英语句子词性结构分析
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单词
词类又叫词性,英语单词根据其在句子中的功用,可以分成十个大类。
1 名词noun n. student 学生
2 代词pronoun pron. you 你
3 形容词adjective adj. happy 高兴的
4 副词adverb adv. quickly 迅速地
5 动词verb v. cut 砍、割
6 数词numeral num. three 三
7 冠词article art. a 一个
8 介词preposition prep. at 在...
9 连词conjunction conj. and 和
10 感叹词interjection interj. oh 哦
前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。
短语
短语:分句或者句子中有机地联系在一起的一组词,短语中含有一个中心词,并且以它为核心,在它的前后可以再添加一些修饰或者辅助它的词,短语,甚至分句
名词短语:the center of Australia,their seat.
动词短语:didn’t know,can do
形容词短语:very good.
副词短语:even today.right away
介词短语:after graduation,at school.由介词加介词的宾语构成,中心词就是介词。
句子
按其作用或使用目的,句子可分为:
陈述句(包括肯定句和否定句):This is a truck. 这是一辆卡车。
疑问句(包括一般疑问句和特殊疑问句):Is this a truck? 这是卡车吗?
祈使句:(有表示要求和请求两种)Drive the truck away. 把卡车开走。
感叹句:
(有what 或者how 引导)What a big truck it is! 多么大的卡车! 句式结构分为五大类:1 主+系动词+表语+(表语补足语)
常用的连系动词:表语是表明主语身份或状态
①变成,变得:become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn
②保持某种状态:Continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay.
③看起来,好像:Appear, look, seem.
④感官动词:Feel, smell, sound, taste.
He is older than he looks.
他比看上去要老。
He seen interested in the book.
他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds interesting.
这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels hard.
书桌摸起来很硬。
The cake tastes nice.
饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and nicc.
花闻起来香甜。
You have grown taller than before.
你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen ill.
他突然病倒了。
He stood quite still.
他静静地站看。
He becomes a teacher when he grew up
.
他长大后当了教师。
He could never turn traitor to his country.
他永远不会背叛他的祖国。
1. This │is │an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
2. The dinner │smells │good. 午餐的气味很好。
4. Everything │looks │different. 一切看来都不同了。
5. He │is growing │tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮
6. The trouble│is │that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。
7. Our well │has gone │dry. 我们井干枯了。
8. His face │turned │red. 他的脸红了。
说明:有些动词同时也有其他意思,这时它就不是系动词了,就不是主系表结构,而是主谓结构的句子。
如look看, He looked me up and down.他上下打量我。
(主谓宾结构)
如come回来,He come back at six..他六点回来。
(主谓结构)
如taste品尝They are tasting the fish.他们在品尝鱼。
主谓宾结构)
2主语+谓语
此结构的句子有一个共同特点,即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
这类动词叫做不及物动词
1. The sun │was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
2. The moon │rose. 月亮升起了。
3. The universe │remains. 宇宙长存。
4. We all │breathe, eat, and drink. 我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。
5. Who │cares? 管它呢?
6. What he said │does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
7. They │talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。
8. The pen │writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。
She came。
她来了。
He runs quickly.
他跑得快。
They listened carefully.
他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and hunger.
他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world country.
中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given out.
煤气用完了。
My ink has run out.
我的钢笔水用完了。
3主语+谓语+宾语
在此句式中,V是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。
例如:
此句型句子的共同特点是:谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟有一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。
这类动词叫做及物动词。
宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语构成一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是‘代词宾格’,
1. Who │knows │the answer? 谁知道答案?
2. She │smiled │her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
5. They │ate │what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。
6. He │said │"Good morning." 他说:"早上好!"
7. I │want │to have a cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。
8. He │admits │that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。
She likes English.
她喜欢英语。
I saw a film yesterday.
我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the story?
你读过这个故事吗?
They found their home easily.
他们很容易找到他们的家。
They built a house last year.
他们去年建了一所房子。
They've put up a factory in the village
.
他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the children.
这些孩子他们照看得很好。
You should look after your children well.
