Summary of Work
学术英语写作summary范文
学术英语写作summary范文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1SummaryAcademic writing is a crucial skill for students and researchers at all levels. This summary aims to outline the key points to keep in mind when writing academically in English.Firstly, it is important to establish a clear and concise thesis statement at the beginning of your paper. This statement should clearly state the main argument or point you are trying to make, and should guide the reader through the rest of your paper.Secondly, it is essential to conduct thorough research on your topic before you start writing. This involves reading a variety of sources, including books, journal articles, and websites, to ensure that you have a good understanding of the current state of knowledge in your field.Once you have conducted your research, you should organize your ideas into a logical structure. This usually involves writing an outline, which can help you to see how your ideas relate to each other and ensure that your paper flows well.When it comes to actually writing your paper, it is important to use clear and concise language. Avoid using jargon or overly complicated language, as this can make it difficult for your reader to understand your ideas.Finally, it is crucial to properly cite your sources in your paper. This involves providing in-text citations whenever you use someone else's ideas, as well as a list of references at the end of your paper.In conclusion, academic writing in English requires careful planning, research, organization, and attention to detail. By following the tips outlined in this summary, you can improve your academic writing skills and produce papers that are clear, coherent, and well-structured.篇2Title: A Summary of Academic Writing in EnglishAcademic writing in English is a crucial skill that all scholars and researchers need to master in order to effectively communicate their ideas and findings to the academic community. In this summary, we will discuss the key elements of academic writing in English, including structure, style, and language.Structure is an essential aspect of academic writing in English. A well-structured academic paper should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should provide background information on the topic, clearly state the research question or thesis, and outline the key points that will be discussed in the paper. The body of the paper should present the evidence and arguments that support the thesis, with each paragraph focusing on a single idea or point. The conclusion should summarize the main findings of the paper and restate the thesis in a new and interesting way.In terms of style, academic writing in English should be formal, objective, and concise. Avoid using colloquial language, contractions, and slang, and instead use formal language and academic vocabulary. Make sure to use clear and precise language to convey your ideas, and avoid unnecessary jargon or complex vocabulary that may confuse readers. It is also important to cite your sources properly and follow the specific citation style required by your discipline.Language is another important aspect of academic writing in English. Use the active voice whenever possible to make your writing more engaging and direct. Make sure to vary your sentence structure and avoid using the same words or phrasesrepeatedly. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and spelling, as errors in these areas can detract from the credibility of your work. Finally, use transitions and linking words to connect your ideas and make your writing flow more smoothly.In conclusion, mastering academic writing in English is essential for scholars and researchers who want to effectively communicate their ideas and findings to the academic community. By paying attention to structure, style, and language, you can improve the clarity and effectiveness of your writing and ensure that your work is taken seriously by your peers and colleagues.篇3Academic writing is an essential skill for students and scholars in various fields of study. Summary writing, in particular, is a useful technique that allows writers to condense and convey the main ideas of a text in a concise and coherent manner. In this paper, we will discuss the key components and strategies for effective academic summary writing.First and foremost, a good summary should accurately capture the main points of the original text. This involves identifying the key arguments, concepts, and evidencepresented by the author. It is important to focus on the most important ideas and omit any irrelevant details or examples. Additionally, the summary should maintain the original author's voice and tone while presenting the information in a clear and engaging manner.Another important aspect of academic summary writing is proper citation and attribution. When summarizing someone else's work, it is essential to give credit to the original author by including proper citations. This not only avoids plagiarism but also enhances the credibility and validity of the summary. In-text citations and a reference list should be included according to the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).Furthermore, effective summary writing requires careful attention to structure and organization. A well-structured summary typically includes an introduction that provides context and background information, a brief overview of the main points, and a conclusion that emphasizes the significance of the ideas presented. Using headings and subheadings can help to organize the information and guide the reader through the summary.In terms of language and style, academic summaries should be written in a formal and objective tone. Avoid using personalopinions or interpretations, and instead focus on presenting the author's arguments and findings objectively. Use clear and precise language, avoid jargon or overly technical terms, and ensure that the summary is easy to read and understand for a general audience.In conclusion, academic summary writing is an important skill that allows scholars to effectively communicate and engage with the ideas and research of others. By accurately condensing and presenting the main points of a text, providing proper citation and attribution, and organizing the information in a clear and structured manner, writers can create effective and impactful summaries that contribute to the academic discourse. Practice and refinement of these skills will help improve your academic writing abilities and enhance your ability to engage with the scholarly community.。
专八summary范文(必备12篇)
专八summary范文(必备12篇)Last but not least, lifting bans on private cars will stimulate the automobile industry, which provides jobs for a large team of workers. Known as a sunrise industry, Chinese automobile industry needs strong and continuous fueling from domestic demand. If more people buy cars, the industry will embrace continued growth, thus contributing more to the national economy. Moreover, its growth will trigger the boom of related industries like iron and steel production and energy.In conclusion, the advantages of private cars convince us that we should not put a limit on the number of private cars. What we should do at the moment is to perfect the transport infrastructure to ensure private cars to go faster and more safely.There are several of all，there is power in illusion. The illusion can lead people to thepath they want to go on and it gives us passion. We need to live each moment wholeheartedly，with all our senses so that we can find pleasure in the fragrance of backyard garden， the crayoned picture of a si某-year-old，and the enchanting beauty of a illusion can be enthusiastic love of life that puts sparkle in our eyes，a lilt in our steps and smoothes the wrinkles from our souls.Secondly，we are born with wide-eyed，enthusiastic wonder as anyon e knows who has ever seen an infant’s delight at thejingle of keys or the scurrying of a is this childlike wonderand illusion that gives enthusiastic people such a youthful air，no matter how old they are. For e某ample，the famous cellist Pablo Casals would start his day by playing the music flowed through his fingers，his stooped shouldrs would straighten andjoy would reappear in his ，for him，was an eli某ir that madelife a never-ending author and poet Samuel Ullman once wrote，“Years wrinkle the skin，but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.”To sum up，God gives each bird its food，but he does not throw it into its you want to go，just cherish your precious illusion and let your dream be realized.The twentieth century has brought with it manyadvances. With those advances, human lives havechanged dramatically. In some ways life is worse, butmostly it is better. Changes in food preparationmethods, for e某ample, have improved our lives greatly.People attend college or university for manydifferentreasons (for e某ample, newe某periences, career preparation, increasedknowledge). Why do you think people attendcollege or university? Use specific reasons ande某amples to support your answer.Besides looking for self-knowledge, people also attend a university or college to e某pand theirknowledge in subjects they find interesting. For many, this will be ...Teachers bring with them varied and useful backgrounds. They’ve been trained to teach individuals in different ways depending on their style. For instance, omen students learn better by discussing a topic. Others learn more by writing about it. Teachers can help students learn in the way that’s best of each student. A te某tbook or a manual can only give you one way of learning something. Plus they’re only as helpful as your ability to understand them. A good teacher can adapt her teaching to your needs.Learning a subject on your own is a very narrow way of learning. You can only use the information you get from the te某tbook. With a teacher, you get the information in the written materials as well as the teacher’s own knowledge of the topic. Teachers can also provide e某tra materials to broaden the scope of what you’re learning.There’s nothing wrong with studying on your own, and a learner can always benefit from some quiet study. For the best possible learning, though, a good teacher is the biggest help you can have.As a student having received many years of education, I’m both nicely surprised and gratified by the term“class rights”.This educational concept challenges the traditional education rules, and can be considered as a revolution in classroom teaching. And my favor goes to the abandoning of previous rigid disciplines.First of all, class rights actually cater to natural physiological needs and basic legal rights of l earners. Students’ drinking water and going to bathroom during class used to be denied due to class disciplines previously adopted. And this practice is against human rights, according to western educators. It can be regarded as an improvement that we have taken care of these basic human needs. Schools and teachers used to stress students’ obligations to observe school regulations, but tendto ignore their class rights. Students, though young in age, are inalienable part of human, it was unreasonable for them to have obligations but no rights.Is it helpful to build an honest and clean government by a fund for incorruptible civil servants? Such an issue has aroused controversy among the public. Proponents believe the innovative move will help to fight against corruption and build a clean government. Opponents say that being clean is an official’s obligation and duty and there is therefore no need to rewardthem with additional funds. Personally, I’d like to e某pressmy disapproval on this question.First of all, to establish an accumulation fund for clean officials is in fact a challenge to social justice. Public servants should work diligently in an honest and clean way and abide by laws and regulations when performing their duties. That is the basic requirement for them. Any official who fails inthis sense does not deserve the position of a public servant. E 某tra pay for clean public servants will naturally damage the image of public servants in the eyes of ordinary people. In addition, it will play a negative role in their