, with PROFINET conformance class B compliance●ABB Industrial IT certificationConfigurationsThe Cisco IE 3000 Series software, based on Cisco IOS Software, is a rich suite of intelligent services, supportinghigh availability, Quality of Service (QoS), and security features.The Cisco IE 3000 Series includes the products listed in Table 1.Table 1.Cisco IE 3000 SwitchesCisco IE-3000-4TCCisco IE-3000-4TC-E Cisco IE-3000-8TCCisco IE-3000-8TC-E Cisco IEM-3000-8TM=Cisco IEM-3000-8FM= Cisco PWR-IE50W-AC= Cisco PWR-IE50W-AC-IEC= Cisco IEM-3000-4SM= Cisco IEM-3000-8SM=Cisco IEM-3000-4PC=Cisco IEM-3000-4PC-4TC=Cisco PWR-IE65W-PC-AC=Cisco PWR-IE65W-PC-DC=Industrial Ethernet applicationsThe new Cisco IE 3000 Series is an ideal product for a variety of Industrial Ethernet applications:●Industrial automation: The Cisco IE 3000 is designed to support a wide array of Industrial Ethernetprotocols for automation. The Cisco IE 3000 features a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) form-factor design with extended environmental ratings, convection cooling, DIN-rail mounting, redundant 24VDCpower input, alarm relays, and surge/noise immunity. The Cisco IE 3000 software and configuration tools allow for easy setup, optimized for Industrial Ethernet applications (for example, EtherNet/IP). Multicast control, traffic prioritization, and security features are specified in default templates recommended for these protocols.●ITS: The Cisco IE 3000 supports ITS and other applications for outdoor video and traffic or transportationsystems control. The switch supports compliance to NEMA TS-2, a variety of gigabit fiber uplinks, and AC and DC power input options, while Cisco IOS Software supports critical ITS features, including virtual LAN (VLAN), QoS, Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) snooping, and security Access Control Lists (ACLs).●Substations: The Cisco IE 3000 is fully compliant to substation automation specifications, includingIEC61850 and IEEE1613. The switch supports high-speed ring recovery; fiber access and uplink ports; AC, DC, and a variety of power input options for the substation environments.●Other applications: The Cisco IE 3000 can be deployed in railway, military, Metro Ethernet, and otherapplications requiring unique environmental, form factor, or power inputs in harsh environments.Table 2 gives the features and benefits of the Cisco IE 3000 Series. Table 3 gives the hardware specifications, and Table 4 gives the power specifications. Table 5 gives details on DNA Essentials license support, Table 6 lists supported optics, and Table 7 provides safety and compliance information.Table 2. Features and benefits of Cisco IE 3000 SeriesDesigned for industrial applications ●Extended temperature, vibration, shock and surge, and noise immunity ratings comply to specifications for automation, ITS, and substation environments.●Compact, PLC-style form factor is ideal for deployment in industrial environments.●DIN-rail, wall, and 19” rack mount opt ions allow for deployments in a variety of control systems.●Variety of power input options covers a wide range of power requirements for Industrial Ethernet applications.●Up to 300 deployment configurations, supporting a range of access port densities, copper and fiber uplinks, fiber access ports, and power input, deliver flexibility in deployment.●Support for SFP modules provides uplink connectivity supporting 100BASE-LX, 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE- SX, 1000BASE-LX, and 1000BASE-ZX options.●Alarm relay contacts can be used for an external alert system.Ease of deployment, management, and replacementCisco DNA™Center enables centralized network management with automation and assurance features. Cisco IE 3000 Series supports DNA Essentials subscription licenses with 3- and 5-year term options.https:///c/en/us/products/cloud-systems-management/dna-center/datasheet-listing.html●Cisco Express Setup simplifies initial configuration with a web browser, eliminating the need for more complex terminal emulation programs.●Cisco Smartports templates provide the option to apply a default global or interface-level macro with a recommended configuration, allowing the user to easily set up the switch in a configuration optimized for the specific application.●Smartports templates for EtherNet/IP provide an optimized setup for these Industrial Ethernet protocols at the touch of a button.●Swappable Flash memory is ideal for quick and easy switch replacement. Memory can be moved from one switch to another, so a switch can be replaced without the need to reconfigure software features.●The Cisco IE 3000 can be managed by PROFINET based management tools. The IE 3000 has PROFINET v2 certification, with PROFINET conformance class B compliance.●Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) (v1/v2/v3) support allows for management using traditionalIT-based management tools, including CiscoWorks.●Device Manager allows web-based switch configurations.●DHCP port-based allocation retains the IP address on a per port basis and simplifies the end-host replacement in an industrial setting.●HTTPS access●Embedded Event Manager (EEM) provides real-time network event detection and on board automation●Cisco Network Assistant (CNA) is a no-charge, Windows-based application that simplifies the administration of networks of up to 250 users. It supports the Cisco IE 3000 and a wide range of Cisco Catalyst® intelligent switches. With CNA, users can manage Cisco Catalyst switches and launch the device managers of Cisco integrated services routers and Cisco Aironet® WLAN access points. Configuration wizards need just a few user inputs to automatically configure the switch to optimally handle different types of traffic: control, voice, video, multicast, and high-priority data. For detailed CNA support information, please go tohttps:///en/US/products/ps5931/prod_release_notes_list.html●Cisco Prime LMS support. For detailed information, please go tohttps:///en/US/products/ps11200/products_device_support_tables_list.htmlAvailability and scalability ●Virtual LANs (VLANs) allow for logical segmentation for a network for optimal use of bandwidth.●802.1q trunking.