-1Nomenclature

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英语前缀和后缀

英语构词法－后缀后缀在缀合法中只起改变词性的作用，不改变词根的含意，因词性不同、后缀可分为名词性、形容词性、动词性及副词性后缀，现列举于下。

一、名词性后缀1，-age为抽象名词后缀，表示行为，状态和全体总称percentage百分数，百分率，voltage电压，伏特数，lavage灌洗，洗，出法，gavage管词法，curettage刮除法，shortage不足，缺少。

2，-cy表示抽象名词accuracy 准确，精确度，infancy婴儿期。

3，-ence、-ance表示性质和动作difference不同，interference干扰，干预，influence影响，感化，occurrence 发出，出现，violence激烈，暴力，existence存在，significance意义，意味。

4，-ency、-ancy抽象名词后缀difficiency不足，不全，tendency趋势，趋向，frequency频率，pregnancy妊娠，emergency紧急，急救，fluency流利，流畅，sufficiency足够，充足，constancy坚定，经久不变。

5，-er表示…人、…者diameter直径，receiver接收者，接受者，carrier 携带者，beginner初学者，创始人，reader读者，shutter 快门，goiter甲状腺肿。

6，-ics 表示…科学psdiatrics儿科学，psychiatrics精神病学，obstetrics产科学，orthopdics矫形科学，auristrics耳科学，gnathostomatics口腔生理学，andriatrics男性医学，男性科。

7，-ian表示人称名词physician医师，内科医师，technician技术员8，-ication 由动词变化而来的抽象名词，常译为…化simplification 简化，calcification钙化，classification分类，分级，communication 交流，交往。

应用化学专业英语 -化合物命名

醇
酚类命名法
硫醇和硫酚
酮的命名法Biblioteka 根基命名法：醚类命名
羧酸命名
CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH3 2-methylbutane
2,2-dimethylpropane CH3CH(CH3)-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 4-ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane
除了系统命名法，有一些支链烷烃是可以采用普通命名法来命名的
化合物的英语命名 Nomenclature of compounds
樊海梅
LOGO
有机化合物的命名
链烃
饱和烃：烷烃不饱和烃：烯烃，炔烃脂环烃芳香烃
烃
有机物
环烃
卤代烃
烃的衍生物
醇
含氧衍生物
酚醛酮羧酸
酯等
烷烃(alkanes) 直链烷烃：英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊
90 alkane:nonacontane
100 alkane:hectane
含支链烷烃和烷基烷基：只需要把烷烃的后缀ane换成-yl加在相应烷烃的字首后如：CH3- methyl CH3-CH2- ethyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2 undecyl
还有一些烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加iso-(异)、sec-仲、tert-叔、
CH3CH2-C(CH3)2-CH3:
烯烃(alkene)和炔烃(alkynes):将相应的烷烃的词尾(ane)改为
ene和yne，名称前加上不饱和键的编号，如：乙烯 ethene 丁烯 butene 乙炔 HC≡CH ethyne 丁二炔 HC ≡C-C ≡CH butadiyne

高分子化学-1绪论课件.ppt

*对于杂原子或含有杂原子非环次级单位的次序: O>S>Se>Te>N>P>As>Sb>Bi>Si>Ge,Sn,Pb,B,Hg任何杂原子都比碳排在前面 *对于碳环: 多环>单环 *随不饱和度的增加, 越排在前面 *取代基的部分位于最低位置处, 所连接的侧基元素最少的先写
(3) 给重复单元命名 (4) 在重复单元名称前加“聚”
Cellulose
OH
n
+ nCH2O
Glucose
OH CH2
OH CH2 OH
n-1
phenol-formaldehyde
+ (n-1) H2O
缩聚物：（1）合成中有小分子被消除;
（ 2）含有功能基（-OCO-， -NHCO-， -S-， -OCONH-，-O-， -SO2-， -OCOO-等）为聚合物主链的一部分;
在中等聚合度阶段。
在聚合过程中，单体逐渐减少，聚合转化率相应增加。
延长聚合时间，主要提高转化率，对分子量影响较小。
聚合初期，单体几乎全部缩聚成低聚物，以后在由低聚物转化成高聚物，转化率变化甚微，反应程度逐步增加。
延长聚合时间，主要提高分子量，而转化率变化较少。
反应混合物仅由单体、任何阶段，都由聚合度高聚物及微量引发剂组成。不等的同系物组成。
树形分子具有完美结构的聚合物。超支化聚合物分子中存在较多缺陷，结构完美程度差。
3、几何对称性
树形分子具有高度的几何对称性。超支化聚合物几何对称性差。
4、端基官能团
树形分子具有大量的端基官能团，赋予树形分子具有多功能性。超支化聚合物也具有大量的端基官能团，但其端基官能团并不全位于超支化聚合物的最外层。

微生物分类章名词解释

一、名词解释1. 微生物分类学microbial taxonomy 研究微生物分类理论和技术方法的学科称为微生物分类学。

2. 分类classification 分类是根据一定的原则（表型特征相似性或系统发育相关性）对微生物进行分群归类，根据相似性或相关性水平排列成系统，并对各个分类群的特征进行描述，以便查考和对未被分类的微生物进行鉴定。

3. 命名nomenclature 命名是根据命名法规，给每一个分类群一个专有的名称。

4. 鉴定identification 指借助于现有的微生物分类系统，通过特征测定，确定未知的、新发现的或未明确分类地位微生物所应归属分类群的过程。

5. 分类单元taxon, 复数taxa 是指具体的分类群，如原核生物界（Procaryotae）、肠杆菌科（Enterobacteriaceae）、枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）等都分别代表一个分类单元。

6. 种species 种是生物分类中基本的分类单元和分类等级。

微生物的种可以看作是：具有高度特征相似性的菌株群，这个菌株群与其他类群的菌株有很明显的区别。

7. 属genus 是介于种（或亚种）与科之间的分类等级，也是生物分类中的基本分类单元。

通常是把具有某些共同特征或密切相关的种归为一个高一级的分类单元，称之属。

8. 居群population 是指一定空间中同种个体的总和。

每一个物种早自然界中的存在，都有一定的空间结构，在其分散的、不连续的居住场所或分布区域内，形成不同的群体单元，这些群体单元就称居群。

9. 亚种subspecies, subsp., ssp. 当某一工人种内的不同菌株存在少数明显而稳定的变异特征或遗传性状而又不足以区分成新种时，可以将这些菌株细分成两个或更多的小的分类单元称为亚种。

亚种是正式分类单元中地位最低的分类等级。

10. 变种variety 变种是亚种的同义词。

在《国际细菌命名法规》（1976年修订本）发表以前，变种是种的亚等级，因“变种”一词易引起词义上的混淆，1976年后，细菌种的亚等级一律采用亚种，而不再使用变种。

细菌的分类与命名-微生物命名规则

细菌得分类与命名细菌分类学细菌分类学（ｔaｘｏｎomy）就是指对细菌进行分类、命名与鉴定得一门学科。

它得任务就是在全面了解细菌得生物学特征得基础上,研究它们得种类，探索其起源、演化以及与其她类群之间得亲缘关系，进而提出能反映自然发展得分类系统，并将细菌加以分门别类.它包括三个方面：分类(claｓsificatiｏn）、命名（ｎomencｌature)与鉴定（iｄentiｆicatｉoｎ)。

一、基本概念1、细菌分类就是根据每种细菌各自得特征,并按照它们得亲缘关系分门别类,以不同等级编排成系统。

分类有两种:①以细菌得形态与生理生化特性为依据得表型特征分类法，包括有传统分类法（classicａｌclassｉｆｉcａｔiｏｎ)与数值分类法(numeｒiｃａl clasｓifｉcatｉｏn）;②用化学分析与核酸分析，以细菌大分子物质(核酸、蛋白质）结构得同源程度进行分类称种系分类(phylogenetic ｃｌassｉficaｔｉoｎ）或自然分类（natural cｌassfｉcａtioｎ）。