professional work ethics. When public servants are rewarded for what they should do, what about clean doctors, teachers, lawyers, policemen? Obviously such a policy is not well-grounded.Relatively speaking, public servants are well paid for their service, so it is not rational to raise such a fund of reward. What we can do is to strengthen supervision mechanisms, so as to effectively track down and punish corrupted officials and let them pay higher costs for their behavior. In addition, to fundamentally minimizing the corruption phenomenon in the government, we should take effective measures to put a limit on their power in an attempt to provide fewer opportunities to abuse power.Is a sound social environment necessary for people to be good to othersHelping others has always been a virtue in traditional Chinese culture, but nowadays many people dare not offer help to those in need, for fear of getting into trouble. The issue has aroused public debate over the climate of morality and credibility, and many people sigh over the moral degeneration.In my opinion, while social environment is necessary for people to be good to others, each individual should try his or her best to do good deeds and be sympathetic with others, instead of waiting for the environment to improve.In sum, I contend the idea that while social environment is necessary for people to be good to others, it is each individual’s responsibility to offer help to those in need, and together we build up a more harmonious society.In the first place，it is important to have a correct understanding about are now in a world where the fittest will survive，and it’s better to ensure survival than being to individuals， the social environment will not have to realize both the positive and negative aspects of is like a double-edged sword，which may be used by us，or may hurt key point is whether you hold the blade or the handle. We can take it as a motive force for us to make progress，ma_ll use of it and avoid being hurt by it.To sum up，the stress in our life is inevitable，and we must learn to handle it effectively. We must have a rightunderstanding about it，try our best to adjust our own mentality and use practical ways to reduce it.In the first part of your essay you should state clearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Should We Put a Limit on Private Cars?什么是summary柯林斯英汉双解大辞典A summary of something is a short account of it, which gives the main points but not the details.注意该定义中的黑体字部分，summary中只写原文的主要要点，不写细节!不写细节!不写细节!summary的主要特点1. A summary begins with a clear identification of the type of work, title, author, and main point in the present tense.In the te某t "Rethinking Skyscrapers", the author, Jerkily Watson, writes about various issues related to the collapse of the World Trade Center buildings and aspects of the construction of skyscrapers.2. A summary should contain all the major points of the original te某t.必须包含原文的所有主要要点。
summary 总结
如何写一篇英语文章的summarysummary是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。
它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要。
1）细读原文。
首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）。
2）弄清要求。
搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。
分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。
在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。
将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。
在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例。
摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接。
要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
（4）尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
工作完成情况分析英语作文
工作完成情况分析英语作文Work Completion Analysis。
Work completion analysis is a crucial aspect of evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of a team or an individual in achieving their goals and objectives. By analyzing the work completion rate, one can identify areas of improvement, strengths, weaknesses, and overall performance. In this essay, we will discuss the importance of work completion analysis and how it can be used to enhance productivity and success.First and foremost, work completion analysis provides valuable insights into the progress and performance of a project or task. By tracking the percentage of work completed against the set targets or deadlines, one can determine whether the team or individual is on track to achieve their goals. This information is essential for making informed decisions, adjusting strategies, and allocating resources effectively.Moreover, work completion analysis helps in identifying bottlenecks, obstacles, and inefficiencies that may be hindering progress. By pinpointing the root causes of delays or incomplete tasks, one can take corrective actions to address these issues and improve overall performance. This proactive approach not only ensures timely completion of work but also enhances the quality and efficiency of the output.Furthermore, work completion analysis enables team leaders and managers to monitor the performance of their team members and provide timely feedback and support. By evaluating individual contributions and work completion rates, one can identify top performers, underperformers, and areas where additional training or resources may be needed. This data-driven approach fosters a culture of accountability, transparency, and continuous improvement within the team.In addition, work completion analysis can be used to set realistic goals, priorities, and timelines based onpast performance and current workload. By comparing actual progress with planned targets, one can adjust expectations, resources, and strategies to ensure successful completion of work. This proactive planning and monitoring approach not only minimizes risks and uncertainties but also maximizes productivity and success.In conclusion, work completion analysis is a powerful tool for evaluating performance, identifying areas of improvement, and enhancing productivity and success. By tracking progress, addressing bottlenecks, monitoring individual contributions, and setting realistic goals, one can ensure timely completion of work and achieve desired outcomes. Therefore, it is essential for teams and individuals to conduct regular work completion analysis to optimize their performance and achieve their goals.。
Summary英文作文
Summary英文作文I love writing summaries because it helps me to understand and remember the main points of a text. When I write a summary, I first read the text carefully and then identify the key ideas and important details. After that, I organize the information in a clear and concise way, using my own words to restate the main points. This process not only helps me to comprehend the text better but also improves my writing skills.英文，I find that writing summaries is an effective way to consolidate my understanding of a text. It forces me to think critically about the material and distill the most important information. For example, when I was studying for a literature exam, I wrote a summary of each chapter of the novel we were reading. This not only helped me remember the events and themes of the story but also allowed me to analyze the characters and their development throughout the book.中文，我发现写总结是巩固我对文本理解的有效方式。
summary范文
summary范文Summary。
In today's fast-paced world, the ability to summarize information effectively is a valuable skill. Whether you are a student trying to condense a lengthy textbook chapter or a professional preparing a concise report for your boss, the ability to summarize complex information is essential. In this document, we will explore the art of summary writing, including the key elements of a good summary, tips for improving your summarizing skills, and common mistakes to avoid.Key Elements of a Good Summary。
A good summary captures the main points of the original text in a clear and concise manner. It should provide a brief overview of the key ideas, without getting bogged down in unnecessary details. When writing a summary, it's important to focus on the most important information and to present it in a way that is easy for the reader to understand. This means using clear and simple language, and avoiding the use of jargon or technical terms unless absolutely necessary.Tips for Improving Your Summarizing Skills。
完整word版英文Summary写作方法范例及常用句式word文档良心出品
它用最简洁的语言概括了摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
）32）写作；（写摘要主要包括三个步骤：原文的主题。
（1）阅读；（修改成文。
第一步：阅读．认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅A 读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
．给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或B 主题句往往出也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
短句子作为标题。
现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重C 要部分的主要观点进行概括。
主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要．简要地记下主要观点——D 重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原A. 文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
B.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
C.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需D. 翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
/ 119写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：E.删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
1)个或更多的例子，你只需52) 选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括从中筛选一至二个例子。
把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某3) 事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
可能会重复论证说明。
为了强调某个主题，避免重复。
在原文中，4) 但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：5)like.”“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-”He was very brave in battle.”可以概括为：“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”“He was in financial difficulties.”可以概括为：你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
Summary of Work
Alastair DunsmoreUniversity of StrathclydeThe Role of Comprehension in Object-Oriented Code InspectionsSummary of WorkThe following briefly summarises the areas looked at in the past year, and how they have formed the basis for the proposed thesis [2].InspectionThe software inspection process was originally developed at IBM in 1972 and has established itself as an effective means of finding defects. The inspection process can be described as a series of stages; overview, individual preparation, group inspection, rework and follow-up.One active area of inspection research is looking at different defect detection methods. During the preparation stage, each inspector works individually and attempts to gain an understanding of the documents they have been given. During this time an inspector can use defect detection methods to help find defects in code documents before the group inspection meeting. Currently the most popular defect detection methods are ad-hoc, where inspectors use a non-systematic technique to find defects, and checklists, which contain a series of rules to guide the inspector in looking through code. More recently, the scenario approach was created to address a perceived lack of effectiveness in the use of ad-hoc and checklist methods. Several articles on inspection have suggested that an inspector should be free to use any checking method during the preparation stage that they feel gives results. This and conflicting comments from other authors highlight the current lack of agreement on the most effective way to detect defects. Both checklists and scenarios were created at a time when the vast majority of inspections were carried out on traditional procedural languages.One author has suggested that during the preparation stage an inspector should be placing a higher priority on understanding the work product, and that finding errors should be of secondary concern. Another source has suggested that “you cannot inspect what you cannot understand”, and that software engineers have poor strategies when attempting to understand a given document for inspection. The suggested solution was that a better understanding and fuller use of program comprehension techniques could improve an inspector’s performance.There have been many tools developed for inspection, specifically designed to support the inspection process. As highlighted in [1], most of these tools do not include much support for the preparation phase of inspection, e.g. there is little in the way of defect detection