你应该好好照看你的孩子。
4主语+谓语+双宾
在此句式中,V是带有双宾语的及物动词。
常见的须带双宾语的动词有give,ask,bring,offer,send,pay,lend,show,tell,buy,get;rob,warn等。
1、“七给”(give, pass, lend, write, show, send, hand)和“带”(bring)8个及物动词,在
直接宾语前置时,必须在后面加上“to”。
即“vt. + sth. + to + sb.”
如:He lent some money to me.类似动词的还有:get,mail,offer,owe(借),pay,promise,read,sell,take,teach等
2、“buy”(买);“draw”(画);“make”(制作)三个动词,在直接宾语前置时,则必须在后边
加“for”,构成“vt. + sth. + for + sb.”。
如:Mother bought a new dress for me。
类似的动词还有:build,choose, cook, cut, do, find, fix,leave,order(订购),reach等。
3、当直接宾语是代词时,间接宾语for和to于直接宾语之后
如:Richard made it for him。
理查德为他做的这个东西
Give it to me。
把它给我
4、有些动词后可单独用直接宾语、间接宾语或双宾语,如ask,teach,tell,owe, pay.
I asked John. 我问约翰
I asked a question. 我问了一个问题
I asked John a question.我问了约翰一个问题
5、suggest,explain,introduce,mention,deliver,announce等动词后必须跟介词to,
不能进行直接宾语与间接宾语的转换。
Could you explain your point of view to us?
=Could you explain to us your point of view?
例如:
He gave me a book/a book to me.
他给我一本书。
He brought me a pen/a pen to me.
他带给我一枝钢笔。
He offered me his seat/his seat to me.
他把座位让给我。
注意下边动词改写后介词的变化:
Mother bought me a book/a book for me.
妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for me.
他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for me.
请帮我一下。
He asked me a question/a question of me.
他问我个问题。
S│V(及物)│o(多指人)│O(多指物)
1. She │ordered │herself │a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。
2. She │cooked │her husband │a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。
3. He │brought │you │a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。
4. He │denies │her │nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
5. I │showed │him │my pictures. 我给他看我的照片
6. I │gave │my car │a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。
7. I │told │him │that the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。
8. He │showed │me │how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。
注意,下边动词只有一种说法:
They robbed the old man of his money.
他们抢了老人的钱。
He's warned me of the danger.
他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his disease.
医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of the erats.
我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to speak.
他们剥夺了他说话的权利。
5主语+谓语+宾语+补语(主补或宾补)
1,此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语
还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。
宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。
宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。
Verb(动词)+Object(宾语)+to do sth
His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。
2, Verb(动词)+Object(宾语)+doing sth
My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.
3, Verb(动词)+Object(宾语)+done
Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.
4, Verb(动词)+Object(宾语)+adj(形容词)
You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。
5,Verb(动词)+Object(宾语)+prep(介词短语)
My father kept me at home
6,Verb(动词)+Object(宾语)+n(名词)
We made him our monitor.
名词/代词宾格+ 名词
The war made him a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.
名词/代词宾格+ 形容词
New methods make the job easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.
名词/代词宾格+ 介词短语
I often find him at work./我经常发现他在工作.
名词/代词宾格+ 动词不定式
The teacher ask the students to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.
名词/代词宾格+ 分词
I saw a cat running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.
S│V(及物)│O(宾语)│C(宾补)
1. They │appointed │him │manager. 他们任命他当经理。
2. They │painted │the door │green. 他们把门漆成绿色
3. This │set │them │thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。
4. They │found │the house │deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。
5. What │makes │him │think so? 他怎么会这样想?
6. We │saw │him │out. 我们送他出去
7. He │asked │me │to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
8. I │saw │them │getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽
● 常见的动词有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。
● 注意:动词have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带to。
如:
1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板让他整天做那项工作。
2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我听见她在隔壁唱了一个晚上。
They made the girl angry.
他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that day.
他们发现那天她很高兴。
I found him out.
我发现他出去了。
I saw him in.