2、细菌命名在分类基础上,给予每种细菌一个科学名称，使之在生产实践、临床实践与科学研究工作中相互交流成为可能。

按照细菌命名得法规，能保证所有得科研工作者以同样方式给予细菌命名。

3、细菌鉴定将未知细菌按分类原则放入系统中某一适当位置与已知细菌比较其相似性，用对比分析方法确定细菌得分类地位。

若与已知细菌相同即采用已知菌得名称,不同者则按命名原则确定一个新名称。

二、分类等级细菌得分类等级与其她生物相同，依次为界(kinｇdom）、门(divｉsiｏn）、纲（cｌass）、目(order)、科(fａmilｙ）、属（genus）、种（species）。

细菌属于原核生物界（procarｙoｔae），包括有细菌、放线菌、支原体、衣原体、立克次体与螺旋体.分类等级拉丁字尾比较固定，表示方法如下:目—aｌeｓ、亚目-ｉneae、科-aceae、亚科—oideａae、族—eａe、亚族-inａe。

(完整版)化合物英文命名规则

Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds无机化合物的命名（Prefix词头,前缀Suffix词尾,后缀Stem词根）1.Trivial Names俗名H2O water不说dihydrogen oxideNH3 ammonia不说nitrogen trihydrideCaO quicklimeCaCO3 limestone2.Systematic Nomenclature系统命名1)Oxide氧化物——先命名非氧元素ZnOzinc oxideCaO calcium oxideCO carbon oxideNa2O2 sodium peroxideH2O2hydrogen peroxide 注：peroxide过氧化物2)Hydroxide氢氧化物（base碱）Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxideKOH potassium hydroxide3)Acid酸Hydro acid氢酸General formula通式:HnX 命名：hydro- + stem of X + -ic acid H2S hydrosulfuric acid(英) hydrosulphuric(美) 氢硫酸S:sulfur(英)、sulphur(美) HBr 氢溴酸hydrobromic acidBr: bromine HCl 氢氯酸(盐酸)hydrochloric acidCl: chlorine HF 氢氟酸hydrofluoric acidF: fluorineOxoacid or Oxyacid含氧酸General formula通式:HnXOm 命名：Stem of X + -ic acid 注：oxo- (oxy-) 含氧, 氧代H2SO4 sulfuric acid(英) sulphuric acid(美)H2CO3 carbonic acidH3PO4 phosphoric acid P: phosphorus H3BO3 boric acid B: boron HNO3 nitric acid N: nitrogen If X has two oxidation states：-ic：the higher oxidation state-ous：the lower oxidation stateH2SO4 sulfuric acidH2SO3 sulfurous acid1/5HNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidIf X (such as halogens) has more than two oxidation states：halogen卤素per- (过，高) + -ic：the still higher oxidation statehypo- (次,在…下) + -ous：the still lower oxidation stateHClO3 chloric acidHClO2 chlorous acidHClO4 perchloric acidHClO hypochlorous acidHIO hypoiodous acid4)Salt盐General formula通式:MnXm 命名：Name of M stem of X + -ide（-ide…化物）Oxide、chloride、nitride、hydrideKI potassium iodideAl2S3 aluminum sulfideLiH lithium hydrideOxysalt含氧酸盐Name the metal ion first and then the anionNaming anions:-ate anions derived from the -ic acid(the higher oxidation state of X)-ite anions derived from the -ous acid (the lower oxidation state of X)HNO3 nitric acidNaNO3 sodium nitrateHNO2 nitrous acidNaNO2 sodium nitriteSO42- sulfateSO32- sulfiteAgClO4 silver perchlorateNaIO3 sodium iodateKClO2 potassium chloriteKBrO potassium hypobromiteMnO42- manganateMnO4- permanganateAcid salt 酸式盐Using “hydrogen” to specify “H”NaHSO4 sodium hydrogen sulfateNaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphateNa2HPO4 disodium hydrogen phosphate P: phosphorus phosphate磷酸盐(根) Using prefix bi- + name of anion if only one acid salt existsNaHSO4 sodium bisulfateNaHSO3 sodium bisulfiteKHCO3 potassium bicarbonate5)Metals（M）with more than one oxidation state2/5Two methods:①后缀法: 早期使用stem of M + -ic the higher oxidation state of Mstem of M + -ous the lower oxidation state of MHgI2 mercuric iodideHg2I2 mercurous iodide Hg:mercury Cr2+ chromousCr3+ chromic Cr: chromium注：In most cases, Latin stem is used if the metal has symbol derived from itsLatin name.(mercury is an exception)Cu:cuprum (拉丁),copper (英)Cu+ cuprousCu2+ cupricCuI cuprous iodideCuS cupric sulfideSn:stannum (拉丁), tin (英)SnCl2 stannous chlorideSnO2 stannic oxideFe:ferrum (拉丁), iron (英)Fe(OH)2 ferrous hydroxideFeBr3 ferric bromide②IUPAC Rule 1957年开始使用English name of metal(Roman numeral)CuBr copper(I) bromideCuF2 copper(II) fluorideSnO tin(II) oxideSnS2 tin(IV) sulfideFe(NO3)2 iron(II) nitrateFe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfateUse Greek prefixes希腊文前缀Mon（o）一di二tri三tetr（a）四pent（a）五hex（a）六hepta七octa八nona九1．to specify the number of each atom in the chemical formula.NO2 nitrogen dioxidePCl5 phosphorus pentachlorideCO2 carbon dioxide2．to specify the number of identical central atoms in condensed acids and their corresponding anions.condensed acid缩酸H3PO4 (mono)phosphoric acidH4P2O7 diphosphoric acid3/5H2SO4 sulfuric acidH2S3O10 trisulfuric acidCrO42- 铬酸盐(根) chromateCr2O72- 重铬酸盐(根)dichromate3. to indicate extent of substitutionPO43- phosphatePS2O23- dithiophosphate thio-硫代…,硫的,含硫的注：The prefixes ortho- and meta- have been used to distinguish acids differingin the “content of water.”ortho- [希腊词头] 正、原（无机酸用）邻（位）（有机化合物命名）meta- [希腊词头] 偏（无机酸用）间（位）（有机化合物命名）ortho-acid 原酸；meta-acid 偏酸H3BO3 orthoboric acid(or boric acid)（原）硼酸(HBO3)n metaboric acid偏硼酸H4SiO4 orthosilicic acid(or silicic acid)原硅酸H2SiO3 metasilicic acid 硅酸（习惯上不叫偏硅酸）H3PO4 orthophosphoric acid (or phosphoric acid)（正）磷酸(HPO3)n metaphosphoric acid 偏磷酸。

化学专业英语-命名

O F
Oxygen Fluorine
Cl Ar
Chlorine Argon
Common transition elements
Fe: iron
Mn: manganese Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold Ni: nickel
Cu: copper
Zn: zinc
2. The rules of nomenclature
3.2.2 Polyatomic ions containing oxygen
(1) Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根-ate )
Anion’s name = Central Element’s root -ate
For example:
ClO3- Chlorate
3.2 Naming metal oxide （金属氧化物） Metal oxide = Metal cation + oxide
For example:
FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide)
Fe2O3
Na2O
Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide)
For example:
PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane
SiH4: silane
5. Nonoxide acid (无氧酸)
命名规则：hydro-词根-ic acid
For example：HCl : hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid HBr : hydrobromic acid HI : hydroiodic acid