aids, instead these tools concentrate more on supporting the overall inspection process.Object-Oriented ParadigmIn 1994, A survey suggested object-oriented programming languages were the second most popular programming language used by development programmers. At that time it was noted in the literature that there was a lack of quantitative data for areas such as inspection, testing and reuse where object-oriented code was concerned.Many authors have in the last decade highlighted the new features the object-oriented paradigm brings to programming, but at the same time they have also suggested that many of these new features complicate already established software engineering areas. One such area is software maintenance. Dynamic binding has been highlighted as causing problems by increasing the number of dependencies within programs. Tracing these dependencies is vital for effective software maintenance. Another object-oriented feature, polymorphism also increases the number of dependencies within programs.More recently, John Daly at Strathclyde University carried out several investigations to gauge the opinion of industry towards the object-oriented paradigm. Many developers suggested C++ was a hindrance to the uptake of object technology due to its deficiencies when compared with purer object-oriented languages. The second most suggested reason among developers for understanding problems was inheritance. One reason was if the design used was inappropriate, then inheritance could be even more of a hindrance, whereas a good design could allow inheritance to improve levels of understanding. Along with inheritance, poor design was also highlighted as reasons for difficulties with other object-oriented features such as polymorphism, dynamic binding and software maintenance.Program ComprehensionProgram comprehension is a process used within many areas of software engineering, including software maintenance and software reuse. In software maintenance it is estimated that up to 60% of the total time allotted is spent on program comprehension. Due to this factor, a large amount of research has been carried out, in an attempt to guide and support software engineers in this process.Several cognitive models have been suggested which attempt to explain how a software engineer goes about the process of understanding code. These include1Bottom-up comprehension, Top-Down comprehension, Systematic 1 A fuller description of the comprehension methods can be found in the thesis proposal [2]comprehension, As-needed and Integrated comprehension. Research has suggested that there is no one cognitive model that can explain the behavior of all programmers, and that it is more likely that programmers, depending on the particular problem will swap between models.The as-needed comprehension model involves the software engineer looking only at code related to a particular problem or task. This description of as-needed comprehension is very close to the description of the defect detection methods of checklists and to a lesser extent scenarios. A problem with as-needed comprehension is that it can miss some of the dependencies within code fragments. The effectiveness of as-needed comprehension methods then become questionable when using them for defect detection in object-oriented code, which due to its many features contains a greater number of dependencies than traditional procedural programs.VisualisationWith the increasing size of programs and the improvements in computing technology, visualisation has become an important support aid for program comprehension. It is believed that effective visualisations can allow interaction with large amounts of data in a fast and effective manner, and help find hidden characteristics, patterns and trends. Several reasons have also been suggested as to why graphics are preferable to text. These include more comprehension, more memorable, more accessible, faster to grasp, and more fun. It has also been suggested that visualisation can help comprehension by providing visual displays for abstract chunks of textual structures. This helps to reduce the interpretation load on the software engineer.There are currently a large number of visualisation systems all supporting the software comprehension process directly or indirectly (an overview of some of these can be found in [1]). Many of these tools suggest they offer the solution to comprehension problems, but many of the commercial tools contain features that have no empirical backing as to their usefulness.Thesis Direction and Future PlansThere are several reasons why I have chosen to carry out research into the area of object-oriented code inspections:•There is currently a lack of formal guidance or empirical research on the inspection of object-oriented code.Most of the current research is based on procedural code. How will inspections cope with the object-oriented paradigm specific features?•In current (procedural) inspections, to help with defect detection either checklists or scenarios are used, but there is no evidence to show if these techniques would be as effective if used for inspections on object-oriented code.•It has been suggested by several researchers that comprehension could play an important part during inspection and this could especially help with the inspection of object-oriented code, but currently there is a lack of empirical evidence in this area.The thesis [2] proposes to investigate the link between comprehension and defect detection in inspection and compare various comprehension, defect detection and visualisation methods and show which of these provides the most effective levels of defect detection for object-oriented code inspection. It is also hoped that as well as investigating static visualisations (visualisations based only on the program text), dynamic visualisations (visualisations based on the execution of code) will also be looked at, which until now have been shied away from by the inspection community.The vast majority of currently published research in the area of comprehension, defect detection and inspection is based on traditional procedural languages. There is not much in the way of empirical evidence on the effect of the object-oriented paradigm in these areas or the usefulness of comprehension during inspection. It is hoped to provide empirical evidence as to the usefulness of different methods of detecting defects in object-oriented code during inspection, showing the levels of defect detection offered. It is also hoped that it can be shown if an increase in understanding of the program code, through the use of a comprehension method can help increase the number of defects detected during inspection. The empirical evidence is also a first step in confidently building a tool around techniques that have been proven to be effective for particular domains. Currently many commercial tools appear on the market containing features, which are billed as solving comprehension problems, but which appear to have little or no empirical backing.References1. A. P. Dunsmore, Comprehension and Visualisation of Object-Oriented code for Inspections, Technical Report,EFoCS-33-98, Computer Science Department, University of Strathclyde, 1998.2. A. P. Dunsmore, Thesis Proposal, Empirical Foundations of Computer Science (EFoCS), Department of ComputerScience, Strathclyde University, 1998, /~apd/。
工作总结汇报的英文
Work Summary ReportIntroductionWork summary reports are crucial in the professional setting as they provide a comprehensive overview of the tasks, accomplishments, and challenges faced during a specific period. These reports serve as valuable communication tools that enable employees to share their progress, highlight significant achievements, and identify areas for improvement. This document aims to explore the importance of work summary reports and provide guidelines on how to effectively structure and write an impactful report.Importance of Work Summary Reports1.Evaluation and Assessment: Work summary reports enable bothemployees and supervisors to evaluate individual and team performance. Byreviewing the report, supervisors can assess an employee’s contributiontowards organizational goals, identify areas of excellence, and offerconstructive feedback for improvement.2.Documentation and Knowledge Management: Work summaryreports serve as a repository of information regarding completed projects,tasks, and milestones. This documentation allows organizations to maintain a record of accomplishments, facilitating future reference and knowledge sharing.3.Effective Communication: Work summary reports provide aplatform for employees to communicate their progress, challenges faced, and achievements to supervisors, collaborators, and other stakeholders. Thispromotes transparency, fosters teamwork, and ensures everyone is well-informed about project developments.4.Career Development: Work summary reports can be valuable toolsfor self-reflection and professional growth. By analyzing their progress,employees can identify areas where they have excelled and areas where they can further develop their skills. This self-assessment helps in setting futuregoals and designing career development plans.Structure of a Work Summary ReportTo ensure clarity and coherence, it is important to follow a structured approach when writing a work summary report. The essential sections include:1. IntroductionProvide a brief introduction to the report, including the reporting period, project title or description, and overall objective.2. Summary of Work AccomplishedIn this section, highlight the key tasks, projects, or assignments undertaken during the reporting period. Focus on significant achievements, milestones reached, and results obtained. Include quantitative data, if applicable, to provide a clear picture of progress.3. Challenges FacedAcknowledge and discuss any challenges or obstacles encountered during the reporting period. Explain the steps taken to overcome these challenges and outline any lessons learned.4. Future GoalsIdentify and describe the goals or objectives for the upcoming reporting period. Ensure these goals are aligned with the overall project or organizational objectives.5. Training and Professional DevelopmentDiscuss any relevant training programs, workshops, or certifications completed during the reporting period. Highlight how these initiatives have contributed to personal and professional growth.6. RecommendationsOffer suggestions or recommendations for improving project or team performance. This section should be forward-looking and focus on actionable steps that can be taken in the future.7. ConclusionConclude the report by summarizing the main points discussed and reiterating the importance of continuous improvement and professional growth.ConclusionWork summary reports play a vital role in the professional sphere, enabling employees to showcase their achievements, document progress, and identify areas for improvement. By following a structured approach and including essential sections, individuals can effectively communicate their performance and contribute to organizational success. Regularly preparing and sharing work summary reports fosters transparency, accountability, and professional development.。
Summary作业
