文学史名词解释120个

⽂学史名词解释120个
⽂学史名词解释120个-英汉对照-按字母排列
1.Allegory (寓⾔)
A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.
寓⾔，讽喻：⼀种⽂学、戏剧或绘画的艺术⼿法，其中⼈物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或⽀配⼒。

2.Alliteration (头韵)
Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words.
头韵：在⼀组词的开头或重读⾳节中对相同辅⾳或不同元⾳的重复。

3.Allusion (典故)
A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.
典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够作出反映的特定⼈物，地点，事件，⽂学作品的引⽤。

4.Analogy (类⽐)
A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them.
类⽐：为了在两个事物之间找出差别⽽进⾏的⽐较。

5. Antagonist (反⾯主⾓)
The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine of a narrative or drama.
反⾯主⾓：叙事⽂学或戏剧中与男⼥主⼈公或英雄相对⽴的主要⼈物。

6. Antithesis (对仗)
The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words, or sentences.
对仗：两组相对的思想，⾔辞，词句的平衡。

7. Aphorism (警句)
A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.
警句：蕴含关于⼈⽣真理的明智的看法的精练的语句。

8. Aside (旁⽩)
A piece of dialogue intended for the audience and supposedly not heard by other actors on stage.
旁⽩：只说给观众⽽认为不会让台上其他演员听到的⼀段对话。

9.Apostrophe (呼语)
The direct address of an absent or imaginary person or of a personified abstraction, especially as a digression in the course of a speech or composition.
呼语：直接称呼不在场或虚构的⼈物或称呼拟⼈的事物，尤指作为演讲或作⽂过程中的离题话。

10.Assonance (类韵)
The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry.
类⾳，类韵：相同或相似元⾳的重复，尤其指在诗歌中的重复。

11.Atmosphere (氛围)
The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work.
12. Autobiography (⾃传)
A person…s account of his or her own life.
13. Ballad (民谣)
A narrative poem, often of folk origin and intended to be sung.
14. Ballad Stanza (民谣诗节)
A type of four-line stanza, the first and the third lines have four stressed words or syllables; the second and fourth lines have three stresses.
15. Biography (传记)
A detailed account of a person…s life written by another person.
传记：由他⼈篆写的关于某⼈⽣平的详细记录。

16.Blank Verse (⽆韵体诗)
Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.
17. Caesura (休⽌)
A break or pause in a line of poetry.
18. Canto (章)
One of the principal divisions of a long poem..
诗章：⼀⾸长诗的主要部分之⼀。

19. Caricature (夸张讽刺)
The use of exaggeration or distortion to make a figure appear comic or ridiculous.
夸张讽刺：为了使⽂中的⼈物显得可笑⽽使⽤的夸张或扭曲⼈物形象的⼿法。

20. Characterization (⼈物刻画)
The means by which a writer reveals the personality of a character.
⼈物刻画：作者表现作品中⼈物性格的⽅法。

21. Classicism (古典主义)
A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome.
古典主义：⼀种在⽂学，艺术，⾳乐领域体现古代希腊，罗马风格的运动。

22. Climax (⾼潮)
The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a narrative.
23. Comedy (喜剧)
A dramatic work that is often humorous or satirical in tone and usually contains a happy resolution of the thematic conflict.喜剧：轻松的和常有幽默感的或在调⼦上是讽刺的戏剧作品，常包括主题冲突的愉快解决
24. Conceit (奇想)
A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things.
奇想：⼀种在截然不同的事物之间建⽴起的⽐喻。

25. Conflict (冲突)
A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.
冲突：故事，⼩说，戏剧中相对的⼒量和⼈物之间的对⽴。

26. Connotation (外延)
All the emotions and associations that a word or phrase may arouse.
外延：包括单词字⾯意思之外的或被该词汇唤起的全部内涵的意义。

27. Consonance (辅⾳韵)
The repetition of consonants or a consonant pattern, especially at the ends of words.
辅⾳韵：辅⾳或辅⾳模式的重复，尤指位于词尾的。

28. Couplet (双韵体)
A unit of verse consisting of two successive lines, usually rhyming and having the same meter and often forming a complete thought or syntactic unit.
双韵体：包括两个相连的诗⾏的⼀种诗的单位，通常压韵并具有同样的格律，经常组成⼀个完整的意思和句法单位
29. Heroic couplet (英雄双韵体)
A couplet written in iambic pentameter is called a heroic couplet.
英雄双韵体：五步抑扬格的双韵体称英雄双韵体。