我见他在家。
They saw a foot mark in the sand.
他们发现沙地上有脚印。
They named the boy Charlie
.
他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go out.
我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving fast.
他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just now.
我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He found the doctor of study closed to him.
他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。
主补
I am sure to succeed.
特殊句子结构:1there be 结构
2祈使句
3 感叹句
4倒装句Under the tree was sitting a girl.
5外置句It is dangerous to swim in the river.
6省略句
7分裂句也叫强调句:It was George he gave this ticket to
但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语(modifier)而加以扩大。
这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),也可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。
我们称之为:定语、状语
主语,谓语,系动词,表语,宾语,补语是句子的主要成分。
少了它们句子将变得不完整或者歧义。
还有一些次要成分:定语状语同位语,介词宾语,独立成分这四种成分可以出现在任何一种句子结构当中,但是不可以单独存在必须依附其他的词或句子才能存在。
因此成为次要成分。
1定语要依附名词才能存在,作用是修饰限定这个名词。
如果没有,句子依然完整,但是某个词就少了一些修饰说明的内容。
2状语要依附动词,形容词,副词或句子才能存在,目的是修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子。
没有句子依然完整,但是少了一些时间地点程度等的内容。
3同位语要依附名词存在,作用是进一步说明这个名词。
4介词宾语要依附于介词存在,放在介词后面是介词的宾语。
介词存在的作用就是把介词宾语和前面的词或短语连起来。
和介词一起构成介词短语。
5独立成分是依附于整个句子而存在的。
作用是进一步说明这个句子。
以上这些成分可以是一个词,一个短语或者是一个句子。
如果是句子就称为从句
谓语无从句
句子成分
一.主语:是一句话的主体,整句话都谈它的情况。
也就是全句述说的对象。
主语在陈述
句中一般在句首。
注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家!
充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词主格3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)动名词
例句
The sun rises in the east. (名词)
He likes dancing. (代词)
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. (动名词)
To see is to believe. (不定式)
What he needs is a book. (主语从句)
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. (It 形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)
Students study. (学生学习。
)
We are friends.(我们是朋友)
If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.
不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。
The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.
成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。
The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。
)
They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。
)
To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实).
Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。
It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。
)
Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。
)
We study English.
三.宾语:表示动作的承受者。
宾语放在及物动词之后。
也就是谓语动词的宾语。
充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式
I play with him. (我和他玩。
)
I like.(我喜欢中国菜。
)(名词)
He hates you. (代词)
How many do you need? We need two. (数词)
I enjoy working with you. (动名词)
I hope to see you again. (不定式)
Did you write down what he said? (宾语从句)
He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so
much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。
)(不定式作宾语)
They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(
他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。
)(动名词作宾语)
I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。
)(从句作宾语)
直接宾语与间接宾语:
有的动词能够接双宾语,直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示行为的人。
如:He gave me a book.(他给了我一本书)
这句话中a book 为直接宾语,me 为间接宾语。
四.表语:用来说明主语的性质,特征或状态,身份和情况。
接在系动词之后。
构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)名词从句
如:
This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。
)
Time is money.
Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.
你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。
He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。
)
The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。
)
He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他
今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。
)
如They were teachers.(他们曾是老师。
)
He is kind.. (他心地善良。
)
He is a teacher. (名词)
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代词)
Five and five is ten. (数词)
He is asleep. (形容词)
His father is in. (副词)
The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. (不定式)The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)
It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet.
Tom looks thin.
The food smells delicious.
The food tastes good.
The door remains open.
Now I feel tired.