●QoS classifies and prioritizes data, guaranteeing determinism for mission-critical data.●IGMPv3 snooping provides fast client joins and leaves of multicast streams and limits bandwidth-intensivetraffic to only the requestors. An additional querier allows this operation in a Layer 2 only environment.●IGMP filtering provides multicast authentication by filtering out no subscribers and limits the number ofconcurrent multicast streams available per port.●Per-port broadcast, multicast, and unicast storm control prevents faulty end stations from degrading overallsystems performance.●IEEE 802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol support for redundant backbone connections and loop-free networkssimplifies network configuration and improves fault tolerance.●EtherChannel LACP support for quick recovery and bandwidth utilization.●FlexLinks for fast recovery.●Cisco Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP) is supported to create redundant, failsafe routing topologies.●Resilient Ethernet Protocol, scalable up to 130 nodes with a very fast convergence, 50ms.Security ●IEEE 802.1x with VLAN assignment, guest VLAN, and voice VLAN allows dynamic port-based security,providing user authentication.●Port-based ACLs for Layer 2 interfaces allow application of security policies on individual switch ports.●MAC address filtering prevents the forwarding of any type of packet with a matching MAC address.●Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol v2 and SNMPv3 provide network security by encrypting administrator trafficduring Telnet and SNMP sessions. SSHv2 and the cryptographic version of SNMPv3 require a specialcryptographic software image because of U.S. export restrictions.●TACACS+ and RADIUS authentication enable centralized control of the switch and restrict unauthorizedusers from altering the configuration.●MAC address notification allows administrators to be notified of users added to or removed from the network.●Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) snooping allows administrators to help ensure consistentmapping of IP to MAC addresses. This can be used to prevent attacks that attempt to poison the DHCPbinding database and to rate limit the amount of DHCP traffic that enters a switch port.●DHCP Interface Tracker (Option 82) augments a host IP address request with the switch port ID.●Port security secures the access to an access or 802.1q trunk port based on MAC address.●After a specific time frame, the aging feature removes the MAC address from the switch to allow anotherdevice to connect to the same port.●Trusted Boundary provides the ability to trust the QoS priority settings if an IP phone is present and to disablethe trust setting if the IP phone is removed, thereby preventing a malicious user from overriding prioritizationpolicies in the network.●Up to 512 ACLs are supported, with two profiles: Security (384 Security ACL entries and 128 QoS policies)and QoS (128 Security ACL entries and 384 QoS polices).●Cisco standard and extended IP security router ACLs define security policies on routed interfaces for control-plane and data-plane traffic.●Dynamic ARP Inspection helps ensure user integrity by preventing malicious users from exploiting theinsecure nature of the ARP protocol.●DHCP Snooping prevents malicious users from spoofing a DHCP server and sending out bogus addresses.This feature is used by other primary security features to prevent a number of other attacks such as ARPpoisoning.●IP source guard prevents a malicious user from spoofing or taking over another user's IP address by creatinga binding table between client's IP and MAC address, port, and VLAN.●Support for private VLANs and SXP (SGT Exchange Protocol).High-performance IP routing ●Inter-VLAN IP routing for full Layer 3 routing between 2 or more VLANs.●Basic IP unicast routing protocols (static, Routing Information Protocol Version 1 [RIPv1], RIPv2 and RIPng).●Advanced IP unicast routing protocols (Open Shortest Path First [OSPF], Interior Gateway Routing Protocol[IGRP], Enhanced IGRP [EIGRP], Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 [BGPv4], and Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System [IS-IS]) are supported for load balancing and constructing scalable LANs.●Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) for IP multicast routing is supported, including PIM sparse mode(PIM- SM), PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM), and PIM sparse-dense mode.●Cisco Express Forwarding hardware routing architecture delivers extremely high-performance IP routing.●IPv6 routing (OSPFv6 and EIGRPv6) support in hardware for maximum performance.●Policy-Based Routing (PBR) allows superior control by facilitating flow redirection regardless of the routingprotocol configured.●HSRP provides dynamic load balancing and failover for routed links; up to 32 HSRP links supported per unit.●Support for 1000 multicast groups.●VRF-Lite virtualization.Table 3. Cisco IE 3000 Series switch hardwarePerformance ●Wire-speed switching, 16 Gbps switching fabric●Forwarding rate based on 64-byte packets: 6.5 Mpps●128 MB DRAM●64 MB Compact Flash memory●Configurable up to 8000 MAC addresses (Layer 2)●Configurable up to 2000 MAC addresses (Layer 3)●Configurable up to 256 IGMP multicast groups (Layer 2)●Configurable up to 1000 IGMP groups and multicast routes (Layer 3)●Configurable up to 3,000 unicast routes (Layer 3)●Support jumbo frames up to 9018 bytes on Gigabit uplink port and mini-jumbo frame (system MTU) up to1998 bytes on both 10/100 and 10/100/1000 portsConnectors and cabling ●10BASE-T ports: RJ-45 connectors, two-pair Category 3, 4, or 5 Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cabling●100BASE-TX ports: RJ-45 connectors, two-pair Category 5 UTP cabling●1000BASE-T ports: RJ-45 connectors, four-pair Category 5 UTP cabling●1000BASE-SX, -LX/LH, -ZX SFP-based ports: LC fiber connectors (single/multimode fiber)●100BASE-LX10, -FX: LC fiber connectors (single/multimode fiber)Indicators ●Per-port status LED: Link integrity, disabled, activity, speed, full-duplex indications●System-status LED: System, link status, link duplex, link speed, indicationsDimensions (H x W x D) ●Cisco IE-3000-4TC, Cisco