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人工智能chapter1((人工智能基础)

人工智能发展概要人工智能定义从1956年正式提出人工智能学科算起，40多年来，取得长足的发展，成为一门广泛的交叉和当计算机出现后，人类开始真正有了一个可以模拟人类思维的工具，在以后的岁月中，无数科学家为这个目标人工智能理论进入21世纪，正酝酿着新的突破-人工生命的提出，不仅意味着人类试图从传统的什么是人工智能?定义1 智能机器(intelligent machine)能够在各类环境中自主地或交互地执行各种拟人任务人工智能是那些与人的思维、决•Schalkoff, 1990 人工智能是一门通过计算过程，力图理解和模仿智能行为的学科。

•Rick和Knight,1991 人工智能研究如何使计算机做事，而让人过得更好。

•Winston, 1992 人工智能是研究那些使理解、推理和行为成为可能的计算。

•Luger和Stubblefield,1993 人工智能是计算机科学中，与智能行为的自动化有关的一个分支。

1956年夏季，由麦卡锡(J. McCarthy)等美国年轻学者发起的首次人工智能研讨会标志着人工1. 形成期1956年到1961年可以说是AI研究的形成时2. 成长期•1961年以后进入AI研究成长期。

然而在成长期的早期（60年代），由于不适当地过分强调和依赖于符号逻辑和形式推理（AI形成期为AI建立的研究基础），导致了AI研究陷入基于弱法（weak methods）的纯学术研究的困境。

•所谓弱法就是通用问题求解策略，由于片面强调相应算法的通用性，忽视问题域特别信息的指导作用，容易引起所谓的组合爆炸问题。

•组合爆炸意指，复杂的问题涉及大量因素，由这些因素的适当组合而构成的可能解答的数目相当庞大，以至于再高速的计算机已无法在合理的时间内通过穷尽的枚举来找出正确答案。

•结果，弱法只能解决智力游戏（过河，九宫图）、玩具问题（积木块世界动作规划）等十分简单的问题。

60年代中期到70年代初，斯坦福大学研制的DENDRAL（用化学专业知识从质谱议数据推断有机化合物的结构）和MYCIN（人血液疾病诊断咨询系统）以及随之涌现的大批专家系统和建造工具的研制，使AI从纯弱法的研究困境中解脱出来，赋予新的生命力，以至引起八十年代初的AI大发展。

Chapter1(1)

Properties:
- Finite (easy) - Correct (hard) - Efficient (complexity) - Input - Output
Classifications: Some differences:
- Numerical - Nonnumerical - Serial - Parallel -……
Analysis Basics
- Algorithm vs. Problem - Algorithm vs. Procedure - Algorithm vs. Program
What is a problem
Definition:
- A mapping/relation between a set of input instances (domain) and an output set (range)
Analysis Basics
Initializatio n is not very important!
Why and What to Analysis
Purposes:
- choose between algorithms of solving a given problem - count the number of basic operations with respect to N input values - analysis is done without regard to any specific computer
N characters in the file The number of assignment (=) is 257 The total time: f(N) as the time of a certain basic operation. E.g., f(N)=N+257+1. N∞, f(N) ≈ N

Chapter 1 答案

Chapter 1 Management and Organizations.1)Managers play an important role in dealing with various challenges being facedby organizations todayAnswer: TRUE2) A manager must coordinate and oversee the work of other people so thatorganizational goals can be accomplished.Answer: TRUE3)Effectiveness refers to getting the most output from the least amount of input.Answer: FALSE4)The four contemporary functions of management are planning, organizing,leading, and controlling.Answer: TRUE5) A portion of a manager's job, especially at lower organizational levels mayentail duties that are often more clerical than managerial.Answer: TRUE6) Which of the following statements regarding managers in today's world is accurate?A) Their age range is limited to between 30 and 65 years.B) They are found only in large corporations.C) They can be found exclusively in for-profit organizations.D) The single most important variable in employee productivity and loyalty is the quality of the relationship between employees and their direct supervisors. Answer: D7)An automobile manufacturer increased the total number of cars produced keeping the production cost the same. The manufacturer ________.A) increased its equityB) increased its efficiencyC) increased its effectivenessD) increased its effabilityAnswer: B8) Today, the basic management functions have been condensed to ________.A) planning, organizing, commanding, and coordinatingB) planning, organizing, coordinating, and controllingC) planning, organizing, commanding, and controllingD) planning, organizing, leading, and controllingAnswer: D9) The ________ roles involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information, according to Mintzberg's managerial roles.A) interpersonalB) informationalC) technicalD) decisionalAnswer: B10) Which of the following changes has resulted in the shifting of organizational boundaries?A) digitizationB) increased emphasis on organizational ethicsC) increased competitivenessD) changing security threatsAnswer: A11) From a business perspective, a company's ability to achieve its business goals and increase long-term shareholder value by integrating economic, environmental, and social opportunities into its business strategies is known as ________.A) accountabilityB) universalityC) equitabilityD) sustainabilityAnswer: D12) Management is needed in all types and sizes of organizations, at all organizational levels and in all organizational work areas, and in all organizations, no matter where they are located. This principle is known as the ________.A) impartiality of managementB) neutrality of managementC) universality of managementD) reality of managementAnswer: CThe General Manager (Scenario)Michael is the manager of a production facility. On a routine day, Michael meets with the employees who produce the organization's product. At another time, Michael meets with the production manager, Betty, and the human resource manager, Joyce, to discuss complaints filed by one of the employees in the production department. Michael also spends time on the Internet looking for new technologies that can be used in the production processes of his plant.13) When Michael meets with Betty and Joyce to discuss a complaint filed by one of the employees in the production department, he requires which of the following managerial skills?A) technical skillsB) human skillsC) conceptual skillsD) empirical skillsAnswer: B14) When Michael manages the employees who produce the product, he is utilizing his ________.A) conceptual skillsB) empirical skillsC) technical skillsD) human skillsAnswer: C15) Michael's search for new technologies that can be used in the production processes of his plant is an example of which type of management skill?A) conceptualB) communicationC) effectivenessD) interpersonalAnswer: A16)Describe the three main types of managerial skills identified by Robert Katz. Which skills are most important to each level of management, and why?Answer: Robert L. Katz proposed that managers need three critical skills in managing: technical, human, and conceptual.a. Technical skills are the job specific knowledge and techniques needed to proficiently perform work tasks. These skills tend to be more important for first-line managers because they typically manage employees who use tools and techniques to produce the organization's products orservice the organization's customers. Often, employees with excellent technical skills get promoted to first-line manager.b. Human skills involve the ability to work well with other people both individually and in a group. Because all managers deal with people, these skills are equally important to all levels of management. Managers with good human skills get the best out of their people. They know how to communicate, motivate, lead, and inspire enthusiasm and trust.c. Conceptual skills are the skills managers use to think and to conceptualize about abstract and complex situations. Using these skills, managers see the organization as a whole, understand the relationships among various subunits, and visualize how the organization fits into its broader environment. These skills are most important to top managers.。

Chapter 1_Lecture(3)

© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
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Principle 5: Conflicts of interest cause agency problems
The separation of management and the ownership of the firm creates an agency problem. Managers may make decisions that are not consistent with the goal of maximizing shareholder wealth.
© 2011 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
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The Role of Finance in Business (cont.)
Knowledge of financial tools is relevant for decision making in all areas of business (be it marketing, production etc.). Decisions involve an element of time and uncertainty… Financial tools help adjust for time and risk. Decisions taken in business should be financially feasible… Financial tools help determine the financial viability of decisions.
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专科开放学习指南