GB T 2933-1995充气轮胎用车轮和轮辋的术语规格代号和标志

中华人民共和国国家标准充气轮胎用车轮和轮辋的术语、 GB／T 2933一1995规格代号和标志代替 GB2933一82Wheels／rims for pneumatic tyres—Nomenclature，designation and marking1 主题内容与适用范围本标准规定了车轮和轮辋的术语、规格代号和标志。

术语和附图主要用来定义基本的车轮和轮辋名词。

本标准适用于充气轮胎使用的车轮和轮辋。

2 定义2．1 车轮介于轮胎和车桥之间承受负荷的旋转件。

通常由两个主要部件组成：a．轮辋；b．轮辐。

轮辋和轮辐可以是整体的、永久连接的或可拆卸的。

2．1．1 轮辋车轮上安装和支承轮胎的部件。

2．1．2 轮辐车轮上介于车桥和轮辋之间的支承部件。

2．1．3 单式车轮在车桥的一端只能单轮安装并支承一个轮胎的车轮（见图l）。

2．1．4 双式车轮一个象图2所示那样的车轮，或一个具有足够内偏距和必要轮廓形状的车轮，当两个这样的车轮彼此安装在一起时，在车桥的一端能支承两个轮胎。

2．1．5内偏距车轮结构为轮辋中心平面位于轮辐安装平面内侧的车轮。

内偏距是轮辐安装平面到轮辋中心平面的距离（见图1a）。

2．1．6 零偏距车轮结构为轮辋中心平面和轮辐安装平面重合的车轮（见图 1 b）。

2．1．7 外偏距车轮结构为轮辋中心平面位于轮辐安装平面外侧的车轮。

外偏距是轮辐安装平面到轮辋中心平面的距离（见图1c）。

2．1．8 双轮中心距车轮成对安装时，构成所要求的双胎间距的两轮辋中心平面之间的距离（见图2、图5和图6)。

2．2 车轮类型2．2．1 辐板式车轮轮辋和轮辐永久结合的车轮（见图1和图2）。

2．2．2 对开式车轮轮辋由两个主要部件组成的车轮，两部件上的轮辋部位宽度可以相等，也可以不相等，把它们紧固在一起就形成了一个具有两个固定轮缘的轮辋（见图3)。

2．2．3 辐条式车轮轮辋由若干辐条联接到轮毂上的车轮（见图4）。

2．2．4 组装轮辋式车轮2．2．4．1 28°安装斜面车轮结构为一个或两个组装轮辋被夹紧到带有28°安装斜面的铸造轮毂上的车轮,此轮毂也用来做制动鼓或制动盘的支撑毂（见图5）。

万事达传感器：MIP系列重度、媒介隔离压力传感器，1bar至12bar 15psi至175psi说明

MIP SERIESHeavy Duty, Media-Isolated Pressure Transducers 1 bar to 12 bar | 15 psi to 175 psiDESCRIPTIONThe MIP Series offers a heavy duty,media-isolated pressure transducer in a compact, stainless steel construction for use with a wide range of media including aggressive fluids and water. The MIP Series provides a cost-competitive solution for wide-ranging potential applications in tough environments.VALUE TO CUSTOMERS•Total Error Band (TEB) ±0.75 %FSS to ±1.0 %FSS (Full Scale Span)from -40°C to 125°C: Provides true measurement performance over the compensated temperature range;small error promotes system uptime and efficiency (see Figure 4).•EMC performance: Operates reliably in the presence of electromagnetic fields, such as wireless signals, RF communication, and electrical devices.• Hermetically welded design supports almost any media without the use of an internal seal. The sensors are designed to be used in harsh environments that see aggressive media. PORTFOLIOHoneywell offers a variety of heavy duty pressuretransducers for potential use in industrial and transportation applications. To view the entire product portfolio, click here.DIFFERENTIATION•Diagnostics: Beneficial in applications where the sensor functionality and the need to know internal or external failure modes is critical.•Great customer value: Multiple configuration possibilities provideflexibility of use in the application with no up front NRE or tooling charges.•Durable: Provides the toughenvironmental capabilities needed,including long-term stability, insulation resistance and dielectric strength,external freeze-thaw resistance and EMC performance.32353264Issue BFEATURES•Rugged, stainless steel construction •Ratiometric output: 0.5 Vdc to 4.5 Vdc •Operating temperature: -40°C to 125°C •Total Error Band ±0.75 %FSS to ±1.0 %FSS (-40°C to 125°C)•An industry leader in accuracy : ±0.15%FSS BFSL•Long term stability: ±0.25 %FSS •Radiated immunity: 100 V/m•Drinking water approval: NSF /ANSI/CAN 61•CE, RoHS, REACH compliant •Mis-wiring protection•Over voltage protection ±40 VdcCertiﬁed to NSF/ANSI/CAN 611range. Includes all errors due to offset, full scale span, pressure non-linearity, pressure hysteresis, pressure non-repeatability, thermal effect on offset, thermal effect on span, and thermal hysteresis (see Figure 4).2TEB: ±1.5 % FSS above 100°C [212°F] for pressure ratings less than 4 bar [58 psi].3Accuracy: The maximum deviation in output from a Best Fit Straight Line (BFSL) fitted to the output measured over the pressure range at 25°C [77°F]. Includes all errors due to pressure non-linearity, pressure hysteresis, and pressure non-repeatability.4Startup time:The time needed to receive valid output after power up.FIGURE 1. NOMENCLATURE AND ORDER GUIDE1For example, MIPAN1XX010BSAAX deﬁnes an MIP Series Heavy Duty, Media Isolated Pressure Transducer, Metri-Pack 150, standard (UL V-0) electrical connector type, 1/4-18 NPT pressure port type, 10 bar pressure range, sealed gage pressure reference, ratiometric: 5 Vs, 10% to 90% Vs output transfer functionCAUTIONPRODUCT DAMAGE DUE TO MISUSE•Ensure torque specifications are determined for the specific application. Values provided are for reference only. (Mating materials and thread sealants can result in significantly different torque values from one application to the next.)•Use appropriate tools (such as an open ended wrench or deep well socket) to install transducers.•Ensure that the proper mating electrical connector with a seal is used to connect the transducer. Improper or damaged seals can compromise ingress protection, leading to short circuits.•Ensure that filters are used upstream of the transducers to keep media flow free of large particulates and condensed moisture.MIP Series transducers are dead-end devices. Particulate accumulation may clog the port or damage the diaphragm.•Ensure that the transducer is mounted in a vertical position with the process connection (pressure port) downward to avoid particulate deposits.•Ensure that the media does not create a residue when dried. Build-up of residue inside the transducer may affect transducer output.•Ensure that the transducer housing is properly grounded.Failure to comply with these instructions may result in product damage.10Pressure (psi Absolute)O u t p u t (V)4FIGURE 3. ABSOLUTE VS SEALED GAGE Example shown is for 100 psi.FIGURE 2. RATIOMETRIC OUTPUT TRANSFER FUNCTION The transfer function shown here is applicable to a ratiometric output ranging between 10% V supply at null pressure to 90% V supply at full scale pressure.Total Error Bandmin.O u t p u t (% V s u p p l y )0.8 x V supplyOutput (V) =x (Pressure applied - P min.) + 0.10 x V supply Ideal max.P max.- P min.O u t p u t (V d c )Total Error Band (TEB) is a single specification that includes the major sources of sensor error. TEB should not be confused with accuracy, which is actually a component of TEB. TEB is the maximum error that the sensor could experience.Honeywell uses the TEB specification in its datasheet because it is the most comprehensive measurement of a sensor’s true accuracy. Honeywell also provides the accuracy specification in order to provide a common comparison with competitors’ literature that does not use the TEB specification.Many competitors do not use TEB—they simply specify the accuracy of their device. Their accuracy specification, however, may exclude certain parameters. On their datasheet, the errors are FIGURE 4. TEB COMPONENTS FOR THE MIP SERIES is returned to the operating pressure range. Exposure to higher pressures may cause permanent damage to the product.2Burst Pressure: The maximum pressure which may be applied without causing escape of pressure media. The product should not be expected to function after exposure to the burst pressure.HEAVY DUTY, MEDIA-ISOLATED PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS, MIP SERIESFIGURE 5. MOUNTING DIMENSIONS (FOR REFERENCE ONLY. MM/[IN])F1: 7/16-20 UNF 1/4 inch 45° Flare Female Schrader (SAE J512)Seal: 45° coneMating geometry: SAE J512Weight:G1: G1/4 A-G (ISO 1179-3)Seal: O-ring (included) and retaining ring ISO 1179-3-G1/4(not included)Seal:Weight:Weight:Product MarkingRatiometric Voltage OutputPin A = GroundPin B = V+Pin C = Vout(Productmarking)16-Digit product listingPin BPin C[0.87](Productmarking)MIPXXXXXXXXXXXXXH YYMMDD XXXXX16-Digit product listing5-Digit serial number6-Digit dateHoneywelllogoCE MarkCEPin BFOR MORE INFORMATION Honeywell Advanced Sensing Technologies services its customers through a worldwide network of sales offices and distributors. For application assistance, current specifications, pricing or the nearest Authorized Distributor, visit our website or call: USA/Canada +1 302 613 4491 Latin America +1 305 805 8188 Europe +44 1344 238258 Japan +81 (0) 3-6730-7152 Singapore +65 6355 2828 Greater China +86 4006396841 HoneywellAdvanced Sensing Technologies 830 East Arapaho Road Richardson, TX 75081 WARRANTY/REMEDYHoneywell warrants goods of itsmanufacture as being free of defectivematerials and faulty workmanshipduring the applicable warranty period.Honeywell’s standard product warrantyapplies unless agreed to otherwise byHoneywell in writing; please refer toyour order acknowledgment or consultyour local sales office for specificwarranty details. If warranted goodsare returned to Honeywell during theperiod of coverage, Honeywell willrepair or replace, at its option, withoutcharge those items that Honeywell,in its sole discretion, finds defective.The foregoing is buyer’s sole remedyand is in lieu of all other warranties,expressed or implied, including thoseof merchantability and fitness for aparticular purpose. In no event shallHoneywell be liable for consequential,special, or indirect damages.While Honeywell may provideapplication assistance personally,through our literature and theHoneywell web site, it is buyer’ssole responsibility to determinethe suitability of the product in theapplication.Specifications may change withoutnotice. The information we supply isbelieved to be accurate and reliableas of this writing. However, Honeywellassumes no responsibility for its use.m WARNINGPERSONAL INJURYDO NOT USE these products as safetyor emergency stop devices or in anyother application where failure of theproduct could result in personal injury.Failure to comply with theseinstructions could result in death orserious injury.ADDITIONAL MATERIALSThe following associated literature isavailable on our website:•Product range guide•Application-specific and technicalinformation•CAD Models32353264-B-EN | B | 03/21。

