高考英语作文指导之-演讲稿-

高考英语作文指导之-演讲稿-
高考英语作文指导之”演讲稿”
发言稿（演讲稿）的语言形式一般比较简单，较少地使用复杂的句式结构。

但是，发言稿（演讲稿）往往都需要有一定的感染力，所以祈使句、感叹句、强调句等特殊句式被看成是一种常见表达手段。

作为一种特别的文体形式，发言稿（演讲稿）中有一些被大家广泛接受的套用语，这里列举一些供大家选用：Warmly welcome to our school（热忱欢迎来到我们学校）；we feel greatly hornored to see （meet, be with）you（我们非常荣幸地与你们相会）；first of all, allowme, on behalf on our school, extend my warm welcome and
cordial greeting to youdistinguished guests（首先，请允许我代表我们学校向各位贵宾表示热烈的欢迎和诚挚的问候）；please take our kind respects to …（请代我们向…问好）；wish you a fantastic stay in China（希望你们在中国玩的开心）等等。

发言稿（演讲稿）的一般结构
众所周知，发言稿（演讲稿）属于单向式交流文体，所以为了引起对方的注意力，首尾必须使用称谓语和结束语。

另外，发言稿（演讲稿）主体部分是针对具体事件而进行的，所以在主体部分应该阐明事情的缘由和结果。

另外，为了使发言稿（演讲稿）的结构清晰明了，通常需要采取分段方式进行写作，而且每一段的开头都要用提示语概述出本段的中心要点，例如：There is an increasing concern about the security at school these days（目前，人们越来越担心校园安全）；What will we students be able to do? 等等。

发言稿（演讲稿）的范文展示
作文题目：
假如你们老师提议举行一个”周五读报活动”（Friday News Hour），但是班上的部分同学不同意这个做法。

明天下午你们将举行一次英语班会讨论这个提议，届时你会在班会上发言。

请为这次专题讨论班会写一篇英文发言稿，谈谈你对这个活动的看法并陈述你的理由、提出你的建议。

100字左右。

Sample:
Dear fellow students:
Our teacher suggests that we have “Friday News Hour”. I highly approve of
this proposal.
Since we all have a tight schedule learning at school, we have little access to
the outside world and get almost ignorant of / take no notice of what is happening both at home and abroad. Therefore, we are supposed to read newspapers reguarly so that we can acquire the necessary and timely
knowledge about our country, as well as the whole world. So in my humble
opinion,”FridayNew Hour” can broaden our horizon and enrich our school life. What’s more, if the materials are provided in English, it will help us improve
our English.
Still, I propose that it should open to us twice a week, and we should make
reasonable choice about what to read every time before it is held.
Dear friends, I am sure this activity will do good to us. Just take actions!
Thank you very much!
Practice
书面表达。

（满分25分）
请以”未来的生活”为话题，写一篇演讲稿，内容涵盖以下方面：
1. 我对未来的生活很乐观
2. 未来的生存环境将更加舒适漂亮
3. 人类不会担心能源缺乏，将来我们会使用太阳能，风能，潮汐能等
4. 家家都有机器人，机器人可以帮我们打扫卫生，帮助我们做功课等
注意：1. 字数要求：100词左右 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