IE-3000-4TC-E: 6.0”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (152mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco IE-3000-8TC, Cisco IE-3000-8TC-E: 6.0”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (152mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco IEM-3000-8TM=: 3.5”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (89mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco IEM-3000-8FM=: 3.5”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (89mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco IEM-3000-4SM=: 3.5”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (89mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco IEM-3000-8SM=: 3.5”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (89mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco IEM-3000-4PC=: 3.5”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (89mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco IEM-3000-4PC-4TC=: 3.5”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (89mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco PWR-IE50W-AC=: 2.0”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (51mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco PWR-IE50W-AC-IEC=: 2.0”W x 5.8”H x 4.4”D (51mm W x 147mm H x 112mm D)●Cisco PWR-IE65W-PC-AC=: 2.6”W x 5.9”H x 4.6”D (66mm W x 150mm H x 117mm D)●Cisco PWR-IE65W-PC-DC=: 2.6”W x 5.9”H x 4.6”D (66mm W x 150mm H x 117mm D)Weight ●Cisco IE-3000-4TC, Cisco IE-3000-4TC-E: 4.4 lb (2.0 kg)●Cisco IE-3000-8TC, Cisco IE-3000-8TC-E: 4.4 lb (2.0 kg)●Cisco IEM-3000-8TM=: 2.2 lb (1.0 kg)●Cisco IEM-3000-8FM=: 3.2 lb (1.45 kg)●Cisco IEM-3000-4SM=: 2.5 lb (1.1 Kg)●Cisco IEM-3000-8SM=: 3.0 lb (1.38 Kg)●Cisco IEM-3000-4PC=: 2.4 (1.08 Kg)●Cisco IEM-3000-4PC-4TC=: 2.5 (1.16 Kg)●Cisco PWR-IE50W-AC=: 1.4 lb (0.65 kg)●Cisco PWR-IE50W-AC-IEC=: 1.4 lb (0.65kg)●Cisco PWR-IE65W-PC-DC=: 2.6 (1.18 Kg)●Cisco PWR-IE65W-PC-AC=: 2.7 (1.24 Kg)Operating environment Operating temperature: -40C to +75C●-40C to +70C (Vented Enclosure – 40 LFM Air Flow)●-40C to +60C (Sealed Enclosure – 0 LFM Air Flow)●-24C to +75C (Fan or Blower equipped Enclosure – 200 LFM Air Flow)●-40C to +85C (IEC 60068-2-2 Environmental Type Testing – 16 hours)●Storage temperature: -40C to +85C●Operating relative humidity: 10 to 95% (non-condensing)●Operating altitude: Up to 13,000 ft (3963m)●Storage altitude: Up to 15,000 ft (4573m)Table 4. Power specifications for Cisco IE 3000 Series switchesTable 5. Cisco IE 3000 DNA EssentialsTable 6. SFP transceivers support for Cisco IE 3000 Series switchesNote: For DOM support and for first software release supporting SFP, refer tohttps:///en/US/products/hw/modules/ps5455/products_device_support_tables_list.html. *If nonindustrial EXT, COM) SFPs are used, the switch operating temperature must be derated.Table 7. Compliance specificationsElectromagnetic immunity ●EN 55024●AS/NZS CISPR 24●KN 24●IEC/EN 61000-4-2 (Electro Static Discharge)●IEC/EN 61000-4-3 (Radiated Immunity)●IEC/EN 61000-4-4 (Fast Transients)●IEC/EN 61000-4-5 (Surge)●IEC/EN 61000-4-6 (Conducted Immunity)●IEC/EN 61000-4-8 (Power Frequency Magnetic Field Immunity)●IEC/EN 61000-4-9 (Pulse Magnetic Field Immunity)●IEC/EN 61000-4-10 (Oscillatory Magnetic Field Immunity)●IEC/EN 61000-4-11 (AC power Voltage Immunity)●IEC/EN 61000-4-16 (Low Frequency Conducted CM Disturbances)●IEC/EN 61000-4-17 (Ripple on DC Input Power)●IEC/EN 61000-4-18 (Damped Oscillatory Wave)●IEC/EN 61000-4-29 (Voltage Dips Immunity, DC power)●IEEE C37.90 (Surge)●IEEE C37.90.1 (Fast Transients)●IEEE C37.90.2 (Radiated Immunity)●IEEE C37.90.3 (Electro Static Discharge)Industry specifications ●EN 61131-2 Programmable Controllers (EMC/EMI, environmental, mechanical)●IEEE 1613 Power Station and Substation Networking Devices●IEC 61850-3 Power Station and Substation Communication Networks and Systems●EN 61326-1 Electrical Equipment for Measurement, Control and Laboratory Use - EMC●EN 61000-6-1 Immunity for Light Industrial Environments●EN 61000-6-2 Immunity for Industrial Environments●EN 61000-6-4 Emissions for Industrial Environments●TS 61000-6-5 EMC Immunity for Power Station and Substation●EN 50155 Railway, Electronic Equipment on Rolling Stock (EMI/EMC, environmental, mechanical)●EN 50121-3-2 Railway, Electromagnetic Compatibility on Rolling Stock●EN 50121-4 Railway, Emission and Immunity of Signaling and Telecommunications Apparatus●EN 60945 Maritime Navigation and Radio-communication Equipment and Systems●IEC 60533 Shipboard Electrical and Electronic Installation EMC●Marine Type Approval (BV, DNV, Korean Register, Lloyd Register)●NEMA TS-2 (EMC, environmental, mechanical)●ABB Industrial IT certification●ODVA Industrial EtherNet/IP support●PROFINETv2 support●Directive 2011/65/EU RoHS●IP20Hazardous locations ●UL/CSA 60079-0, -15 (Class 1, Div 2 A-D) (requires cabinet enclosure)●EN 60079-0, -15 ATEX Certification (Class 1, Zone 2 A-D) (requires cabinet enclosure)●IEC 60079-0, -15 (Test report only) (requires cabinet enclosure)●UL 508●CSA C22.2 No. 142Compliance marking ●UL/CSA●CE (Europe)●C-Tick (Australia/New Zealand)●KCC (Korea)●ANATEL (Brazil)●China RoHSOperating temperature ●-40 C to +70 C (vented enclosure operating)●-40 C to +60 C (sealed enclosure operating)●-34 C to +75 C (fan or blower-equipped enclosure operating)●-40 C to +85 C (IEC Environmental Type Testing, 16 hours)●Operational altitude: Up to 13,000 ftService and supportCisco is committed to minimizing Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). The company offers a portfolio of technical support services to help ensure that its products operate efficiently, remain highly available, and benefit from the most up- to-date system software. The services and support programs described in Table 8 are available as part of the Cisco Desktop Switching Service and Support solution and are available directly from Cisco and through resellers.Table 8. Cisco Services and support programsOrdering informationTable 9 gives ordering information for the Cisco IE 3000 Series.Table 9. Ordering Information for Cisco IE 3000 SeriesFigure 1. IE3000 base module dimensionsFigure 2. IE3000 expansion module dimensionsFor more information about Cisco products, contact:●United States and Canada: 800 553-6387●Europe: 32 2 778 4242●Australia: 612 9935 4107●Other: 408 526-7209●URL: https://Cisco CapitalFinancing to help you achieve your objectivesCisco Capital can help you acquire the technology you need to achieve your objectives and stay competitive. We can help you reduce CapEx. Accelerate your growth. Optimize your investment dollars and ROI. Cisco Capital financing gives you flexibility in acquiring hardware, software, services, and complementary third-party equipment. And there’s just one predictable payment. Cisco Capital is available in more than 100 countries. Learn more.。