专科开放学习指南文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-专科——开放教育学习指南学习资料一、单项选择题1.开放教育学习指南是开放教育学生(de)（A）A.公共基础课B.实践课C.专业基础课2.1978年,邓小平批准创立中央广播电视大学,中央广播电视大学和全国28个省、自治区、直辖市广播电视大学首次开学(de)时间是（B）A.1978年2月6日B.1979年2月6日C.1980年2月6日3.IP课件播放时,通常会将计算机屏幕分成三个区域,这三个区域不包括（C）A.老师授课(de)录像画面B.课程内容提要C.学生信息4.SQ3R阅读技巧指(de)是（A）A.概览、提问、阅读、复述、复习B.概览、提问、阅读3遍C.概览、提问、阅读、作业、练习5.按现行开放教育免修免考管理规定,下列各教育类型可替代开放教育课程总学分比例正确(de)是（B）A.电大课程（含注册生）可替代必修总学分(de)比例90%B.国家自学考试课程可替代必修总学分比例(de)40%C.普通高等学校课程可替代必修总学分(de)比例100%6.采用图像、声音、图表、视频资料等为主要教学手段(de)是（A）A.录像教材B.录音教材C.文字教材7.倡导并批准创办广播电视大学(de)是（B）A.毛泽东B.邓小平C.江泽民8.电大在线远程教学平台课程论坛(de)主要功能是（B）A.资源存储B.学习交流C.上传、下载9.关于电大在线远程教学平台(de)登录方法,下列说法正确(de)是（A）A.使用学号（或用户名）及密码进行登录B.使用及密码进行登录C.使用号码及密码进行登录10.关于个人学习空间,下列说法不妥当(de)是（C）A.要尽量创造一个相对独立(de)、舒心(de)、安静(de)学习空间B.如果你(de)住所离教学点比较近,可以选择去教学点上自习C.上班时间在单位学习11.关于开放教育学生(de)毕业及毕业证书,正确(de)说法是（B）A.学生只要累积(de)学分达到最低毕业学分数要求就可以毕业B.毕业证书由中央广播电视大学颁发并报教育部进行电子注册C.毕业证书由省级广播电视大学颁发并报当地教育厅进行电子注册12.关于勤学,下列说法不正确(de)是（C）A.安排好业余时间,每天都要有进步B.多听、多看、多记C.在考试前一次性完成全部作业13.关于学习计划,下列说法不妥当(de)是（B）A.开放教育(de)学生需要制订好个人学习计划B.同班同学(de)学习计划是一样(de)C.个人要根据自己(de)主客观条件制定学习计划14.记笔记时应该注意避免（B）A.自己重新组织语言B.直接抄录教材原文C.随时记录15.教育部批准中央广播电视大学实施开放教育试点(de)时间是（B）A.1978年B.1999年C.2007年16.截至2009年,分布在全国电大系统(de)县级电大教学点(de)数量是（B）A.1000多个B.2000多个C.3000多个17.开放教育(de)“校园”是由人网、天网、地网组成(de)一个教学网络及学习环境,这个“校园”不包括：（C）A.用于传输开放教育教学资源(de)卫星电视网络B.各级电大及其开展教学活动(de)网络教学平台C.开放教育学生组成(de)学习小组18.开放教育(de)具体教学实施单位是（C）A.中央广播电视大学B.省级广播电视大学C.教学点19.开放教育(de)学习方式主要是（A）A.自主学习B.听老师讲授C.全日制学习20.开放教育二年制专科专业(de)最短学习年限不低于（B）A.一年半B.二年半C.三年半21.开放教育课程学习(de)一个重要特点是（A）A.学导结合B.开卷考试C.不用写平时作业22.开放教育实行“五统一”管理方式,“五统一”(de)内容包括（A）A.统一教学计划、统一课程标准、统一教材、统一考试和统一评分标准B.统一教学计划、统一课程标准、统一教材、统一教学过程和统一考试C.统一课程标准、统一教学过程、统一教材、统一学籍管理和统一考试23.开放教育这种教育形式属于（A）A.现代远程教育B.普通全日制教育C.函授教育24.可以对zip或rar格式(de)压缩文件进行解压缩(de)软件是（C）A.AdobeReaderB.FlashGetC.WinRAR25.联合国科教文组织“国际21世纪教育委员会”提出教育(de)四大“支柱”：是学会做事、学会共处、学会生存和（C）.A.学会看书B.学会写作C.学会学习26.论坛是大家通过网络发表意见(de)系统,也叫（C）A.BLOGB.MSNC.BBS27.目前,下列电视频道中播出中央广播电视大学课程(de)是（A）A.中国教育电视台1套B.中国教育电视台3套TV-1028.全国省级广播电视大学(de)数量是（C）A.28所B.31所C.44所29.通常情况下,学习支持服务分为（A）.A.学术性支持服务与非学术性支持服务B.情感服务与非情感服务C.技术服务与非技术服务30.通过中央电视台给全国电大学生讲授第一节课(de)教授是（A）A.华罗庚B.钱学森C.陈省身31.统一开设开放教育专业和主干课程(de)单位是（A）A.中央广播电视大学B.省级广播电视大学C.教学点32.网络带宽(de)计算单位为（A）A.bit/sB.m/sC.kb/m33.下列不符合电大在线远程教学平台论坛发帖规则(de)行为是（C）A.交流学习心得B.提出学习中(de)问题C.发送无实际内容(de)帖子34.下列不属于互联网上常用(de)交流工具(de)是（A）A.WinRARB.BBSC.E-mail35.下列不属于开放教育学生权利和义务(de)是（C）A.在学校学习(de)资格,如上课、考试、上网学习等B.受学校规章制度、纪律(de)约束和管理,如按时缴纳学费、参加学习和考试等C.要求学校保证颁发毕业证书36.下列关于补修课程(de)说法错误(de)是（C）A.补修课程全部合格,是获得毕业资格(de)必要条件之一B.补修课程(de)学习方式有自学和参加面授辅导C.补修课程不能申请免修37.下列关于教育部全国网络教育公共课统一考试(de)说法,正确是（C）A.所有参加考试学生(de)考试科目相同,以便比较学生达到(de)水平B.属于一次性考试,学生在指定时间和地点参加考试C.是开放教育专科起点本科学生获取毕业证书(de)条件之一38.下列关于开放教育教师和学生关系(de)说法,不正确(de)是（B）A.教师是学生“意义建构”(de)帮助者、促进者B.教师是简单(de)知识传授者与灌输者C.学生是对新知识进行“加工”并与已有知识建立联系(de)主体39.下列关于形成性考核说法正确(de)是（A）A.是对学生学习过程(de)评价与考试B.是平时作业,学生自愿完成C.是一种考试,学生需要集中在考场完成40.下列关于学生获得学习支持服务途径(de)说法,不正确(de)是（C）A.联系所属教学点（学习点）有关老师B.通过、短信、电子邮件、电大在线远程教学平台或地方电大远程教学平台咨询C.只能面对面地向老师请教41.下列情况中,不符合开放教育转学与转专业规定(de)是（C）A.学生转学后,先前已经获得(de)符合要求(de)课程成绩及学分仍然有效B.转专业后,学籍有效期仍然从原来入学注册时开始计算C.学生入学注册后就可以提出转学.42.下列情况中,不属于开放教育学生学籍档案主要内容(de)是（C）A.学生(de)基本信息,学期、课程和考试注册情况与考试成绩B.学习过程(de)奖惩情况C.学生网上学习记录43.下列选项不属于网页浏览器(de)软件是（C）A.InternetB.MaxthonC.Foxmail44.下列选项属于开放教育学生特点(de)是（C）A.学习目标不明确B.可全日制脱产学习C.具有一定(de)知识积累和生活积累45.下列有关“艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线”(de)说法,不正确(de)是（C）A.遗忘是有规律(de)B.遗忘(de)进程是不均衡(de)C.遗忘(de)发展规律是“先慢后快”46.下列有关成人学习优势(de)说法,不正确(de)是（A）A.学习时间充裕B.学习目标明确C.