Academic writing-----SummaryA summary is a shortened version of a text. It contains the main points in the text and is written in your own words. It is a mixture of reducing a long text to a short text and selecting relevant information. Summarising is useful when you are using the work of others to support your own view.A good summary shows that you have understood the text. Please remember, though, that even when you summarise someone's work, you must acknowledge it.Look at this example:SourceThe amphibia（两栖类）, which is the animal class to which our frogs and toads（蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆）belong, were the first animals to crawl from the sea and inhabit the earth.SummaryThe first animals to leave the sea and live on dry land were the amphibia.The following stages may be useful:1.Read and understand the text carefully.2.Think about the purpose of the text.A.Ask what the author's purpose is in writing the text?B.What is your purpose in writing your summary?C.Are you summarising to support your points?D.Or are you summarising so you can criticise the work before you introduce your mainpoints?3.Select the relevant information. This depends on your purpose.4.Find the main ideas - what is important.A.They may be found in topic sentences.B.Distinguish between main and subsidiary information.C.Delete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc.D.Find alternative words/synonyms for these words/phrases - do not change specialised vocabulary and common words.5.Change the structure of the text.A.Identify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas - e.g. cause/effect,generalisation, contrast.B.Express these relationships in a different way.C.Change the grammar of the text: rearrange words and sentences. Change nouns to verbs,adjectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences.D.Simplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences tophrases, phrases to single words.6.Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences. Combine your notes into a piece of continuous writing. Use conjunctions and adverbs such as 'therefore', 'however', 'although', 'since', to show the connections between the ideas.7.Check your work.A.Make sure your purpose is clear.B.Make sure the meaning is the same.C.Make sure the style is your own.D.Remember to acknowledge other people's work.Distinguish between main and subsidiary information. Delete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc. Simplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences to phrases, phrases to single words. Examples:a.People whose professional activity lies in the field of politics are not, on the whole, conspicuous for their respect for factual accuracy.Politicians often lie.b.Failure to assimilate an adequate quantity of solid food over an extended period of time is absolutely certain to lead, in due course, to a fatal conclusion.Lack of food causes death.Exercise I:c.The climatic conditions prevailing in the British Isles show a pattern of alternating and unpredictable periods of dry and wet weather, accompanied by a similarly irregular cycle of temperature changes.d.It is undeniable that the large majority of non-native learners of English experience a number of problems in attempting to master the phonetic patterns of the language.e.Tea, whether of the China or Indian variety, is well known to be high on the list of those beverages which are most frequently drunk by the inhabitants of the British Isles.f.It is not uncommon to encounter sentences which, though they contain a great number of words and are constructed in a highly complex way, none the less turn out on inspection to convey very little meaning of any kind.g.One of the most noticeable phenomena in any big city, such as London or Paris, is the steadily increasing number of petrol-driven vehicles, some in private ownership, others belonging to the public transport system, which congest the roads and render rapid movement more difficult year by year.ExampleAs part of an essay, you need to include a section of about 100 words on the formation of volcanic islands. You find the following text:Volcanic IslandsIslands have always fascinated the human mind. Perhaps it is the instinctive response of man, the land animal, welcoming a brief intrusion of earth in the vast, overwhelming expanse of sea. When sailing in a great ocean basin, a thousand miles from the nearest continent, with miles of water beneath the ship, one may come upon an island which has been formed by a volcanic eruption under the sea. One's imagination can follow its slopes down through darkening waters to its base on the sea floor. One wonders why and how it arose there in the midst of the ocean.The birth of a volcanic island is an event marked by prolonged and violent travail: the forces of the earth striving to create, and all the forces of the sea opposing. At the place where the formation of such an island begins, the sea floor is probably nowhere more than about fifty miles thick. In it are deep cracks and fissures, the results of unequal cooling and shrinkage in past ages. Along such lines of weakness the molten lava from the earth's interior presses up and finally bursts forth into the sea. But a submarine volcano is different from a terrestrial eruption, where the lava, molten rocks, and gases are hurled into the air from an open crater. Here on the bottom of the ocean the volcano has resisting it all the weight of the ocean water above it. Despite the immense pressure of, it may be, two or three miles of sea water, the new volcanic cone builds upwards towards the surface, in flow after flow of lava. Once within reach of the waves, its soft ash is violently attacked by the motion of the water which continually washes away its upper surface, so that for a long period the potential island may remain submerged. But eventually, in new eruptions, the cone is pushed up into the air, where the lava hardens and formsa rampart against the attacks of the waves.1.Read the passage carefully twice from beginning to end.2.Remember your purpose: to describe the formation of a volcanic island.3.Select the relevant information4.Mark all the points which should come into your answer. Do this very carefully, and be sure not to miss anything. （see the bold words）5.Make notes➢island formation: earth versus sea.➢where? sea bed, not more 50 miles thick, cracked and uneven.➢weak lava bursts through.➢ c.f. land volcano: no sea pressure➢how? lava cone pushes upwards➢surface - washed away by waves submerged➢lava hardens island.ing this list of points, write your rough draft, referring to the original only when you want to make sure of some point.A volcanic island comes into being after a long and violent struggle has taken place between the forces of the earth and the sea. The island begins to form when hot lava breaks through weak points on the sea-bed where the earth's crust is not more than fifty miles thick and is marked by deep cracks. The volcanic island, unlike a land volcano, has to push up through the immense pressure of the sea. The cone made up of lava finally reaches the surface, but it does not appear because waves wash away its upper surface. When the lava hardens it stands up to the waves and the island is formed.7.After correcting your draft, write an accurate copy of your text.A volcanic island is born only after a long and violent struggle between the forces of the earth and the sea. It begins to form when hot lava breaks through a cracked and uneven part of the sea-bed where the earth's crust is weak. Unlike the land volcano, it has to build upwards despite the immense water-pressure until it finally reaches the surface. Even then it is too soft to withstand thewaves and remains underwater until the cone is pushed into the air from below and the lava hardens.8.Check your work.Take care to make your text accurate. Your sentences should be well connected to each other so that your text reads as a continuous paragraph.Exercise IIYour summary should include at least 5 main points. Remember to paraphrase (use your own words) and re-order the sequence of information. Do not include examples unless absolutely necessary.Text 1 Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)1.In 1971, a group of French doctors frustrated by government interference in humanitarian aid founded Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders). Their main aim was to provide emergency medical assistance to people affected by armed conflict, epidemics, malnutrition, natural disasters, or a lack of appropriate health care facilities.2.Nowadays, MSF as it is widely known, is present in over 60 countries and has a field team of over 27,000 people, including doctors, nurses and a wide range of other staff. All of its members agree to offer assistance to populations in distress irrespective of race, religion or political preference. They also accept to be neutral in return for complete freedom to carry out their humanitarian work.3.Most of the MSF workers are volunteers. They are a diverse group of people of different ages and come from countries across the globe. Their average mission period is six months and they receive a small salary. Since they often work in highrisk zones, MSF insures them.4.MSF focuses worldwide attention on ongoing human suffering by drawing attention to forgotten crises, informing the public about abuses, identifying inadequate relief efforts, or pointing out how humanitarian aid is being used to promote political goals.5.In 1999, Médecins Sans Frontières was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of its outstanding emergency medical aid work.Your summary should include at least 6 main points. Remember to paraphrase (use your own words) and re-order the sequence of information. Do not include examples unless absolutely necessary.Text 2 Smart Fabrics - Clever Clothing1.Smart fabrics are just another way that technology is changing our lives. Initially, people hesitated to adopt smart fabrics because of their high cost, poor reliability and tendency to interfere in activities, but now all that is changing.2.Researchers in Europe have developed a smart fabric which has wireless sensors in the cloth. When against the skin, these sensors react to their surroundings. They gather information on heart beat, skin temperature, posture, activity and breathing rate. One possible use is medical, for example as a pregnancy belt to monitor a baby’s heart rate. This could be particularly helpful in a difficult pregnancy, where parents could relax knowing that their child’s heartbeat is constantly monitored.ing nanotechnology, an Australian work wear company produces smart clothing which can absorb and remove body odour. The fabric is treated with a substance which is so intelligent that itcan differentiate between a bad smell and a good one: it absorbs body odour but not deodorant or perfume.4.An additional example of an e-fabrics application is clothes that can change colour. An American professor has discovered a way to combine thin layers of plastic and glass, creating a new kind of fibre. When you want to change your suit or dress colour, you flick a switch on a small battery pack. The electric current changes the thickness of the thread and the outfit changes colour.5.Another company has created a suit with a built-in iPod. By pressing on the sleeve buttons, it is easy to play, pause, rewind and adjust the volume on the player. Levi recently launched the world's first iPod-compatible jeans and Adidas launched a range of shoes that double as an ''augmented reality'' game. The sneakers are the game controllers, but for them to work it is necessary to take the shoe off and hold it up to a webcam.6.Smart fabrics is still a young market but growing considerably thanks to the miniaturisation of electronics and falling prices for both electronic devices and textiles. As e-fabrics become more affordable, reliable and discreet, they are becoming more widespread.As part of an essay, you need to include a section of about 100 words on the advantages and disadvantages of progress from the Samoans' point of view.Text 3 Progress in Samoa1.Samoa Sasa sat cross-legged in his one-room, open-air home, shooing away chickens that strutted across the floor mats. Bananas cooked on the wood stove. Naked children cried in nearby huts. From one hut came the voice of Sinatra singing 'Strangers in the Night' on a local radio station.2.The sound of progress frightened Sasa. For most of his 50 years time has stood still. Now small European-styled homes are springing up around his village in Western Samoa and the young men are leaving for New Zealand. In the town there are experts from all over the world advising the Samoan Government on many development projects that Sasa does not understand.3.The people of Luatuanuu Village - including his eight children - have always worked the banana plantations and respected the custom that the Matais (family chiefs) like Sasa represented absolute authority.4.They owned all the land communally, they elected a parliament and they administered justice in each village, thus leaving few duties for the nation's 219-man police force. Would all that, too, change? Sasa wondered.5.'We are a poor country and change must come,' Sasa said through a translator. 