五.定语:是用来说明,修饰或限制名词,代词。
常用形容词或者短语或从句担任。
可分为前置定语和后置定语,形容词放在名词之前,构成前置定语;相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面,构成后置定语。
一、定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语
中常用‘……的’表示。
定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。
若修饰some,any,every,no 构成的复合不定代词时,(如:something、nothing);或不定式、分词短语作定语、从句作定语时,则定语通常置后。
副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。
形容词作定语:
The little boy needs a blue pen.(little修饰名词boy;blue修饰名词pen.)/小男孩需要一支兰色的钢笔。
Tom is a handsome boy./Tom是个英俊的男孩。
There is a good boy./有个乖男孩。
数词作定语相当于形容词:
Two boys need two pens./两个男孩需要两支钢笔。
The two boys are students./这两个男孩是学生。
There are two boys in the room./房间里有两个男孩。
代词或名词所有格作定语:
His boy needs Tom\'s pen./他的男孩需要Tom的钢笔。
His name is Tom./他的名字是汤姆。
There are two boys of Toms there./那儿有Tom家的两个男孩。
介词短语作定语:
The boy in the classroom needs a pen of yours./教室里的男孩需要你的一支钢笔。
The boy in blue is Tom./穿兰色衣服的孩子是汤姆。
There are two boys of 9,and three of 10./有两个9岁的,三个10岁的男孩。
名词作定语:
The boy needs a ball pen./男孩需要一支圆珠笔。
It is a ball pen./这是一支圆珠笔。
There is only one ball pen in the pencil box./这铅笔盒里只有一支圆珠笔。
副词作定语:
The boy there needs a pen./那儿的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The best boy here is Tom./这里最棒的男孩是Tom。
不定式作定语:
The boy to write this letter needs a pen./写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。
The boy to write this letter is Tom./将要写这封信的男孩是汤姆。
There is nothing to do today./今天无事要做。
分词(短语)作定语:
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother./那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。
The pen bought by her is made in China./她买的笔是中国产的。
There are five boys left./有五个留下的男孩。
定语从句:
The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday./那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
The boy you will know is Tom./你将认识的男孩叫汤姆。
There are five boys who will play the game./参加游戏的男孩有五个。
单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:
冠词/
物代
年龄/形状/
大小/温度
色彩
来源
质地/
材料
目的/
用途
被修饰的名词(中心词)
构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句
His work in the hospital is very hard.(他在这个医院的工作很辛苦。
)
This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)
He is a tall boy.(他是个高个子男孩。
)
Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。
)
France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。
)
His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。
)
This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。
)
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.(名词)
He is our friend. (代词)
We belong to the third world. (数词)
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词)
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词)
The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词)
I have an idea to do it well. (不定式)
You should do everything that I do. (定语从句)
六.状语:是用来修饰,说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。
常由副词或短语,句子担任。
修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。
二、状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明方式、因果、条件、
时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。
I am very sorry.
We often help him.
When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher .
有时状语在句中的某个位置会引起歧义,应注意,如:The boy calls the girl in the classroom.一般理解成‘男孩喊教室里的女孩‘(此时in the classroom为girl 的定语),也可以理解为‘男孩在教室里喊女孩’(此时in the classroom为地点状语),最好写作‘In the classroom,the boy calls the girl.\'
副词(短语)作状语:
The boy needs a pen very much./男孩非常需要一支钢笔。
(程度状语)
The boy needs very much the pen bought by his mother./男孩非常需要他母亲买的那支钢笔。
(宾语较长则状语前置)
The boy really needs a pen./男孩真的需要一支钢笔。
(程度状语)
The boy needs a pen now./Now,the boy needs a pen./The boy,now,needs a pen./男孩现在需要一支钢笔。
(时间状语)
介词短语作状语:In the classroom,the boy needs a pen./在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。
(地点状语)
Before his mother,Tom is always a boy./在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)
On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom./星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语)
分词(短语)作状语:
He sits there,asking for a pen./他坐在那儿要一支笔。
(表示伴随状态)
Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen./因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。
(原因状语)
Frightened,he sits there soundlessly./(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。
(原因状语)
不定式作状语:
The boy needs a pen to do his homework./男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。
(目的状语)To make his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business./为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.
名词作状语:
Come this way!/走这条路!(方向状语)
状语从句:
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。
)
I often write to him. (我常给他写信。
)
The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。
)
状语的分类
(1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,频度,方式,伴随,原因,结果、程度、条件,让步,目的,比较等)。
I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
如:The students study hard.(学生努力学习)
这句话由副词hard 作study的状语。
又如:Pandas only live in China. (熊猫仅生活在中国。
)
这句话由介词短语in China 作live的状语。
再如:In the afternoon, I went to swim. (下午,我去了游泳。
)
(3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。
Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.