具有一定(de)生活积累47.下列有关对待学习困难(de)做法,正确(de)是（A）A.向老师和同学请教B.放一放,暂时休学C.请人代替完成学习任务48.下列有关解决学习过程中兴趣减退(de)办法,不妥(de)是（B）A.坚持学习一段,没准过一段时间后就会“柳暗花明又一村”B.退学C.找老师或同学聊聊学习中遇到(de)苦闷49.下列有关开放教育录像教材使用(de)说法,不正确(de)是（C）A.通常以光盘形式直接发送到学生手中B.学生可以到教学点(de)视听教室集中听讲C.学生不可以在家里通过电视收看50.下列有关开放教育阅读(de)说法,错误(de)是（C）A.在网上通过关键字或关键词可快速寻找课程(de)重要资料和信息B.文字教材便于携带,可随时随地阅读C.阅读(de)材料只包括文字教材51.下列有关开放教育综合实践(de)说法,不正确(de)是（C）A.在教师(de)指导下确定好选题B.充分做好各方面准备C.综合实践环节可以免修52.下列有关考前复习(de)说法,不正确(de)是（B）A.要制定一个清晰(de)复习计划B.要根据考核重点做好小抄C.要利用以往(de)考试试卷进行模拟演练53.下列有关考试(de)说法,不正确(de)是（A）A.开卷考试允许互相讨论B.闭卷考试不允许带任何学习资料进入考场C.参加考试时必须要携带身份证、学生证、准考证54.下列有关考试准备(de)说法,不正确(de)是（C）A.考试前把需要带(de)东西列一个清单,以免忘记携带B.提前到达到考场以免找不到准确位置耽误时间C.只准备好学生证、准考证即可55.下列有关提高个人自学效率(de)说法,不正确(de)是（C）A.培养积极(de)学习情绪B.尽可能在最清醒、精力最充沛(de)时候学习C.疲倦了也要坚持学习56.下列有关提高小组学习效果(de)方法不包括（C）A.明确角色分工B.明确小组活动主题C.少安排活动次数57.下列有关小组学习(de)说法,不正确(de)是（C）A.教学点会为小组学习提供必要(de)场地B.小组学习可以有效消除孤独感C.小组学习必须通过面对面开展58.下列有关学习(de)说法,不妥当(de)是（B）A.学习何时都不晚B.学习是一种负担C.学会学习是现代人生存和发展(de)一项基本技能59.下列载体形式中属于录像教材(de)是（B）A.IP课件B.DVDC.VOD60.下列属于教育部全国网络教育公共课统一考试科目(de)是（B）A.基础写作B.计算机应用基础C.政治经济学61.相对于传统全日制普通高等教育而言,下列描述符合远程教育特征(de)是(A)A.学习期间师生准永久性地分离B.教师和学生之间没有任何交流C.学生完全依靠自己学习62.修读开放教育专科或本科（专科起点）(de)学生需要学习(de)课程总门数大约有（C）A.10门B.15门C.20门63.学生了解课程学习资源(de)种类和相关信息(de)渠道不包括（C）A.到教学点查阅“多种媒体教学资源使用计划”B.登录电大在线查阅“多种媒体教学资源使用计划”C.到新华书店了解与课程名称相同相近(de)书籍64.学生使用课程教学资源时,为了提高学习效率,一般应该（B）A.选择该课程全部教学资源,逐一学习B.根据自身条件和学习习惯选择资源,综合运用C.没有必要看学校提供(de)任何资源65.学生向所在教学点提出申请办理转专业,须在学期开学后（B）A.一个月后提出申请B.三周内提出申请C.第二学期提出申请66.学生注册中央广播电视大学开放教育学习前需要参加（A）A.入学水平测试B.全国成人高考C.全国普通高考67.学术性支持服务主要是指由教学人员提供(de)（C）A.与选课注册相关(de)服务B.与课题研究相关(de)服务C.与学习课程相关(de)服务68.一般认为,现代远程教育(de)技术支撑包括计算机网络技术、卫星数字通讯技术和（B）A.计算机芯片技术B.多媒体技术C.出版印刷技术69.用于发送电子邮件(de)软件是（A）A.OutlookB.WordC.Excel70.有助于提升记笔记(de)效率和效果(de)方法,不包括（C）A.用图表、关键词等形式表达B.与已有(de)知识、经验、经历建立联系C.老师(de)话要一字不漏地记下71.与传统(de)普通高等教育相比,下列描述不符合中央广播电视大学开放教育特征(de)是（A）A.学籍注册开放B.学习过程开放C.学习资源开放72.域名是企业、政府、非政府组织等机构或个人在互联网上注册(de)网站名称,那么表示“中国”(de)域名是（B）A.chinaC73.在电大在线远程教学平台上参加网上实时双向视频教学活动,与老师、同学进行音视频交流所需要(de)设备应包括（C）A.计算机、摄像头、耳机B.联网计算机、耳机C.联网计算机、摄像头、麦克风、耳机74.在电大在线远程教学平台上参加文本教学活动时,老师和同学进行交流(de)方式是（C）A.视频B.音频C.发帖75.在开放教育中,我们把通过多种途径帮助学生学习(de)活动叫做（B）A.学习辅导B.学习支持服务C.学习监控76.中央广播电视大学开放教育试点通过教育部总结性评估(de)时间是（B）A.2004年B.2007年C.2008年77.综合实践是各专业学生(de)必修环节,一般安排在（A）A.最后一个学期集中进行B.第一个学期集中进行C.第三个学期集中进行78.组织补修课考试(de)是（B）A.中央广播电视大学B.省级广播电视大学C.教学点79.下列选项属于开放教育网上资源(de)是（A）A.IP（InternetProtocol）课件B.新闻网站C.CAI课件80.修读开放教育专科或本科（专科起点）(de)学生需要学习(de)课程总门数大约有（C）A.10门B.15门C.20门81.开放教育(de)学习准备不包括（A）A.生活积累B.知识准备C.心理准备82.下列有关提高听讲效率(de)说法,不妥当(de)是（C）A.提前做好预习工作,带着问题听讲B.听讲时摘录老师讲课要点简洁快速记录C.无法跟上教师讲授(de)进度时就先不用记笔记83.开放教育这种教育形式属于（A）A.现代远程教育B.普通全日制教育C.函授教育二、判断题1.开放教育毕业证书遗失(de),不再补发.（对）2.电大在线远程教学平台上(de)文本资源通常以网页或Word压缩文件(de)形式呈现.（对）3.凡是少数民族学生都可以申请免考教育部全国网络教育公共课统一考试大学英语科目.（错）4.根据开放教育免修免考管理规定,作为免修免考替代(de)课程,其专业层次、教学内容、教学要求和学分值应不低于被替代(de)课程.（对）5.广播电视大学是我国从事远程教育(de)典型代表,是我国远程教育(de)骨干力量.（对）6.归纳就是从一两个个别事实形成一般性理论认识(de)方法.（错）7.教师与学生不同时在线就不能通过电大在线远程教学平台进行教学活动.（错）8.开放教育(de)教职工包括“四支队伍”,分别是教师、管理人员、技术人员及研究人员队伍.（对）9.开放教育(de)课程按性质分为不同课程模块,每个课程模块都有多门课程可供学生选择.（对）10.开放教育(de)学生大多是在职从业人员,其工学矛盾是不可解决(de).（错）11.开放教育课程(de)学习资源通常包括文字教材、录像教材、录音教材、CAI课件及网上资源等.（对）12.开放教育学生(de)学习优势是学习目标明确,具有一定(de)知识积累和生活积累.（对）13.每次自学或听讲结束后,应尽可能及时地整理和归纳笔记.（对）14.如果报考(de)两门课程被安排在同一时间考试,那就只有放弃一门课程考试了.（错）15.省级广播电视大学负责对所属教学点(de)教学过程进行督导和检查.（对）16.网络带宽是影响网上信息传输速度(de)重要因素之一.（对）17.文字教材是开放教育课程学习资源中最基本、最主要(de)学习资源.（对）18.小组学习是开放教育学生协作学习中经常采用(de)一种学习组织形式.（对）19.修读证书课既可以获得课程学分,又可以获得相应(de)非学历教育证书.（对）20.一般认为,远程教育经历了函授教育、传统(de)广播电视教育和现代远程教育三个阶段（对）21.