英语音标基础学习及练习

英语音标学习
认识几个定义：
1、音素英语语音中最小的发音单位。

2、元音发音时气流在通路上不受发音器官的阻碍。

3、辅音发音时气流在通路上受到发音器官的阻碍。

4、音节说话时最小的语音片段。

一个可以为单个元音（如I/aɪ/），或者一个元音加上一个或多个辅音（如tree /tri:/）。

单词可以根据音节数量分为：单音节词，双音节词和多音节词。

6、闭音节以一个或几个辅音字母结尾且中间只有一个元音，即元音+辅音（如it, pen, pick等）。

7、重读在双音节或多音节单词中，有个音节必须读得特别强而重，而其它音节读得相对弱而轻，这种现象就叫单词重读。

用符号“’”表示。

8、清音和浊音（辅音）发音时声带不振动叫清辅音；声带振动叫浊辅音。

音标基础学习
一、英语共有48个音素，元音20个，辅音28个
元音
1. 长短：/i:/ /ɪ/ /ɜ:/ /ə/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ/ /U:/ /ʊ/
2. 大小：/e/ /æ/ /ɑ:/ /ʌ/
3. I组：/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/
4. U组：/əʊ/ /aʊ/
5. ə组：/ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/
清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/ /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /ts/ /h/
浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/ /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /dz/ /r/ /m//n/ /ŋ//ǀ/ /w/
/j/
注：s与辅音元音里的爆破音结合时，通常是清辅音被浊化, /p/ /t/ /k/ 它们浊化后，分别发成: /b/ /d/ /g/
二．26个字母在单词中的具体发音
a
/ei/ name able cake table take date
/æ/ apple cat map am match matter sad and angry
/ɑ: / dance last pass plant
/כ/ want what watch wash
/ə/ a arrive along alike aloud
e
/i:/ he she me evening meter
/e/ elephant egg bed pen best get empty February next
then send
/i/ enjoy English eleven because forest
i
/ai / fine bike five ice climber hiking kind
/i/ is sit miss pig picture interesting ill dinner him listen
pick river
o
/əu / old home nose coke tomato tofu over hold piano
/כ/ dog not clock box robot on from forest often stop /ʌ/ son month mother love young
/u:/ who do whose
u
/ju: / use usually excuse menu
/ʌ/bus us sun duck uncle up trunk funny must
/ u / put pull helpful
b /b/ book big bag box
c
/k/ clean climb cup clock cook collect curtain clothes
/s/ face nice pencil city cinema
d /d/ desk doll dog dad day don’t dish does deep
f /f/ fine friend fly foot fan fall fight favourite fruit funny
g
/ɡ/ gun glass glad go get
/dʒ / age orange village
h /h/ hat her house honey happy have heavier hurt hobby hospital j / dʒ/ jeep jacket jump Jan. July June
k /k/ kite cake thank kangaroo speak take walk work lake like
l
/l/ leg left ruler flag lamp longer relax play
/l/ apple bowl tell old tail whale
m /m/ am map my mouth milk
n
/n/ no know new hand
/ŋ/ thank think thing uncle swing
p /p/ map jeep pig pen apple plant play potato please policeman q /kw/ quite quilt quick
r /r/ red radio brother rain read run rabbit write mirror library
s
/s/ sit miss this salty books spring swim sleep sometimes grass
/z/ nose those rose rulers season
t /t/ it sit not that table little tired take left fruit but plant
v /v/ five very seven village live
w /w/ we window watch want wait water Wednesday winter with x /ks/ box six fox relax
y
/ai /my fly why bye
/ j / yes yellow young yesterday
/ i /happy baby very windy snowy study
z / z / zoo zero
三、常见字母组合
（一）元音组合
ai /ei/ wait paint
ay /ei/ may play day say
air /εə / air hair chair
al /ɔ:/ tall small ball
ar /α: / farther farm car arm
ea ①/i:/ meat please tea read ②/e/ head bread ready ③/iə/ theater ear ①/ iə / ear hear near ②/εə/ bear ③/ə:/ earth
ee /i:/ meet see bee feet jeep
eir /εə/ their
er ①/ə/ worker teacher ② /ə:/ her
ere ①/iə/ here ②/εə/ where there
ew ①/ju: / new few ②/u: / flew grew
ight /ai / right high bright
ir /ə: / bird girl shirt thirty
oa /əu/ boat coat
ong /oŋ/ long song
oo ①/u/ book foot good ②/u:/ moon balloon
or ①/ɔ:/ short fork port ②/ə: / word world work
oor /ɔ:/ door floor
ore /ɔ:/ more store sore
ou /au/ out house mouth
our ①/ɔ:/ four your ② /auə/ our
ow ① /əu/ bowl window ② /au/ now cow flower
oy /oi/ boy toy
ur /ə: / turn
（二）辅音组合
th ① /θ/ thank mouth ② / δ/ this that with
tr /tr/ tree train truck
dr /dr/ dress driver
sh /∫/ shirt wash short
ch ①/t∫/ child chair catch ② / k / school Christmas ③ / dз/ sandwich tw /tw/ two twin twenty
wh ① /w/ white wheel what ② /h/ who whose whom
ts /ts/ jackets kites
ds /dz/ birds friends
（三）特殊组合tio n /∫n/ question nation
四、单词重音（word stress）
英语单词分为单音节词，双音节词和多音节词。