'But I do not want it so fast. I do not want my children to go to New Zealand to look for big money. I want them to stay here in Luatuanuu and work our plantations as we always have done.'6.The confusion Sasa feels is shared by many of the 150,000 Western Samoans - and undoubtedly by the peoples of other newly independent, developing nations as well. The capital, Apia, is teeming with people wanting to help: an 80-member US Peace Corps headquarters, experts from the United Nations, investors from Japan, analysts from the Asian Development Bank and civil engineers from New Zealand.7.Already streets are being torn up for a new road system. The hospital is being rebuilt with a loan from New Zealand. A new 1 million Government hotel has opened to promote tourism - anindustry the country is not quite sure it wants. A loan from the Asian Development Bank will modernise the communications system. Japanese investors have opened a sawmill and are building houses. When these and many other development schemes are completed and Western Samoa, one of the world's poorest nations in cash terms, is forced into the twentieth century, what is to become of its culture?8.'Most Samoans want the modern amenities, but they don't want to throw away our culture to get them,' said Felise Va'a, editor of the Samoan Times. 'There is no easy answer because in many ways our culture retards development. The question people are asking is, what is a balance between the past and the future?'9.The tradition of communal land ownership stultifies individual incentive and has resulted in neglect of the land. The system of permitting only the nation's 15,000 Matais to elect 45 of the 47 MPs destroys political involvement. The exodus to New Zealand - and the money the emigrants send home - creates a false economy and results in thousands of Samoan families ignoring the land and living off the earnings of their expatriate children.10.New Zealand permits 1,500 Western Samoan immigrants a year and each year 1,500 - one per cent of the population - go. They, together with thousands of other Samoans in New Zealand on temporary work visas, send home about 3 millions a year. The money provides a boost to Western Samoa's agricultural economy, but it also is inflationary, and the inflation rate has been 35 per cent in two years.11.Western Samoa has travelled a long way in the 12 years since independence. It has political stability and a people who are 90 per cent literate. It offers investors a cheap labour force, and a land that is 80 per cent uncultivated. It offers visitors the most uncorrupted Polynesian culture left anywhere today.Your summary should include at least 8 main points. Remember to paraphrase (use your own words) and re-order the sequence of information. Do not include examples unless absolutely necessary.Text 4 Hearing Loss on the Rise Among Teenagers1. A recent large-scale study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) indicated that hearing loss among teenagers is increasing. Hearing loss is a common medical condition, affecting millions of Americans as a result of infections, genetic disorders, and complications due to premature birth or exposure to loud noise. Diet, lack of exercise and obesity are also thought to play a role in hearing impairment. However, since most adolescents love listening to loud music, this is thought to be the most significant risk factor.2.The JAMA study specifically targeted adolescents. The hearing of a cross-section of over 5,500 American teenagers aged 12 to 19 years old was measured to establish the prevalence of hearing loss and whether it had changed over time. Participants were considered to have some hearing loss if a tone had to be increased by 15 decibels or more above the standard detection level.3.Although confirming expectations of a rise in hearing loss in young persons, the results of the study were nevertheless alarming. It was found that one in five participants in this age group had some type of hearing loss, representing a 31% increase on prior studies. Expanded to the total population, 20% prevalence equals approximately 6.5 million teenagers - an enormous number ofyoung people at risk.4.Hearing loss can negatively impact on education and job prospects. Those with slight hearing loss will hear all vowel sounds clearly, but may not hear some consonant sounds, particularly those made by ‘k’, ‘t’ and ‘s’. Muffled hearing can lead to social issue s, since adolescents who have poor hearing tend to miss subtle communication cues and are more likely to respond inappropriately to a given situation. In fact, another study which examined over 1,200 third-, sixth- and ninth-grade students found that slight impairment in hearing was connected to lower scores on communication tests, decreased selfesteem and increased stress.5.Earbuds are not cited as a cause for increased hearing loss but there is mounting evidence that using them at excessive volumes harms h earing ability. Colorado University and Children’s Hospital in Boston found that it is safe to listen to music while wearing earbuds or other in-ear headphones for 90 minutes a day at about 80 decibels, which is the sound level of heavy traffic. However, just five minutes per day of exposure to music at full volume (around 90-100 decibels) can cause permanent hearing loss. An additional study conducted in New York among 200 college students revealed that more than one in two of them blared music at between 85 and 100 decibels. On the other side of the world, Australian researchers linked the use of personal listening devices such as earbuds with a staggering 70% increase in the risk of hearing loss in teenagers.6.The unfortunate thing is that many teenagers who have hearing loss may not realise it, whereas early detection is key to correcting the problem. If hearing losses continue through the years people can forget certain sounds, and that can in turn affect speech. There are reports showing that people who have had hearing loss for a long to time are likely to leave out certain sounds - for example, the ‘s’ sound - which they have forgotten how to hear.7.Young people have always liked listening to loud music, but technology has changed. In the 1980’s,Sony Walkmans had a limited battery life, and cassette tapes offered minimal music storage capability. Today portable music can be listened to for more than twice as long as in previous generations. The good news is that while contributing to hearing impairment, technology can also play a role in preventing it. For example, there is a feature on iPods where users can personalise volume limits, and parents are encouraged to set a maximum volume on their child’s iPod and lock it with a code.8.Given the research findings, it is safe to say that further studies are needed to explore reasons for the increase in prevalence of hearing loss among teenagers. The implications of failing to address this issue are far-reaching and cannot go unaddressed. Risk factors need to be determined as soon as possible in order to create education campaigns to halt the spread of hearing loss among teenagers.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。
小结的英语单词
小结的英语单词单词：Summary1.1 词性：名词1.2 中文释义：总结，概括，小结，摘要1.3 英文释义：A brief statement or account of the main points of something.1.4 同义词：abstract, synopsis, digest---2 起源与背景2.1 词源：源于拉丁语“summa”，意思是“总和，全部”。
2.2 趣闻：在学术论文或报告中，summary 是非常关键的部分，它能让读者快速了解核心内容，很多学者会花费大量时间精心撰写论文的summary，以吸引更多人关注他们的研究成果。
---3 常用搭配与短语3.1 短语：- make a summary：做总结例句：The teacher asked the students to make a summary of the story.翻译：老师要求学生们对这个故事做一个总结。
- in summary：总之例句：In summary, we need to work harder to achieve our goals.翻译：总之，我们需要更加努力工作以实现目标。
- executive summary：执行摘要例句：The executive summary of the business plan is very important for investors.翻译：商业计划的执行摘要对投资者来说非常重要。
---4 实用片段(1). “After reading this long article, let's make a summary. What are the key points you remember?” The students started to discuss and share their thoughts.翻译：“读完这篇长文章后，我们来做个总结。
英语作文写作之Summary概括
Use simple and clear language to communicate the information Avoid using complex or technical language that may fuse the reader
Expressing oneself in one's own words
01
What is a summary summary
Definition
A summary is a condensed version of a text, which briefly retells the main points and ideas of the original text
03
Summary techniques for summarizing
Ensure that your summary is grammatically correct and free of spelling and punctuation errors
Use your own words to retell the main points and ideas of the original text Avoid directly copying or paraphrasing the original text
Summary作业
Academic writing-----SummaryA summary is a shortened version of a text. It contains the main points in the text and is written in your own words. It is a mixture of reducing a long text to a short text and selecting relevant information. Summarising is useful when you are using the work of others to support your own view.A good summary shows that you have understood the text. Please remember, though, that even when you summarise someone's work, you must acknowledge it.Look at this example:SourceThe amphibia（两栖类）, which is the animal class to which our frogs and toads（蟾蜍，癞蛤蟆）belong, were the first animals to crawl from the sea and inhabit the earth.SummaryThe first animals to leave the sea and live on dry land were the amphibia.The following stages may be useful:1.Read and understand the text carefully.2.Think about the purpose of the text.A.Ask what the author's purpose is in writing the text?B.What is your purpose in writing your summary?C.Are you summarising to support your points?D.Or are you summarising so you can criticise the work before you introduce your main points?3.Select the relevant information. This depends on your purpose.4.Find the main ideas - what is important.A.They may be found in topic sentences.B.Distinguish between main and subsidiary information.C.Delete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc.D.Find alternative words/synonyms for these words/phrases - do not change specialised vocabulary and common words.5.Change the structure of the text.A.Identify the meaning relationships between the words/ideas - e.g. cause/effect, generalisation,contrast.B.Express these relationships in a different way.C.Change the grammar of the text: rearrange words and sentences. Change nouns to verbs,adjectives to adverbs, etc., break up long sentences, combine short sentences.D.Simplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences to phrases,phrases to single words.6.Rewrite the main ideas in complete sentences. Combine your notes into a piece of continuous writing. Use conjunctions and adverbs such as 'therefore', 'however', 'although', 'since', to show the connections between the ideas.7.Check your work.A.Make sure your purpose is clear.B.Make sure the meaning is the same.C.Make sure the style is your own.D.Remember to acknowledge other people's work.Distinguish between main and subsidiary information. Delete most details and examples, unimportant information, anecdotes, examples, illustrations, data etc. Simplify the text. Reduce complex sentences to simple sentences, simple sentences to phrases, phrases to single words.Examples:a.People whose professional activity lies in the field of politics are not, on the whole, conspicuous for their respect for factual accuracy.Politicians often lie.b.Failure to assimilate an adequate quantity of solid food over an extended period of time is absolutely certain to lead, in due course, to a fatal conclusion.Lack of food causes death.Exercise I:c.The climatic conditions prevailing in the British Isles show a pattern of alternating and unpredictable periods of dry and wet weather, accompanied by a similarly irregular cycle of temperature changes.d.It is undeniable that the large majority of non-native learners of English experience a number of problems in attempting to master the phonetic patterns of the language.e.Tea, whether of the China or Indian variety, is well known to be high on the list of those beverages which are most frequently drunk by the inhabitants of the British Isles.f.It is not uncommon to encounter sentences which, though they contain a great