3. 参考词汇:乐观的optimistic 生存环境surroundings 潮汐能tidal energy
Sample:
Dear Fellows,
I feel greatly hornored to share my views with you, M y topic is “ Life in the future”.----引出演讲话题
I’m optimistic about life in the future. By that time the surroundings where we live will be more comfortable and beautiful. People will not worry about/ be concerned about lack of energy any longer because solar energy, wind energy and tidal energy will have been made full use of and sea water will be switched into energy as well, taking the place of oil. That is to say, we will have alternative energy.There will be robots in every family, which can help people sweep up the houses, cook meals, look after the babies and so on. Only by pressing a button can cars fly in all directions. This is what our life will be like in the future. Thanks!
In this chapter you will study the importance of being specific in the details you use to support an idea. When you write in vague, general terms, you leave the reader to interpret what you mean and often the reader will not have enough information to accurately do that. You must be clear in your meaning so that anyone who reads your work understands exactly what you want him to understand.
It is equally important that you provide enough information to support your ideas. Generally you need 3 to 5 examples per idea to be sure you’ve given sufficient support. The best way to develop support is to ask yourself questions about your ideas. You can evaluate the support at each stage of the writing process. Much of the work that you do in the rough lines editing is evaluating support and asking questions to be sure you have said enough to clearly communicate your ideas to your audience.
Once you have gathered together as many details as you think you need, you then organize them with a rough outline. This gives you another opportunity to check for sufficient support. Does each section of the outline seem developed? Is there more than one detail for each section? Have you used specific rather than general words as you’ve outlined? At this point you double-check the topic sentence to be sure it covers all your details. Always remember that the more details you put in the outline the more details will make it into your paragraph.
If you are at a loss for details, try turning to your senses. Asking questions about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, and sounds can provide you with plenty of details. When you are describing an event ask questions like who, what, when, where, how, and why. Read the lecture below for further information on developing support and details for your writing.
段落是文章的缩影。

写好了段落，就能比较成功地写出较好的文章。

经过中学英语基础阶段的学习之后，大学英语的写作重点就从选词造句转移到了联句成段和联段成篇上。

进行段落层次上的写作训练，是写好英语文章的关键一环。

下面介绍的是段落结构。

段落（paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。

本讲我们将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。

主题句与推展句
1．主题句
主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。

它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。

请看下例：
My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don’t argue with parents; they will think you don’t love them. Don’t argue w ith children; they will think themselves victimized. Don’t argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Don’t argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother’s rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Don’t argue.
主题句中提出的“certain rules” 指的是什么？展开句中通过四个“Don’t argue --” 逐一加以交代。

从结构来看，这是一个比较典型的段落，它包括了主题句，推展句和结论句（即本段中的末句）。

1．1 主题句的位置
主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。

其作用是使文章的结构更清晰，更具说服力，便于读者迅速地把握主题和想象全段的内容。

主题句可以放在段中起到承上启下的作用，或放在段尾起概括全段的作用。

但初学者比较难于掌握，因而在四级考试中，考生应尽量采用将主题句放在段落开头的写作手法。

例1: Our life today depends very much on energy. In towns and in villages, on farms and in factories, machines have made life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods -- everything. Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
这段文字所讲的主要是能源问题。

第一句就概括性地提出“我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖于能源”。

而随后出现的三句都是具体事例，对第一句进行说明和论述。

我们可以断定第一句为该段的主题句（斜体部分）。

例2: （主题句）No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements. （推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. （推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness.
以上这段由三句话组成。

第一句是主题句，直截了当指出无人不受广告影响这个主题，接着列举两个推展句对其补充和支持，指出我们已无法自由选择所需的商品，理由是广告商已仔细研究了我们的心理，并完全掌握了我们的弱点。

句子衔接自然，步步紧扣主题。

1．2 如何写好主题句中的关键词
段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的。

关键词要尽量写得具体些。

对“具体”的要求包括两个方面：一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展；二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法。

准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题、写好段落主题句的重要前提之一。

在上面的例1，例2中，主题句的关键词分别为：depends very much on energy; no one can avoid being influenced. 我们再看下列例句：
原句1: He can fix a bicycle himself.
斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。

但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容，并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开，是用因果关系法还是用分类法？
修正：He can fix a bicycle himself in several simple steps.
修正：There are several reasons why he can fix a bicycle himself.
原句2: She tries to improve her looks.
斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词。

她试着改变她面容的理由是什么？或者她采取什么方法来改善呢？我们无法从关键词中清楚得知。

修正：She tries many ways to improve her looks.
修正：There are some reasons why she tries to improve her looks。