1,CISCO全系列产品线简介,中低端交换设备以及常见模块
Catalyst 2940
• 低密度、独立、可管理的 低密度、独立、可管理的10/100交换 交换 • 小机型，可部署于配线间之外 小机型， • 基本服务 可通过GUI管理 管理 可通过
Catalyst Express 500
低密度、独立、可管理的10/100交换 交换 New • 低密度、独立、可管理的 • 为用户数不超过250名的企业而定制 为用户数不超过 名的企业而定制
• 高端, 模块化, 全功能, 高可靠性设计 高端, 模块化, 全功能, • 高密度无阻塞10GE和10/100/1000 、Gb端 高密度无阻塞10GE 10GE和 Gb端 口, 线速智能服务 • 集成多种服务模块(安全,IP语音,内容服务 集成多种服务模块(安全,IP语音, ,IP语音 …) • • • • • 模块化, 模块化, 可扩展 (Cat4500) 高性能L3交换, L3交换 高性能L3交换, 高可用性 10GE上联 高密度 10/100/1000, 10GE上联 线速L3/L4 L3/L4智能服务 线速L3/L4智能服务 集成以太网供电功能
Session Number Presentation_ID © 2005 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
功能，灵活性， 功能，灵端交换机系列
Cisco Catalyst 4500交换机 交换机
Cisco Catalyst 6500交换机 交换机
• 24个10/100端口 个 端口 • 2个10/100/1000上行链路 个 上行链路 端口
• 48个10/100端口 个 端口 • 2个10/100/1000上行链路 个 上行链路 端口
固定端口二层交换机
Catalyst 2960 / 2950/2970
Cisco产品线
Cisco ASR 1000 系列汇聚服务路由器思科XR 12000系列路由器思科12400 系列路由器思科12000 系列路由器思科10000 系列路由器思科7600 系列路由器思科7500 系列路由器思科7300 系列路由器思科7201 系列路由器思科7200 系列路由器思科3800 系列路由器思科3700 系列路由器思科3600 系列路由器思科3200 系列路由器思科2800 系列路由器思科2600 系列路由器思科1800 系列路由器思科800 系列路由器思科精睿系列路由器Cisco SN 5400 Series Storage Routers and SoftwareSN5400 存储路由器机思科第二代集成多业务路由器（ISR G2）思科3900 系列集成多业务路由器思科2900 系列集成多业务路由器思科1900 系列集成多业务路由器思科800 系列集成多业务路由器思科SRP530W 千兆智能路由器产品周期终止声明(EOS/EOL)思科1700 系列路由器思科2600 系列路由器思科3700 系列路由器思科7200 系列路由器思科7300 系列路由器思科7600 系列路由器思科10000 系列路由器思科12000 系列路由器思科12400 系列路由器思科路由器及安全配置管理思科路由器及安全配置工具(SDM)思科运营商级路由系统思科运营商级路由系统(CRS-1)(二)思科交换产品Data Center SwitchesCisco Nexus 7000系列交换机Cisco Nexus 5000系列交换机Cisco Nexus 1000V虚拟交换机LAN SwitchesCisco IE3000系列交换机思科网络助理4.0中文版Catalyst Express 500 系列交换机Catalyst 6500系列交换机Catalyst 4900系列交换机Catalyst 4500 系列交换机Catalyst 3750 系列交换机Catalyst 3750-E 系列交换机Catalyst 3560 系列交换机Catalyst 3560-E 系列交换机WS-C2955C-12系列交换机WS-C2955S-12系列交换机WS-C2955T-12系列交换机Catalyst 2950 系列交换机Catalyst 2960 系列交换机Catalyst 2940 系列交换机Catalyst 2918 系列交换机Catalyst 2900 系列交换机思科精睿系列全网管交换机（SRW系列）思科精睿系列智能交换机（SLM系列）思科精睿系列非网管交换机(SD/SR系列)Cisco SFS 系列Cisco SFS 3000多矩阵服务器交换机系列Cisco SFS 3000多矩阵服务器交换机系列Cisco SFS 7012和7024 Infiniband服务器交换机VFrame：通过数据中心虚拟化降低总拥有成本理解计算网络与虚拟化－从服务器为中心到服务为中心利用思科服务器矩阵交换机降低设备投入LAN Switches (continued)Cisco EnergyWiseMetro Ethernet SwitchesCisco ME 2400系列以太网接入交换机Cisco ME 3400系列以太网接入交换机IE-3000-4TCIE-3000-4TC-EIE-3000-8TCIE-3000-8TC-EBMP-IE3000=CF-IE3000-E=CF-IE3000=DINCLP-IE3000=PWR-IE3000-CNCT=RPNL-IE3000=WAN SwitchesMGX SwitchesMGX 8850 系列IP＋A TM多服务交换机Other WAN Switching ProductsIGX 8400 系列交换机产品周期终止声明(EOS/EOL)Catalyst 2900 系列交换机Catalyst 2900 系列XL交换机Catalyst 2950 系列交换机Catalyst 2970 系列交换机Catalyst 3500 系列XL交换机Catalyst 3550 系列交换机Catalyst 3750 系列交换机Catalyst 5000 系列交换机Catalyst 6000 系列交换机Catalyst 6500 系列交换机Cisco Catalyst 6500系列交换机和7600系列上的SSL服务模块(三)网络安全产品异常检测与牵制异常检测与牵制产品思科流量异常检测器Cisco Guard DDoS 牵制产品(US)Cisco DDoS管理系统Cisco DDoS多设备管理系统(US)异常检测与牵制集成交换机/路由器服务模块Cisco Catalyst 6500/Cisco 7600路由器流量异常检测器模块(US) Cisco Catalyst 6500/Cisco 7600路由器异常抵御模块(US)应用优化与安全性Cisco A VS 3110 应用速度系统(US)思科策略管理(US)思科策略管理点(US)思科策略决策点(US)思科策略实施点(US)网络准入控制产品(US)Cisco NAC访客服务器Cisco NAC ProfilerCisco NAC管理器与服务器(US)思科Windows安全接入控制服务器(US)思科安全接入控制服务器解决方案引擎(US)思科安全代理电子邮件安全性Cisco IronPort电子邮件安全产品(US)思科垃圾邮件与病毒拦截器终端安全性Cisco NAC 设备(Clean Access)思科安全代理思科信任代理(US)防火墙防火墙产品Cisco ASA 5500系列自适应安全产品防火墙集成交换机/路由器服务Cisco Catalyst 6500系列防火墙服务模块(US) 防火墙管理思科自适应安全产品管理器(US)思科IP解决方案中心(US)Cisco PIX设备管理器思科路由器与安全设备管理器(US)思科安全管理器(US)集成路由器安全Cisco IOS防火墙身份管理思科安全监控、分析与响应系统思科验证代理(US)Cisco CNS Access Registrar(US)Cisco CNS Network Registrar(US)思科安全接入控制系统(US)Cisco Secure Access Control Server Express(US) 思科Windows安全接入控制服务器(US)思科安全接入控制服务器解决方案引擎(US) Cisco Secure Access Control Server View(US) 集成路由器/交换机安全集成路由器安全集成路由器安全(US)Cisco IOS信任与身份(US)思科路由器与安全设备管理器(US)集成威胁控制Cisco IOS防火墙Cisco IOS 入侵防御系统(IPS)(US)Cisco IOS 网络地址转换(NAT)(US)Cisco IOS灵活数据包匹配(FPM)(US)Cisco IOS网络基础保护(NFP)(US)Cisco IOS内容过滤(US)IOS VPNCisco IOS Easy VPN(US)Cisco IOS IPsec(US)群组加密传输VPN(US)动态多点VPN (DMVPN)(US)Cisco IOS SSLVPN(US)集成交换机安全Cisco 7600系列/Catalyst 6500系列IPSec VPN共享端口适配器Cisco Catalyst 6500系列防火墙服务模块(US) 多功能安全多功能安全产品Cisco ASA 5500系列自适应安全产品Cisco ASA 5500系列4-端口千兆以太网安全服务模块(US) Cisco ASA高级检测与防御(AIP)模块(US)Cisco ASA内容安全与控制(CSC)安全服务模块(US)多功能安全管理思科自适应安全设备管理器物理安全混合模拟与网络视频监视思科视频监视融合产品(US)思科视频监视集成服务平台(US)思科视频监视IP网关(US)思科视频监视服务平台(US)思科视频监视流管理器软件(US)以网络为中心的视频监视思科视频监视编码服务器(US)思科视频监视媒体服务器软件(US)思科视频监视运行管理器软件(US)思科视频监视存储系统(US)思科视频监视虚拟矩阵软件(US)物理接入控制思科物理接入网关(US)思科物理接入管理器(US)视频监视IP摄像头思科精睿视频监视摄像头(前Linksys产品)(US)Cisco Video Surveillance 2500 系列IP摄像头(US)Cisco Video Surveillance 4000系列IP摄像头(US)入侵防御系统(IPS)思科入侵防御系统(US)IPS产品Cisco ASA 5500系列自适应安全产品(US)Cisco IPS 4200系列传感器(US)思科安全监控、分析与响应系统IPS集成交换机/路由器服务Cisco Catalyst 6500系列入侵检测系统(IDSM-2)模块(US)IPS管理思科安全管理器(US)思科路由器与安全设备管理器(US)ASA IPS 模块Cisco ASA高级检测与防御(AIP)安全服务模块(US)集成路由器安全Cisco IOS入侵防御系统(IPS)(US)安全管理(US)设备管理思科自适应安全设备管理器Cisco PIX 设备管理器思科路由器与安全设备管理器(US)管理应用Cisco Trend Micro ProtectLink 网关安全服务(前Linksys产品)(US) 思科IP解决方案中心(US)思科安全管理器(US)思科安全监控、分析与响应系统Cisco IronPort安全管理产品虚拟专用网(VPN)(US)集成路由器安全Cisco IOS IPsec(US)Cisco IOS SSLVPN(US)VPN 客户端Cisco Easy VPN(US)Cisco VPN 客户端(US)VPN产品VPN 3000 系列集中器Cisco ASA 5500系列自适应安全产品VPN集成交换机/路由器服务Cisco Catalyst 6500 系列/7600系列WebVPN服务模块(US) Cisco 7600系列/Catalyst 6500 系列IPSec VPN共享端口适配器VPN管理思科自适应安全设备管理器思科IP解决方案中心(US)Cisco PIX设备管理器思科路由器与安全设备管理器(US)思科安全管理器(US)思科虚拟网络计算(US)SIMS 安全信息管理和思科安全监控分析和响应系统（MARS）Web安全Cisco IronPort Web安全产品(US)(四)语音和统一通信产品思科统一通信解决方案整合了固定和移动网络上的语音、视频、数据和移动应用，能够在企业、政府机构和研究机构的工作场所内提供多媒体协作体验。
Cisco SAN扩展技术最佳详解
EDUCATION远程连接技术演讲人 何志东 Cisco业务解决方案经理Abstract远程连接技术:EDUCATION今天的存储环境不再是在单一一个地点的设计了，越来越多的客户通过远程技术，已经 或正在规划位于不同地点的存储环境，相互连接并传输大量的数据。
因此，特别当客户 需要建立业务连续计划以支持365x24连续不间断运行的业务时，远程连接的技术显得 需要建立业务连续计划以支持365x24连续不间断运行的业务时 远程连接的技术显得 日益重要了. 在本介绍单元中，我们将提供跨越多个地点的存储网络的完整示意，讨论远程连接技术 在过去几年的进步及未来的发展，并列举出其中针对如何开展存储互连的最重要的部 分加以分析，以及如何开始相关的计划等。
Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.2SNIA Legal NoticeEDUCATION• Th material contained i thi t t i l i The t i l t i d in this tutorial is copyrighted by the SNIA. • M b companies and i di id l may use thi Member i d individuals this material in presentations and literature under the following conditions:– Any slide or slides used must be reproduced without modification – The SNIA must be acknowledged as source of any material used in the body of any document containing material from these presentations.• This presentation is a project of the SNIA Education Committee. Ed ti C ittRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.3议 程EDUCATION• • • • • •现在的存储连接技术 在的存储连接技术 新一代的存储网络化应用 存储网络扩展的传输技术 新的远程连接技术 如何开始规划存储网络的扩展 Q&ARemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.4现在的存储连接技术EDUCATION• 城域距离– 存储直连光纤 – 通过FC 交换机连接FCDark Fiber<40kmDark Fiber<60kmFC• 长距离连接– 使用独立的网关设备 – 主机基于IP的传输应用IP Network FC SAN FC SANIP Network FC SANRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.FC SAN5新 代的存储网络化应用 新一代的存储网络化应用EDUCATION• • • • •同步/异步远程复制 步 异步 程复制 Point-in-time Copy, 快照 py 持续数据保护 ServerFree, Serverless, ServerFree Serverless LANfree 备份 虚拟带库Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.6存储网络扩展的传输技术EDUCATION• • • • •裸光纤 粗波分复用(CWDM) 密集波分复用(DWDM) Fibre Channel over SDH Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP)Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.7站点距离带来的影响EDUCATIONDistanceLocal/ Single Site Dark Fibre Campus Metro Regional National GlobalSync Sync (2 Gbps) Sync (2 Gbps Lambda) Sync Sync Async Async Async A Async Async8Opt ticalCWDM DWDM SONET/SDH Switched Metro-EIPPrivate Line Ethernet IP VPN > DS-3/OC-3Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.光纤通道远距离连接的可选方式EDUCATIONONS15454 with SL Linecard ONS 15454SONET/SDHSONET/SDH Network Spoofing - ONS15454 with SL Linecard ith Li d - 1400km @ 2Gbps / 2800km @ 1Gbps - independent of FC switch BB_Credit capabilities Enhanced end-to-end BB Credits end to end BB_Credits - MDS9000 with MPS-14/2 linecard - 3500 BB_Credits per port - 3500km @ 2Gbps / 7000 km @ 1Gbps - independent of optical network DWDM BB_Credit Spoofing - ONS 15540 DWDM - independent of FC switch BB_Credit capabilities BB Credit Enhanced end-to-end BB_Credits - MDS9000 with MPS-14/2 line card - 3500 BB Credits per port BB_Credits - 3500km @ 2Gbps / 7000 km @ 1Gbps - independent of optical network FCIP - MDS9000 with MPS 14/2 or IPS 4 or IPS 8 ith MPS-14/2 IPS-4 IPS-8 - Compression/encryption - 1Gbps Line rate per port - 20,000+ km @ 1Gbps (32MB TCP window)1400km @ 2Gbps ONS 15454SONET/SDHOptic cal3500 km @ 2Gbps ONS 15540DWDM340km @ 2GbpsONS 15540DWDM3500 km @ 2GbpsIPIP Network22,000 km @ 1GbpsRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.9可选择的 FCIP 环境• • • • 线速 (1Gbps) ( p ) 相对的低延迟 同步或异步复制 可以经济有效地利用 城域以太网 通常 OC-3/OC-12 OC 3/OC 12 相对的低延迟 主要面向异步 也适用于部分同步应 用 低速 (T1–DS3) 高延迟 长距离 主要面向异步Local DatacenterFCIPEDUCATIONRemote Datacenter Metro EthernetFCIPShort Distance ~ <= 60km• • • •Local Datacenter D t tFCIPRemote Datacenter D t t SONETFCIPMedium Distance ~ <= 160km• • • •Local DatacenterFCIPRemote Datacenter IP Routed WANFCIPRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.Long Distance > 160km10新的远程连接技术EDUCATION• • • • • •安全隔离的存储路由技术 安全 离的存储路由技术 端口通道(Port Channel)技术 ( ) 流控技术(Flow Control) 写加速技术(Write Acceleration) 网络优化加速的CDP 架构 网络加速的Serverless 备份 网络加速的 备份(NASB)Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.11安全基础: 虚拟SAN (VSAN) ( )EDUCATION• • •VSAN 功能使服务可以整合在少量的波长上 – 提高了波长 的利用率 仍然可以保持隔离的连接环境 – 具备流量的隔离控制机制 DWDM 的架构可提供传输的恢复弹性及扩展能力EMC DMX 1000 Each RF Pair is assigned to separate Virtual SAN (VSAN) providing fabric isolation AND consolidationFAsRFsFAsRFsMetro DWDMMultilayer Director Di t with VSANs enabledTwo Enhanced ISLs (EISLs) carrying multiple isolated VSANs provides consolidation of RF links while maintaining fabric isolation© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.SP MKTG_METRO E_0312 Rights Reserved.Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All1212VSANs 允许共享灾备基础设施EDUCATION在异地数据中 之间， 在异地数据中心之间，VSANs 可以被承载于不同的传输设备上• • • 在整合存储设施的同时，保持 在整合存储设施的同时 保持 数据中心间的故障隔离 可以通过调整Routing Metric 来设置有限使用的灾备链路 可以安全放心地使用一系列的 广域网、城域网设施: FCIP (PoS, ATM, Metro Ethernet), SONET/SDH, DWDM, SONET/SDH DWDM or CDWM, etc. SAN 导向器要求能够提供基 于每个VSAN的流量统计 通过管理软件 Fabric Manager 来发现并管理整个 SAN拓扑Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.Switch S it h A Domain 100 Domain 2008 Gbps EISL Trunk Metric 50—Red VSAN Metric 100—Blue VSAN1Gbps EISL Trunk Metric 50—Blue VSAN Metric 100—Red VSANDWDM or CWDMSONET or SDHIP Routed Network (FCIP)• •Domain 104 Domain 204 Switch B13VSAN间路由(IVR): 可靠的SAN 扩展方案EDUCATION• 将跨地域存储交换服务参数调整的影响最小化– 将矩阵控制信息，如SW-RSCNs 以及创建/重置Fabric (BF/RCF)， 限制在本地VSANs – 具备高可用性的灵活连接能力 – 与任何传输介质均可互操作 (FC, SONET, DWDM/CWDM, FCIP)Inter-VSAN Connection with Completely Isolated Fabrics EISL#1 in Port Channel Replication VSAN_1 Replication VSAN_3IVR‘Other’ Other VSAN_4Transit VSAN_2 S (IVR)Metro DWDM (or SONET/SDH or FCIP)IVRRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.EISL#2 in Port Channel‘Other’ ‘Oth ’ VSAN_5 14提高线路状况的容忍弹性-- 端口通道技术(Port Channel)EDUCATION• • •端口通道功能提供了无中断的存储连接保障, 并无影响的在秒级内恢 复 VSANs 仍要求配置来保障隔离环境 — 实现没个RF 的负载均衡连接 端口通道的构成端口可选自不同的SAN导向器上的模块以增加高可 用性– 在两个SAN导向器之间可捆绑高达 16 个链路(32 Gbps)EISL#1 in PortChannel Redundant EISLs bundled together using PortChanneling PortChannels are built from ports on different switching modules for higher availabilityEMC DMX 1000RFsRFsFAsMetro DWDMMultilayer DirectorFAsRFsRFsEISL#2 in PortChannel P tCh lSRDF traffic load-balanced on a perconnection basis with quick recovery possible with PortChanneling SP MKTG_METRO E_0312 Rights Reserved.Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All© 2003 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.1515多个VSAN的 FCIP 冗余设计VSANs 2x FCIP Portchannel with TE (Trunking VE_Port) ( g )EDUCATIONIP NetworkMDS9000MDS9000• • • •两个存储交换矩阵可远程扩展 其余独立的SAN设置为 VSAN的域 其余独立的 设置为 的域 每个交换矩阵是受保护的, 不会被远程链路的故障而影响 存储的应用 (如磁盘复制) 分布在双交换矩阵上, 同样被保护, 不会受FC 交换 机的故障影响 • 端口通道(Port Channel)技术避免了由于连接的故障带来的存储拓扑状态的 改变 (FSPF, Domain, FIB) • VSAN 可构成跨FCIP的端口通道(Port Channel)的管道(trunking)Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.16远程数据复制的流控(Flow Control)EDUCATIONBB_Credits BB_CreditsShort distance (intra data center) Low number DWDM Ring Long distance L di t (inter data center) High number Fibre Channel SAN BB Credits BB Credits TCP Sliding Window Flow Control FCIP Tunnel C Fibre Channel SAN Fib Ch l BB Credits BB CreditsBB_CreditsShort distance (intra data center) Low number•BB_Credits (Buffer to Buffer Credits) required at each Fibre Channel hop for typical Class 3 Storage Traffic– – – – BB_Credits give Sender authority to send “n” frames to keep “Pipe Full” • R_Rdy response from receiver replenishes sender BB_Credit count One Credit used per FC frame (any size) – storage ~2kB/frame (max is 2148B) BB_Credits required on all Fibre Channel links (FCIP is the exception) • Allocate sufficient for Optical Links (CWDM DWDM and SONET/SDH) (CWDM, DWDM, • MDS9000 16-port card has 255 BB_Credits per port Rule of Thumb: 1 BB_Credit per 1km at 2Gbps / 1 BB_Credit per 2km at 1Gbps 17Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.缓冲信用值(BB Credits)的计算EDUCATION• • • •• •1G FC: 1 BB for 2km at max frame size (2148 Bytes) 2G FC: 1 BB for 1 km at max frame size (2148 Bytes) 4G FC: 2 BB for 1 km at max frame size (2148 Bytes) 10 FC: 6 BB for 1 km at max frame size (2148 Bytes)e.g. 1024 B2B credits available per port: Maximum distance of 171 Km at 10 Gbps with maximum frame size packets (2 148B) (2,148B)1024 credits ≈ 171 Km 6 credits @ 10 Gbps kmRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.18缓冲信用值(Buffer Credit)与流量 的对应表 [1Gb ] [1Gbps]Throughput Drop Over Distance100 MB/s 80 MB/sPerform manceEDUCATION60 MB/s 40 MB/s 20 MB/s 0 MB/s0 Km 4 Km 8 Km 16 Km 32 Km 48 Km 64 Km 80 Km 96 Km 112 Km 120 KmDistance 2 Buffers 8 Buffers 16 Buffers 60 BuffersDistance in Kilometers = BB_Credit x 2Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.19缓冲信用值(Buffer Credit)与流量 的对应表 [2Gb ] [2Gbps]Throughput Drop Over Optical Distance @ 2 gbit/s200 MB/s 160 MB/sPerform manceEDUCATION120 MB/s 80 MB/s 40 MB/s 0 MB/s0 Km 2 Km 4 Km 8 Km 16 Km 24 Km 32 Km 40 Km 48 Km 56 Km 60 KmDistance 2 Buffers 8 Buffers 16 Buffers 60 BuffersDistance in Kilometers (2 g ( gbit/s wire rate) = BB_Credit )Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.20FCIP & FC 写加速技术Without With t FCIP & FC Acceleration A l tiIPS or S-32FCEDUCATIONWith FCIP & FC Acceleration A l tiIPS or S-32 IPS or S-32FC FCIPS or S-32FCWANWANWRITE XFER_RDY XFER_RDY XFER RDY DATA STATUSWRITE DATA STATUS XFER_RDYReduction in I/O Latency• Reduce up to 1 Round Trip Time (RTT) per I/O • Improves response time for the storage application • Extended distance for DR and BC applicationsRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.21网络辅助的存储应用: SANTapEDUCATIONAPPLIANCE-BASED APPLICATIONS Host-Based Software Agents SAN Appliance TargetNETWORK-ASSISTED APPLICATIONSSANSANTapCopy of Appliance Primary I/OCustomer BenefitIncreased AgilityProof P i t P f Points• Insert new appliance-based applications seamlessly • Distributes workload to multiple appliances• Preserves integrity, availability and performance of primary I/O High Availability Solution • Allows appliance to move out of data path • Supports replication, point-in-time copy, and Improved Business Continuance Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All continuous data protection applicationsRights Reserved.22网络加速的Serverless 备份EDUCATIONSERVERLESS BACKUPTODAYNETWORK ACCELERATED SERVERLESS BACK UPMedia ServersApplication SAN ServersMedia Servers SApplication SSM A li ti ServersTapeDiskTapeDiskCustomer BenefitLower TCO Higher Performance & Reliability Investment ProtectionProof Points• Offload I/O & CPU work from Media Servers to SSM • Reduce server administration & management tasks • Each SSM delivers up to 16 Gbps throughput • SSM integrated into a high availability MDS platform • No changes to existing backup environment • SSM Data Movement can be enabled w/ software 23Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.如何开始规划存储网络的扩展EDUCATIONPrimary Data CenterBackup Data CenterWAN/MANApplication Performance Tape & Write Acceleration Application Availability Inter-VSAN RoutingWAN Utilization Hardware Compression Application Tuning SAN Extension Toolkit (SET)Security FCIP Encrypt and Auth. Cost Reduction VSAN-Enabled ConsolidationTraffic Management QoS, TCP Tuning Solution Management Multiprotocol Fabric Manager 24Remote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.HA+DR 设计参考 : 3 Site Solution (Oracle RAC AIX / HACMP)Synchronous mirroringiSCSICISCO 4000 CISCO 4000 CISCO 4000 CISCO 4000EDUCATIONAsynchronous mirroringxSeriesLinux Oracle Li O l Appli ServerIBM P690XSeriesxSeriesCWDM Linux Oracle Appl SRV20/50/100 Kilometers 20/50/100 KilometersCWDMLinux Oracle Appli ServersFC C/IPIBM xSeriesMDS CSMCWDMCWDM600KilometersAIX Oracle 9i DB ServeriSCSIFC/IPMDS CSMAIX Oracle 9i RAC Node1 IBM pSeriesXSeries MSCSpSeries AIX Oracle 9i RAC Node2SpirentSpirentMDSVSAN de backu pCSMMDSMirroring gMDS CSMPPRC-XDTSM SRVGPFS Share d DBFAStT Storage ServerXSeries MSCSMIRRORGPFS Oracle DBOracleMIRROR Flashcopy DBSITE 1SITE 2Distance < 100 kmsIBM ESS 800ESS1 800SITE 3Distance > 100 kmsRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.25Q&A / FeedbackEDUCATION•Please send any questions or comments on this presentation to SNIA: track-storage@Many thanks to the following individuals for th i contributions t this tutorial. f their t ib ti to thi t t i lSNIA Education Committee Andrea Chiaffitelli, AT&T Ian Perez-Ponce, CiscoRemote Technologies© 2006 Storage Networking Industry Association. All Rights Reserved.26。
思科交换机型号
思科交换机型号概述：思科（Cisco）是全球领先的网络设备制造商之一，其交换机是企业网络中必不可少的关键设备。
思科交换机以其可靠性、灵活性和性能闻名于世，并且在各种规模的网络中得到广泛应用。
本文将介绍一些常见的思科交换机型号及其特点。
1. Cisco Catalyst 2960系列：思科Catalyst 2960系列交换机是企业网络中最常见的交换机之一。
它们被广泛用于小型和中型企业的局域网（LAN）部署。
Catalyst 2960系列交换机提供可靠的以太网连接，并支持VLAN和QoS等高级特性。
此外，它们还具有出色的性能和可扩展性，适用于多种应用场景。
2. Cisco Catalyst 3650系列：Catalyst 3650系列交换机是思科的最新一代企业级交换机产品。
它们采用了先进的硬件和软件技术，具有更高的性能和更多的功能。
Catalyst 3650系列交换机支持多种端口类型，包括千兆以太网端口和万兆以太网端口，以满足不同网络需求。
此外，它们还具有更高的安全性和可管理性，可用于更复杂的网络环境。
3. Cisco Nexus 9000系列：思科Nexus 9000系列交换机是为大规模数据中心设计的高性能交换机。
它们采用了创新的硬件和软件架构，可以提供更高的吞吐量和更低的延迟。
Nexus 9000交换机支持软件定义网络（SDN）和网络虚拟化等先进功能，使数据中心网络更具灵活性和可扩展性。
此外，Nexus 9000系列交换机还具有出色的可靠性和可恢复性，使其成为大规模数据中心的首选。