30. Denotation (内涵)
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word.
直接意义：⼀个词的字⾯意义或词典意义。

31. Denouement (结局)
The final resolution or clarification of a dramatic or narrative plot.
结局：戏剧或叙事场景的最后结果。

32. Diction (措辞)
A writer…s choice and use of words in speech or writing, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.
措词：讲话或书写中，出于表述清晰，⾔简意赅对词语的使⽤或选择。

33. Dissonance (不协和)
A harsh or disagreeable combination of sounds; discord.
34. Dramatic monologue (戏剧独⽩)
A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem.
35. Elegy (挽歌)
A poem or song composed especially as a lament for a deceased person.
挽歌，挽诗：专门为悼念某⼀死者所写的诗或歌.
36. Emblematic Image (象征)
A verbal picture of figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.
37. Epic (史诗)
An extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.
史诗：⽤严肃或庄重的语⾔写成的叙事长诗，歌颂传奇中或历史上英雄的丰功伟绩
38. Epigram (隽语)
A concise, clever, often paradoxical statement, susally in the form of a poem.
隽语：⼀个简明，机智，常常似是⽽⾮的陈述,经常以诗的形式出现
39. Epigraph (引语/开场⽩)
A motto or quotation at the beginning of a literary composition, setting forth a theme.
引语：在⼀部⽂学作品开头的引⾔，警句，阐明主题
40. Epilogue (结语/收场⽩)
A short addition or concluding section at the end of a literary work, often dealing with the future of its characters. Also called In this sense, also called afterword
结语：⽂学作品结束时简短的附加或总结性章节，常常关于作品⼈物的未来也作在此意义上也可称作afterword.
41. Epiphany(顿悟)
A moment of illumination, usually occurrs at or near the end of a work.
顿悟:对现实真谛的顿悟或洞察,通常出现在作品的结尾.
42. Epitaph(墓志铭)
An inscription on a tombstone or in a short poem in memory of someone who has been dead.
墓志铭：刻于墓碑上⽤以怀念死者的碑铭.
43. Epithet (表述词语)
A term used to characterize a person or thing。

表述词语：⽤来表⽰某⼈某物特性的⼀个表达。

44. Essay (散⽂)
A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of the author.
散⽂：内容通常论及⼀个主题的短⼩⽂章，通常表达作者个⼈的观点
45. Exemplum (说教故事)
A tale, usually inserted into the text of a sermon, that illustrates a moral principle.
说教故事:⼀种短⼩的体现某种道德原则的故事性⽂章，通常出现在布道⽂中。

46. Fable (寓⾔)
A brief story that is told to present a moral, or practical lesson.
寓⾔：⼀种体现某种道德观念或实⽤价值的说教性⽂章。

47. Farce (轻喜剧)
A kind of comedy based on a ridiculous situation, often with stereotyped characters.
轻喜剧: ⼀种以可笑的情节的为基础的喜剧，通常包含固定的⾓⾊。

48. Figurative Language (象征性语⾔)
Language that is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense.
象征性语⾔：不能直接⽤字⾯意义来理解的语⾔。

49. Figure of Speech (⽐喻)
A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in literal sense.
⽐喻：不能直接按照字⾯意义理解的词语或表述⽅法。

50. Flashback(倒叙)
A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.
倒叙，闪回镜头：⼀种⽂学或电影的表现⼿法，往往在⼀段按正常时间顺序记叙的叙事中插⼊⼀件以前发⽣过的事情
51. Foil (陪衬)
A character who sets off another character by contrast.
陪衬：⽤来反衬其他⼈物的⼈物。

52. Foreshadowing (铺垫)
The use of hints or clues in a narrative to suggest what will happen later.
铺垫：⽤来预⽰将要发⽣的事情的线索或暗⽰。

53. Free verse (⾃由诗体)
Verses that has neither a metrical pattern or an regular pattern.
⾃由诗体:既不具格式韵律⼜不具常规格律的诗体。

54. hyperbole (夸张法)
A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect
夸张法：⼀种⽐喻，使⽤夸张来强调或产⽣某种效果。