“多种媒体教学资源使用计划”包含了开放教育各专业统设必修课程(de)学习资源种类及相关信息.（对）22.VOD点播是指通过专门技术将录制好(de)录像教材存放在指定(de)录像带中.(A)23.办理学位证明书,需由学生本人申请,经省级广播电视大学、中央广播电视大学核实,由中央广播电视大学统一报学位授予高校办理.（对）24.必修课是根据各专业(de)培养目标和规格要求,按照各专业知识结构(de)需要设置(de)学生必须学习(de)课程.（对）25.毕业证明书须由中央广播电视大学出具.（对）26.补修课是注册开放教育本科（专科起点）专业学习(de)学生中,部分不具备相同专业专科学历学生(de)必修课.（对）27.成人(de)学习能力随着年龄(de)增长而减退.（错）28.电大在线远程教学平台上(de)文本资源通常以网页或Word压缩文件(de)形式呈现.（对）29.电大在线远程教学平台上(de)音视频资源只包括教育电视台(de)节目资源.（错）30.凡是少数民族学生都可以申请免考教育部全国网络教育公共课统一考试大学英语科目.（错）31.符合条件(de)开放教育本科（专科起点）学生,可在规定时间内向合作高校申请成人高等教育学士学位.(B)32.各级电大按照中央广播电视大学统一(de)教学规范和要求,按照分级管理、分工协作(de)原则实施开放教育教学工作.（对）33.根据“艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线”理论,及时复习可以巩固所学(de)知识,防止遗忘.（对）34.根据开放教育免修免考管理规定,作为免修免考替代(de)课程,其专业层次、教学内容、教学要求和学分值应不低于被替代(de)课程.（对）35.管理人员主要为开放教育学生提供非学术性支持服务.（对）36.广播电视大学(de)核心价值是“平民进步(de)阶梯、教育公平(de)砝码、学习者充实自我和增进动力(de)补给站”.（对）37.归纳法可以化繁为简,提高记忆(de)效果.（对）38.归纳就是从一两个个别事实形成一般性理论认识(de)方法.（错）39.记笔记就是从教材中抄录原文.（错）40.教师与学生不同时在线就不能通过电大在线远程教学平台进行教学活动.（错）41.教师主要为学生提供学术性支持服务.（对）42.教育部全国网络教育公共课统一考试科目在一定条件下可以申请免考.（对）43.具备考试资格而且成功报考参加网考(de)同学必须提前带好证件到达考点机房.（对）44.开放教育毕业证书或学位证书遗失可以到教学点申请补发.（错）45.开放教育毕业证书可以在中国高等教育学生信息网上查询.（对）46.开放教育毕业证书遗失(de),不再补发.（对）47.开放教育毕业证书属于国民教育系列高等教育学历证书.（对）48.开放教育(de)教职工包括“四支队伍”,分别是教师、管理人员、技术人员及研究人员队伍.（对）49.开放教育(de)考试都是开卷考试.（错）50.开放教育(de)课程按性质分为不同课程模块,每个课程模块都有多门课程可供学生选择.（对）51.开放教育(de)课程考核通常采用形成性考核和终结性考试相结合(de)方式进行.（对）52.开放教育(de)所有课程每个学期都开出,都有相应(de)教学和考试服务.（对）53.开放教育(de)学生大多是在职从业人员,其工学矛盾是不可解决(de).（错）54.开放教育(de)学生可以灵活选择适合自己(de)学习地点、学习方式,灵活安排学习时间和学习内容.(B)55.开放教育既强调学习者(de)主体作用,又不忽视教师(de)指导作用.（对）56.开放教育课程期末考试只有笔试一种.（错）57.开放教育学生不允许转学或者转专业.（错）58.开放教育学生(de)学习优势是学习目标明确,具有一定(de)知识积累和生活积累.（对）59.开放教育学生申请转专业(de)同时可以申请转学.（对）60.开放教育学生需要直接接收通过卫星传送(de)开放教育课程资源.（错）61.开放教育学生以自学为主.（对）62.开放教育学生应该充分利用本职工作岗位(de)便利条件开展实践学习活动.（对）63.开放教育学习中,学生可利用电子邮件、论坛等工具与异地(de)教师、同学进行沟通交流.（对）64.开放教育由中央广播电视大学统一组织,普通高校、行业部委共同参与,各级地方电大具体实施.（对）65.每次自学或听讲结束后,应尽可能及时地整理和归纳笔记.（对）66.免修后(de)课程按照替代课程记载成绩和学分值.（错）67.期末考试前,小组学习活动(de)效果一般来说是最好(de).（对）68.如果报考(de)两门课程被安排在同一时间考试,那就只有放弃一门课程考试了.（错）69.如果忘记登录密码,可在电大在线远程教学平台首页,点击登录按钮旁边(de)“取回密码”,进行密码取回.（对）70.省级广播电视大学负责对所属教学点(de)教学过程进行督导和检查.（对）71.实践教学是培养学生理论知识应用能力、锻炼职业和岗位技能,实现应用型人才培养目标(de)重要教学环节.（对）72.实践课有助于培养学生分析问题和解决问题(de)能力.（对）73.实时教学活动是指在电大在线远程教学平台上教师与学生同时在线参与(de)教学活动.（对）74.通过开放教育学习,学生可以掌握利用现代信息技术进行终身学习(de)技能.（对）75.网络带宽是影响网上信息传输速度(de)重要因素之一.（对）76.网络课程是指在计算机网络上运行(de)学习辅助软件.（错）77.为尽快完成学业,一个学期学习(de)课程越多越好.（错）78.文字教材是开放教育课程学习资源中最基本、最主要(de)学习资源.（对）79.文字教材是每个学生必备(de)学习资源.（对）80.我国最早(de)函授教学机构是1914年商务印书馆成立(de)函授学社.（对）81.小组学习是共同完成学习任务(de)一种学习组织策略.（对）82.小组学习是开放教育学生协作学习中经常采用(de)一种学习组织形式.（对）83.修读证书课既可以获得课程学分,又可以获得相应(de)非学历教育证书.（对）84.选修课是由学校指定必须选择学习(de)课程.（错）85.学号是开放教育学生登录电大在线远程教学平台(de)依据.（对）86.学生不论在电大在线远程教学平台上参加实时文本教学活动,还是参加非实时文本教学活动,都是以发帖或跟贴形式参与讨论(de).（对）87.学生每学期所学课程均须到教学点办理课程注册手续.(B)88.学生只有在办理了课程注册手续后才能参加所注册课程(de)学习和考试.（对）89.学习小组可以按照所属(de)社区地域进行分组.（对）90.学习支持服务在开放教育学习中具有重要作用,这是开放教育不同于普通高等教育(de)鲜明特色之一.（对）91.学习知识时,要先理解再记忆,不能死记硬背.（对）92.学习指导书是学生自主学习(de)主要依据.（错）93.一般认为,远程教育经历了函授教育、传统(de)广播电视教育和现代远程教育三个阶段（对）94.拥有计算机一级B证书(de)计算机类专业学生,可以免考教育部全国网络教育公共课统一考试中(de)计算机应用基础.（错）95.与传统图书馆相比,数字图书馆在馆藏资源数量、使用便捷程度等方面,具有更大(de)优越性.（对）96.远程教育是指学生和教师、学生和教育机构之间主要采用多种媒体手段进行系统教学和通信联系(de)教育形式.（对）97.在线提交形成性考核作业后是无法进行修改(de).(A)98.在线完成(de)形成性考核作业都是由评阅教师直接打分(de).（错）99.在学习过程中遇到问题时,可以登录电大在线远程教学平台,进入论坛提问,与老师、同学进行交流.（对）100.只有拟转入(de)教学点开设有相同专业且教学进程相近,学生才能申请转学到该教学点.（对）101.中央广播电视大学、省级广播电视大学及基层广播电视大学组成了世界上最大(de)远程教育教学系统.(B)102.中央广播电视大学负责开放教育学生学位资格终审.（错）103.中央广播电视大学是教育部直属(de)高等学校.（对）104.专业课是体现专业核心知识和核心技能(de)课程.（对）105.准备复习前要制定一个清晰(de)复习计划.（对）。