4. Cisco Catalyst 4500系列：Catalyst 4500系列交换机是思科面向企业网络和服务提供商的高性能交换平台。
它们具有强大的处理能力和高密度端口配置，可适应各种规模的网络部署。
Catalyst 4500交换机支持模块化设计，可以灵活扩展和升级，以满足不断变化的业务需求。
此外，它们还支持多种高级特性，包括IPv6、安全性和高可用性等。
cisco交换机配置
Cisco交换机配置新手篇:正确连接和初级配置作者：峰责任编辑：fangshaoboCisco交换机在网络届处于绝对领先地位，高端冗余设备（如：冗余超级引擎，冗余负载均衡电源，冗余风扇，冗余系统时钟，冗余上连，冗余的交换背板），高背板带宽，高多层交换速率等都为企业网络系统的高速稳定运行提供良好解决方案。
这就是为什么大型企业都选择Cisco交换机做核心层和分布层等主要网络设备。
Cisco分为高中低端交换机，分别面向不同层次。
但是多数Cisco交换机都基于Cisco自家的IOS( Internet Operating System )系统。
所以设置都是大同小异。
让我们从零开始，一步一步教大家学会用Cisco交换机。
第一步：利用电脑超级终端与交换机建立连接可进行网络管理的交换机上有一个“Console”端口，它是专门用于对交换机进行配置和管理的。
可以通过Console端口连接和配置交换机。
用Cisco自带的Console线,RJ-45端接入Cisco交换机Console口，Com 口端接入电脑Com1或Com2口，必须注意的是要记清楚接入的是那个Com口。
按照步骤开启超级终端：开始－程序－附件－通讯－超级终端（图2）（图2）点击文件－新建连接（图3）（图3）输入超级终端名称,选择数据线所连端口(注意选择Com口时候要对应Console线接入电脑的Com口)：图4（图4）确定－点击还原为默认值（图5）（图5）确定后开启交换机此时交换机开始载入IOS，可以从载入IOS界面上看到诸如IOS版本号，交换机型号，内存大小等数据当屏幕显示Press RETURN to get started的时候按回车就能直接进入交换机。
第二步：学习交换机的一些初级命令首先我们要知道Cisco配置界面分两种，一种是基于CLI(Command-line Interface 命令行界面)，一种是基于IOS(Internetwork Operting System 互联网操作系统)。
ISR G2概览
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3 RU 3 GE (2 SFP) 4 2 1 4 2 256 MB 4 GB 1 GB 4 GB** 74* 有 有 有 有 是，使用 PVDM3 PVDM3 和 PVDM2 最多 730 个 最多 250 个*** 32 个端口；300 个信箱 800 最多 480 个 FXS 64 FXO 40 BRI 24
•
思科 ISR G2 的新增功能是什么？
思科 ISR
广域网性能 网络处理器 服务模块性能和容量 板载 DSP 交换机模块 服务高达 45 Mbps 单核 160GB，1 倍 只支持语音 FE，PoE 支持。基 于 Catalyst 3750 IOS 映像 服务交付 冗余 节能 多个映像 硬件连接 单个主板 EnergyWise
第 2 代思科集成多业务路由器
改变下一代分支机构体验 — 任何服务、任何分支机构、任何地方 第 2 代思科集成多业务路由器概述
通过全新第 2 代 Cisco® 集成多业务路由器（ISR G2）系 列，改变您的分支机构体验。该系列是思科获得巨大成功 的集成多业务路由器产品组合的新增产品。思科 ISR G2 属于思科无边界网络架构，可实现所有远程站点的业务创 新和增长。新一代架构可满足下一代广域网和网络服务的 性能要求，从而提供新的工作空间体验，进而在分支机构 经济高效地提供高清协作，以及安全过渡到下一代云和虚 拟化网络服务。全新思科 ISR G2 路由器专为在单个平台 上实现最佳服务交付而设计，使企业能够投入更大力度提 供一流的客户体验，根据业务需求部署“按需”服务，同 时降低整体运营成本。
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2 RU 3 GE (1 SFP) 4 2 1 3 2 256 MB 4 GB 512 MB 4 GB** 50* 有 有 有 有 是，使用 PVDM3 PVDM3 和 PVDM2 最多 250 个 最多 150 个 32 个端口；300 个信箱 600 最多 400 个 FXS 64 FXO 40 BRI 24
思科双主控设备升级流程
思科双主控设备升级流程下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成，希望大家下载以后，能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。
文档下载后可定制随意修改，请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用，谢谢!并且，本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料，如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等，如想了解不同资料格式和写法，敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by theeditor. I hope that after you download them,they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized andmodified after downloading,please adjust and use it according toactual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types ofpractical materials,such as educational essays, diaryappreciation,sentence excerpts,ancient poems,classic articles,topic composition,work summary,word parsing,copy excerpts,other materials and so on,want to know different data formats andwriting methods,please pay attention!思科双主控设备升级流程如下：1. 准备工作确认设备型号和当前软件版本。
Cisco各种模块及其详解
思科接口卡和模块产品详解鑫海网络商城 / 2008-04-08广域网网络模块/接口卡产品编号Cable HWICHWIC-CABLE-D-2 单端口基于DOCSIS的cableHWIC-CABLE-E/J-2 单端口基于Euro/J-DOCSIS 2.0的cable串行和异步HWIC HWIC-4T 4 端口串行高速WAN 接口卡HWIC-4A/S 4 端口异步/ 同步高速WAN接口卡HWIC-8A 8 端口异步高速WAN 接口卡HWIC-16A 16端口异步高速WAN 接口卡HWIC-8A/S-232 8 端口异步/ 同步高速WAN接口卡串行WICWIC-1T 单端口串行WICWIC-2T 双端口串行WIC带CSU/DSU的T1 WIC WIC-1DSU-T1-V2 单端口T1接口卡，带CSU/DSU BRI WIC WIC-1B-S/T-V3 单端口ISDN WICSHDSL HWICHWIC-2SHDSL G.SHDSL接口卡HWIC-4SHDSL G.SHDSL接口卡对称高比特率DSL WIC WIC-1SHDSL-V3 单端口G.SHDSL接口卡ADSL2和ADSL2 HWICHWIC-1ADSL 单端口非对称数字用户线路HWICHWIC-ADSL-B/STADSL WIC WIC-1ADSL 单端口非对称数字用户线路WICWIC-1ADSL-DG 单端口非对称数字用户线路WIC，带Dying Gasp支持WIC-1ADSL-I-DG 单端口ADSL over ISDN WIC，带Dying Gasp 支持V.90调制解调器WIC WIC-1AM 单端口模拟调制解调器HWICWIC-2AM 2端口模拟调制解调器HWIC3G无线HWICHWIC-3G-CDMAHWIC-3G-GSM网络模块/接口卡产品编号T3/E3网络模块(纯信道)NM-1T3/E3 单端口透明通道T3/E3 网络模块串行连接网络模块NM-1HSSI 单端口HSSI 网络模块NM-4T 4 端口串行网络模块NM-4A/S 4 端口异步/ 同步串行网络模块NM-8A/S 8 端口异步/ 同步串行网络模块NM-16A/S 16 端口异步/ 同步串行网络模块NM-16A- 16 端口异步网络模块NM-32A 32 端口异步网络模块ISDN PRI网络模块(第三代)NM-1CE1T1-PRI 单端口通道化E1/T1 ISDN PRI 网络模块NM-2CE1T1-PRI 2端口通道化E1/T1 ISDN PRI 网络模块ISDN BRI网络模块NM-4B-S/T 4 端口ISDN-BRI 网络模块NM-4B-U 4 端口ISDN-BRI 网络模块，带NT-1 NM-8B-S/T 8 端口ISDN-BRI 网络模块NM-8B-U 8端口ISDN-BRI 网络模块，带NT-1ATM OC-3 网络模块(第二代)NM-1A-OC3-POM 单端口ATM OC3接口模块，支持POM和SFPATM OC-3网络模块(第一代)NM-1A-OC3MM 单端口OC3 ATM 多模光纤网络模块NM-1A-OC3SMI单端口OC3 ATM 单模中距离光纤网络模块NM-1A-OC3SML单端口OC3 ATM 单模远距离光纤网络模块DS3/E3 ATM网络模块NM-1A-T3 单端口DS3 ATM网络模块NM-1A-E3单端口E3 ATM 网络模块ATM AIM (内部插槽)AIM-ATM ATM支持模块IP网络模块上的电路仿真NM-CEM-4TE1 4端口T1/E1电路仿真模块NM-CEM-4SER 4 串口电路仿真模块数字调制解调器网络模块NM-6DM 6 端口数字调制解调器网络模块NM-12DM 12端口数字调制解调器网络模块NM-18DM 18端口数字调制解调器网络模块NM-24DM 24端口数字调制解调器网络模块NM-30DM 端口数字调制解调器网络模块MMTL-3600 管理调制解调器的软件license MICA-6MOD 6 个数字调制解调器升级V.92模拟调制解调器网络模块NM-8AM-V2 8 端口模拟调制解调器网络模块，带V.92NM-16AM-V2 16端口模拟调制解调器网络模块，带V.92 IP VSAT卫星网络模块NM-1VSAT-GILAT IP VSAT卫星网络模块局域网网络模块/ 接口卡产品编号快速以太网HWICHWIC-1FE 1端口快速以太口WAN模块HWIC-2FE 2端口快速以太口WAN模块以太网交换机HWICHWIC-4ESW 4 端口10/100 交换机HWICHWIC-D-9ESW 9 端口10/100 交换机HWIC以太网交换机业务模块NME-16ES-1G-P 16端口以太交换服务模块，支持POE，带1个RJ45的10/100/1000以太网口NME-X-23ES-1G-P 23端口以太交换服务模块，支持POE，带1个RJ45语音（集中自动信息记帐）功能VIC-4FXS/DID 4 端口FXS语音/ 传真接口卡BRI语音接口卡(第二代)VIC2-2BRI-NT/TE 2 端口BRI语音/传真接口卡T1/E1语音接口卡(第二代)VWIC2-1MFT-T1/E1单端口第二代T1/E1Multiflex 中继语音/WAN接口卡VWIC2-2MFT-T1/E1 2端口第二代T1/E1Multiflex 中继语音/WAN接口卡T1/E1语音接口卡(第一代)VWIC-1MFT-T1 单端口RJ-48 Multiflex中继T1 语音/WICVWIC-2MFT-T1 2端口RJ-48 Multiflex中继T1 语音/WICVWIC-2MFT-T1-DI 2 端口RJ-48 Multiflex 中继T1语音/WIC，支持上行功能VWIC-1MFT-E1 单端口RJ-48 Multiflex中继E1 语音/WICVWIC-2MFT-E1 2端口RJ-48 Multiflex中继E1 语音/WICVWIC-2MFT-E1-DI 2 端口RJ-48 Multiflex中继E1语音/WIC，带上行功能网络模块/接口卡产品编号模拟/BRI语音网络模块(第二代)NM-HD-1V 单插槽IP通信语音/传真网络模块NM-HD-2V 2插槽IP通信语音/传真网络模块NM-HD-2VE 双插槽IP通信增强语音/传真网络模块高密度模拟语音网络模块NM-HDA-4FXS 高密度模拟语音/传真网络模块，带4FXS高密度数字/模拟语音网络模块NM-HDV2 高密度模拟语音/传真网络模块NM-HDV2-1T1/E1高密度模拟语音/传真网络模块,带1个E1/T1端口NM-HDV2-2T1/E1高密度模拟语音/传真网络模块,带1个E1/T1端口网络模块/接口卡产品编号语音基板扩展模块EVM-HD-8FXS/DID 高密度模拟和数字扩展模块，用于语音和传真，带8个可针对FXS 或DID 信令分别配置的端口EVM-HD模拟/BRI扩展模块EVM-HDA-8FXS 高密度模拟语音/传真网络模块，带8FXSEM-HDA-6FXO 6 端口FXO 语音和传真扩展模块EM-HDA-3FXS/4FXO 3 端口FXS 和4 端口FXO语音和传真扩展模块EM-4BRI-NT/TE 4端口语音和传真扩展模块NM-HAD模拟/BRI 扩展模块EM-HDA-8FXS 8 端口语音/ 传真扩展模块FXS EM-HDA-4FXO 4 端口FXO 语音和传真扩展模块EM2-HDA-4FXO 4 端口FXO 语音和传真扩展模块语音高级集成模块AIM-VOICE-30 AIM语音模块AIM-ATM-VOICE-30 AIM语音/ATM模块Return to Top安全性网络模块/接口卡产品编号面向集成多业务路由器的NAC 网络模块NME-NAC-K9 