1.3 如何写好主题句的中心思想
主题句由两部分组成，即主题(topic)和中心思想（controlling idea）。

中心思想的作用是导向(control)和制约(limit)。

我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想。

所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络，所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围，两者不可分割。

没有导向，内容就会离题或偏题；没有制约，内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围。

对于初学写作的人来说，“导向”的重要性容易理解，但如果由他们自己来构思一个主题句，就可能忽视“制约”这一面。

例如：
There are two ways in which one can own a book. The first is the property right you establish by paying for it, just as you have made it a part of yourself and the best way to make yourself a part of it is by writing in it.
本段的主题句如果没有in which 引出的定语从句，那么two ways 不仅不能起制约作用，而且也不能起导向作用，句子本身读起来也就使人觉得欠缺点什么。

Exercise is beneficial to your heart. A 22-year study was conducted by doctors in California. They found that people who work at physical jobs experience fewer heart attacks than other people. These active people work all the time at moderate speeds, their daily routine gives them an adequate amount of exercise and helps them stay in shape.
”Exercise is beneficial”这是毫无疑义的。

但主题句中如不加上”to your heart”来加以control 和limit，那就流于空泛。

因此，紧紧把握主题句中controlling idea的导向和制约作用，是短文写作成功关键之一。

2．推展句
2.1 主要推展句
主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。

例1：(主题句) There are several factors affecting climate. (推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received. (推展句2)Altitude, or the height above sea level, also determines climate. (推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land. (推展句4)In addition, climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.
主题句指出影响气候的几个因素。

然后用四个扩展句说明四种因素。

第一种是太阳光的接收量，第二种是海拔高度，第三句和第四句分别是海洋和大气环流因素。

2.2 次要推展句
次要推展句(minor supporting statement)是指对主要推展句作进一步的事实分析和举例说明。

它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。

例2：(主题句)I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me. (主要推展句1)Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living: mechanic, carpenter, writer. (主要推展句2)For me, teaching is a red-eye, sweaty-palm, sinking-stomach profession. (次要推展句1)Red-eye, because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing. (次要推展句2)Sweaty-palm, because I’m always nervous before
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1. Use a capital letter for the personal pronoun ‘I’:
What can I say?
2. Use a capital letter to begin a sentence or to begin speech:
The man arrived. He sat down.
Suddenly Mary asked, “Do you love me?”
3. Use capital letters for many abbreviations and acronyms:
G.M.T. or GMT (Greenwich Mean Time)
N.A.T.O. or NATO or Nato (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
4. Use a capital letter for days of the week, months of the year, holidays:
Monday, Tuesday
January, February
Christmas
Armistice Day
5. Use a capital letter for countries, languages & nationalities, religions:
China, France
Japanese, English
Christianity, Buddhism
6. Use a capital letter for people’s names and titles:
Anthony, Ram, William Shakespeare
Professor Jones, Dr Smith
Captain Kirk, King Henry VIII
7. Use a capital letter for trade-marks and names of companies and other organizations:
Pepsi Cola, Walkman
Microsoft Corporation, Toyota
the United Nations, the Red Cross
8. Use a capital letter for places and monuments:
London, Paris, the Latin Quarter
the Ei ffel Tower, St Paul’s Cathedral
Buckingham Palace, the White House
Oxford Street, Fifth Avenue
Jupiter, Mars, Syrius
Asia, the Middle East, the North Pole
9. Use a capital letter for names of vehicles like ships, trains and spacecraft:
the Titanic
the Orient Express, the Flying Scotsman
Challenger 2, the Enterprise
10. Use a capital letter for titles of books, poems, songs, plays, films etc:
War And Peace
If, Futility
Like a Virgin
The Taming of the Shrew
The Lion King, Gone With The Wind
11. Use capitals letters (sometimes!) for headings, titles of articles, books etc, and newspaper
headlines:
HOW TO WIN AT POKER Chapter 2: CLINTON’S EARL Y LIFE LIFE FOUND ON MARS!
MAN BITE
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