含有一个元音音素的字母组合叫做一个音节，由一个音节构成的词叫做单音节词，如bed[bɛd],dad[dæd].
由两个音节构成的词叫双音节词，如funny ['fʌnɪ] ，famous ['feməs]
由两个以上音节构成的单词叫多音节词，如delicious [dɪ'lɪʃəs]
英语单词如果有一个以上的音节则有重读音节和非重读音节，由符号“ ’”表示，如about [ə'baut]。

有的多音节词有两个重音，一个是主重音，一个是次重音，或两个都是主重音，次重音用符号“，”表示，标在次重音的左下方。

如anybody ['ɛnɪ,bɑdɪ]。

双音节的重音一般落在第一个音节上，多音节的重音通常为倒数第三个音节，如documentary [,dɑkjə'mɛntərɪ]，grandfather ['grænd,fɑðɚ]。

四．句子重音（sentence stress）
一个句子中，实词（名词，实义动词，数词，形容词，副词等）重读；虚词（冠词，介词）不重读。

英语音标练习题
一、口语练习
（一）读出下列单词：
1. /i:/ /i/ /e/ /æ/
/bit/ /wi:k/ /di:l/ /riəl/ /kid/ /dig/ /kwik/ /tip/ /zip/ /rid/ /wil/ bit week deal real kid dig quick tip zip rid will
/pæk/ /gæp/ /træʃ/ /næg/ /ræm/ /bætl/ /sed/ /′hæpi/ /′setl/
/di′pend/
pack gap trash nag ram battle said happy settle depend
2. /a:/ / ɔ:/ / ɔ / /u:/ /u/
/ma:sk/ /pa:st/ /fra:ns/ /stɔ:m/ /nɔ:t/ /fɔks/ /sɔk/ /fa:/ /la:dʒ / /ma:k/
mask past France storm naught fox sock far large mark
/θɔt/ /prɔmis/ /lu:s/ /tuk/ /mud/ /θru:/ /pul/ /wud/
thought promise loose took mood through pull wood
3. /ʌ/ /ə/ /ə/
/dʌl/ /′hʌri/ /gʌlf/ /′trʌbl/ /ə:n/ /sə:f/ /′tə:nə/ /′begə/
/tʌk/
dull hurry gulf trouble earn surf turner begger tuck
/kə:b/ /ə:k/ /ə′merik / /′sɔkə/ /′kæmpə/ /sə′vei/ /pə′veid/
/pə′hæps/
curb irk America soccer camper survey pervade perhaps
4. /ei/ /əu/ /ai/ /au/ /ɔi/
/keip/ /greit/ /mein/ /prəpəuz/ /′məuʃən/ /stəun/ /′əuvə/
/sait/
kape great main propose motion stone over sight /raim/ /daut/ /′taipist/ /aust/ /mɔist/ /′ɔistə/
rhyme doubt typist oust moist oyster
5. /iə/ /ɛə/ /uə/
/viə/ /ə′fɛə/ /dɛə/ /skɛə/ /buən/ /guəd/ /′ruərəl/ /ə′piə/
/kə′lʌmbiə/
veer affair dare scare bourn gourd rural appear Colombia
6. /θ/ /ð/
/mʌnθ/ /θi:f/ /ðæt/ /ðæn/ /feiθ/ /tə′geðə/ /θæŋk/
/ðəm′selvz/
month thief that than faith together thank themselves
（二）、绕口令：
A tidy tiger tied a tie tighter to tidy her tiny tail.
A mad man says that Amanda has captured a fat panda.
If you notice this notice, you will notice that this notice is not worth noticing.
A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.
If two witches watched two watches, which witch would watch which watch? Which wristwatch is a Swiss wristwatch?
She sells sea shells on the seashore. The seashells she sells are seashells she is sure.
二、笔头练习：
（一）. 找出画线部分读音不同的单词
( ) 1. A. tea B. meat C. weather D. beach
( ) 2. A. back B. fast C. have D. map
( ) 3. A. warm B. garden C. market D. party
( ) 4. A. school B. tooth C. choose D. good
( ) 5. A. June B. ruler C. put D. menu
( ) 6. A. go B. no C. cold D. hot
( ) 7. A. push B. fun C. sun D. ugly
( ) 8. A. tiger B. her C. officer D. over
( ) 9. A. mouth B. dangerous C. thousand D. about
( ) 10.A. too B．classroom C．broom D．afternoon ( ) 11. A. yellow B．brown C．window D．know ( ) 12. A．these B．they C．brother D．three ( ) 13. A．teacher B．seat C．sweater D．please ( ) 14. A. island B. small C. ask D. helps （二）．根据音标写单词：
[fa:] _______ [da:ns] _______ [mu:n] _______
[kait] _______ [′hæpinis ] _________ [′priti] _______
[′fæmili] _______ [tə′geðə] _______ [fɔks]
[tju:b] [flai] [flæg] _______
['mu:nkeik] _______ ['indiə] _______ ['djuəriŋ] _______
[snəu] _______ ['si:zn] _______ [di'liʃəs] _______
['jestədei] _______ [in'dʒɔi]_______ ['mid,ɔ:təm] _______
[tʃeindʒ] _______ ['deindʒə] ______ ['nɔizi] _______
[mju(:)'ziəm] _______
（三）根据音标写句子：
1. auəkla:s iz nɔt veri big . __________________________
2. bʌt its aiz a: nɔt big . __________________________
3. ðɛəa: siks kla:siz in greid wʌn .
______________________________________________________
4. wi: kæn si: it æt ðə zu: . ___________________________。