NAC网络模块NACNM-50-K9 NAC网络模块license-50用户NACNM-100-K9 NAC网络模块license-100用户NACNM-50UL= NAC网络模块升级license- 从50到100入侵防御系统高级集成模块AIM-IPS-K9 入侵防御系统高级集成模块面向ISR的USB eToken MEMUSB-64FT 64M的USB eToken MEMUSB-128FT 128M的USB eToken MEMUSB-256FT 256M的USB eTokenAIM-VPN PLUS-VPN加速卡AIM-VPN/BPII PLUSAIM-VPN/EPII PLUSAIM-VPN/HPII PLUSAIM-VPN/SSL-VPN加速卡AIM-VPN/SSL-1 AIM-VPN/SSL-2 AIM-VPN/SSL-3IDS网络模块NM-CIDS IDS网络模块Security Device Manager SDM 安全设备管理无线网络模块/接口卡产品编号3G WWAN HWIC HWIC-3G-GSM GSM 3G 模块HWIC-3G-CDMA-V CDMA的3G模块HWIC-3G-CDMA-S CDMA的3G模块无线局域网AP HWICHWIC-AP-G-x 802.11 B/G 接入点HWICHWIC-AP-AG-x 802.11 A/B/G 接入点HWIC无线局域网控制器模块NM-AIR-WLC6-K9 无线网络控制模块，可管理6个接入点NME-AIR-WLC8-K9 无线网络控制模块，可管理8个接入点NME-AIR-WLC12-K9无线网络控制模块，可管理12个接入点IP VSAT卫星网络模块NM-1VSAT-GILAT IP VSAT卫星网络模块Ret应用–业务网络模块/接口卡产品编号面向分支机构路由器的内容引NM-CE-BP 内容引擎网络模块擎网络模块面向分支机构路由器的网络分析模块NM-NAM 网络分析模块应用导向网络模块NM-AON-K9 应用导向网络模块数据压缩AIM AIM-COMPR4 16Mbps数据压缩集成模块语音应用模块AIM-CUE NM-CUE NM-CUE-EC广域应用业务(WAAS)模块NME-WAE-302-K9 广域网加速模块，80G/512MNME-WAE-502-K9 广域网加速模块，120G/1G Return to TopEoS/EoL模块网络模块/接口卡产品编号思科AIM-VPN-II-PLUS模块AIM-VPN/BPII-PLUS, AIM-VPN/BPII-PLUS=, AIM-VPN/EPII-PLUS, AIM-VPN/EPII-PLUS=, AIM-VPN/HPII-PLUS, AIM-VPN/HPII-PLUS=思科1端口DS3和1端口E3 ATM网络模块NM-1A-E3, NM-1A-E3=, NM-1A-T3, NM-1A-T3= 1端口POTS ADSL和ISDN ADSL广域网接口卡，带Dying GaspWIC-1ADSL-DG, WIC-1ADSL-I-DG思科2600/3600/3700系列ATM OC-3 155-Mbps 网络模块NM-1A-OC3MM, NM-1A-OC3MM=, NM-1A-OC3MM-EP, NM-1A-OC3MM-EP=, NM-1A-OC3SMI,NM-1A-OC3SMI=, NM-1A-OC3SMI-EP,NM-1A-OC3SMI-EP=, NM-1A-OC3SML,NM-1A-OC3SML=, NM-1A-OC3SML-EP, NM-1A-OC3SML-EP=1端口和2端口T1/E1多路传输语音/广域网接口卡VWIC-1MFT-E1 VWIC-1MFT-T1 VWIC-1MFT-G703VWIC-2MFT-E1 VWIC-2MFT-T1 VWIC-2MFT-E1-DI VWIC-2MFT-T1-DI VWIC-2MFT-G703对称高比特率DSL WIC WIC-1SHDSL, WIC-1SHDSL-V225Mbps ATM网络模块NM-1ATM-25IMA网络模块NM-4T1-IMA, NM-4E1-IMA, NM-8T1-IMA, NM-8E1-IMA ISDN PRI 网络模块(第二代)NM-1CT1, 2CT1NM-1CT1-CSU, 2CT1-CSU, NM-1CE1B, 2CE1-BISDN PRI 网络模块(第一代)NM-1FE1CT1, NM1FE2CT1, NM-1FE1CT1-CSU, NM-1FE2CT1-CSU, NM-1FE1CE1B, NM-1FE2CE1B, NM-1FE1CE1U, NM-1FE2CE1UV.92模拟调制解调器网络模块NM-8AM-J, NM-16AM-J NM-HDV DSP模块PVDM-12模拟语音接口卡(第一代)VIC-2FXS, VIC-2FXO, VIC-2FXO-EU,VIC-2FXO-M1/M2/M3, VIC-2E/M, VIC-2DID, VIC-2CAMABRI语音接口卡(第一代)VIC-2BRI-S/T-TE, VIC-2BRI-NT/TE J1语音接口卡VIC-1J1模拟/BRI语音网络模块(第一代)NM-1V, NM-2V数字T1/E1语音网络模块NM-HDV-1T1-12, NM-HDV-1T1-24, NM-HDV-1T1-24E, NM-HDV-2T1-48, NM-HDV-1E1-12, NM-HDV-1E1-30, NM-HDV-1E1-30E, NM-HDV-2E1-60数字J1 语音网络模块NM-HDV-1J1-30, NM-HDV-1J1-30EDSP群集网络模块NM-HDV-FARM-C36, NM-HDV-FARM-C54,NM-HDV-FARM-C90数据压缩AIM AIM-COMPR2-V2报警监控和远程控制网络模块NM-AIC-64以太网网络模块NM-1FE-FX NM-1FE-TX NM-1ENM-4EVPN/加密AIM AIM-VPN/HPII, AIM-VPN/EPII, AIM-VPN/BPII VPN/加密AIM AIM-VPN/HP, AIM-VPN/EP, AIM-VPN/BP带CSU/DSU的T1 WIC WIC-1DSU-T1, WIC-1DSU-56K4ISDN BRI WIC WIC-1B-S/T。
思科推出第二代集成多业务路由器
思科推出第二代集成多业务路由器
佚名
【期刊名称】《《通信世界》》
【年(卷),期】2009(000)045
【摘要】近期，思科推出了无边界网络（Borderless Networks）架构和一个五阶段计划，旨在帮助企业实现随时随地、通过任何设备，向任何人无缝、可靠、安全地提供服务和应用。
思科同时宣布推出第二代集成多业务路由器ISRG2。
思科ISRG2可帮助企业和电信运营商简化并扩展交付按需网络业务服务，以满足其分支机构在视频和协作应用等方面的需求。
【总页数】1页(PI0002)
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TN915.05
【相关文献】
1.思科客户利用网络创新技术提高移动性与协作能力,并降低能耗和业务成本Cisco Catalyst交换机和集成多业务路由器系列增加大量新特性 [J], 思科系统(中国)网络技术有限公司
2.思科推出第二代集成多业务路由器 [J],
3.网络无边应用无界——思科推出第二代集成多业务路由器 [J], 张丽霞
4.第二代集成多业务路由器 [J],
5.思科集成多业务路由器网络应用安全灵活 [J], 仝培杰
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Meeting and Objectives
The goal of this investigation has been met upon conducting SLEPT/POSTEL/SWOT criteria. It is found out that the Golden Shield Project positively and effectively protects the Chinese national security and controls the prevalence of the harmful information such as pornographic or violent Web. Since the main target group rests in teenagers and young people who are vulnerable to the harmful information on the internet, hence, this project benefits to the young generation.
Effectiveness of the Planning and Developing Stages
The investigation of Golden Shield Project keeps consistent from the start to the end. Because the investigation was conducted with several methods, it enables the feedbacks obtained as objective as possible with minimum bias. The methods include Questionnaires, In–depth Interview and Internet searching.
It is important not to just list SLEPT/PESTEL factors because this does not all the information related. Since all the on-going business of CISCO is dynamic, it is required to consider which factors are most likely to change and which ones will have the greatest impact on Golden Shield Project. For instance, in this case, the Chinese Legal and Political aspects are the key factors which will directly impact on the project. For some other industries, such as finance, the economic changes including interest rate changes may be a huge issue. Therefore, it is required to concentrate on the most possible and greatest changes throughout the whole investigation planning and sequential implements.
Assessment of the Strengths and Weakness of the Report
●Strength
Since the project in China has been a popular debate and all the participants are active to express their opinions with little conservation. This made the whole investigation developed smoothly.
●Weakness
However, there are still limitations during planning and developing stages. The two main factors like Reach and Frequency cannot be approached properly due to time and geography limits.
Recommendations for future investigations
Although Cisco denied their connection with help the Chinese Government to complete censorship system. However, it cannot deny the fact that it provides the world-class technical equipment to the Chinese Government. Because their spoken person avoided answering the question regarding to whether they would provide the follow-up services to help their customer to check the censorship function or not, it has left the public with a big question mark.
It is also important to consider the level at which it is applied. In this case, since CISCO’s business is expanded to many countries, it is practical to remember that they have many different parts to their overall business, including different divisions, products or even brand names. It is also useful to differentiate between factors which are very local, other which are national and those which are global.
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