number of words and are constructed in a highly complex way, none the less turn out on inspection to convey very little meaning of any kind.g.One of the most noticeable phenomena in any big city, such as London or Paris, is the steadily increasing number of petrol-driven vehic les, some in private ownership, others belonging to the public transport system, which congest the roads and render rapid movement more difficult year by year. ExampleAs part of an essay, you need to include a section of about 100 words on the formation of volcanic islands. You find the following text:Volcanic IslandsIslands have always fascinated the human mind. Perhaps it is the instinctive response of man, the land animal, welcoming a brief intrusion of earth in the vast, overwhelming expanse of sea. When sailing in a great ocean basin, a thousand miles from the nearest continent, with miles of water beneath the ship, one may come upon an island which has been formed by a volcanic eruption under the sea. One's imagination can follow its slopes down through darkening waters to its base on the sea floor. One wonders why and how it arose there in the midst of the ocean.The birth of a volcanic island is an event marked by prolonged and violent travail: the forces of the earth striving to create, and all the forces of the sea opposing. At the place where the formation of such an island begins, the sea floor is probably nowhere more than about fifty miles thick. In it are deep cracks and fissures, the results of unequal cooling and shrinkage in past ages. Along such lines of weakness the molten lava from the earth's interior presses up and finally bursts forth into the sea. But a submarine volcano is different from a terrestrial eruption, where the lava, molten rocks, and gases are hurled into the air from an open crater. Here on the bottom of the ocean the volcano has resisting it all the weight of the ocean water above it. Despite the immense pressure of, it may be, two or three miles of sea water, thenew volcanic cone builds upwards towards the surface, in flow after flow of lava. Once within reach of the waves, its soft ash is violently attacked by the motion of the water which continually washes away its upper surface, so that for a long period the potential island may remain submerged. But eventually, in new eruptions, the cone is pushed up into the air, where the lava hardens and forms a rampart against the attacks of the waves.1.Read the passage carefully twice from beginning to end.2.Remember your purpose: to describe the formation of a volcanic island.3.Select the relevant information4.Mark all the points which should come into your answer. Do this very carefully, and be sure not to miss anything. （see the bold words）5.Make notesisland formation: earth versus sea.where? sea bed, not more 50 miles thick, cracked and uneven.weak lava bursts through.c.f. land volcano: no sea pressurehow? lava cone pushes upwardssurface - washed away by waves submergedlava hardens island.ing this list of points, write your rough draft, referring to the original only when you want to make sure of some point.A volcanic island comes into being after a long and violent struggle has taken place between the forces of the earth and the sea. The island begins to form when hot lava breaks through weak points on the sea-bed where the earth's crust is not more than fifty miles thick and is marked by deep cracks. The volcanic island, unlike a land volcano, has to push up through the immense pressure of the sea. The cone made up of lava finally reaches the surface, but it does not appear because waves wash away its upper surface. When the lava hardens it stands up to the waves and the island is formed.7.After correcting your draft, write an accurate copy of your text.A volcanic island is born only after a long and violent struggle between the forces of the earth and the sea. It begins to form when hot lava breaks through a cracked and uneven part of the sea-bed where the earth's crust is weak. Unlike the land volcano, it has to build upwards despite the immense water-pressure until it finally reaches the surface. Even then it is too soft to withstand the waves and remains underwater until the cone is pushed into the air from below and the lava hardens.8.Check your work.Take care to make your text accurate. Your sentences should be well connected to each other so that your text reads as a continuous paragraph.Exercise IIYour summary should include at least 5 main points. Remember to paraphrase (use your own words) and re-order the sequence of information. Do not include examples unless absolutely necessary.T ext 1 Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders)1.In 1971, a group of French doctors frustrated by government interference in humanitarian aid founded Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders). Their main aim was to provide emergency medical assistance to people affected by armed conflict, epidemics, malnutrition, natural disasters, or a lack of appropriate health care facilities.2.Nowadays, MSF as it is widely known, is present in over 60 countries and has a field team of over 27,000 people, including doctors, nurses and a wide range of other staff. All of its members agree to offerassistance to populations in distress irrespective of race, religion or political preference. They also accept to be neutral in return for complete freedom to carry out their humanitarian work.3.Most of the MSF workers are volunteers. They are a diverse group of people of different ages and come from countries across the globe. Their average mission period is six months and they receive a small salary. Since they often work in highrisk zones, MSF insures them.4.MSF focuses worldwide attention on ongoing human suffering by drawing attention to forgotten crises, informing the public about abuses, identifying inadequate relief efforts, or pointing out how humanitarian aid is being used to promote political goals.5.In 1999, Médecins Sans Frontières was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of its outstanding emergency medical aid work.Your summary should include at least 6 main points. Remember to paraphrase (use your own words) and re-order the sequence of information. Do not include examples unless absolutely necessary.Text 2 Smart Fabrics - Clever Clothing1.Smart fabrics are just another way that technology is changing our lives. Initially, people hesitated to adopt smart fabrics because of their high cost, poor reliability and tendency to interfere in activities, but now all that is changing.2.Researchers in Europe have developed a smart fabric which has wireless sensors in the cloth. When against the skin, these sensors react to their surroundings. They gather information on heart beat, skin temperature, posture, activity and breathing rate. One possible use is medical, for example as a pregnancy belt to monitor a baby’s heart rate. This could be particularly helpful in a difficult pregnancy, where parents could relax knowing that their child’s heartbeat is constantly monit ored.ing nanotechnology, an Australian work wear company produces smart clothing which can absorb and remove body odour. The fabric is treated with a substance which is so intelligent that it can differentiate between a bad smell and a good one: it absorbs body odour but not deodorant or perfume.4.An additional example of an e-fabrics application is clothes that can change colour. An American professor has discovered a way to combine thin layers of plastic and glass, creating a new kind of fibre. When you want to change your suit or dress colour, you flick a switch on a small battery pack. The electric current changes the thickness of the thread and the outfit changes colour.5.Another company has created a suit with a built-in iPod. By pressing on the sleeve buttons, it is easy to play, pause, rewind and adjust the volume on the player. Levi recently launched the world's first iPod-compatible jeans and Adidas launched a range of shoes that double as an ''augmented reality'' game. The sneakers are the game controllers, but for them to work it is necessary to take the shoe off and hold it up to a webcam.6.Smart fabrics is still a young market but growing considerably thanks to the miniaturisation of electronics and falling prices for both electronic devices and textiles. As e-fabrics become more affordable, reliable and discreet, they are becoming more widespread.As part of an essay, you need to include a section of about 100 words on the advantages and disadvantages of progress from the Samoans' point of view.Text 3 Progress in Samoa1.Samoa Sasa sat cross-legged in his one-room, open-air home, shooing away chickens that strutted across the floor mats. Bananas cooked on the wood stove. Naked children cried in nearby huts. From one hut came the voice of Sinatra singing 'Strangers in the Night' on a local radio station.2.The sound of progress frightened Sasa. For most of his 50 years time has stood still. Now small European-styled homes are springing up around his village in Western Samoa and the young men areleaving for New Zealand. In the town there are experts from all over the world advising the Samoan Government on many development projects that Sasa does not understand.3.The people of Luatuanuu Village - including his eight children - have always worked the banana plantations and respected the custom that the Matais (family chiefs) like Sasa represented absolute authority.4.They owned all the land communally, they elected a parliament and they administered justice in each village, thus leaving few duties for the nation's 219-man police force. Would all that, too, change? Sasa wondered.5.'We are a poor country and change must come,' Sasa said through a translator. 'But I do not want it so fast. I do not want my children to go to New Zealand to look for big money. I want them to stay here in Luatuanuu and work our plantations as we always have done.'6.The confusion Sasa feels is shared by many of the 150,000 Western Samoans - and undoubtedly by the peoples of other newly independent, developing nations as well. The capital, Apia, is teeming with people wanting to help: an 80-member US Peace Corps headquarters, experts from the United Nations, investors from Japan, analysts from the Asian Development Bank and civil engineers from New Zealand.7.Already streets are being torn up for a new road system. The hospital is being rebuilt with a loan from New Zealand. A new 1 million Government hotel has opened to promote tourism - an industry the country is not quite sure it wants. A loan from the Asian Development Bank will modernise the communications system. Japanese investors have opened a sawmill and are building houses. When these and many other development schemes are completed and Western Samoa, one of the world's poorest nations in cash terms, is forced into the twentieth century, what is to become of its culture?8.'Most Samoans want the modern amenities, but they don't want to throw away our culture to get them,' said Felise Va'a, editor of the Samoan Times. 'There is no easy answer because in many ways our culture retards development. The question people are asking is, what is a balance between the past and the future?' 