经典中英对照 ICH CTD 目录 Module 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

Module 1: Administrative Information and Prescribing Information1.1 Table of Contents of the Submission Including Module1.2 Documents Specific to Each Region (for example, application forms, prescribing information)Module 2: Common Technical Document Summaries2.1 Common Technical Document Table of Contents (Modules 2-5)2.2 CTD Introduction2.3 Quality Overall Summary(QOS) 质量综述INTRODUCTION2.3.S DRUG SUBSTANCE (NAME, MANUFACTURER) 原料药2.3.S.1 General Information (name, manufacturer) 基本信息2.3.S.2 Manufacture (name, manufacturer) 生产2.3.S.3 Characterisation (name, manufacturer) 特性鉴定2.3.S.4 Control of Drug Substance (name, manufacturer) 料药的质量控制2.3.S.5 Reference Standards or Materials (name, manufacturer) 对照品2.3.S.6 Container Closure System (name, manufacturer) 包装系统2.3.S.7 Stability (name, manufacturer).稳定性2.3.P DRUG PRODUCT (NAME, DOSAGE FORM) 制剂2.3.P.1 Description and Composition of the Drug Product (name, dosage form) 剂型及产品组成2.3.P.2 Pharmaceutical Development (name, dosage form) 产品开发2.3.P.3 Manufacture (name, dosage form) 生产2.3.P.4 Control of Excipients (name, dosage form)辅料的控制2.3.P.5 Control of Drug Product (name, dosage form) 制剂的质量控制2.3.P.6 Reference Standards or Materials (name, dosage form)对照品2.3.P.7 Container Closure System (name, dosage form) 包装系统2.3.P.8 Stability (name, dosage form)稳定性2.3.A APPENDICES 附录2.3.A.1 Facilities and Equipment (name, manufacturer) 设施和设备2.3.A.2 Adventitious Agents Safety Evaluation (name, dosage form, manufacturer) 外源因子的安全性评价2.3.A.3 Excipients 辅料2.3.R REGIONAL INFORMATION 区域性信息2.4 Nonclinical Overview2.4.1 Overview of the nonclinical testing strategy2.4.2 Pharmacology2.4.3 Pharmacokinetics2.4.4 Toxicology2.4.5 Integrated overview and conclusions2.4.6 List of literature references2.5 Clinical Overview2.5.1 Product Development Rationale2.5.2 Overview of Biopharmaceutics2.5.3 Overview of Clinical Pharmacology2.5.4 Overview of Efficacy2.5.5 Overview of Safety2.5.6 Benefits and Risks Conclusions2.5.7 Literature References2.6 Nonclinical Written and Tabulated SummariesPharmacologyPharmacokineticsToxicology2.6.1 Introduction2.6.2 Pharmacology Written Summary2.6.2.1 Brief Summary2.6.2.2 Primary Pharmacodynamics2.6.2.3 Secondary Pharmacodynamics2.6.2.4 Safety Pharmacology2.6.2.5 Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions2.6.2.6 Discussion and Conclusions2.6.2.7 Tables and Figures2.6.3 Pharmacology Tabulated Summary (see Appendix B)2.6.3.1 Pharmacology: Overview2.6.3.2 Primary Pharmacodynamics*2.6.3.3 Secondary Pharmacodynamics*2.6.3.4 Safety Pharmacology2.6.3.5 Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions*2.6.4 Pharmacokinetics Written Summary2.6.4.1 Brief Summary2.6.4.2 Methods of Analysis2.6.4.3 Absorption2.6.4.4 Distribution2.6.4.5 Metabolism (interspecies comparison)2.6.4.6 Excretion2.6.4.7 Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions2.6.4.8 Other Pharmacokinetic Studies2.6.4.9 Discussion and Conclusions2.6.4.10 Tables and Figures2.6.5 Pharmacokinetics Tabulated Summary (see Appendix B)2.6.5.1 Pharmacokinetics: Overview2.6.5.2 Analytical Methods and Validation Reports*2.6.5.3 Pharmacokinetics: Absorption after a Single Dose2.6.5.4 Pharmacokinetics: Absorption after Repeated Doses2.6.5.5 Pharmacokinetics: Organ Distribution2.6.5.6 Pharmacokinetics: Plasma Protein Binding2.6.5.7 Pharmacokinetics: Study in Pregnant or Nursing Animals2.6.5.8 Pharmacokinetics: Other Distribution Study2.6.5.9 Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism In Vivo2.6.5.10 Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism In Vitro2.6.5.11 Pharmacokinetics: Possible Metabolic Pathways2.6.5.12 Pharmacokinetics: Induction/Inhibition of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes 2.6.5.13 Pharmacokinetics: Excretion2.6.5.14 Pharmacokinetics: Excretion into Bile2.6.5.15 Pharmacokinetics: Drug-Drug Interactions2.6.5.16 Pharmacokinetics: Other2.6.6 Toxicology Written Summary2.6.6.1 Brief Summary2.6.6.2 Single-Dose Toxicity2.6.6.3 Repeat-Dose Toxicity (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluation)2.6.6.4 Genotoxicity2.6.6.5 Carcinogenicity (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)2.6.6.6 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (including range-finding studies and supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)2.6.6.7 Local Tolerance2.6.6.8 Other Toxicity Studies (if available)2.6.6.9 Discussion and Conclusions2.6.6.10 Tables and Figures2.6.7 Toxicology Tabulated Summary (see Appendix B)2.6.7.1 Toxicology: Overview2.6.7.2 Toxicokinetics: Overview of Toxicokinetics Studies2.6.7.3 Toxicokinetics: Overview of Toxicokinetics Data2.6.7.4 Toxicology: Drug Substance2.6.7.5 Single-Dose Toxicity2.6.7.6 Repeat-Dose Toxicity: Non-Pivotal Studies2.6.7.7 Repeat-Dose Toxicity: Pivotal Studies2.6.7.8 Genotoxicity: In Vitro2.6.7.9 Genotoxicity: In Vivo2.6.7.10 Carcinogenicity2.6.7.11 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity: Non-Pivotal Studies2.6.7.12 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity – Fertility and Early Embryonic Development to Implantation (Pivotal)2.6.7.13 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity –Effects on Embryo-Fetal Development (Pivotal)2.6.7.14 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity –Effects on Pre- and Postnatal Development, Including Maternal Function (Pivotal)2.6.7.15 Studies in Juvenile Animalsa2.6.7.16 Local Tolerance2.6.7.17 Other Toxicity Studies2.7 Clinical Summary2.7.1 Summary of Biopharmaceutic Studies and Associated Analytical Methods 2.7.1.1 Background and Overview2.7.1.2 Summary of Results of Individual Studies2.7.1.3 Comparison and Analyses of Results Across Studies2.7.1.4 Appendix2.7.2 Summary of Clinical Pharmacology Studies2.7.2.1 Background and Overview2.7.2.2 Summary of Results of Individual Studies2.7.2.3 Comparison and Analyses of Results Across Studies2.7.2.4 Special Studies2.7.2.5 Appendix2.7.3 Summary of Clinical Efficacy2.7.3.1 Background and Overview of Clinical Efficacy2.7.3.2 Summary of Results of Individual Studies2.7.3.3 Comparison and Analyses of Results Across Studies2.7.3.3.1 Study Populations2.7.3.3.2 Comparison of Efficacy Results of all Studies2.7.3.3.3 Comparison of Results in Sub-populations2.7.3.4 Analysis of Clinical Information Relevant to Dosing Recommendations2.7.3.5 Persistence of Efficacy and/or Tolerance Effects2.7.3.6 Appendix2.7.4 Summary of Clinical Safety2.7.4.1 Exposure to the Drug2.7.4.1.1 Overall Safety Evaluation Plan and Narratives of Safety Studies2.7.4.1.2 Overall Extent of Exposure2.7.4.1.3 Demographic and Other Characteristics of Study Population2.7.4.2 Adverse Events2.7.4.2.1 Analysis of Adverse Events2.7.4.2.2 Narratives2.7.4.3 Clinical Laboratory Evaluations2.7.4.4 Vital Signs, Physical Findings, and Other Observations Related to Safety2.7.4.5 Safety in Special Groups and Situations2.7.4.5.1 Intrinsic Factors2.7.4.5.2 Extrinsic Factors2.7.4.5.3 Drug Interactions2.7.4.5.4 Use in Pregnancy and Lactation2.7.4.5.5 Overdose2.7.4.5.6 Drug Abuse2.7.4.5.7 Withdrawal and Rebound2.7.4.5.8 Effects on Ability to Drive or Operate Machinery or Impairment of Mental Ability2.7.4.6 Post-marketing Data2.7.4.7 Appendix2.7.5 Literature References2.7.6 Synopses of Individual StudiesModule 3: Quality3.1 Table of Contents of Module 33.2 Body of Data(数据汇总)3.2.S DRUG SUBSTANCE (NAME, MANUFACTURER) 原料药3.2.S.1 General Information (name, manufacturer) 基本信息3.2.S.1.1 Nomenclature (name, manufacturer) 药品名称3.2.S.1.2 Structure (name, manufacturer) 结构3.2.S.1.3 General Properties (name, manufacturer) 基本性质3.2.S.2 Manufacture (name, manufacturer) 