55. Iambic pentameter (五步抑扬格)
A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb--that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.
五步抑扬格:⼀种诗句形式，每⾏诗句包含五个抑扬格⾳步。

56. Imagery(意象)
Words or ph rases that create pictures, or images, in readers… mind.
意象：⽤来在读者的思维中唤起某种图⽰或形象的词汇。

57. Incremental repetition (递进重复)
The repetition of a previous line or lines, but with a slight variation each time that advances the narrative stanza by stanza.递进重复：诗歌中对上⽂中⼀⾏或⼏⾏的重复，但每次重复都有⼀定的变化，⽽且每⼀节的重复中的叙述都有所强化。

58. Inversion (倒装句)
The technique of reversing, or inverting the normal word order of a sentence.
倒装句：⼀种将句⼦正常的表达⽅法倒置的技巧。

59. Invocation (开篇祷告)
A call to a muse, god or spirit for inspiration at the beginning of an epic or other poem.
开篇祷告：在史诗或诗歌的开篇企求神灵给予启⽰的⽂字。

60. Irony (反语)
A contrast between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happened.
反语：⼀种建⽴在字⾯表述和真实意义上或期待产⽣的结果和真实的结果之间的对⽐。

61.Kenning (隐喻语)
A figurative, usually compound expression used in place of a name or noun, especially in Old English and Old Norse poetry. for example, storm of swords is a kenning for battle.
隐喻语：尤指古英语和古斯堪的纳维亚语诗中，⼀种⽐喻性的，在表名字或名词时常⽤的复合表达⽅式，如“剑的风暴” 是“战争” 的隐喻语
62. Lyric (抒情诗)
A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker…s personal thoughts or feelings.
抒情诗：⼀种⽤来抒发作者感情或思想的短诗。

63. Masque (假⾯剧)
A dramatic entertainment, usually performed by masked players representing mythological or allegorical figures, that was popular in England in the 16th and early 17th centuries.
假⾯剧：⼀种戏剧性娱乐，由代表神话或寓⾔中⼈物的佩戴⾯具者表演，该娱乐形式在16世纪和17世纪早期的英国很流⾏.
64. Melodrama (情节剧)
A drama that has stereotyped characters, exaggerated emotions, and a conflict that pits an all-good hero or heroine against an all-evil villain.
65. Metaphor (隐喻)
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.
隐喻：⼀种语⾔表达⼿法，通常⽤指某物的词或词组来指代他物，从⽽暗⽰它们之间的相似之处.
66.Metaphysical Poetry (⽞学派诗歌)
The poems of 17th-century English poets, whose verse is characterized by an intellectually challenging style and extended metaphors comparing very dissimilar things.
⽞学派诗歌：17世纪英国诗⼈的诗歌，这种诗歌的特点是风格极具智慧，引⼈深思，善⽤引申的暗喻来对⽐极其不同的事物.
67. Meter (格律)
A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.
格律：诗歌中通常的重读⾳节和⾮重读⾳节的排列模式。

68. Metonymy (转喻)
A figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.
转喻：⼀种⼀个词或词组被另⼀个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞⽅法.
69. Mock epic (讽刺史诗)
A comic literary from that treats a trivial subject in the grand, heroic style of the epic.
讽刺史诗：⼀种⽤史诗的宏⼤风格来描写微不⾜道的事情的喜剧形式。

70. Motif (主旨)
A recurrent thematic element in an artistic or literary work.
主题：艺术品或⽂学作品中反复体现的、揭⽰主题的部分。

71. Motivation (动机)
T he reasons, either stated or implied, for a character…s behavior.
动机: 引发作品中⼈物⾏为的理由。

72. Myth (神话)
A story, often about immortals and sometimes connected with religious rituals, that is intended to give meaning to the mysteries of the world.
神话：⼀种解释世界上的神秘现象的关于神灵或同宗教仪式有联系的故事。

73. Narrative Poem (叙事诗)
A poem that tells a story.
叙事诗：讲述⼀个故事的诗歌。

74. Narrator (叙述者)
One who narrates or tells a story.
叙述者：讲述或叙述⼀个故事的⼈。

75. Naturalism (⾃然主义)
The practice of describing precisely the actual circumstances of human life in literature, it is the extreme form of realism.
⾃然主义：在⽂学中精确地描述⼈类现实环境的实践,现实主义的最⾼表现形式。

76. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)
A revival in literature in the late 17th and 18th centuries, characterized by a regard for the classical ideals of reason, form, and restraint styles.
新古典主义：17、18世纪晚期的⽂学复兴，以尊重古代典型的推理形式和严谨⽂体为特征
77. Novel (⼩说)
A book length fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a complex plot.
⼩说：虚构的叙述性⽂章，有⼀定长度，较多的⼈物，和思想复杂的情节。

78. Octave (⼋⾏诗)
An eight-line poem or stanza.
79. Ode (颂)
A complex and often lengthy lyric poem, written in a dignified formal style on some lofty or serious subject.
颂：⼀种复杂的，具有⼀定长度的诗歌，通常以⾼贵的风格写成，⽤来表述⼀些⾼尚或严肃的主题。

80. Onomatopoeia (拟声)
The formation or use of words by imitating the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
拟声：通过模仿事物或⾏动的声⾳构词的⽅法。

81. Oxymoron (⽭盾修饰法)
A rhetorical figure in which combines or contradictory terms are combined, as in a deafening silence and a mournful optimist.⽭盾修饰法：⼀种把互相⽭盾或不调和的词合在⼀起的修辞⼿法，如在"震⽿欲聋的沉默"和"悲伤的乐观"
82. Paradox (似⾮⽽是)
A statement that reveals a kind of truth, although it seems at first to be self-contradictory and untrue.
似⾮⽽是:⼀种在字⾯上看起来⾃相⽭盾，却体现着⼀定的真理的说法。

83. Parallelism (并⾏)
The use of phrases, clauses, or sentences that are similar or complementary in structure or in meaning.
并⾏：结构或意义相近的词汇，⼦句，句⼦的并⽤。

84.Parody (模仿诗⽂)
A humorous imitation of a work of art for comic effect or ridicule.
模仿诗⽂：⼀种为取得喜剧或嘲讽效果，⽽对某⼀艺术作品进⾏的滑稽模仿。

85. Pastoral (⽥园诗)
A kind of poem, that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life.
⽥园诗：⼀种⽤理想的⼿法来体现牧⽺⼈的乡村⽣活的诗歌。

86. Pathos (悲怅)
The quality in a work of literature or art that arouses the reader…s feelings of pity, sorrow, or compassion for a character.悲怅：⽂学艺术作品的⼀种引发读者怜悯，同情或伤感的特质。

87. Personification (拟⼈)
A figure of speech in which inanimate objects or abstractions are endowed with human qualities or are represented as possessing human form.
拟⼈：给⽆⽣命的东西或者抽象的东西赋予⼈的个性或绘以⼈的形象.
88. Plot (情节)
The plan of events or main story in a novel, narrative or drama.
情节：在⼩说，故事,或戏剧中事件的概要或主要故事.
89. Point of view (视⾓)
A point from which an author presents a story.
视⾓：作者阐述故事的⾓度。

90. protagonist (主⾓)
The main character in a drama or other literary work.
主⾓：戏剧或其他⽂学作品中的主要⼈物.
91. Psalm (赞美诗)
A song or lyric poem in praise of God.
赞美诗：⽤来颂扬上帝的诗歌或抒情诗。

92. Pun (双关语)
The use of a word or phrase to suggest two or more meanings at the same time.
双关语：⽤⼀个词来同时表⽰两个内涵。

93. Quatrain (四⾏诗)
A stanza or poem of four lines.
94. Realism (现实主义)
The representation in art or literature of objects, actions, or social conditions as they actually are, without idealization or presentation in abstract form.
现实主义：在艺术或⽂学中将事物，⾏为或社会状况按其起初情况进⾏的表现，⽽不⽤模糊的形式来表现或理想化95. Refrain (副句)
A phrase, verse, or group of verses repeated at intervals throughout a song or poem, especially at the end of each stanza.
副句，副歌：⼀个短语、⼀句诗或⼀组诗句在⼀⾸歌或诗中每隔⼀段重复⼀次，尤其在每个诗节的结尾处96. Rhyme (压韵)
The repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem.
压韵：⾳在两个或两个以上的词汇或短语中的重复。