张道真英语语法第三版 Chapter 1 概论

因此，只有在上下文中才能决定一个词的词类。
二、句子
2.1 句子句子是表达思想的基本单位，句子由单词组成，但组成时必须遵循一
定的规则，这就是语法。违反了这些规则，语言就不正确，也就不能正确地表达思想，因此每句话都牵涉到语法。就书面语而言，每句话第一个字母必须大写，句末必须有句号，如果是问句，末尾应加问号，如：
句子的各成分在很多情况下均由单词表示，例如：（1）主语由名词或代词充当，有时也可由数词、动名词等充当：
We are proud of our country. （2）谓语由动词或动词短语充当，有时由短语动词（phrasal verbs）充当：
We’ve been worrying about you. （3）表语可由名词、代词、形容词等充当：
Get everything ready tomorrow. （命令）（4）感叹句（exclamations）：表示赞美、惊异等情绪。
How beautiful (this is)!
2.4 问句的种类
问句主要分为四类：
（1）一般疑问句（general questions）：也可称为“yes/no” questions（是否型问句），因为它一般是由 yes 或 no 回答的：
-ist (scientist), -dom (freedom), -ship (friendship).
形容词词尾 -ful (careful),
-ive (active),
-less(homeless), -ous (famous),
-ish (selfish), -able(agreeable).
形容词
• verbs (v.)
动词
• adverbs[ˈædˌvɜːb] (adv.)

语言学教程Chapter 1_introduction(1)

7
• Without the awareness of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity.
8
Discuss with your neighbors ---• What is language? • What do you know when you claim to know a language?
“Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by vocal sounds.” --Stuart C. Poole: An Introduction to Linguistics (1999)
3
Some fundamental views about L
• Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. • Language operates by rules. • All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system of semantics. • Everyone speaks a dialect. • Language slowly changes.
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Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. --Ronald Wardhaugh: Introduction to Linguistics (1977)

chapter_1_简介和翻译标准

大家被淋得浑身透湿，他们头天晚上还是聚到了一起。
• 2）具有丰富的文化知识，熟悉以英语为母语的国家的诸如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交、经济、文艺、科学、风土人情、民俗习惯等方面的社会文化。这有助于正确理解原文，完美地表达原作所要传达的思想内容。 • 3）熟悉翻译理论和常用技巧，善于灵活运用各种翻译技巧。 • 4）熟悉各种工具书。
翻译的规律难以译出原文的言外之意。翻译的规律难以译出原文的言外之意。许多句子的真正意义在言外。言外之意是语言的内涵, 意义在言外。言外之意是语言的内涵,译者能译出语言内涵的翻译技能就是其翻译的艺术性。的翻译技能就是其翻译的艺术性。 • Are you an associate professor now ?
英汉翻译的标准: 英汉翻译的标准 Pp8-10
• • • • • •
唐朝,玄奘清末,严复鲁迅傅雷梁实秋钱钟书
• 1 faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance • 2 rather faithful than smooth • 3 spiritual conformity • 4 rather smooth than faithful • 5 sublimed adaptation • 6 faithfulness and readability (求真喻俗)
Connotation of Translation
• Is translation an art, a science, or a craft? • ...translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes them-here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified; secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage; thirdly, an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation; … （Peter Newmark）

chapter1上课笔记

Chapter 1 动词的时态和语态I would like to apply for the job of hotel office manager at the Paradise Hotel.I come from Mexico City, where my family owns a hotel. I worked in the family business part-time when I was in high school. After high school, I studied hotel and restaurant management at the National University of Mexico. I came to the U.S in 2002 because I wanted to continue my education and learn about managing larger hotels. Since I came to the U.S, I have worked in several American hotels. Over the years my English has improved, and I now consider myself bilingual, fluent in both Spanish and English, which is a plus in the hotel business. I have also studied French and can speak it fairly well. I have been a U.S citizen for the past two years.I received my bachelor's degree from the University of Illinois in 2004 and my master's degree from Northwestern University in 2006. For the past few years, I have been working at the Town and Country Hotel. As you can see from my resume, I have had a lot of experience in various aspects of the hotel business. Now that I have my degree in business administration, I am ready to assume more responsibilities.If you have already filled the manager's position, I would like you to consider me for any other positions at your hotel. I have alwaysloved the hotel business, and I know I can be an asset to your hotel. Thank you for considering my application. I look forward to meeting with you soon.Sincerely,Daniel Mendoza1.Daniel has been(be) in Chicago for a few years. He has had (have) several interviews. Mr. Johnson got (get) a letter from Daniel last week. There have been (be) many applications for the job since the recruitment information was posted (post) on the official website. According to his resume, Daniel's parents have always been (always, be) in the hotel business. Daniel has never worked (never, work) as a programmer. He had written (write) many cover letters before he wrote (write) this one. Our company has interviewed（interview）20 applicants so far. Maybe Daniel will be interviewed (interview) by the HR manager next week. We will have finished (finish) the recruitment by the end of this month.2.HR manager---HR Daniel--DHR: I （have)looked at your resume. I see you work in a hotel.D: Yes, I do.HR: How long have you been doing this job?D: I have been doing this job for only a short time. But I have gained a lot experience in the hotel business. In fact, my parents own a hotel in Mexico.HR: How long have your parents owned a hotel?D: Most of their lives.HR: Have you seen your parents recently?D: Yes, I have. My mother has been to the U.S a few times to see me. But my father has never been here because someone has to stay at the hotel all the time. He has told me many times, "When you are an owner of a business, you don't have time for vacations." But I don't want to be an owner now. I just want a job as a manager. Have you filled the position yet?HR: No, we haven't. I have already interviewed several people and will interview a few more this week. When we make our decision, we will let you know.It is time we got down to writing our paper/thesis.I wish I were 25 and could do whatever I want to do.I was wondering if you could come over to spend the weekend together.2.3.42)You are always complaining.3)她老爱吹嘘她家孩子怎么怎么地。

chapter_1

第一章: 引论
Slide 9
微观经济学的课题 Allocation of Scarce Resources
微观经济学
稀缺资源的配置和权衡
Trade-offs ：（在需要而又相互对立的两者间的）权衡、协调
在计划经济下 a planned economy
在市场经济下 a market economy
年度
名义价格 CPI
1970
.40
38.8
1980
.65
82.4
1999 1.05 167.0
实际价格以1970年价格
.40 = 38.8/38.8 x .40 .31 = 38.8/82.4 x .65 .24 = 38.8/167.0 x 1.05
第一章: 引论
Slide 34
计算实际价格举例:鸡蛋与大学
• 我们如何选择要买什么
第一章: 引论
Slide 3
引论Preliminaries
微观经济学研究：
个体单位的行为当生产时
• 我们如何选择要生产什么
第一章: 引论
Slide 4
引论Preliminaries
微观经济学（Microeconomics）研究:
市场（Markets）: 消费者与生产者的相互影响
第一章: 引论
Slide 15
理论和模型
微观经济学分析
发展理论测试和改进理论是经济学科发展的最重要所在.
第一章: 引论
Slide 16
实证和规范分析 Positive Versus Normative Analysis
实证分析 Positive Analysis
实证分析是运用理论和模型预测选择的影响或作用.