生产3.2.S.2.1 Manufacturer(s) (name, manufacturer) 生产商3.2.S.2.2 Description of Manufacturing Process and Process Controls (name, manufacturer) 生产工艺和工艺控制3.2.S.2.3 Control of Materials (name, manufacturer) 物料控制3.2.S.2.4 Controls of Critical Steps and Intermediates (name, manufacturer) 关键步骤和中间体的控制3.2.S.2.5 Process Validation and/or Evaluation (name, manufacturer) 工艺验证和/或评价3.2.S.2.6 Manufacturing Process Development (name, manufacturer) 生产工艺的开发3.2.S.3 Characterisation (name, manufacturer) 特性鉴定3.2.S.3.1 Elucidation of Structure and other Characteristics (name, manufacturer) 结构和理化性质3.2.S.3.2 Impurities (name, manufacturer) 杂质3.2.S.4 Control of Drug Substance (name, manufacturer) 原料药的质量控制3.2.S.4.1 Specification (name, manufacturer) 质量标准3.2.S.4.2 Analytical Procedures (name, manufacturer) 分析方法3.2.S.4.3 Validation of Analytical Procedures (name, manufacturer) 分析方法的验证3.2.S.4.4 Batch Analyses (name, manufacturer) 批分析3.2.S.4.5 Justification of Specification (name, manufacturer) 质量标准制定依据3.2.S.5 Reference Standards or Materials (name, manufacturer)对照品/标准品3.2.S.6 Container Closure System (name, manufacturer) 包装系统3.2.S.7 Stability (name, manufacturer) 稳定性3.2.S.7.1 Stability Summary and Conclusions (name, manufacturer) 稳定性总结和结论3.2.S.7.2 Post-approval Stability Protocol and Stability Commitment (name, manufacturer) 批准后稳定性研究方案和承诺3.2.S.7.3 Stability Data (name, manufacturer)稳定性数据3.2.P DRUG PRODUCT (NAME, DOSAGE FORM) 制剂3.2.P.1 Description and Composition of the Drug Product (name, dosage form)剂型及产品组成3.2.P.2 Pharmaceutical Development (name, dosage form) 产品开发3.2.P.2.1 Components of the Drug Product (name, dosage form) 处方组成3.2.P.2.1.1 Drug Substance (name, dosage form) 原料药3.2.P.2.1.2 Excipients (name, dosage form)辅料3.2.P.2.2 Drug Product (name, dosage form)制剂3.2.P.2.2.1 Formulation Development (name, dosage form)处方开发过程3.2.P.2.2.2 Overages (name, dosage form)过量投料3.2.P.2.2.3 Physicochemical and Biological Properties (name, dosage form)制剂相关特性3.2.P.2.3 Manufacturing Process Development (name, dosage form)生产工艺的开发3.2.P.2.4 Container Closure System (name, dosage form)包装系统3.2.P.2.5 Microbiological Attributes (name, dosage form)微生物属性3.2.P.2.6 Compatibility (name, dosage form)相容性3.2.P.3 Manufacture (name, dosage form)生产3.2.P.3.1 Manufacturer(s) (name, dosage form)生产商3.2.P.3.2 Batch Formula (name, dosage form)批处方3.2.P.3.3 Description of Manufacturing Process and Process Controls (name, dosage form)生产工艺和工艺控制3.2.P.3.4 Controls of Critical Steps and Intermediates (name, dosage form)关键步骤和中间体的控制3.2.P.3.5 Process Validation and/or Evaluation (name, dosage form)工艺验证和/或评价3.2.P.4 Control of Excipients (name, dosage form) 辅料的控制3.2.P.4.1 Specifications (name, dosage form)质量标准3.2.P.4.2 Analytical Procedures (name, dosage form)分析方法3.2.P.4.3 Validation of Analytical Procedures (name, dosage form)分析方法的验证3.2.P.4.4 Justification of Specifications (name, dosage form)质量标准制定依据3.2.P.4.5 Excipients of Human or Animal Origin (name, dosage form)人源或动物源辅料3.2.P.4.6 Novel Excipients (name, dosage form)新型辅料3.2.P.5 Control of Drug Product (name, dosage form)制剂的质量控制3.2.P.5.1 Specification(s) (name, dosage form)质量标准3.2.P.5.2 Analytical Procedures (name, dosage form)分析方法3.2.P.5.3 Validation of Analytical Procedures (name, dosage form)分析方法的验证3.2.P.5.4 Batch Analyses (name, dosage form)批分析3.2.P.5.5 Characterisation of Impurities (name, dosage form)杂质分析3.2.P.5.6 Justification of Specification(s) (name, dosage form)质量标准制定依据3.2.P.6 Reference Standards or Materials (name, dosage form)对照品/标准品3.2.P.7 Container Closure System (name, dosage form)包装系统3.2.P.8 Stability (name, dosage form) 稳定性3.2.P.8.1 Stability Summary and Conclusion (name, dosage form)稳定性总结和结论3.2.P.8.2 Post-approval Stability Protocol and Stability Commitment (name, dosage form)批准后稳定性研究方案和承诺3.2.P.8.3 Stability Data (name, dosage form)稳定性数据3.2.A APPENDICES附录3.2.A.1 Facilities and Equipment (name, manufacturer)设施和设备3.2.A.2 Adventitious Agents Safety Evaluation (name, dosage form, manufacturer)外源因子的安全性评价3.2.A.3 Excipients辅料3.2.R REGIONAL INFORMATION区域性信息3.3 Literature References参考文献Module 4: Nonclinical Study Reports4.1 Table of Contents of Module 44.2 Study Reports(见正文)4.2.1 Pharmacology4.2.1.1 Primary Pharmacodynamics4.2.1.2 Secondary Pharmacodynamics4.2.1.3 Safety Pharmacology4.2.1.4 Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions4.2.2 Pharmacokinetics4.2.2.1 Analytical Methods and Validation Reports (if separate reports are available) 4.2.2.2 Absorption4.2.2.3 Distribution4.2.2.4 Metabolism4 2.2.5 Excretion4.2.2.6 Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions (nonclinical)4.2.2.7 Other Pharmacokinetic Studies4.2.3 Toxicology4.2.3.1 Single-Dose Toxicity (in order by species, by route)4.2.3.2 Repeat-Dose Toxicity (in order by species, by route, by duration; including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)4.2.3.3 Genotoxicity4.2.3.3.1 In vitro4.2.3.3.2 In vivo (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)4.2.3.4 Carcinogenicity (including supportive toxicokinetics evaluations)4.2.3.4.1 Long-term studies (in order by species; including range-finding studies that cannot appropriately be included under repeat-dose toxicity or pharmacokinetics)4.2.3.4.2 Short- or medium-term studies (including range-finding studies that cannot appropriately be included under repeat-dose toxicity or pharmacokinetics)4.2.3.4.3 Other studies4.2.3.5 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity (including range-finding studies and supportive toxicokinetics evaluations) (If modified study designs are used, the following sub-headings should be modified accordingly.)4.2.3.5.1 Fertility and early embryonic development4.2.3.5.2 Embryo-fetal development4.2.3.5.3 Prenatal and postnatal development, including maternal function4.2.3.5.4 Studies in which the offspring (juvenile animals) are dosed and/or further evaluated.4.2.3.6 Local Tolerance4.2.3.7 Other Toxicity Studies (if available)4.2.3.7.1 Antigenicity4.2.3.7.2 Immunotoxicity4.2.3.7.3 Mechanistic studies (if not included elsewhere)4.2.3.7.4 Dependence4.2.3.7.5 Metabolites4.2.3.7.6 Impurities4.2.3.7.7 Other4.3 Literature ReferencesModule 5: Clinical Study Reports5.1 Table of Contents of Module 55.2 Tabular Listing of All Clinical Studies5.3 Clinical Study Reports5.3.1 Reports of Biopharmaceutic Studies5.3.1.1 Bioavailability (BA) Study Reports5.3.1.2 Comparative BA and Bioequivalence (BE) Study Reports5.3.1.3 In Vitro – In Vivo Correlation Study Reports5.3.1.4 Reports of Bioanalytical and Analytical Methods for Human Studies5.3.2 Reports of Studies Pertinent to Pharmacokinetics Using Human Biomaterials5.3.2.1 Plasma Protein Binding Study Reports5.3.2.2 Reports of Hepatic Metabolism and Drug Interaction Studies5.3.2.3 Reports of Studies Using Other Human Biomaterials5.3.3 Reports of Human Pharmacokinetic (PK) Studies5.3.3.1 Healthy Subject PK and Initial Tolerability Study Reports5.3.3.2 Patient PK and Initial Tolerability Study Reports5.3.3.3 Intrinsic Factor PK Study Reports5.3.3.4 Extrinsic Factor PK Study Reports5.3.3.5 Population PK Study Reports5.3.4 Reports of Human Pharmacodynamic (PD) Studies5.3.4.1 Healthy Subject PD and PK/PD Study Reports5.3.4.2 Patient PD and PK/PD Study Reports5.3.5 Reports of Efficacy and Safety Studies5.3.5.1 Study Reports of Controlled Clinical Studies Pertinent to the Claimed Indication5.3.5.2 Study Reports of Uncontrolled Clinical Studies5.3.5.3 Reports of Analyses of Data from More than One Study5.3.5.4 Other Study Reports5.3.6 Reports of Post-Marketing Experience5.3.7 Case Report Forms and Individual Patient Listings5.4 Literature ReferencesANNEX : Granularity Document参考ICH guidelines：M4E R1M4Q R1M4S R2。