这句话由介词短语in the afternoon 作整个句子的状语。
区别状语与定语的关键就是看其所修饰的部分,定语修饰名词,且起说明、限制作用。
七.同位语:对被修饰对象名词或代词进行补充说明或进一步解释。
同位语与被它限定的词常常紧挨在一起。
构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句
We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语,都是指同一批‘学生’)We all are students. / (all是we的同位语,都指同样的‘我们’)
Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.
限制性同位语与非限制性同位语:
限制性同位语中同位语与被它限定的词之间不用逗号隔开,非限制性同位语则用逗号隔开。
如:My uncle Mike is kind.(我的叔叔马克心地善良)
这句话中,Mike 作my uncle 的限制性同位语。
又如:He is interested in sports, especially ball games.(他对运动感兴趣,特别是球类运动。
)
这句话中ball games 作sports 的非限制性同位语。
与定语状语的关键区别。
宾补:对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor. (名词)
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. (名)
We will make them happy. (形容词) We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. 介词短语) Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)She wanted this meeting to be a successful one.(她希望这次会议开得成功。
)(带to不定式)
Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词) I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)
I made Tom monitor.
Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。
)
I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。
)
Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。
)
He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。
)
主语补语:对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor.
表语补语
I am sure to succeed.
构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句
独立成分:有时句子中会有一些与句子没有语法联系的成分,称为句子独立
成分(注意:区别于分词独立结构)。
感叹词:oh,hello,aha,ah,等。
肯定词yes
否定词no
称呼语:称呼人的用语。
用逗号隔开,它的位置灵活,可放在句首、句中或句尾。
:Sit down, Lucy.露西,坐下
注意呼语与同位语的区别:同位语指一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明,而呼语只是一个称呼。
如:My sister Lucy is very beautiful.(我的妹妹露西很漂亮。
)
Lucy 为My sister 的同位语
又如:Lucy, come on.(露西,过来。
)
Lucy为呼语
插入语:一些句中插入的I think , I believe,等。
如: The story,I think,has never come to the end./我相信,这个故事还远没结束.
情态词,表示说话人的语气(多作为修饰全句的状语):perhaps也许,maybe大概,acturely实际上,certainly当然,等。
2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.
五、分词独立结构:分词作状语时其逻辑主语与句子的主语一致! 否则应有自己的逻辑主语,构成分词独立结构。
例:
错句:Studying hard,your score will go up.
正确:(1) Studying hard,you can make your score go up.
或(2)If you study hard,your score will go up.
解析:错句中分词studying没有自带逻辑主语,则其逻辑主语就是句子的主语,既your score . 显然做study的应是人,不应是your score(分数). 正确句(1)更正了句子的主语,使其与分词逻辑主语一致( 同为you );正确句(2)则使用条件分句带出study的主语,(不过已经不是分词结构了). 分词独立结构常省略being,having been.不过‘There being...’的场合不能省略.
如:
Game (being) over,he went home.
He stands there,book (being) in hand. 独立结构还可用with、without引导,作状语或定语。
这种结构不但可以用分词,还可以用不定式、形容词、介词短语、副词或名词等。
如:
With nothing to do,he fell asleep soon./无事可做,他很快就睡着了。
The teacher came in,with glasses on his nose./老师进来了,戴着一付眼镜。
(注意,此句on his nose不可省略!)
按语法结构,句子可分为:
一、简单句:
I am busy. 我很忙。
二、并列句:I am busy washing, but he is playing Majiang with them.
我在忙着洗衣服,但他却在跟他们打麻将牌。
This is me and these are my friends.
They must stay in water, or they will die.
It’s not cheap, but it is very good.
It was late, so I went to bed.
三、复合句:Although I am busy washing, he is playing Majiang with them.
尽管我在忙着洗衣服,他却在与他们一块打麻将牌。
He said that he didn’t like her.。