英语词汇基础 CHAPTER1

CHAPTER 1challenge principaldependent solitaryfertile suitablepeculiar surpluspreference transformTen Words in ContextIn the space provided, write the letter of the meaning closest to that of each boldfaced word. Use the context of the sentences to help you figure out each word's meaning.1.challenge/ 'tʃælindʒ/ -noun●Ginny enjoys rock climbing. It's a difficult challenge, but she feels very proudafter making a climb.●When the baby sitter arrived, he stared at the four active little boys he wasexpected to watch. “This will be quite a challenge,” he sighed._____ Challenge means a. reason. b. something boring. c. something requiringeffort.2. dependent/dɪ'pɛndənt / -adjective●Some animals can take care of themselves as soon as they are born, but humanbabies are dependent upon their parents for years.●Tyrone's father said to him, "You are still much too dependent on me. It's abouttime you got a job and supported yourself."_____ Dependent means a. relying. b. leading. c. puzzling.3. fertile/ 'fə:tail / -adjective●Because its soil is so fertile, Iowa has many farms.●Our daughter's pet hamsters were so fertile that we ended up selling many babyhamsters back to the pet store._____ Fertile means a. common. b. large. c. able to produce.4. peculiar/pi'kju:ljə(r)/ -adjective●Jack didn't know why people were giving him peculiar looks until he realizedthere was a large hole in his pants.●My brother thinks my chip-and-dip sandwiches are peculiar, but I don't thinkthey're as strange as the peanut-butter-and-tuna sandwiches he eats._____ Peculiar means a. attractive. b. unusual. c. innocent.5. preference /'prefərəns / -noun●There are Chinese, Italian, and Indian restaurants nearby. What's your preferencefor dinner tonight?●What is your color preference for the living room? Do you like cool blues andgreens or warm oranges and yellows?_____ Preference means a. choice. b. skill. c. effect.6. principal/'prinsəpəl / - adjective●The principal cause of most success is hard work, not luck or talent.●The queen of England has no real power. The principal leader of England is theprime minister._____ Principal means a. most recent b. false. c. chief.7. solitary /'sɔlitəri / -adjective●After taking a solitary vacation in my cabin for two weeks, I was ready to returnto the company of other humans.●In the mood to be by herself, Melba looked forward to spending the evening insuch solitary activities as reading and taking a long bubble bath._____ Solitary means a. friendly. b. proper. c. done alone.8. suitable/'sju:təbl / -adjective●Sharon asked her mother if her blue dress was suitable for a funeral, or if she hadto wear black.●Because the prices and food are so good, we decided that the Red Lion Inn wouldbe suitable for our bowling banquet._____ Suitable means a. right. b. too expensive. c. important.9. surplus/'sə:pləs / -adjective●More and more restaurants are donating their surplus food to homeless people. ●The Barkleys had more kitchen supplies than they needed, so they gave theirsurplus pots and pans to their son, who had just gotten his own apartment._____ Surplus means a. strange. b. extra. c. main.10. transform/traens'form/ -verb●I plan to transform this messy attic into an attractive office.●The magician seemed to transform a chicken's egg into an egg the size of abasketball._____ Transform means a. to accept. b. to repeat. c. to change.Matching Words with DefinitionsFollowing are definitions of the ten words. Print each word next to its definition. If you look closely at each word in context, you will be able to figure out its meaning.1. Producing or able to produce much fruit, large crops, ormany children2. Most important; main; leading3. Relying on others for aid or support4. Extra; more than what is used or needed5. Odd; strange6. A test of one's abilities; anything that calls for a special effort7. Happening or done alone8. To change in form or appearance9. Right for a certain purpose; proper; fitting10. Choice; first choice; something preferredCAUTION: Do not go any further until you are sure the above answers are correct. Then you can use the definitions to help you in the following practices. Your goal is eventually to know the words well enough so that you don't need to check the definitions at all.Sentence Check 1________ 2.If land is always planted with the same crop, it will become less _____.Changing crops from one year to the next keeps the soil rich.________ 3.Although my _____ is for a daytime job, I will work at night if necessary.________ 4.Max and Helen had more clothes than they needed, so they donated their _____ clothes to a thrift store.________ 5.I can't imagine what that _____ odor is from — it's like a mixture of burning tires and freshly cut grass.________ 6. A man lived by himself in a cave most of his life —yes, his was a _____ life.________ 7.I know you have reasons for quitting school. What's the _____ reason? ________ 8.Baby-sitting with a lot of children isn't easy — it's a _____.________ 9.My neighbors are looking for _____ homes for the eight puppies their collie gave birth to. They want homes where the pups will be well caredfor.________ 10.S ometimes Estela felt like giving up, but she knew she couldn't because she had three young children and an elderly mother who were _____ onher.Sentence Check 2Using the answer lines, complete each item below with two words from the box._______ 1-2. When I'm not feeling well, my _____ is to have lots of company, but when my husband is sick, he prefers to be _____._______ 3-4. In the last year, our neighbors have _____ ed their unattractive yard into something beautiful. The _____ change they made was to put insome lovely flowering plants; all of the other changes were smallones._______ 5-6. Ben is happy to live at home, pay no rent, and use his mother's car, but I don't think it's _____ for a grown man to be so _____ on hisparents._______ 7-8. Our tomato plants are almost too _____. It is a _____ to use or giveaway all the tomatoes before they spoil._______ 9-10. W e had so many tomatoes that we ended up inventing some _____ recipes to use up the _____ fruit; perhaps the strangest was "PeanutButter Tomato Pie."Related WordsOnce you learn a new word, you can more easily understand many related words. Below are ten words related to the core words of this chapter. Use their definitions toperfectly.________ 2. A baby's _____ on its parents is complete; it needs them to do everything for it.________ 3.By the age of 2, most children have moments of wanting to be _____, and they will push their parents away, saying, "Me do it!"________ 4.There are two hotels in town — the Burke and the Oakwood Towers —but in my opinion, the Burke is _____ because it is quieter and has aswimming pool.________ 5.At my ten-year high-school reunion, I saw several people who had gone through an amazing _____ —one quiet, shy girl had become anoutgoing beauty, and one of the wildest boys in the class had become ato _____ the garden.________ 7.Myrna is a nice person, but she does have one _____: she won't eat anything that she hasn't prepared herself.________ 8.My beginning math course was easy enough, but I found algebra much more _____.________ 9.Jaime is the most _____ friend I have — he's always there when I need him.________ 10.W hen my sister and her husband realized they were _____, they decided to adopt three children who were brothers and sisters.Word PartsA. The prefix trans- can mean "across" or "change to."Examples: transport— to take from one place across to another________ 1.Trina's job is to _____ business letters from Spanish into English.________ 2.You can _____ a room simply by painting it a different color.________ 3.The doctor _____ed one of Mark's kidneys into his sister.________ 4.Since my grandmother doesn't drive and there is no public _____ in her area, she depends on me to take her shopping.________ 5.The ship will cross the Atlantic Ocean next week. The ship's _____ trip begins in New York City and ends in England.B. The prefix sur- means "over," "upon," beyond," or "additional."Examples: surpass— to go beyondsurtax— an additional tax________ 7.My garden produced so much zucchini that I gave big bagfuls of _____ squash to all of my neighbors.________ 8.In addition to the usual taxes, people who earn over a certain amount will have to pay a _____.________ 9.The drive to raise money for the children's hospital was so successful that the money raised _____ed the goal that was set.________ 10.B ecause we brought so much luggage on our trip, we had to pay the airline a _____.Final CheckRead the passages carefully. Then fill in each blank with the word that best fits the context.a strange sight. His (1)________ clothing included cloth sacks for shirts and a tin pot for a hat.In western Pennsylvania, where Johnny lived, many people grew apples. But there weren't any apples in the lands further west, which were just then being cleared and settled. So Johnny wandered among his neighbors, asking them for their (2)________ apple seeds. During his lifetime, Johnny walked thousands of miles, making many long trips from his home to the valleys of Ohio and Indiana.Everywhere he went, he scattered seeds. Many of those seeds fell on (3)________ ground and grew into strong trees.Johnny often wandered through areas where Native Americans fought with the white settlers. Since Johnny was a loner, his travels were always (4)________, and he carried no weapon — yet he was never harmed. The Indians believed that the Great Spirit especially loved people like Johnny, who was not like other people. In his own quiet way he (5)________ed the American wilderness, filling it with thousands of flowering, fruit-filled trees.are still (6)________ upon many lower forms of life. The (7)________ way that this is true, of course, is our use of meat to eat and skins to wear. But there are other ways, sometimes strange ways, that we rely on other creatures. Take, for example, the leech. It would be a (8)________ for anyone to really like a leech. It is a disgusting-looking worm that lives in freshwater ponds and streams. As many people have discovered when they've gone swimming, a leech's (9)________ for dinner is human blood. It loves to attach itself to a swimmer's foot and sink in its teeth — as many as three hundred of them. The bite does not cause any pain. But the leech can suck out eight times its own weight in blood. "How disgusting," you are probably thinking. But listen to this. In recent years, doctors have found that leeches are the most (10)________ way to remove extra blood from a person after an injury, especially around the eyes. Yes, leeches are honored guests in many modern hospitals.。