IL-1对椎间盘退变影响

。

人和小鼠IL-1基因定位于2号染色体(2q13-21)，均含7个外显子。 [Dongli Wang 2010Y]、 [Axel Weber 2010Y]
John E. Sims, Martin J.H. Nicklin, J. A new nomenclature for IL-1-family genes. TRENDS in Immunology Vol.22 No.10 October 2001
基质会属蛋白酶(MMPs)及抑制剂（TIMPs）

基质会属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases，MMPs)为Zn2+、 Ca2+金属离子依赖的蛋白水解酶类，是自然界高度保守的一类酶，可降解除蛋白多糖以外细胞外基质的所有成分，并激活其他MMPs产生连锁放大效应，是调节细胞外基质动态平衡最为重要的酶。MMPs以酶原的形式分泌，水解掉N端的半胱氨酸后被激活，使催化性Zn2+结合位点暴露。基质金属蛋白酶组织抑制剂(tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase，TIMPs)是MMPs活性调节的重要途径，是MMPs的特异性抑制剂。已知TIMPs家族有四个成员，其中研究较多的是TIMP-l和TlMP-2。
Theresa T. Pizarro and Fabio Cominelli.Cloning IL-1 and the Birth of a New Era in ytokine Biology. J Immunol.2007;178;5411-5412
抑制IL-1β步骤

在IL-1Ra完全抑制IL-1β的过程分两个互补的步骤。 IL-1Ra捕获IL-1β与IL-1RⅡ结合而抑制IL-1β的； IL-1Ra隔离IL-1RacP而抑制IL-1β形成IL-1β-IL-1RⅡ-IL1RAcP，属于竞争性抑制[10-14]。

《航空专业英语》电子教案 Unit 1

• Wings are the major characteristic of an airplane. Wings can be mounted above the cabin（high wing）, below the cabin（low wing）, or anywhere between（mid wing）. Each manufacturer has its own preference. Most modern airplanes are onoplanes; that is, they have one wing each.
• The tail assembly or empennage consists of two sets of surfaces, usually one horizontal and one vertical.（There are some airplanes that use a V configuration, but these are not discussed here to reduce confusion.）The vertical element has a fixed part called the vertical stabilizer and a movable part called the rudder. The rudder is controlled by the pedals on the cockpit floor.
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2 The Parts of an Airplane
• The fuselage is the body of the airplane. It holds the pilot, passengers, and cargo. The fuselage is designed to be as small as possible for performance reasons yet spacious enough for comfort.