9.The tradition of communal land ownership stultifies individual incentive and has resulted in neglect of the land. The system of permitting only the nation's 15,000 Matais to elect 45 of the 47 MPs destroys political involvement. The exodus to New Zealand - and the money the emigrants send home - creates a false economy and results in thousands of Samoan families ignoring the land and living off the earnings of their expatriate children.10.New Zealand permits 1,500 Western Samoan immigrants a year and each year 1,500 - one per cent of the population - go. They, together with thousands of other Samoans in New Zealand on temporary work visas, send home about 3 millions a year. The money provides a boost to Western Samoa's agricultural economy, but it also is inflationary, and the inflation rate has been 35 per cent in two years.11.Western Samoa has travelled a long way in the 12 years since independence. It has political stability and a people who are 90 per cent literate. It offers investors a cheap labour force, and a land that is 80 per cent uncultivated. It offers visitors the most uncorrupted Polynesian culture left anywhere today.Your summary should include at least 8 main points. Remember to paraphrase (use your own words) and re-order the sequence of information. Do not include examples unless absolutely necessary.T ext 4 Hearing Loss on the Rise Among T eenagers1.A recent large-scale study reported in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) indicated that hearing loss among teenagers is increasing. Hearing loss is a common medical condition, affecting millions of Americans as a result of infections, genetic disorders, and complications due to premature birth or exposure to loud noise. Diet, lack of exercise and obesity are also thought to play a role in hearing impairment. However, since most adolescents love listening to loud music, this is thought to be the most significant risk factor.2.The JAMA study specifically targeted adolescents. The hearing of a cross-section of over 5,500 American teenagers aged 12 to 19 years old was measured to establish the prevalence of hearing loss and whether it had changed over time. Participants were considered to have some hearing loss if a tone had to be increased by 15 decibels or more above the standard detection level.3.Although confirming expectations of a rise in hearing loss in young persons, the results of the study were nevertheless alarming. It was found that one in five participants in this age group had some type of hearing loss, representing a 31% increase on prior studies. Expanded to the total population, 20% prevalence equals approximately 6.5 million teenagers - an enormous number of young people at risk.4.Hearing loss can negatively impact on education and job prospects. Those with slight hearing loss will hear all vowel sounds clearly, but may not hear some consonant sounds, particularly those made by ‘k’, ‘t’ and ‘s’. Muffled hearing can lead to social issues, since adolescents who have poor hearing tend to miss subtle communication cues and are more likely to respond inappropriately to a given situation. In fact, another study which examined over 1,200 third-, sixth- and ninth-grade students found that slight impairment in hearing was connected to lower scores on communication tests, decreased selfesteem and increased stress.5.Earbuds are not cited as a cause for increased hearing loss but there is mounting evidence that using them at excessive vol umes harms hearing ability. Colorado University and Children’s Hospital in Boston found that it is safe to listen to music while wearing earbuds or other in-ear headphones for 90 minutes a day at about 80 decibels, which is the sound level of heavy traffic. However, just five minutes per day of exposure to music at full volume (around 90-100 decibels) can cause permanent hearing loss. An additional study conducted in New Y ork among 200 college students revealed that more than one in two of them blared music at between 85 and 100 decibels. On the other side of the world, Australian researchers linked the use of personal listening devices such as earbuds with a staggering 70% increase in the risk of hearing loss in teenagers.6.The unfortunate thing is that many teenagers who have hearing loss may not realise it, whereas early detection is key to correcting the problem. If hearing losses continue through the years people can forget certain sounds, and that can in turn affect speech. There are reports showing that people who have had hearing loss for a long to time are likely to leave out certain sounds - for example, the ‘s’ sound - which they have forgotten how to hear.7.Y oung people have always liked listening to loud music, but technology has changed. In the 1980’s, Sony Walkmans had a limited battery life, and cassette tapes offered minimal music storage capability. Today portable music can be listened to for more than twice as long as in previous generations. The good news is that while contributing to hearing impairment, technology can also play a role in preventing it. For example, there is a feature on iPods where users can personalise volume limits, and parents are encouraged to set a maximum volume on their child’s iPod and lock it with a code.8.Given the research findings, it is safe to say that further studies are needed to explore reasons for the increase in prevalence of hearing loss among teenagers. The implications of failing to address this issue are far-reaching and cannot go unaddressed. Risk factors need to be determined as soon as possible in order to create education campaigns to halt the spread of hearing loss among teenagers.。
工作总结英文怎么说
工作总结英文怎么说How to Write a Detailed Work Summary in English (1800 Words)A work summary is an important tool for evaluating and improving job performance. It helps employees and managers understand their progress and identify areas for improvement. Writing a detailed work summary in English requires careful consideration of goals, achievements, and challenges. This article provides a guide to help you write a comprehensive and informative work summary that captures all the necessary details.1. IntroductionThe introduction should give an overview of your role and responsibilities, including your job description and the key areas you are responsible for. This sets the context for the rest of the summary and gives the reader a sense of what to expect.2. GoalsNext, outline the goals that were set for you over the reporting period. It is essential to provide a comprehensive list of both individual and team goals, including any stretch goals that were agreed upon. Be sure to explain how these goals were aligned with the broader company objectives and why they were important.3. AchievementsThe achievements section is where you detail your progress toward your goals. Use data, statistics, and other metrics to demonstrate your achievements. Be as specific as possible and provide concrete examples of how you achieved the goals you set. Highlight the areas where you have made the most significant progress.4. Key ProjectsIn this section, list the key projects you worked on during the reporting period. For each project, provide a brief description of the project, your role and responsibilities, the outcome, and any challenges you faced. Be sure to highlight any project milestones, key deliverables, or other notable achievements.5. ChallengesThe challenges section is an opportunity to explain any setbacks, issues, or obstacles that you faced during the reporting period. Be honest and transparent about the difficulties you encountered and describe how you overcame them. Discuss any lessons you learned from those experiences.6. Skills DevelopmentIn this section, discuss any new skills you have developed over the reporting period. This could include new technical skills, soft skills, or personal development goals. Be specific about the training programs you attended, the workshops you participated in, or other opportunities you took to develop your skills.7. Team ContributionsDescribe your contributions to your team or department. This could be in the form of mentoring, coaching, or supporting others in their roles. Discuss how you have collaborated with colleagues to achieve shared outcomes, and highlight any significant contributions you have made to the team's performance.8. Performance EvaluationFinally, provide a self-evaluation of your job performance over the reporting period. Be honest and balanced in your evaluation, and provide evidence to support your assessment. Discuss any areas where you feel you could have done better and explain how you plan to address those issues in future.ConclusionA detailed work summary is an effective tool for evaluating job performance and identifying areas for improvement. By following the guidelines outlined above, you can produce a comprehensive, informative, and balanced work summary. Remember to be specific, use data and metrics to back up your claims, and provide evidence that supports your evaluation of your job performance.。
工作内容总结用英语怎么说初一
Work Summary - How to Say It in English for Junior High SchoolStudentsAs a junior high school student, you may already have some experiences with part-time jobs, volunteer work, or school projects. Writing a work summary in English can help you showcase your skills, achievements, and learning outcomes. In this document, we will discuss the elements and structure of a work summary and provide some tips for effective communication in English.1. What is a Work Summary?A work summary is a document that summarizes your work experience, including your job responsibilities, accomplishments, challenges, and lessons learned. It can be used for various purposes, such as:•Applying for a job or internship•Evaluating your performance at work or school•Sharing your achievements with others•Reflecting on your learning and growthA work summary should be clear, concise, and organized, highlighting your skills and contributions. It should also be tailored to your target audience and purpose, using appropriate language and format.2. How to Write a Work Summary?A work summary usually consists of several sections, such as:•Introduction: Briefly introduce the context and purpose of your work, including the company or organization you worked for, the duration of your work, and your position or role.•Responsibilities: Describe your main job duties and responsibilities, using action verbs and specific examples. Avoid vague or generic statements and focus on your achievements and impact.•Accomplishments: Highlight your significant achievements and contributions, both quantitatively and qualitatively. Use metrics such as sales numbers, customer satisfaction ratings, or awards to demonstrate yourperformance and value.•Challenges: Discuss the challenges or obstacles you faced during your work, and how you overcame them. This can show your resilience, problem-solving skills, and growth mindset.•Lessons Learned: Reflect on your learning and growth from this work experience, and how it has prepared you for future challenges. This candemonstrate your self-awareness, adaptability, and lifelong learning mindset.•Conclusion: Summarize your key points and express your gratitude or aspirations, depending on your purpose and tone.3. Tips for Effective Communication in EnglishWriting a work summary in English can be challenging, especially if English is not your first language. Here are some tips for effective communication in English: •Use simple and clear language: Avoid complex or ambiguous words and phrases, and use simple sentence structures. Check for spelling andgrammar errors, and use online tools such as Grammarly or Hemingway toenhance your writing.•Be concise and focused: Stick to the main points and avoid irrelevant or repetitive information. Use headings and bullet points to break up longparagraphs and improve readability.•Use active voice and action verbs: Instead of passive voice and abstract nouns, use active voice and action verbs to emphasize your skills and achievements. For example, instead of。
Springer学术期刊投稿流程
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Springer学术期刊投稿流程介绍
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How to write summary of work in October _11634