英语测试课程chapter-1

考试语言馈入性质（1）语言材料是通过听觉还是视觉渠道输入的。还是两者方式都有。（2）输入的是语言材料还是非语言材料（如看图作文）（3）材料是否经过改写。（4）输入材料的速度（如听力速度的快慢）。（5）问题表达的明确与否。（6）使用权用语言的性质，即语言的长度、信息的分布（紧缩的还是分散的）、信息的类型（抽象的还是个体的，事实性的还是非事实性的，肯定地还是否定的）。
考试预期回答性质考试预期回答性质就是指答题方式。（1）采取什么样的形式（选择还是填空）。（2）回答的方式（语言的还是非语言的，还是两者兼有）。（3）使用语言的性质（母语还是目标语言）。
馈入与回答的关系（1）相互型(reciprocal)。指一个考生的语言对另一个考试的影响。如口试中两个考生为一组进行测试时，口语好的考生对口语差的考生有一定影响。（2）非相互型(non-reciprocal)。指语言使用者之间无相互影响。如在阅读考试中，考生对作者通常没有任何信息反馈。（3）相互顺应型(adaptive)。指答题影响到试题的输入，但无反馈。在电脑顺应性测试中，电脑提供给考生的题目其难易程度是由考生完成前一个题目的好坏情况决定的。
英语测试概述：过去、现在与未来
一、四种英语语言测试法 (根据测试理论进行阶段分类) 写作-翻译法结构主义心理测量法综合法交际法二、近20年的发展动态考试方式的影响考试分析考生特征语言能力性质的再认识三、当代国内外大规模考试一览国内国外
1、写作-翻译法(the essay-translation approach) 主要特征：Ａ、对测试的技能或专长没有特殊的要求，主要依靠教师的主观判断力；Ｂ、试卷通常包括翻译、写作和语法分析等项目；Ｃ、试卷内容带有较浓厚的文学或文化色彩；Ｄ、试题一般采用书面回答形似，试卷需人工评阅。由于写作-翻译法全以教师或命题人员的经验和主观判断来确定，没有什么科学理论依据，故20世纪40年代以前的测试统称为科学前语言测试。

新时代高职英语基础模块1课文

新时代高职英语基础模块1课文In the new era, the importance of English language education in higher vocational colleges has become increasingly prominent. The English foundation module 1 course is a crucial component of the overall English language curriculum, providing students with a solid foundation for further language development and practical application. This course serves as a gateway to unlocking the vast opportunities that the English language offers in the modern globalized world.The primary objective of the English foundation module 1 course is to equip students with the fundamental skills and knowledge necessary for effective communication in English. This includes a focus on improving listening, speaking, reading, and writing abilities, as well as enhancing their understanding of English grammar, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions. By mastering these essential elements, students can navigate various academic and professional settings with confidence and ease.One of the key aspects of the English foundation module 1 course is its emphasis on practical application. Rather than solely relying on theoretical knowledge, the course incorporates a range of interactivelearning activities and real-world scenarios to ensure that students can seamlessly apply their acquired skills in authentic communication contexts. This approach not only enhances their language proficiency but also fosters their critical thinking and problem-solving abilities, which are highly sought-after in the modern job market.Furthermore, the course curriculum is designed to align with the specific needs and interests of higher vocational college students. It takes into account the diverse academic and career aspirations of the learners, incorporating relevant topics and materials that resonate with their personal and professional goals. This tailored approach ensures that the course content is engaging, relevant, and directly applicable to the students' future endeavors.Another significant aspect of the English foundation module 1 course is its role in cultivating cultural awareness and intercultural communication skills. In an increasingly globalized world, the ability to understand and navigate cultural differences has become essential for personal and professional success. The course incorporates elements of cross-cultural communication, encouraging students to explore and appreciate the rich diversity of the English-speaking world. This exposure not only enhances their language skills but also fosters a deeper understanding and respect for different cultural perspectives.Moreover, the English foundation module 1 course serves as a foundation for further language development and specialized studies. By providing a solid grounding in the fundamentals of English, the course prepares students for more advanced language courses, specialized English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs, and even opportunities for international exchange and study abroad. This seamless progression ensures that students can continue to build upon their language skills and explore new horizons throughout their academic and professional careers.In conclusion, the English foundation module 1 course in the new era of higher vocational education plays a vital role in equipping students with the necessary language skills and cultural awareness to thrive in the global landscape. Through its focus on practical application, tailored curriculum, and cultivation of intercultural communication abilities, the course empowers students to become confident and versatile communicators, ready to seize the opportunities that the English language offers. As higher vocational colleges continue to adapt to the evolving needs of the modern workforce, the importance of this foundational English language course will only continue to grow, shaping the future of language education and preparing students for success in the new era.。

安徽大学专科英语教材

安徽大学专科英语教材IntroductionAnhui University's specialized English textbook is a comprehensive resource designed to enhance students' English language proficiency at the undergraduate level. The textbook covers various language skills including listening, speaking, reading, and writing, providing students with a solid foundation in English communication. This article will explore the content and structure of the Anhui University specialized English textbook.Chapter 1: Listening SkillsIn this chapter, students are introduced to various listening techniques and strategies to improve their listening comprehension. The chapter focuses on different types of listening materials, such as interviews, lectures, and conversations. Through interactive activities and exercises, students have the opportunity to develop their listening skills and enhance their ability to understand spoken English.Chapter 2: Speaking SkillsThe speaking skills chapter aims to equip students with the necessary tools to effectively communicate in English. It covers topics such as pronunciation, intonation, and vocabulary. Through dialogues, role-plays, and group discussions, students can practice and improve their oral communication abilities. The chapter also provides guidance on giving presentations and engaging in debates, preparing students for real-life situations that require effective spoken English.Chapter 3: Reading SkillsIn this chapter, students learn essential reading techniques and strategies to comprehend both general and academic texts. The chapter introduces various reading materials, such as newspaper articles, short stories, and academic papers. Students can enhance their vocabulary and reading comprehension skills through a range of tasks, including skimming, scanning, and summarizing. The chapter also focuses on critical reading skills, teaching students how to analyze and evaluate texts effectively.Chapter 4: Writing SkillsThe writing skills chapter emphasizes the development of effective written communication. It covers different types of writing, such as essays, reports, and letters. Students are provided with step-by-step guidance on the writing process, from pre-writing to proofreading. The chapter also addresses important aspects of writing, such as grammar, vocabulary, and organization. Through various writing tasks and exercises, students can refine their writing skills and produce coherent and well-structured English texts.Chapter 5: Grammar and VocabularyThis chapter is dedicated to the study of English grammar and vocabulary. It provides a comprehensive overview of key grammatical concepts and structures, such as tenses, conditionals, and phrasal verbs. Additionally, the chapter includes extensive vocabulary exercises, allowing students to expand their lexical range and develop their vocabulary acquisition skills. Through practice and application, students can strengthen their grammatical accuracy and lexical proficiency.ConclusionThe Anhui University specialized English textbook offers a well-rounded approach to enhance students' English language abilities. By focusing on listening, speaking, reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary, the textbook provides students with ample opportunities to practice and develop their communicative skills. With its comprehensive content and practical exercises, the textbook serves as an essential resource for students at Anhui University in their journey towards English language proficiency.。