无机化学英语命名法

Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds无机化合物的命名（Prefix词头,前缀Suffix词尾,后缀Stem词根）1.Trivial Names俗名H2O water不说 dihydrogen oxideNH3 ammonia不说 nitrogen trihydrideCaO quicklimeCaCO3 limestone2.Systematic Nomenclature系统命名1)Oxide氧化物——先命名非氧元素ZnO zinc oxideCaO calcium oxideCO carbon oxideNa2O2 sodium peroxideH2O2hydrogen peroxide 注：peroxide过氧化物2)Hydroxide氢氧化物（base碱）Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxideKOH potassium hydroxide3)Acid酸Hydro acid氢酸General formula通式:HnX 命名：hydro- + stem of X + -ic acid H2S hydrosulfuric acid(英) hydrosulphuric(美) 氢硫酸S:sulfur(英)、sulphur(美) HBr 氢溴酸hydrobromic acid Br: bromine HCl 氢氯酸(盐酸)hydrochloric acid Cl: chlorine HF 氢氟酸hydrofluoric acid F: fluorineOxoacid or Oxyacid含氧酸General formula通式:HnXOm 命名：Stem of X + -ic acid 注：oxo- (oxy-) 含氧, 氧代H2SO4 sulfuric acid(英) sulphuric acid(美)H2CO3 carbonic acidH3PO4 phosphoric acid P: phosphorus H3BO3 boric acid B: boronHNO3 nitric acid N: nitrogen If X has two oxidation states：-ic：the higher oxidation state-ous：the lower oxidation stateH2SO4 sulfuric acidH2SO3 sulfurous acidHNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidIf X (such as halogens) has more than two oxidation states：halogen卤素per- (过，高) + -ic：the still higher oxidation statehypo- (次,在…下) + -ous：the still lower oxidation stateHClO3 chloric acidHClO2 chlorous acidHClO4 perchloric acidHClO hypochlorous acidHIO hypoiodous acid4)Salt盐General formula通式:MnXm 命名：Name of M stem of X + -ide（-ide…化物）Oxide、chloride、nitride、hydrideKI potassium iodideAl2S3 aluminum sulfideLiH lithium hydrideOxysalt含氧酸盐 Name the metal ion first and then the anionNaming anions:-ate anions derived from the -ic acid(the higher oxidation state of X)-ite anions derived from the -ous acid (the lower oxidation state of X)HNO3 nitric acidNaNO3 sodium nitrateHNO2 nitrous acidNaNO2 sodium nitriteSO42- sulfateSO32- sulfiteAgClO4 silver perchlorateNaIO3 sodium iodateKClO2 potassium chloriteKBrO potassium hypobromiteMnO42- manganateMnO4- permanganateAcid salt 酸式盐 Using “hydrogen” to specify “H”NaHSO4 sodium hydrogen sulfateNaH2PO4 sodium dihydrogen phosphateNa2HPO4 disodium hydrogen phosphate P: phosphorus phosphate磷酸盐(根) Using prefix bi- + name of anion if only one acid salt existsNaHSO4 sodium bisulfateNaHSO3 sodium bisulfiteKHCO3 potassium bicarbonate5)Metals（M）with more than one oxidation stateTwo methods:①后缀法: 早期使用stem of M + -ic the higher oxidation state of Mstem of M + -ous the lower oxidation state of MHgI2 mercuric iodideHg2I2 mercurous iodide Hg:mercury Cr2+ chromousCr3+ chromic Cr: chromium注：In most cases, Latin stem is used if the metal has symbol derived from its Latin name.(mercury is an exception)Cu:cupr um (拉丁),copper (英)Cu+ cuprousCu2+ cupricCuI cuprous iodideCuS cupric sulfideSn:stann um (拉丁), tin (英)SnCl2 stannous chlorideSnO2 stannic oxideFe:ferr um (拉丁), iron (英)Fe(OH)2 ferrous hydroxideFeBr3 ferric bromide②IUPAC Rule 1957年开始使用English name of metal(Roman numeral)CuBr copper(I) bromideCuF2 copper(II) fluorideSnO tin(II) oxideSnS2 tin(IV) sulfideFe(NO3)2 iron(II) nitrateFe2(SO4)3 iron(III) sulfateUse Greek prefixes希腊文前缀Mon（o）一 di二 tri三 tetr（a）四 pent（a）五 hex（a）六 hepta七 octa八nona九1．to specify the number of each atom in the chemical formula.NO2 nitrogen dioxidePCl5 phosphorus pentachlorideCO2 carbon dioxide2．to specify the number of identical central atoms in condensed acids and their corresponding anions.condensed acid缩酸H3PO4 (mono)phosphoric acidH4P2O7 diphosphoric acidH2SO4 sulfuric acidH2S3O10 trisulfuric acidCrO42- 铬酸盐(根) chromateCr2O72- 重铬酸盐(根)dichromate3. to indicate extent of substitutionPO43- phosphatePS2O23- dithiophosphate thio-硫代…,硫的,含硫的注：The prefixes ortho- and meta- have been used to distinguish acids differingin the “content of water.”ortho- [希腊词头] 正、原（无机酸用）邻（位）（有机化合物命名）meta- [希腊词头] 偏（无机酸用）间（位）（有机化合物命名）ortho-acid 原酸；meta-acid 偏酸H3BO3 orthoboric acid(or boric acid)（原）硼酸(HBO3)n metaboric acid偏硼酸H4SiO4 orthosilicic acid(or silicic acid)原硅酸H2SiO3 metasilicic acid 硅酸（习惯上不叫偏硅酸）H3PO4 orthophosphoric acid (or phosphoric acid)（正）磷酸(HPO3)n metaphosphoric acid 偏磷酸。

表3-1脂质的分类主类

第3章脂质脂质（lipids）是一类含有醇酸酯化结构，溶于有机溶剂而不溶于水的天然有机化合物。

分布于天然动植物体内的脂类物质主要为三酰基甘油酯（占99%左右），俗称为油脂或脂肪。

一般室温下呈液态的称为油（oil），呈固态的称为脂（fat），油和脂在化学上没有本质区别。

在植物组织中脂类主要存在于种子或果仁中，在根、茎、叶中含量较少。

动物体中主要存在于皮下组织、腹腔、肝和肌肉内的结缔组织中。

许多微生物细胞中也能积累脂肪。

目前，人类食用和工业用的脂类主要来源于植物和动物。

人类可食用的脂类，是食品中重要的组成成分和人类的营养成分，是一类高热量化合物，每克油脂能产生39.58kJ的热量，该值远大于蛋白质与淀粉所产生的热量；油脂还能提供给人体必需的脂肪酸（亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生四烯酸）；是脂溶性维生素（A、D、K和 E）的载体；并能溶解风味物质，赋予食品良好的风味和口感。