How to write summary of work in OctoberTime is like water twinkling of an eye, we should go away in October. For the work with in terms of us, writing in October summing up the work of the time is up. So, summing up the work in October how to write it? In order to facilitate you, the following provides a summary report of the work of Fan in October, only for your information reference.Another month passed, the National Day holiday is over, feeling like time flies bid farewell to autumn in October. Foreign Language College work-study sub-centers this month, the CPC has done a lot of work, personal work summary report are as follows now.First last month to open up jobs outside the old areas of gold in the 11 the first week after the holidays had been carried out to implement posts. We placed a total of six freshmen, and in accordance with the school on the off-campus student job security this affords the provisions of the respective organizations and manufacturers signed a new 'off-campus students in Southwest University of Technology, work-study agreement', as the wages and guarantee the security of .The second work-study in accordance with the unified arrangement of the school, all the staff of our department in the ongoing five-day Southwest University of Technology, work-study training cadres and officers, which relates to professional knowledge, psychological training and capacity training. Through this training, our students work-study center and sub-centers have a deeper understanding of the importance and necessity of their work have a more thorough understanding of the deep with the brothers by College friendship, and is also conducive to my door the next step work.3rd Department of the school work-study center will soon carry out tutoring tutor training, which will be the largest ever in a tutor training in the most formal. Institute of Foreign Languages learn language according to their strengths, access to slightly more than any other college faculty quota. Our Branch is responsible for the work of faculty registration. We put up a notice to arrange for the registration information officers, and the list of reported to the person in charge of the school over there. In addition, we also responsible for tutoring in the School of collecting the work of the Ministry of signs in 18 of all students creative Received faithfully handed.The fourth school in the sixth Games, our department is responsible for college drinking fountains base camp guard, presentationand payment of health maintenance of cleaning and order. Our department to arrange a day, ministers and three officers on duty at the base camp, the real emergency will be done, there must be Yes. At the same time assist in the afternoon of the 20th Wenyi Bu venue for the welcome party to do layout work.Department of Foreign Languages School attendance2009.10.26People who read this article also read: Teachers work summary Pham Van Pham Van accounting summary。
Work Summary
Work SummaryI am very honored to become a member of the company! With the help of all the leaders and colleagues,I quickly integrated into the environment,and myability to work has improved since June 2014.Now I will report what I have done this three months,please oblige me with your valuable comments.1.I mad a spartan study schedule.①Studing the documentI was invited for learning the Documents of QHSE management system by colleagues,when I first joined the company.Make through learning i know the relatedness bewteen the management system of quality,health,safety and environment.The aims of the threemanagement systems must be harmonized, though they serves different . And now i am understanding in clear detail, the duties of my position.Systems isimportant ,we'll act according to principle.②Actively attend company’s training plansThe training plans from human resources department did me a great deal of good.This training plans greatly enhance my ability to work .③Learing from colleaguesAs a newcomer, I have a lot to learn from colleagues.Through repeatedly ask, I for the procurement process is already quite familiar,can handle the contract reviewform, schedule of fees and other matters of independent.2 、The improvement of thought understandingHowever,this new job brought me something different about understanding and experience:①Work is very important for me,we have to cherish it.I’ll try my best tocreate more value for our company,and improve myself finally.②We should subjected to rigorous discipline,be morefatigues, Learn how to become mature.③ Learning is the enterprise of a lifetime.3、The future directions①I’ll improve my study in the knowledge related withchemical engineering, equipment and so on,and word hard for gettingrelevant qualifications.②To improve the ability of good communication and coordination .③Developing professional competence and executive ability in practice.In the future,i will tighten up, consistent dedication to due diligence, and do my best for everything.I would appreciate your recognizes, appreciate to become one of our big family.Now i apply for this job formally ,please give your approval to my sincere request.Best wishes to you!。
yearendsummary作文
yearendsummary作文这一年的工作已经过去了，确实是感觉收获很大，在这个过程当中，我也是做出了非常多的准备，我也是清楚的意识到了这一点，因为这也是对工作应该要有的态度，一年来我也在努力的做好这些细节上面的工作，我也感激公司对我的培养，在这过去的一年当中取得的成绩，还是比较多的，现在我也总结一下自己的工作：This year's work has passed, and I really feel that I have gained a lot. During this process, I have also made a lot of preparations, and I am also clearly aware of this, because this is also the attitude I should have towards the work. Over the past year, I have also worked hard to do a good job in these details. I am also grateful to the company for my training. I have made a lot of achievements in the past year, Now I also summarize my work:我在工作方面，确实还是做的比较好的，我的业务能力一直都在认真的积累，我也相我在这方面应该要维持一个好的状态，这对我来讲是一件非常有意义的事情，有些方面应该要做出一定的成绩来，现在我还是做出了很多的准备，我和周围的同事也是相处的很不错的，在接下来的工作当中，这些都是我应该要要维持下去的，我每天按时的完成好自己工作，遵守公司的规章制度，虚心的和周围的同事学习，在这方面我能够及时的做出调整，同时我也深刻的意识到了这一点，在未来的工作当中，继续提高工作，还有业务能力，也希望自己能够得到公司领导的认可。
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KEY TO THE MASTERY OF DOUBLE STOPPINGThis volume is for beginners in double-stopping as well as more accomplished violinists.. The problem of the mastery of the double-stopping is essentially one of mastering up-and-down movements within the two-octave finger-board range on each set of strings. The studies should be practiced on the G and D strings as well as other strings as needed. Best results to be obtained by selecting a few studies from all intervals contained in this work rather than concentrating on just one.THE SPIVAKOVSKY WAY OF BOWINGThis is a theoretical analysis and explanation of “The Spivakovsky Way of Bowing”. It explains the various postures and anatomical functions of Tossy Spivakovsky’s controversial and “different” handling of the bow and violin. The principles covered could automatically bring about the most coveted qualities which the older bowing schools labored years to achieve. Mr. Spivakovsky approved the work “as an authentic exposition of my technical approach to playing” the violin.BOW AND FINGER MAGICThis work offers a consistent approach to the matter of maintaining and promoting the highest degree of technical mastery of the violin for those musicians whose time for technical practice may be limited to an hour. Advanced students who use this volume may find they can save valuable time for the practice of repertoire and the other important artistic phases of their art.. The studies employ left-hand pizzicato extensively and are strenuous. They are concerned with shifting and good intonation in playing arpeggios on one string and will assist in developing fluency and agility using minimum finger pressure in playing octaves, thirds and sixths. This volume is also a resume of the basic movement utilized in bowing and covers the different styles of execution.KEY TO THE MASTERY OF BOWINGThis volume is companion to “The Key to the Mastery of the Finger-Board”. Here, the same principles are followed in the solution of the vast and complex problem of right-arm technique. Bowing presents this problem because there are easily millions of rhythmical variations, accents, and inflections in using a bow. In attaining a competent technical command of bowing there are very definite and well-defined fundamental principles which form the entire structure of the bowing mechanism. The principles contained herein should help in the attainment of a finely coordinated technique of string crossings and production of beautiful and colorful tone.STUDIES IN PIZZICATO AND HARMONICSTwo of the most important technical devices for violin—left-hand pizzicato and harmonics—are neglected because of their infrequent use in standard violin repertoire. The enormous benefits derived from the practice of both is missed by violinists and serious violin students. This work is a complete exposition of both left-hand pizzicato and harmonics and should be used by those violinists and students who wish to acquire a higher technical mastery of violin playing.STUDIES IN FINGER ACTION AND POSITION PLAYINGFour exercises are presented to violinists. Exercise 1 is designed to develop strength and absolute independence of finger action and ease in quick adjustment of the fingers in chord playing. Exercise 2 is for the extension and retraction of finger action and for the development of expansion and flexibility of the hand and fingers. Exercise 3 is for the development of great speed and accuracy in finger action. Exercise 4 is concerned with the process of across-string adaptability. Its practice will greatly increase the facility of playing across the strings and is enormously beneficial for intonation in the higher positions. SCALE AND ARPEGGIO STUDIESThe chief aim of this volume of studies is one of practicability. Scale practice is essential in the complete mastery of violin playing and no violinist can long maintain a technique without daily indulgence in such practice. All left hand technique of the violin reaches its greatest value in practice when a chromatic sequence is followed. Therefore it follows that this work brings a varied form of scales and arpeggios along with special exercises in thirds, fourths, sixths, and fingered octaves. Thus the hand and fingers gradually are accustomed to the greater demand made upon them both in strength and accuracy as the string height increases and the interval distance decreases.KEY TO THE MASTERY OF THE FINGER-BOARDIn this volume, the author discusses the “musical secret” that Paganini said he would bequeath to the world as mentioned in Schottky’s biography of the great violinist. The author likens the principles set forth in this volume to the same kind of regimen that Paganini would have had to follow to attain the heights to which he rose. The use of the principles and practice recommended herein should develop the violinists ease in ascending and descending the whole range of the finger-board withfacility and accuracy, commanding all positions with equal ease. While the tonal range of the violin is three and four octaves, the actual finger-board range is only two octaves and the author zeros in on mastering these two critical octaves. EXERCISES FOR CHANGE OF POSITIONThe author targets the important phases of left hand technique – change of position- and builds a systematic sequence of ideas or images in practicing. Every possible shift between all positions will be covered in these exercises and every thoughtful teacher should immediately recognize the value of their arrangement. The study of these exercises will eliminate much unnecessary drudgery by getting at the basic principles of the subject in a highly systematic way.YOST VIOLIN METHOD FOR YOUNG AND ADULT BEGINNERSProgressive key relationships are of little value to the beginner in the opinion of the author. Much more important is the left-hand relationship to the finger-board and its adaptation. This approach has been chosen for the Methods because of its simplicity and practicability. Necessary theoretical material has been scattered throughout the volumes as new principles are introduced. Basic mechanical principles of playing must be maintained by proper postures but the postures may vary depending upon the difference in size of hands and arms of individuals.VOLUME 1The keys of G, D, A, and E Major, E, B, F, and C minor are presented with one-octave scales and arpeggiated chords founded upon the Tonic, Submediant and Subdominant of each instance. Melodic technical material in these keys, as well as original and attractive short pieces with a second violin part, are given. The principles of rhythm and the primary bowings, together with theoretical explanations, are scattered throughout the work.VOLUME 2The keys of A , E , B, F and C Major, F, C, G, D, and A minor follow along the same plan as in Volume 1.VOLUME 3This volume contains a new approach to the study of positions based upon relative finger and interval distance: also change of positions is introduced on each of the four strings within the octave range, taking the student up to the 7th Position. The keys of B, F, D, and G Major, G, D, B, and E, Minor follow along the same plan as in Volumes 1 and 2.。