国家开放大学2023秋人文英语1

国家开放大学2023秋季学期人文英语1介绍国家开放大学是中国最大的开放大学之一，成立于1979年，旨在通过远程教育的方式，为广大工作人士和远离传统大学教育的学生提供学术教育的机会。

作为国家开放大学的一门核心课程，人文英语1旨在帮助学生提升英语阅读、写作和口语技能，培养学生对英语和人文学科的兴趣。

课程目标人文英语1课程的目标是帮助学生实现以下几个方面的学习目标：1.提高英语听说读写综合运用能力；2.培养学生解读和分析人文类英语文本的能力；3.培养学生表达和交流关于人文领域的观点和思想的能力；4.培养学生对英语和人文学科的兴趣，拓展学生的人文素养。

课程内容人文英语1课程包括以下几个方面的内容：1. 英语语法与词汇本课程将帮助学生深入学习和掌握英语的基本语法知识，包括句子结构、时态、语态、语气等。

同时，课程还将扩充学生的词汇量，提升学生的词汇运用能力。

2. 阅读与理解学生将通过阅读各种人文类英语文本，包括文章、小说、诗歌等，培养自主阅读和理解英语文本的能力。

课程将引导学生运用阅读技巧，提高阅读理解能力。

3. 写作与表达课程将帮助学生提升英语写作能力，包括写作结构、语言表达、逻辑思维等。

学生将学习如何撰写人文领域的英语文章，以及表达自己的观点和思想。

4. 口语与交流课程将注重培养学生的口语表达能力和听力理解能力。

学生将通过参与小组讨论、课堂演讲等活动，锻炼口语表达和听力交流能力。

学习方法和评估方式在人文英语1课程中，学生应采用以下学习方法：•积极参与课堂讨论，与老师和同学互动交流；•阅读和分析文本时应注重思考和理解；•培养独立学习和自主思考能力，充分利用学习资源；•练习写作和口语表达，不断提高语言运用能力。

评估方式主要包括以下几种形式：•课堂表现和参与度；•平时作业和小组项目成果；•课程论文或报告；•期末考试或口语演讲。

总结人文英语1课程是国家开放大学的一门核心人文类英语课程，旨在帮助学生提升英语语言能力，培养学生对人文学科的兴趣。

上海开放大学英语教材推荐

上海开放大学英语教材推荐上海开放大学是一所以成人教育为主的学校，旨在为工作人士和其他成年人提供高质量的学习机会。

随着全球化的推进，英语已经成为了一门必备的语言技能。

因此，在上海开放大学学习的英语课程是非常重要的。

本文将会向大家推荐几本适合上海开放大学学生使用的英语教材，帮助他们更好地掌握英语。

《大学英语》（第四版）是一本专为大学生撰写的英语教材，也适用于上海开放大学学生。

这本教材由国内外知名教授合作编写，内容涵盖了语法、词汇、听力、口语、阅读和写作等方面。

每个单元都有详细的解释和例句，以帮助学生理解语言规则和用法。

此外，教材还提供了丰富的练习题和听力材料，以帮助学生巩固所学知识。

这本教材不仅注重语言技能的培养，还涉及了一些文化和社会知识，有助于学生拓宽视野。

《新概念英语》也是一本非常受欢迎的英语教材，特别适合初学者使用。

这本教材分为四个系列，每个系列由多个单元组成，内容涵盖了基础的语法、词汇和阅读。

教材的难度逐渐增加，旨在帮助学生逐步提高英语水平。

每个单元的练习题量适中，能够帮助学生巩固所学知识，并且教材配有配套的听力材料，可以提高学生的听力技能。

由于该教材在全球范围内应用广泛，学生可以轻松找到相关的学习资源和辅导材料。

除了传统的纸质教材，上海开放大学的学生还可以考虑使用一些在线学习资源。

例如，英语流利说是一款非常受欢迎的英语学习APP，提供了丰富的学习内容和交流平台。

通过该应用，学生可以随时随地进行听力、口语和阅读的练习，还可以与其他学习者进行互动交流。

此外，英语流利说还提供了专业的语法和写作指导，帮助学生提高英语表达能力。

总之，选择适合自己的英语教材对于提高英语水平是非常重要的。

上海开放大学的学生可以选择《大学英语》和《新概念英语》等纸质教材，也可以尝试使用在线学习资源如英语流利说等。

希望以上推荐的教材和学习资源能够帮助到上海开放大学的学生们更好地学习英语，提高自己的语言能力。

高职国际进阶英语综合教程1

高职国际进阶英语综合教程11.引言1.1 概述高职国际进阶英语综合教程1是一本为高职学生设计的英语学习教材，旨在提高学生的英语综合能力和国际交流能力。

本教程的编写以培养学生的听、说、读、写能力为核心，通过系统、全面的学习和实践，帮助学生掌握基础的英语语言知识和运用能力。

本书的设计理念是以学生为中心，突出实用性和交际性。

通过丰富多样的学习资源和实践活动，学生将能够在学习过程中提高自己的语言应用能力，并能够灵活运用所学知识解决实际问题。

本教材的组织结构清晰，分为引言、正文和结论三个部分。

引言部分对本教程进行了概述，介绍了文章的结构和目的。

正文部分则详细阐述了教材的各个要点和教学内容。

结论部分对整个教程进行总结，并展望了学习本教程后的发展方向。

本教程旨在帮助学生提高英语综合能力，培养国际交流能力，为他们今后的学习和工作打下坚实的基础。

通过系统的学习和不断的实践，相信学生将能够在国际舞台上展示自己的才华，更好地适应全球化的挑战和机遇。

文章结构是写作过程中非常重要的组成部分，它决定了整篇文章的组织和逻辑。

对于本篇长文《高职国际进阶英语综合教程1》，文章结构的设计旨在清晰、有条理地呈现所要表达的主题内容。

以下是文章结构的具体安排：1. 引言：首先介绍文章的主题和背景，概述本文的目的和意义。

引言部分包含以下内容：1.1 概述：简要介绍高职国际进阶英语综合教程1的背景和重要性，说明本教程的目标和作用。

1.2 文章结构：详细说明本文的整体框架和每个部分的内容安排，供读者快速了解本文的组织结构。

1.3 目的：明确本文的写作目的，列举本教程的具体教学目标和预期效果，引发读者的兴趣和期待。

2. 正文：主要讲解高职国际进阶英语综合教程1的教学内容和方法。

正文部分包含以下内容：2.1 第一个要点：介绍课程的第一个重要内容，并通过具体的例子和解释，详细阐述该内容的核心概念和理论知识，以及实际应用的方法和技巧。

2.2 第二个要点：介绍课程的第二个重要内容，同样通过例子和解释，详细说明该内容的关键知识点和实践应用，加深学生对该内容的理解和掌握。