但是过多摄入油脂对人体产生的不利影响，也是近几十年来争论的焦点。

食用油脂所具有的物理和化学性质，对食品的品质有十分重要的影响。

油脂在食品加工时，如用作热媒介质（煎炸食品、干燥食品等）不光可以脱水，还可产生特有的香气；如用作赋型剂可用于蛋糕、巧克力或其它食品的造型。

但含油食品在贮存过程中极易氧化，为食品的贮藏带来诸多不利因素。

3.1 组成与分类3.1.1 分类脂质按其结构和组成可分为简单脂质（simple lipids）、复合脂质（complex lipids）和衍生脂质（derivative lipids）（见表3-1）。

天然脂类物质中最丰富的一类是酰基甘油类，广泛分布于动植物的脂质组织中。

表3-1 脂质的分类主类亚类组成简单脂质复合脂质衍生脂质酰基甘油蜡磷酸酰基甘油鞘磷脂类脑苷脂类神经节苷脂类甘油 + 脂肪酸长链脂肪醇 + 长链脂肪酸甘油 + 脂肪酸 + 磷酸盐 + 含氮基团鞘氨醇 + 脂肪酸 + 磷酸盐 + 胆碱鞘氨醇 + 脂肪酸 + 糖鞘氨醇 + 脂肪酸 + 碳水化合物类胡萝卜，类固醇，脂溶性维生素等3.1.2 脂类的主要组成成分3.1.2.1甘油甘油（图3-1）的学名叫丙三醇，是最简单的一种三元醇，它是多种脂类的固定构成成分。

配位化学课件Coordination Compound1

Part Three Stereochemistry of Complexes
Part four Preparations and Reactions of Coordination
Compounds
Part Five Complex Ion Stability
Part Six Kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions of
Coordination Chemistry
Coordination Compound (Metal Complexes)
Part One Introduction and Historical Development
Part Two The Theory of Coordination Compounds
► (C) Vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins.
► (B) Hemoglobin[′hi:mə′gləʊbin], which carries oxygen to
animal cells, is an iron complex.
Hemoglobin in the blood carries oxygen from the respiratory organs (lungs or gills) to the rest of the body (i.e. the tissues) where it releases the oxygen to burn nutrients to provide energy to power the functions of the organism, and collects the resultant carbon dioxide to bring it back to the respiratory organs to be dispensed/removed from the organism. dispensable---indispensable (necessary); resultant---reactant

有机化合物命名-1

ethenyl 乙烯基） 1-propenyl (丙烯基)

trivial names: vinyl, allyl (烯丙基)
直链烃基取代基的命名

炔基alkynyl
alkyne

Rule: omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to
the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e” ，
烃基取代基的命名

neo- —neos(新),
C C neo-( 新 ) C C C neopentane C C C neopentyl C C

sec- —secondary( 仲）
sec-( 仲) C-C-C-C
sec-butyl
烃基取代基的命名

sec-（仲）, tert- （叔）只用于丁基：sec-butyl, tertbutyl
Number
九十十一十二
Prefix
nonadecaundecadodeca-
monoditritetratrideca tetradeca pentadeca hexadeca
链烷烃命名(The names of linear alkanes)
Names of continuous-chain alkanes(C1-C20)

烃基取代基的命methylpentane
2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane 5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane
4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane（壬烷） 3-methyl-4-sec-butylnonane
5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane（癸烷） 4-propyl-5-isopropyldecane

各国轮胎出口相关认证

各国轮胎出口相关认证根据伊拉克法令第54号第３章第8条（Law No.54 of 1979 Article 3/Clause 8），伊拉克中央标准质量控制组织（简称COSQC）将于2011年5月1日实施进口前检验、测试及出证方案，旨在限制不符合标准，假冒、伪劣产品进口到伊拉克，及保护其国内消费者、生产商、环境和公共安全免受劣质产品的危害。

伊拉克CoC属于强制认证，由出口商申请，用来给进口商在目的港清关用。

凡是伊拉克管制目录内的所有产品都必须办理，属于一次性的清关文件。

1.伊拉克CoC证书和伊拉克VoC证书是指同一种证书，都是指产品符合性证书，用来给进口商目的港清关。

CoC英文全称：Certificate of ConformityVoC英文全称：Verification of Conformity2.伊拉克COC证书上同时有英语和阿拉伯语双语，该证书用来提供给进口商用于目的港清关。

3.CoC/VoC需要在发货前申请，一旦货物离港是补办不了的，货物到达之后，伊拉克需要在目的港核查。

4.伊拉克在目的港需要重新核查检验，包括以下内容：1）检查CoC证书真伪2）检查到港货物和提交的相关文件是否一致3）检查货物状况4）对被伊拉克海关要求开柜的货物实施包装检查等办理伊拉克CoC需要准备的资料如下：1.装箱单2.形式发票3.产品的测试报告：已经有测试报告的不用重复测试，个别产品需要现场抽样测试的除外4.填好CoC申请表: 空白申请表由办理机构提供5.信用证支付的还需要提供L/C 复印件以上资料审核通过将安排验货，验货通过将签发CoC证书。

注：伊拉克的CoC和叙利亚CoC办理流程一样，不同的是伊拉克需要在目的港核查，而叙利亚需要进口商在进口国申请VOR核价。

叙利亚位于亚洲大陆西部，地中海东岸。

北与土耳其接壤，东同伊拉克交界，南与约旦毗连，西南与黎巴嫩和巴勒斯坦为邻，西与塞浦路斯隔地中海相望。

阿拉伯叙利亚共和国标准计量组织SASMO为保证公民卫生安全和环境卫生，杜绝废物倾销和打击非法或危险货物，根据政府第No. 954/1 和 No. 4113/1 号法案，现已实施产品符合性认证计划CoC 和原产地及价格证明VOR。

命名用英语怎么说

命名用英语怎么说命名指给予名称;定名。

如：卫星命名为“亚洲一号”那么你知道命名用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。

命名的英语说法1：name命名的英语说法2：designate命名的相关短语：命名表达式designational expression;命名词naming word;命名大会naming ceremony;命名动作named part;命名法nomenclature; terminology;命名起点starting point;命名的英语例句：1. The party leader said the street should be renamed Freedom Avenue.政党领导人说这条街道应该重新命名为自由大道。

2. I live in Exmoor, which is designated as a national park.我住在埃克斯穆尔，那里已被命名为国家公园。

3. The name Vulcan was given to the undiscovered planet.一颗不为人知的行星被命名为“祝融”。

4. Pirandello titled his play "Six Characters in Search of an Author"皮兰德娄把他的戏剧命名为《六个寻找作者的剧中人》。

5. The car was rebadged as a Vauxhall and sold in Britain.这种汽车被重新命名为沃克斯豪尔在英国出售。

6. Phillimore Island is named after Sir Robert Phillimore.菲利莫尔岛以罗伯特;菲利莫尔爵士的名字命名。

7. He gave his name to a well - known brand of frozen food.他以自己的名字命名的冷冻食品成了名牌.8. The father called the baby John after his grandfather.父亲以祖父的名字约翰来给这个婴儿命名.9. The new ship was christened before it was launched.新船下水前命名了.10. They baptized him Joseph.他们把他命名为约瑟夫.11. England was named after the Angles.英格兰以盎格鲁族之名命名.12. The machine is named after its inventor.这台机器是以其发明者的名字命名的.13. Tony was christened Antony.托尼领洗时命名安东尼.14. The college is named for George Washington. 学院以乔治;华盛顿的名字命名.15. They christened their second child Maria.他们把第二个孩子命名为玛丽亚.。