97. Rhythm (格律)
The arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern.
重读⾳节和⾮重读⾳节的固定排列模式。

98. Romance (传奇故事)
An imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good and devil.
传奇故事：设定在想象世界中的以英雄冒险和善恶之间的⽃争为题材的⽂学作品。

99. Romanticism (浪漫主义)
An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century which emphasis on the individual…s expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism.
浪漫主义：起源于18世纪末期欧洲的⼀种注重个⼈情感和想象⼒的表达的艺术和知识上的运动，它与古典主义的观点和形式相悖.
100. Satire (讽刺⽂)
A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weakness and wrongdoings of individuals, institutions or humanity in general.
讽刺：⼀种讽刺个⼈，习俗或⼈性中的缺点或错误的⽂体。

101. Scansion(韵律分析)
The analysis of verse into meter patterns.
韵律分析：将诗划分成⾳步的分析⽅法。

102.Sestet (六⾏诗)
A six-line poem or stanza.
103. Setting (背景)
The time, place, and circumstances in which a narrative, drama, or novel takes place.
背景：记叙⽂、戏剧或⼩说发⽣的时间、地点和环境.
104. Simile (明喻)
A comparison made between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison.
明喻：两种事物之间借助于⽐喻词汇进⾏的⽐较。

105. Soliloquy (独⽩)
A dramatic or literary form of discourse in which a character reveals a character…s thoughts when alone or unaware of the presence of other characters.
独⽩：⼀种戏剧或⽂学的说话形式，其中某⾓⾊在独⾃⼀⼈或不知道其他⾓⾊存在的情况下展⽰⾓⾊的思想。

106. Song (歌)
A short lyric poem with distinct musical qualities, normally written to be set to music.
歌:⼀种具有典型的⾳乐特征的抒情诗体，通常为谱曲⽽作。

107. Sonnet (⼗四⾏诗)
A 14-line verse form usually written in iambic pentameter.
⼗四⾏诗：⼀种由⼗四⾏组成的诗歌形式，通常以五步抑扬格为押韵形式。

108. Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗体)
A nine line stanza with the following rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.
109. Stream of consciousness (意识流)
The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character…s thoughts, feelings reflections,and
mental images as the character experiences them.
意识流：⼀种模仿作品中⼈物思想，思维，精神活动的⾃然过程的写作技巧。

110.Style(风格)
An author…s characteristic way of writing ,determined by the choice of words, the arrangement of words in sentences, and the relationship of sentences to one and another.
风格：由词汇的选择，句⼦中词汇的安排，句⼦之间的关系形成的某⼀作家的特定的写作⽅式。

111. Suspense (悬念)
The quality of a story, novel, or drama that makes readers uncertain or tense about the outcome of events.
悬念：⼩说，故事，戏剧所具有的使读者对结局产⽣不安或紧张的感觉的特质。

112. Symbol (象征)
Any object, person, place, or action that has a meaning in itself and also stands for something larger than itself, such as a quality, attitude, or belief.
象征：本⾝具有意义，⽤来体现⾼于⾃⾝意义的思想的，观点的⼈，物，⾏为，地点。

113. Symbolism (象征主义)
A literary movement in the late19th century, characterized by the use of symbols to represent things.
象征主义：⼗九世纪的⼀种⽂学潮流，运⽤象征来体现事物。

114. Synecdoche (提喻法)
A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole.
提喻法：⼀种以局部代表整体的修辞⽅法。

115. Terza rima (三⾏体)
An Italian verse form consisting of a series of three line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and the third lines of the following stanza.(aba bcb cde, ect.)
116. Theme (主题)
The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work.
作者在作品中表现的对于⽣活的总的观点或看法。

117.Tone (调⼦)
The attitude a writer takes toward his or her subject, characters, or audience.
调⼦：作者对于作品的主题，⼈物和读者所持的态度。

118. Tragedy (悲剧)
In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end.悲剧：以主⼈公可悲的或灾难性的结局结束的故事。

119.Wit (睿智)
A brilliance and quickness of perception combined with a cleverness of expression.
睿智：巧妙的思维和睿智的表达的结合。

120.Exposition (评注)
The part of a narrative or drama, in which important background information is revealed.评注：记叙⽂章或戏剧中向读者介绍主要的背景情况的部分。